UNIVERSlTA'l"M "I'Elimc1. CLUJNAPOCA j'.l\eULl'AT.~_n:E .

unnn:~'1 ;~~M

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VA$ILE M [T~EA

PEISAGISTIcA

CURp

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,C:URS

Capitolul 1

C'ONSIDERATII 'G'ENERALE

~ .

1, 1. Conttix.tu~ g e:r1 era I , , , "., ,.~." ,,",' " "" .. ,,"" pag. 7

A

1..2. IIn5crieraa mtr-lln ecos,i§tem , , , " •. " ,"" " " , .. rag,. 8

?2.1.lNaf,iuJ'1f!!! 1.2,2.IComrofl~r7tel~~.r furrc;Viona/ft3tc:a eooeteto nu/ul

'1.:3& Pe~ saJ u ~ .ri. _ill .. III'1 ~ ~ ~ •••• i j ~I'" ~~! ~ ~ ~., ~ ~. ~ i.1i ~ ~I! ••• U 1111 Ii ~ 1i.1i p! •••••• ". ~ ~. ,I ~ ~ ~ ~ •••••• i ,. ... ,. ~ ~.~.~ ~ .11';' '''~ ~.I Ii ~ Ii ... ~. ~" •• .I''''~ F ~ F F •• p ••• pag a 11

1.4. Gri1idina ,', ,.".' ,',., " ".""pa,g. 13

1..5. ArrhftaGtur:e peisajului B8lU p,els,agi6tlic,a? ,, " '" " ., pag. 17

1.6", 'Prafe'sla de pei~agist " '''''' !'''''' ,", ,." pa,g" 20

1.7. CQnt-iFlutu! cursuh.Ji' ~i ca,tl$va OI;;'5$rvatii "" ''' ".,'''.ra~. 24

NoU .. ~!'M!' •••••• i.IiI"J;"'!~ 1 •••• nlli .. rfllIo~'~ ••• unl •• iiofi"! f"MUIl· •• II;,Ii~.!!'! ••• ~.',I,i hi 11·~ Ii~. id"'I·"+.~'~I •• , ••••••• '~iI~~·~~ '~~".r.nllniil!.!p~)e. 25

Capitolu12

ATRIBUTELE SPATlIL,OR VERZI

t

'2,1" Cateva pr~ai.zar.i ,' "" ,., , ;'" , .. , " ,,,,,,,,,.pag. 29

.2.2. Atributul "siI1!1ogel1eti,c "" " ". " .. " .. , , ,,"",,' "ag. 30

2.2.1.fim17,unatMVl'roa mlcrocllm?tulf,Jl. 2.2,2Ambu,,⁢~tir~.a 51;dirii pp,thlce: .' 2"2,~.I~4uc.ere.a g"rt.ldlliuj @f$potuare" 2.2.4..1Epurare;:l miGrrJIl;IarJ4

2.3i, Atrivut.ul recreatlv,,, , .. , " , .. " .•. , ", " ,' ," .•. , p.a_.g. 33'

2-.4-. t\:tribUrtul decorat'iv ", "." , ,,, ,,. " "" " " ' '''n''"' " .. pa~. 35

2:6. A tribLJt,l),I utiltta.r-economic , ,,,.,, , ",," " , .. " , pav0" 37

21' AI-- 'b" t··,··"·.;- " t··:£ m t' . "'- 1OZa.:

•• ' 'I".or! [J'U In:B rUG ·Iv-uor ,;S:1I ·IV " ",,, ,,,,' raJ'g, Qu.

2!f};t! At~[pu·~ull?·t~inp.ffl·c ~"'~~IIEE~I'I'.ilIM~~fll~~.~~J;J_~~~"''''~~.~~~ •••••••••••• ~~r.~~~"I"11 """", ,,~~~~~ ... nrrrrrrp""'I!.~ P8g ... 38 219, At-I''''''j butu I .fiGpiad ..... j,.ililihU 1.'IIiI,,""~.jjj""I'.IIiI."'''''.'I'.II'II.fl'ffll'I!~.'!~'!~JOJO ••••••••••••• i.r.ii;t" •••• 1J'I''I',,"lpae. 38

Note, ,' , " ,""", ' .. , , " ". "" p;ag. B9

Ca pi tolul 3

CATEIG 0 RIlLE, 'DE SPATH VERZI

5.1. Clla,slflcari"" " .. _ , " , .. ,.",,.,,., .. , " "., .. " ,,,,,.,, .. , " " "'" pBl,g. 41

:3.2. Ga.tt:gori i le - ,u.a.raottlri 5t.ici " ". ,,, ,, , " ". "." pag. ·42

,'3.2.t.lA"jn~mcl1'tu' ?i plantmt<iile at:NiI tU(l~U' cJllar de oJrQ1~p1e .' ~.2.2.1

Baza ~,compfextd @portfv.' 3.:3.3.1 Cimitirul. Columf,.an .. 11 iii ~.2.4JGrLllrla l.u\"r(:1oIO!1'fca '. o.2.5.1uradfna botanical .' :;.2.6.1GradIMif at!) ~pazt-pjj .' 3,2,7.IGrat'ill~a putlllc8' II 3.;£,8.!Gradtr?tl ,zoo{o:@it;~ .' 3.2,9.1P'_art;ul (orlif~~

"leu) "B .. 2JO.!FlilJ'GuJ de diifJtrEi!!r:;tii I; .B. 2, 11./PDrc,[JJ 31'"i100Jogic ill 3.2,-12.JPafCUI

natu'7..fJ , .'3,2J5.lRa~t'wJ 11a~loMal .o.2.14.1PilU"Cul ~portJv ., 3,2,15.1padllfM'

de rtlCl'eare '(1<01 ,i J1F.&e§itSj;.'. Critcrli C& trc9ille avutc 1n vcderc 1'1:1 afc~erea

ul"'lui arboret:pclltru.a dewmi padw'l': de recre~n~. OrgaHlzarea E(;,hip~m~mttJl p&/l,Mrllor de reGtiearo) , a2.17.f_RtrM~i1i ,Ill 3.2,18./SC-YtmJI ,iii 3.2.19./

5PS1':'U! de joe pentru copif

3.3. OiaplUtlarea spat-illnr verzl., , "." , "",,' " ..•... p.ag. 62

8.3.1.IDi~p!H1erea 1M PCf;r: ' 3.3~2.!OISp(m~rea fn pjfnalp.tH'1~ • ;,.B.:3,./Of~pllne.i~a fra fa?!' 3.,3.'4jDiepull~roa mixtS

NO'tB ! III ~!II~' ~! .,.,.., "' •••• ! .. , ~. ~ ••• I!O ••••• ~ ~!! Ii! ~'!"'~ ••••••••••••.••••• L •• , ,., ,. ii ill i II •• ~ ~ I ~ II •• ~ ~ ~. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ •• "''''''''''.'.'!! i'i. Ii ~ iI i ~ j .. ~,. i pag Ii 66

Capitolu14

ARTA GRAnINII DE-A LUNGUL TIMPUL,UI

4. ~. C~t.eva .Qbfjoe:rva~n " "',.,, .•... , ' •. ' ••••••..........••••••.•.............. ,', , ,pa,g. 715

4.2. Gradinile MeoopotJ.imi'e:i ...•...••.....•...••• , , " " , .••••.... p.a~. 76

4.5 .. Gr~dit1I.I'e 8eipteMe/antiG8'5iHihililiiil .• liIllilllil.i'ill' ' ••• UI!I'!IIUIIIIlfl' ••••••••• irrJOII.I.dl .. hfollJ •• '.II.III •• lItllil pag. 71

4.4. GrAidinile per§,~u'li61prer5.lat11lice., .. , "' "'"""". "" .. ". "., " pag. 78

4.5. (;ra,d i'n H(;} greG·e~t:JI2.l'ntJce ", , , ,,' ", " " p2ll:g. 7fiiJ

4.6. Gradil1ile rQmarM~ "., '., ,,' •. , , ", .. " ,' .. pa;;::'. 79

4+7'5 'Gradin~~e biza;ntineili'Ii,IiI,.iI,I .. , .. 'iliilllit;lf .. ItII!li'n.I!~~ •• nyu"qqqq"qli ••• ~~iilliliiil," II ••• iI.iliiii ••••• ~iti •• tiitpag~" ~O

4.8. GradrnUe aral1c •. , .....•••.... " , " ,', .....•................ , pag. 81

4.,9. Gr!d i'nne ch in e.z~ ' " •. ' , .. , '., , , " ,., ....• rpae. 82

4,,10. G,ra,.dJni~e ja:potllt:z811111+II;nllll'III"!' h,.IIU!l,;~ •••• ! ••• f li"''''iiiiiili UI;o;IJI • .. ·"IIl.·'.'''"I''III 1IIIill,.!!pafg" B4~

4-.11. GratUnHe: BUI"Q.pen13 med!i@vafe , " ; .. " ,", , pag. 85

4

4.12. Gradjt1il~ italian€:: .. " ", "."" " " .. " ,., ,,'"""", ,";, .•. pag. 86

4,13~ Gr~in i le ITa nceze., , .. ~~FI 1.1~~~i ~.d.ili!Ii~I,~~~.U'~iU.d ...•• 1oi ~"'i.~i •• i" •• illi~ ~~ .. 11 •••••• lli.~.dli 11'I,pag. 88

4.1'4. G'rad i'nile ger,n"lal1e , ' ,," , ,'," ''''OJ '" ""'" ptag.90

4.15., Gr.~.djt1 r~~ au ~tri6Ge ,., " " , ", ' .. " , ".,,',' " Pel~ .. 91

417 G '" -I" 'J ,..", t· 9'4'

. " •. , raGilH1he romartdv' i , ", , , ' ,,'" , " ,,',' , " p,ag. '.

. ,

4.18. Glid'in'il'e !Becolulur XIX "' """ """", paq. 97

4.19. Gra,dil:1ila 5ecolului XX " " ,'"',,, , ,,.,,, ,"""" ,pag, 88

N:ote ~ ... !.II!!~ .... ~~,; •• ;,.,\Ion\l.Ii ••••••• ;,I ••••• ~'''''.''' ••• ~!.!!!!H~II~ I~H I "I 'll!II~~~~~I.~.~~I~I.I.I •• rl.r.r;_1 i 1:1 I I III II11.~ •••• ~I,g "Il!,II'F~F~"llllp.ag~ 104

Capitolul 5

STILURILE SI GENURILE PEISAJ- ULUI

, . "

5111 .GBjn.eralit~:t-j '!I'I~~III lili.illl oioi •••• III.~oi •• "'II.II.'g ••• PI! p~p~.~.& •••• ~~~!~iI~~~J·J·h ... F"'"Iii;;Lliiili •••••••••• oi~~ I! 11'~".~I~!!~14pa·g, , 15

5 .. 2. 5tilu I 0eome-tr.:J'c'i "IP •••• , " ~g •• ~~I~~~~.Il~oIlili!.~ •• !lliI •• ~ ••• d,~"M;~ilioiio.~i~ .••••• iI •••• i'~"'. i 1t!!"IIIi!_;;~.ill!'I I;plag·~ 116

5 .. 3. StHul pe:isager""" ''' , .. , ,'''' paa. 118

·5A ~ .Sti·lu I t1"11,1 ~ p ~ 'I' ~. i!_ I ~ f ~iI' •• ~ iI •••• n,1 n •••• ~~,o!ooi •••• ! i ~ M.!.!.! ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ! ,I iii" F ~ ~ i! i! i ~ ~ •••• n u" II" ''',,'' ~ II ~ ~ ~ ~ II !II! II !II I! N!II '" N N ~ ~ of' I ~ ~. ~ag io 120' ,51l5. Sti~u~ ~jmuJar~i' l.!',!I*~II.Ii~~ ... , .. ! i~!I!I!III4!"f' .. I'II~I ... ili"lll!iI·lliI·IIII.lilolil,,"i,,!i •••••• n .. '!I! !.r"'I."fol!"!U!I.!I.!lillill .... , .. II.iioli •• ii •• pa~" 122. 5,,6. G~UlU~ pe~ealu'~u~ ~·."'~I~~~!!II~ .. ~~ili!~II ... ~'.~ •• """I~ •• "·~n'LI'nlln"n_".n •• '~~!'.I!.I!~~.~~~'I'I"'I ~~~hh"h •••• n."IiLl" rn •••• ]1 •••• pe,e,. 11·22

Note .. ;.I!',;.i •••• ".I .. ~.'!!!!.!~ill In ••• ,,!'!I,!uug ••• ~, I '~~."!i!!of"~oftlltl ~~~iiI.~~~ii! •• iii ••••• m IIIII.~ •••• ! •• ! •••••• ".!ltI •• IIII.!" I i palg. 124

Ca pi tolul 6

PR·OIECTAREA ,SPATIILOR VERZI

G I 1. Pr(3I11IJB;e'l,c ~ ~! •• ~ M ~ ~ I'~ tI i.i i .I."'''~'' ••••• _!I" .,. ~. , •• ~ ~ ~!oM ~ I ~ ~ ~!!! ~ ~ ~ ~.~ iI'~ "'II' F",.F,~,F,~ ~ ~ I Ii Ii Ii ••••••• ~ ~ ~ P" "'I If" E F.I E Ii a e ~. d ~ .I·I'~'" ;"F Ii Ii II P~.iI 1.27 6-:1 ~1 i pre'mie,e.Jre p'ractrce 1!!' •••• ~_!I.U·i!!I!I .. 'l'Iilfi~.tl,..ililj~'I·Uiii!liiii!ltlll"hi,l,ioI,n ••••••••• _Uiif!iiiUoi 1 .. ~~ii •• i ••• oij •• ,.~ ... i.pa€J. 127

6.1.1J.lCamamd~ ~I' (;uno:a~tere61 $ItrAui ." 6,1.1.2.lRefstA·,<jf pra;(tC;W1i'Tt~imnMi.olar

G .. 1.2 .. Prc;:mi6B,I'B teorBtlce ,,, , , ,, , " "", pag. 129

6 .. 2. Pr,incipjj tie proiectarB, ,., " ,,'.' " ua ,. ,. "." , '" ." pa,g. '132

6.2J.IG.eneriilh'ta~i ," 6,2.2.JPrincfpi[J} armoniz8n" r,Jl'1.apjune-g~,& " ,(52,3./ Frirmipiul 1111'~t-fi dintm Gon1Jrwt t;;r forma • 6.2.4.tFrfl1f#;lpiul uI'Jitat-lI pTin .d;v~r'$itate ,. o.2.5iPriru;iplul proioot-arfl .;de~chiM· ., 8.2.6.1PridCll",lul t'etlff-

zl/rU fro moe uJu,' ca a rJ,~cef5itate • 6,2. 7/frinGlpll,1{ ,efi'c.ien~~l

6,3. Cap~cJt.lr~L D~tr1,dt1s~ona re ,,, '."'.,,.,,, ,,"''', .. , , ''',', " ,"" "pag. 137

5,

6.3.,I.lM,or'l'fle generale " e,.3'.2.1.s,p~·t-ji verz! .aMn'}I1t!3 cal/or rJf) cirC(,Jjiirp4B • 6.:i3.JSpapJl verzi aferet'[""-'"' ,:umdor rozlden rJale ill fiB.4-./~'f;Ii verzj afcreNtc cr8~c:for'j gradrrlr'~ej(.Jr ffl f;ClAf,'or III 6.3,B./Sp~rtrr lIer-zi amrcnte U{lQ:" iI16'tit-ll(;.j'f pufIflce tMi..' 'ih'Ct:eprifldf!rllll' 6.5.6./5p~fti verzl ~fel"cntt: epitalelor, &atUJtoriilor; c;.,ntreJo ... pt'Mtl1l psrw,stiC hemdrcap@te ,I' 6.5.7.16cuarul ,ill 6.'5.8.1 Grad'rrEJ (or~~arJ6a~a) • 6.3,9.1farcur iii' 6.:?;.10.lParCrll ffiport:Jf/ II' 6 . .5,11.1 Pad'Ut;~a par-c ~ 6,.3. r2JCaI'lc..iL.l;tfJ

6.4. ·R~aJizarea com po:2 it;;ieJ "' ~ •.......... " ;.pagl. 143

6AJjPerc-e,p.er!fJl eJ,ptl'fjLJiul (Pero-pectfva. OecUpaJ1.1f. Controiul V'Jzt.JarJ) • ,S.4.2.!llncle: precJzarJ' iI ,6.,4.3.111fra5tructUn!i ,iii @.4-,4.!SujD',r.istI"J,u:t-ur:a (VCfJonaf;Ja. I'l.pa. COfi.~trucJA'If~) II' 6A.5.IEJem~='1fele' pWl1imetrice (N&fttenM pia MuJui, Sch~m91 de r:;;jrcuJtlth~ a aOM8Xi[JMftOr. AXtf" ·r.~ree ftlgaturifol'; 8I~sJdr) !iI 6.4-.6.ILumina ~j oufo;;arGa

6.5. faze]e cDl'lceptiCr ~~ con~inutul: unul p d~ct;.

de ,ame.nc.ajaro -p,eiea~era " '" ,',',' ,,' ,,' "".", pag. 167

~Capitolul 7

cAUTARI, 'TENDIN'lE, iN PEISAGISTICA CONTEMPORANA

ConRijderat.ii ~6nemle., , "'.i!I.,n'Ii • .,.,itiii iliIIlfIlIilHiI,II,,~~fI!'IOI .. '!'II' ••••••••• II;,.,II'.illiilll""'I!I!I!I!!!!!!! ••• !!!.!!!!iill~pa_g.117

N~otel!' ~'!'~ ~ iI ~., '.''''',iI ; ~! i i ~ ~ ~ filii •• ~.~~ III ~"'~ III ~ I ill ~ II'I! ~ ~ .. ~ .. ~. ~ illi .. i Ii Ii itil!lll I!!I!!I! ~ ~'~lY'~ I ! '" ~ .. ~ ,.,~ .1, ii ~ Ii F.. Ii I psg!!' 188

"::;'LO:5AR 1'1'~1.1 •• 'I.,""~.,I!!I.~II~! ••••• ,4~.i." ••••• nliliiillh~~ill1111111!1'!!'!!'.I'I'I"'~~li.l~II~Y~ ••• i.Ii'; •• " i j ilhl,hl" 1411 .. I III III,fII'fl'!'''i-ti i i; i IIhllhtlh''IIEllp,a,~ ~ '91

v

616LIDGRAFlt:. 5ELEC1lIVA " " " , , .. "." .. pa~. 202-

ANEXl:: ralbe'le-tl~ plante ' ,,, , ,,';.,.,",," ,,,., ,,, pllij·. 205-:238

Capitolul 1

ICONSIDE~,_

,

1.1. C()'fo,lIEXTUL CE1VKRAL

f:rrtr'-ln'i &twiiu din 1007, profeGaru~ Jd'sn Labtl'a~e (de I~, IrlGtitlitul ~I": $t.u~U po!wc,iu ~in Parl~) atrligM alitl(ft-ltl ,M ~in Gel 009 mUlcilf:'le ~mp, ~up:rt:im~~k~JbollLJ~. nurnal 148 mi1k1~r1~' sf9art~rre-&l1,.] U!!aoatului. olin care; B'C.a'2Jh..d ~upr~~I~ «llt~~:atjV\Si», ~.ama·1'l ca ~pai;i~ uti] flUl11&1,j 2/3, pt c~re trei."luia.1J ~tl u11i,fEl'&£).1 p~'t;;e 24 o~lme;nl pe krl'llp. Act:@,t n u ti1i21 r aet2kd ee.JJe: ~ r rtla! ml<ll re. nu nul'Mai diM ealu~ G'~t6rii PGPld~iBi (1.001) cj $oj (II i\itDnta continualrli pr~ul u i r.it de~~n;.jfi~~,. 5e ~t;le ci em 1.II1'~i m6:d~,!.I! I ~ u fOrI1l1e~z}j u n ,er::QblF.)ti.?m CJilrc e.~ ln~bbt'li!l:Z~ tl"1 Pfoeferli :!l\tl dl "P:r i ntm Ol'"ta~n i Eli l1'1el~ nat;.U~il;"31""dt fjifl 1m part 1'1'1 producJit,Qri. cCH1,6)J.Ji11.:\rl;ori ~i pk.lfledupt;ol'i (eel cars pJ,in '~~$.GmpLJnBf;e ~~j~u!"a dIn 'i1DU m~m.r::al~tmre,illl). omul e~te un COnreiUm~tO'f ~are:" cliut;JI1>O ~ ~.c:aP& de puwrHe flatu I"ato a rBu~it ~ W M!PI.Hl~ 'i'n F~!'te, ditJtruB~nd ~ d~h iI ibr~Md N~mra" (1.0D2). Wrai mu~'j;. .. MiGjo,cl~t.rl!I m r~wri,e ,omui nu ;;l $upifinft mWQaae: tehnlc~,r' CCOi10rnIIG$ \?j PQlitiice at~t.de puter'rJic~c;~ rMi tr:a'lt'l~o.rme c.6ltirul vj~" ~~~. Cla,r eJ je fd[(.lI~.e~te foarte r~u ~J rrtJ'Zu~·t;:at;,ele o~t1tJ'te t'1IV CQr~pund nlci t1ev'ail'or, l1iel pQ~b'nitS~lar ~i:1'~it" (1..00.\5). RC\Itt'lrru;l1a deuchi li'bruJ du:Jafi~;Itd:e (1lill, tli oU'fi~6rrt ~ amuMtjm l6ituat-jilll ~Ir:am£¢i~ a p'~durU ~mpicaJo UIJ~(;: lin fi~a~ r~n11fM 'ee di~tru~ ,25 h:a (priM 4;;afero ~ifbC) I~r 'i'M'trmut1 i11'! eil'\:liI HQ-'6~,OOO ~m:r (:aLi\prnfa1'~ ~~11 iVideJ'ltl C~ d,r;:3-4 sri ~ritoriu I Su~di~~J} pcn tru ~ Q~~tiaa. !'l~t wr:tJ'1'I:,JlrJ p~~rtru el~lrw"ujturll (:drar prGft.lu01ia GC:ll1~~ rapj~1 p;a; un t;cr6M ¢i rJoUt €'r df6.t~:fl(Ba oom:.lnua ... ) ~<W ~ vind., !em,. ~ntl'U GOne;tnl~j. ~rllor ~iltc (1.004). I~ par.arel. 15~20 rtililfll.'latid; hec14uce d~ ruHtU~ arabil. ootr:an$fumlau,1I1 ~e'p&rtlh d~~r1h,l,I1;r~ut (1,:005) . .q ~GI~m.eMa®j·~I.!',~if~i~ a,yn'C~rIJt ~A dt';i(l! af,~ .:J.in~it·f ei f1 j\.lel p J.~ r1 crt;a r,.1l10.ii,<,dii t1i' de'G~r1 ~ui VII~$! ,~pOI il-r \1m $~ ss ~a! u nekh'lj€}(l izH ears l"Iu. s;" <SIIU tm M:~fOfmat ~i fntr~o Ipdj,~~tca ,mll~~I1IQ I~ iatlIl:>ufCiJ)' tJritor. De a~ ftnom~;I1~le moet1f.io;n~ au conti!:1u.!i('t in paralf:1 cu ~~:a polulirii ~tmo~t~r.iGr:::: ~1 £I£i'O'lulur, la t::are!7-,t sdEhJ~ait' aparr~ra ~'a~rii ~, ~itrat.tJl:,~~ tWO!'!. In a:ceet l:ol'1text~ ~oteJ~I'"~Q p~'i~ajuIIJJ ~elllf1~ un rmp~~tiv [,ar promov11l"t:::Ja Url,f:j paHtrt:! G~e;rGnu ~ i p,t: ~t'mei']l ~1J11.ap 0 nIfiCr!l$M'e. 1n :acc!iae;~ pol,jtiG:1!i, F'f15A.GrS TlCA. zdatur1 elit ~~lnC'rjal me.diuflili. e:l1f'.:asr:a-fia OO&l'oftl!ca" u 1'~nr51f1 r~." J~~, un rtli fom-te 1m PQIi;ant t d.om~1f1iul ei ~'e (SIctivit:;aU' ilt1clu~WI~ at.Jt 'Ioaa~~~f<ilc: c~t ~r 'maGrop:Bj~a:J6l~,e, Ncc::te~I'tll6!e ('.uI1Q~il'lte mce apella bstaJ1rt:~.j nort:k:lJltura. ~M(ll~i~. Gljm~to~oglc, geo.gl1lifit=, B&'wtrC'~. r!lilfh!'UCtoura. ~.a. CI,J~ijl'4~,fa'~ tJl!IJ ;;irtl''iit1:5,~'im vedt;;l1~ ps[~j,ud la nHrve'~ul'C8dMritu!L,li {.'I St UmI"tr..a~ GO precld&re 18 Jirnrtele: UJr'MMuh.:&i. ·fa,rJj a viz~ fuoo 6U t;u~!11 de "u,..:l:Js n,i~ml "' ... tar ~ nlcl,~e a Gol'ltll'f!a nh{~hjl ,,~rmtJilor1I'1verziu". OCUP~"dV~6~' ~e ameth~j~rl- 1e:.peli&iiI~i6t4c~ diil'l uribsm. I'WGrio1ilro~ de f~"V~ at"a6e.totJi.J~~ ;;:l~nf.l~ d r&u~lta ~i e'fic[ el'l~a aCid$t~m til u rQil1tr~ 111 ot1~rld ~~ f~ r§:i a ~ l,J.2I 1'i1 cOtl~idorare rtl'tra~'u I:G~~tt:l111 u rban. Pe .t:lie: ,ellt~ p~lrteGe po~u:~ediUlc:e. c~' ,;tIpa rtul v6getalliJ'~ut nu ~~ $-ufl~ ~m'V pf-ntrtJ a f~ u nClr:a~ g~maJbil. cum nu e !l).ufioi('!lnt. 8 cO!OM tllfrt'...onul ~tltru ~-I fa,{::C' &a ,cln~'" (1.006).

7

1.2. iA~')CP_3EREA iNTR~UN EGOSlSTEAr§.

1.2.'1. NOrtUNI

Tre~J.Jh~ ~ roturh:,1~(i;i"t.~m G~ .,,,.B>xtJl'pUnd, fur1e~~ lJ.riiSli'@..Q":~~~ i"l:altuf"il+ r.'oilIlr~ !provaac.ill eru~]i VUI6ai'Jic~, CU't<rtmure" 1Jr.a~:arJe, il1UJh:;ltl:i'l( r.s~51tFofta,ltl;, 0I1'U:l1 ~$1Ze ot~ care:: :il .:a.dug. peieaj Il.J ~ui "tem~trLl c:~h~ mr.t1 i m ~J ~-te; ~i ma 1 1 tt1 pre;5ion.1~Htte eGh~mp.nr'i (p~ln~ '~i'(IIl)yuim~1 echill~relor~at.tiJrnll"J'rln tctl~li11re etlrljare ?i ~troil;at.ob de. uh ni.c.J1 ):: d$!J-" ac~§te-2! 11 une ota d repeal ~-a c.Orte;.iiti B'ram~opu ~il1<i;a l.J'm~i1~ iii' F"antu):f '.' ca fUnd 1j, a"farm, ,~dIGa~ indeperh::!Brrtli die: m&:UuI1'l1oonJur~tar" (1.0'0'7) • .D.&l r f'6t'l:tru a rltl p,utea i t1Itegr:a Tn ~epn n~ Guno ~ti tl'¥~ Je ~LJ.ts:.i 1i'1 a~€lL. m~dru ~l mtli a'!!lIf:i d~ a Me p'utea pernilt~ ~i mOMlarea ltd ca p6r9J!.g~~i" ool1!9i~C:f"m neGclS<8ra PCril1;fU 1nc~pu't.fam~UarJu .. ret.l cu c~t;1",a termem L Ca a l"M~~ la prUflcTpiuII C'fQll:.r~:i6!1j£it-, .t!llpltcal~ 'in mu!lt~ C!I2!IrifJra tJlr6Ct:rrl1~rnaMt, Sill IllIlpAl"rut ~<ructuta~:16mld '~~ UGrl~ aetl[tnM~ a $.fiWfl'"JOI'. ~t.r~"~ ~etg<1l1:;! ff'I'tre ~Ie.~ ca~,r:~ vor '6IirU"- a~n ~f~ :aprIl:

GEOS~:&n!M. co O!i~VU16 abiectl,lJ eilnaU1F' ,J nMi'9o{;~apjjilll £!ilW.~mfi"6J" i~ll" ac;~6t ~i'B;td:m tU13etin:J ,,'" flJl'fc:.t:~Gn~zl) .. , dupa at;:·eb1ii~i le~ll '!3'efle~,le (de s1o§~m n.n.) aarea.:ail~ urJ MUdtacrrtatta tdr:..,J lor ~~l pJ~trarea lntB~utu,i !&[J'PIiJ s:i Bc~HM'ib,~ftlor?f~ am.1!iI"llLllnt.,61t1~ur aW1ll..i'ls c:i~ut c:iil ppmt~ -fage~B~6 tI~f ~-a tn~la't. •. " Pe:ntA1!J aa 'ihveif~ul teroo'tru (8tmasfB.ra.litoare:rn. i~! hi,~~fer;a rUt.) rt:pfie,Zlnm i'l"I6dful tn c..ar~: t:6tc" poeo~bit~ ~GC u irea ~f~f1 t~trre ~~ vl~ i, e~ ar f::llArteil' fii numit f,ii ECOOE05ISrEM. tn tlfarn aoo.ewi tl1~uniat.ouuprilU8taarE fok)Bi~ tJ 11'1 ~eiQ~ r.afie: CW[;.firliC~ g eO~i!&t;61"r1'[J ~IJ i j, !7folo~! r" >l300~ mfii ~f urba t1f~'tH u ~r.j m:u lui' ~J. apeletl~ ~i i21 eea de ME.D!JU MA7URAL I~are echjv:al~lw ClJ ,"'" ~i~t$I~ t~El ;?l un [t.a:Cea, dJailectic,a .a fl!jctorikw t"iilituraU Ci.-alm :!!i~ preziM1ll' 1MtF"o a;i!1lumlt;l ~~ re de' eoh ii ibl'u ~i care de"...ermina cal1di~Ue ?Ie viat:ii perttru re,fI'u ~ ~eta~. all1imllll ~i pe;nt.ru exPO'I1C:::l1tu~1 ~llih.J ra1:-fol1ar, ernul' (1.0Q8!), T~rm~nul ar~ a~t:~.,~r 6tm'!Mi&~~ e eu .~ro~ifitetnu i, ti~r §e fnI05~~te 'in uri?8tli~I11 IpeNtf.olJ a tVid~nfl;a c"c.,ia 12.1 It; rjm~cHu". c6M~tr,lJ!!-t de om (1:liSl re. 61~U ctic.;hdtat ca M EOI U "A R:'fl F Ilel At, r M rMlitate. eeea ~ numim azl mttt:tiu n.aturaj. nu t'i~W unu~ rlBmad ifiaat. CI U"uj ra;qU 1'l4:lt ·d·fn ,dezvo~t1;:I rM ~g dcw ltL! rr~ ~r i1II cel9rr@rtd m~anta~i d s 'Va~ot"ifU:Gs t'B it' '~ree!or nertu ra,le in intel~ul olf1ulu~ ~i dupt! hl1pacwj 'f'fl'1I(.ilu\:f8~ in~u~k ~:rrM ,::;e'loorul tlr~L1tl ~c;'Blc::j;tt::ht1r~~ ~~ ~l1l't"vmC;dl etltNi\Ce~ILlI noo.:~ 1?'i ,is! ~rl1~ffi"H urbaMr~ni (tn&.6ti fi~alJ~ a~tfi::1 ooO:£ii5-wn'lt ~. a r'ii f"Darts: 1'l11't;lnfoe:, ~~j ~i .arl n::: ~e r1i 1i:I~.ai1ld ~rB'eratl g @~1e'l·e u nor :a.~eciO. El'ar Ol},a ,mal aeB far ot:il~ l:lJ~rt.~u n't!:

r "'j(' r

~td ~ ~e MEDIU INCONJURI\TOR~ ~61f111ificSnd "un. :5i6u:m6p~o~~mpora~!1

OU tl a I1U m I~ ~fuctur~, eu Q a t'iJ U!m~ fu t':I oytQ"a I i~~ "~I ,:;;!j l1am I c;,g. ~Up.u.6 "aavoltaril fil ierarh~rll it1~ri'"le. pe anuh1~ niw.:r~ de tipurl de: medJu.'~' ( .. Numal I"rrn cut1o~~terea. eI!c~atG)ir !tlr~urr ai~ m:e(.f!~lul ~!?i prlMd~plm:a!r~al tipurnor dt peii%lj. 58 peate ajunge la pr~i10~. 121 atabil trea 'ma~url~o.f ,de oon~rveJIre, ~j o,ptim~mre 2l moo,i u lui i'niGQit1l jur:~'(;ar"), D~Ci "M&:li u I tM cOlt'lj'u r,Qtol" mipilil ro Cal ~ re;aHtaU7 pluri~ime"9i0r1ala,. includ nd "U fWtrltlT me..d lui tl.a:tural. dar f:li c~]It; ottl·uluilmc:dlul.:;1rtirfj,cls;IP' (1"D09). Ds aiel r~uld di ef eete -g.uv~W't'1~t nu nurtfai oe; leel~ naturH ~,i !?I tI" Gere !!'oc~al". Cu acoot punct de pOrniFtl !?-I formi~d aria Pro"OCllP81ri I er, e- aa.j t.J n"~ ~J .~a .. Getlg ra fia ms,;HlJIl LJj frlC;D~ u r ator" (1 ,010), '1I'I'wtvc~Hle 0111:1II'UI Fcmru ,adarn-sma ormtdiulul/ctaaruh!.d M8turn'l" 18 r.~~,~il~ lui, au condusla r:~zuJtatlJ~ pc: cars unll geCJ,Hr~fi l-ai, Mumtt .,m6dH~ ~~Qgm~ 'fic" Jar al~H MEDIU UMAMZAJ (tOl~). ENVlROMNEMENfUL.~te un ;;)lIt tt;mlerl fa.loe-It in p&lir.,;jJt"~ cu ceHaJ'~l Kt"meni,. dar care la origl:ni a 'foet ut:irJzi!il~ iI'1 ur,w~~

flie;m dOOf11 f1d,,~t1dt:de. GPI1"taV:it d;trrtre oSFW~l~ I Ctjl1:g;trL:l rt ClU t;Oma iiIIP~e~o'ri fie ttalt (~.r.vll:iirre.a.t:Jt:"6wi.8!) ~ rt1Mtul Mturilt" GUlm OIra~ul'!i7~~ e'Xtins rrdt'i'M, teV-IwrJlJ p€f1'l;:ru ,;:I; ~l flI~ I~,u f~ nH'l (';t*dl1)~11 tMt-em "zDn:a Ftt~~r.lc,.thl"a. d~ cpntr;aa.1a I uat dimf'.Jl~1t.l11i ndbatJuit.e, rlotiJ,Jne<'J ae. e::tl:lvlr.nFi!:'leme.nt 51!.rrr'arl1~raf']ldl!J~~~ I'll moire 1'.!1I~ ooll!!l~e m~~ ~u 'fl"rcQ't1JIJ !"~tor. De a f(;j "¢7i :an: u IJ.~1Ia 6~.r 1;ariJ.@~ m&l i .a I~~ Ci~ ~u~lin:m;u""~ji rf'Q$"i'ufiM ~~I'"'aflo.a .de nrlJe'&liu umani~t'~ "(1.0i2'. in CQnt:flt1lJa~ ment.ltlM:a m !:;I rpa It.-:wr man DafFeNi~~metHUlI ~Or.'O~JUI r:ff1;.or;: ~ar trttr'~o ~cGePfit.: tfU;i1 f"tteitiribtiv~. E$~ v6rll1i!1 ,de.~,pre S IT ("1.0'l.3,.~: U f'I med lu Wi DiS! ro a ~drtiJ I aotJ£jotl':'l.Jc~HQr ~i a!meJ1t1J~dlor t'i5u~ub6t.1l'1Jfial" jar uf"h.~l1ul (Glt.;a:~. ~t:!~lu:,bIOm~' m~riali~~>~ tuL EftlntnJ J. O. Sllt1Clnti'BJ $~t.~ul ci: "~imU~f' iI'tif~i m:ultclJ 9Jl4rl:.!1 'iiat11r~I.) (~,01M ~...::. aJtf~j.~,~-a Iwngul "t1mpl.lh.!li·l1G4ilJM~%k a ill.VUt. m:af mult6: I1U.$f1t'~i (1.015). azi fZ:,Llb~G-fiIHdu-6'B I~ ra ptu I sa , .. ,,or.a?u! ~fjt.~ fOIt'lrJ1a!:. el ifi;;;u ~i r::jiM~r-if) m u ij;.:itu.dln~ t~h~w ~i'tLWr~. Tlpol@fj n,;;;l~rtu ri ~e:lr p~at~ a\olt::?l I'll vM~re r;alfill:cten;lf .a~ez~rd~ (~. rwraJ. :5. !,Jlrb~f'1). o$1lfao-tt;lr~1 £-p,;il~llJiul (~ d~n[t. ·e"Jlfuz. ~\'<CQlt1rlex) (tPH.7) ~u f~h,t\.~iil! CO ve{)iin:at~¥il,El (~ .. 111ohifl. ~,~dEl~chfs). N~M1'OO d@f'EIMJ, .CCii: a;JF t.r':::~LJr flil-~LtdbJjlIQ(lul ,ai,Q~, V1.:l tiI~rri UM pilPtgiraf 61lfZl"titwt: f[lh(jJ obieotl:lt GU r-5l.1'l u i, i ~1~~l"eii1l~,i H11roarta C:"01M'l ple;<i"1I;Ptea" pr:6t-fjlJ ptl tI e '0 ~ve:l1i te la e.tlltdm:.Brl'l,

1.22. COMf'OMEMtELE 51 FU NcnONAUTATEA

. - ECO 9 I.STEM UL'U I • .•. ..

5rmpJifipJi M. s '~)j am ttt;fh'l C:JJI :d~ij me6j.jiUII'1ricofljUr~~9.ri 17~ p~;bt!i CIilru;jd~ra •. Ilt;ilft<a..te:a·cu .v~1 mal alvern con1>in:l.lt~' (daftariUl ~re'V:&:f1j:~nt(ili difea"itc ~ oo(t1pon~.ntelt:lr,~G1~e)e~, 'iaA.~o~J~, @. ~la:$it,fJi"t 1'i1 maire, tiirl dl()~ua o~~ori:1 d~'9:9m,pGl'I§:Ylt£e: nzo::rotf ~i l1;>i oti~ti.j :aa.U ~r:J b;s-tai'1;~ .sn (l1rgJH1 ice Ri. !3ub~it1t;e orgi'll. ~ I1Ltle (v~et.;;ll e'f'i ij'ni ma I~) eau "b,rQUlp~~ II" ~i 1.~rOf-er1 OZJl'. BI OrD.f?U UH Af3!TATU l B~'al~uit; ,dJn r?!'tWlg;iii aI rr~5fer~1" ~1~r-o~fel'$~ ,~J aj;mQe¥f~'WOlfi. la ~~ pt: ad.atll~'j;a: 61'l.t':t:glii.l ooJa.r.a'{l.C1'7) (f.lJ1l1c:t~e de :Bupor!;; - ~ol ~,alUlaF.1l - p~l:Jtem avct1 .Boo.!?i fii!t;;c'mt: ter~:l;:}tJ"e: ~,a u ap~:Clce.). pin w.a~3a cQI11 plJ fl5ij lor B~ I, b-tQ"t;~p~ I o:eit.fl it1~·~bil.arOC:E.NbiA ... ~~W ~I~:t-~ii~ dintr';UI1 gnw d~ QI70lztnis,rtl,C! - pwnte '~I ~f.:llrrl~l~ - c.are' {ielJ~1i: ~c~I~'~1 habirnt.~i a.l~tufe:!0t: UIi1 met:£:Ii.1oU:;1'l1. comun,., 'fi1 r;ffla:~ij, ~f;~rif;ut,:j.a, ii!Gklm u ~ re';a. tra,n e:w.rma rea. ~! ~ i$p~r.Bare,~ ~ulll$ta t1~ orgaNim:: ~l en~:r;g[er ~~ata el!9' .JIaeet.a". IP~ '1:@~inJl!t. ~r faptu.1 (;a .. ,1 at6I@~,LIt1a ~~:f.l110~piI ,are un metiat"llGm 'pfopr'lu 46. f6l:~Jillh~ <i'l lt1d~~:zi:tcll" ~de."a lungul U:f1i:Jf lJilfl't'o trof'ic, @'~Jfl!;Jt'~l4d un t:t;nfHt,7rl;j tntna ~rp~uc~:ta'rl, cQn:fjl,lm~i<ori {Jii re.;;lu6~t~r(' (l,01f3). Nu ~i~~ bilfJ,G"n'~n:B '~rfpGtizd~!u, Vn. sch[mb- pot,.'e-ld·:;1~, Iq,-at:e1'r1r.re:

Qil~" br OcQ$l'IQZ~' ~ i~ ~ nor ha~]~tt: c u t£ltu ~ d rf~riU: (4~,~m p lu q ~adur~ cu un law), irrtimp w. fin gJener.al, .,hl'abifJ;';a.tul at'6- Q undit1~ d,eeGhililbru t.ermedinamic; ~1 ptt;d;~zb~:<ilI'l.i~l1~:2l b'~or;,tfl1iotf.:j", Itfil~ne:ra %l din e~:9~j~tel'l1, ev~~UI,M.za. '~iPt~c;: rarm-fi abblEJ~ ~J <~@ oQin~t;.rt;ur~ fntr-I,J.J'J !,{lIiljaniz:ator ~11e:.rHet!c ~f materi~I~:1 ~ar$t:e.'11ullL!;j,. Ea t.:rnMfarn:lai habi'vat-ul, jair~G~t:ita Ja r&irM.lullui reaGPfoI1M~~

._. . ,.

{pri n i'iI(j:~J LJ M~:at. f~,ct.oril'Orflz]~]l~·:tiiU P'M vie~ultQ~~:lor.'IArtl f"e';t~ eci ;i?ffi;;i.trll,ll;ar~ .~

m~cat1li$me'i~or\~ln ~e-@~i~UH](I. I,JI'l fe~6H}~Qk.,." (tO~91 rli'1t'r'~iL.ln Boa6t~m .MU 'mt&li'ifm~fhinl;wLlI din f,lJflttiirl1el~ fIzicci, ~[ 0 ~~r\16f~~rQntlr).Vt?~!1t.ru un rntef'(al ~,e tl m:~, :~ w mlUj ~lOmeQ~2!zri~l.tl.ch i I il2ru I bioce)notic. O.e rt4irl:l;tt. ca ,:&~ZI!Q ltaf;e:~ ·e.w~i6te'ttnJluf es't.e i;li6i-;3)..J,~ nurMf £;~I'1t>1 >efler-eia aiCl..!mU~at-~·l'I1 bjc(;~w'Gi:m tlnJ~ f>~re; '~'ICI'rl maxim}~'~ ~~j ",l' 1I1'l ~~Oe.i$.tcl~m lntrai in .~El:t~fBiorla.,",$lst.,en;hsJQr d.ooc.hii!1ie" (,uiil't.orita IVJi9CtlI1 O'.let). §8 fIile~i Oi'1~a.za c:a .eco~iet-emelt: pot '~ I'ilttturalt3/~Qf1ta;r1e {pa~JJl'lt ~~pe', p-;@lJri-Sc;~lJlare, 'aC,ljJ'I, m~fr)~i .antt-t:'~nGL '111 GJir'h~l~lU~ i~t~rvinf,; petltrJJ a aettWmit;lili "0 amJI11itJi pro.du~~~i~.gajJ pt5htr-U a;ets.aJ

un epa'filJ de de~"tlndere aau at3rnmecn ..... W cefe .an'trClpoge;l'iIe, unde. ~e"1nc;:ad're~~ ~ CjrJidil1aipeiGajLJI .amtmajart, va trebui ~a avem 1M vedcere ~r acel optim fiziolG~ 1ic (1.020) a,e ,tl"e~LJit,'; .alSiiguF'at, prin curnnlul v~lariiQr Q,ptimt: ale tutUi"Or factor d~or ,dill blotop. ("Un opt.lm fiztologic: pentru plante~,~ I:Olima-tl,Jlut no~t.j"u. 'et.; rea'I!Z~~ ifn ztle le d"~ va.ra, ~ii rdi.l m.~~e, duira ploaie, d ~:r CiU ssrul U ~Qr a cope rit de n DrI') '(1.021)

UI1 eCCl6i6t~m poate fi J;dz6t"'JrIli,b-rot, prifr 'it'it~rve.tfl'i,!ll dtreeta a Dn1U lu~ (im pu ne; rea un u i n eCelfi«l r ~t: bib:mSi M 1pesw pO!'lii b'Hit8fn'f! a,ceetu j;a; modino.-"lre:;lli r$ldk;:al~ .a ll'bLJportuilJI) "eau 11ldi'!'\%.LlI" pril1 fa-ctOr i poluari"\'f (1.o;24~ Qare4tu~ la pOilJ.<'I rsa tut;iJ ror com P0Met1UtDr b'lo.afe:reL Yom I"f'JVi!ml a~ur~ u nor' problane ale pEl,lu.illtii 'In calp itolu I 2.

R6Venil4d la fUI1q::.ton~ litat~tI meaiului, 0 ~a mal plJ I1cM m:

.,ca ra~riJh~xt;rerhl d,~ com plex a'l m6di IJ I u j ll1conj u rator c2I anea rn ~ bhJ ~i~temiG, eg,te rezullt-Eitul JJt'l~l dit1!1mlci wm~tt;lxe,. dx~'~ilf:l ~ Url~r mr,dri ttlt. a--.Jt dt, compft':lxe ." d1;rtQf"it~ mi!:mif~~-earir sate 6'Pat-IQ-t;e;mporal~." Print.re partroultaritatil,e; ;ice6tei mi~tiari amh1tjmi n'af,lJra dlf'eriita a GlB[c,)I" -tr"j ~t'i '!5ul1~[~m~ inte.grJlt~t:n m~diu (euportul ecolo~.rC;,1[;;:Qmut1r~iiHe bfQjOj(lict!'!. actr\I(~a umana) O.iJ per@QtI1al'itatet) 101" ,(~r1lt ,~~ at~a ~t~ ~~ d uc~ la M etr:~ma I¥:, dls:oolere;,6Bu ea :7& aLJ!3t,mg~ e.r6tamutui 1n calWZ:~ G~I ~i ~ wordQn&rii ~in 6tigt;~mui 6uperior): aceea;J.i :drferentlere is! cBlor trtlJ c.ate;gorli de> m.i~Gare. ool1tribuie ~i: rna i mu It la i lf1ugriJI reZ'!l I or 1t1 mi:€f>ca rea geogr,gfi cei (cos I ~ I 1M1;te.'lZa ll1a.5p~t']tle: n- 1&1); ccmfen}1 ela6tLc.tt\aw, siet~mului .opt deci 0 capa,dit,atl%11 ~coel'1tualt~d~ ~d~,~ I"e la i rrrfi ued(;eJe exteflioaire: tot datQri~ diftli1':ltl't-i e rH 58m na late ill c:ompontlr~teJor (abiQtica, blotlcii i?1 Goc!aj~). eu mi~ctlt'ilc for. B"tl .ajlJl'l~e t!':l 0 gam~ l1"l~i la'tgZl d~ tr.<lnEi;tQrmare a mi~Garilor fundr.lmenwte (di,n L:lMle'!F1 ~h .. sIe). ~f.I 0 ainamica a !5ietemu lui !?i It! 0 cr'e~ter:e a capadt--i\:ii ~t ~~lmililire ~l tl1t~~mfe" t?1 a alto!" wmponen~i; de tipul calor' iil'ltrotlu~r oIt:: ac;[vitatea IJmil1lll1~ I"rrtr-UI1 pefs,aj. tn aceet f,el, 9inamicait1t4rt'l~" ca mUlDe edt: .a,uto~tab'H1:t£il't'tf si~t(:;mic~. e~te tot Uf1ol3 CLJ fiJn~ionalfitartca, TI1 pro~eul de &ol1tlnu~ de:zyoltar~. "optimiuretll p~iel~jLlllI.li. ca exprefi"le a unu! tip de' m~diu, e!?t-e ec;hiva-lcFrta cu a mplrcfjc,;".'U"eil. I'll CQ't101t;ii I e $ta bHtt.at.[i sale. ,PI ,a~:lbt" cl~me'rtt~ ea re 'f2t.au 'Ia baZf.l Gal~ij mediulwil. cst'1e~1 fac rroplce v~~r ?f <ll:c;tiv:idt-iJ umans." (1.o2.:~O eta~illtatf;1a unul file.tem/r.ei~J. ,~fi'te fun~t,je d~ perm8rl'lM~,il-6a U:r1dirl1(-~ oa tl'1 caaml @.ohimbullWl de 5UI?B'ta~,..e ipi ~i"I~i~ c;u 5i~:t~mefC't I ,ponj r.iito~te. 9-,a, alul'1~a ifj,o 9"tNre: de ~~l1mbrll.l'djMtrmic Ge ~re-ha b~z~ mi~tlreal,'in ,G~re r~r[e,a6t@I~ 'd~ COf1'tlt1Ulit~t;t; alte;rt'ilM}:~ au Celie de ~~"orrtlt'liLJ~t;e (1.0:24). Met'"r~!rI8rea '8i$riblJtelo-racooui '5t~rl de echillbm1ntr-Lll1lnterval de "trrl1p. pr6,'\ll;Jp~Une-nmc-

~'GtljW~<a unul mecanj~m ae "aLltofl~g;t~lre ee ~ol'1$ta Tn coF,6xil1ni.le ii'1v~rst (feeal-v~d), Fe Bei1m,~ ace's'Wlr oOflexiunl inverge @6 fac wim~toM.rcle op.fierva~Ji. efBc'Cui retroa:ctJ!.JnHbr c~rora le cbreeilpUI'I4 fenomefl6fe' 'de ~Fe:Gt:li-baGk, ',gunt m~i ,~,rte;tluatB: de'Cat- Me'aull aGt;1LH'ln prii1l;;ilr'c (jt1tl~rt:-ie,~ire), dif-en~nta dii1Ve Cl!~~ l!'l1tateilzdiUind gcrmenii noii calit~'t:i 'ill devel1ire~ 6<'11 urmam tldf-Fe-r~(r~j .dil1tt"tf c~l~ tloue'i ,efeGta (~Q"F.rlJntl. retro.aq;;iune), ,alJltor~IQlrC~ va duce'la" 0wtimlzarea '1ochil ca!l'~a1't (G.o.n~LJrbata d~ aG!-~L1n~! ,caw¢: a c.ol1t-r6!c.awat-o). i$ra ~~ ~feiOteZC:~ ~t~IIQ>IIJta-tta tje:06~et;el'tti1l.Jlui re5pectht~ '1M mults ciazufl. 'mtro2!ov!unila call'B materializt:aza ft'lflOITI,CinUI de fee,d~ltack, ~e F'ro~uc eLI QareC2l""e, frrt1ir:zjtr~ CMQ ce Blabe~te efic;;;jcltat8a 6lutorog.IEiril. f;;'&mru declail17area ret:roa:c'fiul1ii. a lnvjng erii In ert-r e: i. e~:te" nece!%lra 9 oa re:CJ) rt: c;;lnti-cat-e fn t' lus ,4 ed fdl'm.aj:.h~;~ wner;g ~e ~a U~IJ b$:Da 11~&l, II nt~'nm nt-fa va pres U plJ ne cuI10a t?t;.~rt:;a aa~e.ttl i c Llal'lrtu m1 (1.026), Dar un &:::oei5tem poate cUl1oa~te nu l'lul71aT sta-re;;:r de echlmm..J cl, trl

10

.1I:numit>t;i !lioltu~'~ii. ~r pe Co~,!il"de, dezechiiib.rLJ/d6zo~anb::8!1"f:\,dezeehilibrul repr:B'z~n~!1d "rJLlt11al un l'11omtrft pe parCllr61J1 fnf!,?carij, FlU 0 ·gt;aro". De acee,a ±7t;3. imput;B aSc'J'fape 0 dif~r~t1"f!er~Jritr:e ".dezechiW'FUI funG}iol123 1'" (neseear tl"'~cerif tOO 1111 un ~~61iw al.~62voit~tii 1<:1 altul) 'i?l' ,~w.z;eohilibr-'UI dhllirui1lc>tioMIH sau urt ~~ahiW~rlJ ~efk;i~f"'r, G~re "hlC~ loa deterio~~rt1a ca~ita>~ii p8i!liioajuILJ~l el,imrn~nd p~bnitat;tl:a lJ,t'le;1 'reno'llgj'rl. A$.emenea $1t,uarJ~ .ct'It-IGdl. ;5,unt provocau de :Jr11 sat! de cat£llcn$mtiJ t'I~UJ1i:lle. tntol"c&inJu-ne I!a ,.d~z~!Shj[jl7rLJI fuJ14[9nal" care ~Mrnri~a'Z~·mcbil'~tert.6;;J ~.ctiillbrului d(\:zvoitMrHlait'Jlamlc:al at:;e~'ttJi~, !!'& fmpun~,p;.dstenta unor dhtte'I'1$luni ~rafLo-tem'par~ie, fn limi'tele carorj} i'li1Jt1t-i1l~lelUtm& c.orel~~1 illl'l fD~~loi" C~ m~Myi n .~c;hilibrul ?,1ntI'8 C;.<!Irre- Q rice t-e116ItJJ1 j rotteri oareo, rw pot£'ia de:zQ~al'1llztne;!5rr!t7tBmul" (1.02.6)',

1.3. PEIS4JUL

1n .,G-~o-§'ra fia mGd tu 1 u i 'fh600 J U r-litor''''. I uc Fa r8 I1'I'Ht~~"i1,.s"ta d 8J9, ta "ref.t:lrniZilre:a15i.at~mjc.a a p~ji5~Jelor""'-nr §t: pre2:int~ pUI1Cl:e:Je' d,E)'vederB ;alB' unul mare l1um.ar ~a: fJ·co@Fsfi. Vlz&lvl ~e no~rlln~ de pej~aj. 0 prIma COMe;~at~re Cl5t;e eGrliv,;;d2lr&.a r~i:$.2lJl!JtlJl cu re~:jufre~ '(;;1) po.ate varL~ c.le L~ ~~t n~ve~LlI rupC!ldgfc, :p~'tfa I.a p"~lie:r'JJl plan~'r; A,MstOt" r~g".iLln~ H!$.~ ~(\~.cHhQf;I'?tt? G(llraqtf'l:rk:J' ~p~~jiO~t6il11par<iJJ. GQcm~t(l:n¥a: om~~,er1.~tir~!i ~ riterogenitJirii (primu! a'tribu:t pU"[;.~t1ril1 ae'"t,.(}rmlM -et8lbilit4teia iar cell.ilal""&, Fun~i"t1~llt1iite'a) ~[ Q -!}tnr.I;;;r::urart; fun-ITtronalar -I'e: orlz.QI1:ttlt~ i?1. yerticalli. Din multitudil1ea do 0rinili C:0il1ei·i.tdtWat1l41 ca 'p.erbine,ritc: pe!"rtru Qbi ~c.tu I c U,reiU I'ul, c~tev:a, f'ef !:?.aj U ~ (r.e.~lu_l1¢':.a) e~te-Gl cornbin211-i'~ ori.g im.;l'la de ~Il;m~nte fi~·rc:e I?I u'frleiJ1C; ~ ~ofi:zJtl:lttomie propr~e~ UpEf,lta de ril3'l..jj'U!t$, c~pa~ill aa"ee traMi0Jarrn;el pd." ruopturi 6ucoee"fve ale echrHbrUJluJ (dec;j prlll1.ciezechilt~ b~) !?i. 'C<'I 5r§t~m 4 s Il'\1teraqlu "" n. elSU de'll ,it aB uM ~utoreqlaj.~f tlie' ~pul1erea &(;lIla tJ"aniOFormare, Limite~~ ~Ie. 'coro~rurJd LlJ1DJ' dli~6orntlnuit2r(i,i e'Pa~io~t8'ttlFc..akl·f11 eu t'ltab~ s,J~te I14lJ lu r ~i n u ~ I en,H'I u j a.ompontlht. U 111'tte I.e: 1'1 U ~u Nt. 't!!tj rne. I:f'r~r-o Icrarnrzan~ ZI e.eo:jr~e:rrruiul (6pat;;iu eoogr~fic, ~[6a,i. lmiUttc~ elementara a pei£i~jlJllui,) pe.i~a~ul r3!Q.te nivelul imed,·iat o!;l.e:;ervabiI (Grice !7ilrU a f5.U'PIr.g~ fu~if...ef"t%i-~re. f.lrilr~e:~ie,.cql1etitu,ie Uri pelS'aj. un ~ect-or 5;:::lU uh rnozaic d:e ~dlMJ~)· AGe5~· are Q o.omp'Ql;i~i.e ~ip,Slrt1tli: ~up<Q·rtul (foFm~l~oa:ta de caraot.eri5ticlle ~1t'ol.G~1G.t" geQrnorfol0.t3,ice, cHma:tic~. mari luc:r.&iri a;nt.t"opqflei1~ etc.) !pi cuvKt:.uI"$l ea (c,e materf~llz6~Z~' inflbie.!'ltil p.ar~mct.r!lor n~rt;.[JJ'~li r?>i;JI c;,c;;IQr Ylttail1l. cle ia pjdw:n;:, culturl agrlcole, p~!1&! 1;::I2l~dri~ zone It'fdLl%I'~~e ~U.). Or[p-(; r~i£iaJ e~~ I mpr$~ nat ~ 13: h . .,·toH# p¢&il'rtai m,~rca U! n LJ r tref:: ut. ~J ptll1 tnJ ~ TtlZ6le!Gi1 Jocul frltt'il'f'aq:.lUnUdr C.l1I ~j efeotel,~ior. d'lre-r~ fI1·tltt'~p •. dL'i:l a,k;:i d,Bourg ~f diieren"lfitl.rcUc dt: p~l9'''l. Nil, "sc face !1iei 0 rot11:alrca dsc;ii omullSLm:;u-Ult:111 timp Cln1(f!3t:t1izareet raau eteroQtrri2area pei6aje:lor. PI1ecand de 1:fJ cele f1'1c;lMt-iol'1at.e p3lnB acurn, nu iill'J'll tiU176crie Ira a eohlvala p~j~~jlJl (;ugelos~gt.emul regiOttlill1 esu rlii! n~11;a to, u n i;iIe nu m~l' pUrtcm ,1.1 rmari ilS<ch lrn I;i~ rUe ,de ~~i"e', del 1m Ita rU.e, 'epeGirl ~ ~it~t:ea- C~ tnibul fr ~a d,efiMea(l;'oM: ea ra·c:Uwl,gtlci le fli Ii m itt:lc= intervet,.t;Je~ u h"I<iU'l'e i~ltr-o .1m'len~J~re. frob'abolt ~ !?i 111 ~cest dom~l1iu 'fje'lli1puM un cfitmog giOO~ran-1I.lrb;lf1i.fj1ti pr.:.:ntru rw~flnlrea uner termenl, I'll uH~~me&~ ~eceii1lii rrodl.Juiln~uwse mut~H m wmantic..:a II..Ij(J(J I" s Ltvi nte ce 'i!5·~au pi tm bat- prln .rna i mu Itt d~Ciplrlle. ~~i1!(lm lrrsa d1 "pilf1'tru urr ·00r~an.j!$m» aitil; d,e complex cu'm '~etfl ~cri:eajl.ll, a~Qrdare&l el/Ol,vv.i~i ~arle'in vl['t(JF, inl GOndi~il~ prsslunll u mane tot;. m~i aceentuare, 14l.J p19ate n ~p'rUi'i'lj'U~.d&nroi LIn ra1(lol1amel1t. fIi .afar£! a c~~a.C!e'p'0ate Oferi <lItTaliz~ l8iBt~mrca''_ GU ad$. mal multcu c;~ I1JU t:relJwi~ ~it·8tt.a. ~i fr.ag;lltW~~1 lilibilita-te21 UI ~1t}1" pei ~Jct ~m;~.[tT~ti1 d1~ 'f.i~m"6he·a ca ~~jrunll,e 00$1 e mil i ~ ft'foal mice •. r;e_r~' impul6iOJ'leazii :tl"ahsfani1,lgirH~ ul'lU~ p~i,ru:;tj @unt e:ele din ,aria ~Q~iall.JluJ, ca

11

de.~Gr,iBre~ fltreGani$m~lor d~ dezvoltar~ oi\'I wnu! peif7elj. efara oor1i~~it:.ii ptmt;ry 'm6lJe~£lre'a '~istemulL.Ji IU2I,t;, 1n ~tlJciiLt,. Ga 111 011£:15 irrt:.ervtn~:Je ul11arnil tn~:~'Uj~ CI~.IIt100.~uts [tmlt~+e dB tolt.lr~t1ti5 ale iPa:iili)~jullJi 111 G6IUUI ci1J!?i modrcfic.2rii8 ,de ,Qtd~n $;thUytUral ~i funC1=-!onall (brljilrl'tAJI COI1fjecil'1~e~'Of pOliti'lf!: ~~ n~'atliv~) ce lifO!" r;t:;;?: LJ It~ pr!n at c-'(:;i u f1ca propu EJa ~i ca '&1 '8Icea~t~ .a,c;~i LIne. @~Qg raf~a"1(:.iia r~ pG,Ie;~.Q'@ metodo(o,gfta ~tiitl~H1C~ de cL!l1oa~t:ere a 6po1;1l~iU~LJI''', Me. poau aJuWll' loa dla~t'1O~ticaroa evd u~lej Ipei eaJ u IIU i (1 D27) ~i Itf ;Ell fa"i! i~ att~!orpa r~ oonfig:Ll r~'~Jei pe.isajului amet'l;;'i!jat..(~u!JctlJra 4- expr~6i~ fOl'rtls'IA)' I,a un mom,e,tI'Ct d~t - Btabl~i.t. priM p't"OfBct.

1\1'11 'I;.recuti'n rff\/'iet~ care ~Llni; punqteie dtl ve6l~re.a:le ee~r:tlfiior ~i sm punctat 2i6pectele 08 i'ntra ~i in ~wrr~:.j~ uwanii?"tHor atuM'ci ~,nd abor.Jea~li un peiflalj. 'fnGOtilt.irJl.l.aU"l'll ihe VOtJ1 opri ~i la p.ozIB~ aao,pt;1Jlta de un c.~wt-fiIQ"' :lot irI'l spe'Y~Ro~ariG Af>6tJl1t-O. Se. I?'tie. {:~ 1'1 loa tnc:eputlJl ~e". XVIII, !0rJkiilna, lpcifi~jll ~ tI m~t1,tnj$rt/ em mc,a ll.~:m e iatt~'d ca,Y.I'l f~ a~ ,,~ctlJ 1"8 ~~ peieal'1 ,~Oili!lr oil se folo~eaualte ,c:I~m~l'Tte.il1 ~'h1po:zl:fie. In !l~t::. XIX. o uy§lrrtul Fl8i&~J a.Junee: ~~ fi.e fO[Q!5'TI: ~n ~n5W l de prlve II ~G~ su M.6:l':X de 'pi ctu'!",l Da.r tot'1t'1 a:o~I.a:?,1 eecoi ae f~ce. ·~filrmar1al"f'rin golllJl llnel f6re~tne ,,,. ~ a~1>~1 1'n tiepanall~ UI1 Pt:1~J ... " CIf:&a,ce 11 determina P& AS5Ur.rto ~~ ~maroer G~ :a:e-tr(!ll "r~i·~aJl..il ~5te defirtit C(il 2IBpeGt vizualaJ prlv~Ji~j;ii" (1.0213). In ~(';c[u, no~trll m:;;u e:uhivalat eli .7ntlnderea privell~~i" e~LI .. rart6"dfl'itr~Q ~rive<U~t.Gi v~~utJ!I dit'rtr-uf'11 ~,JMgJJr punGt;. (A d.e:~,avarJi1ii ~alua i§c;~1im'b~ 1;r~~aturllc. c:aracterr~ti,ce ~u 'jhF.a~j~.ilirea 'iiI.G{l'~tula. ca ,de 6,Xt,;mp1u Uri pare ~au .0 ~wadjt1iiiT'~ cum 68 I'roolzeaJ.di fn ~rLdw'd,Oic"liion$ln"Jl oftlhe En.gl'ieh Languag". Inel~1F~nd p~ d~%r)~rea. p'~16ajululll1 eil1e ~f nu (;.::3 imil.giM a privelig:;tJf, A~~nto ajlJl1ge: la urmatoarele iJaracterr.e.tici ce par a-l ddilrlu, Peif!'l.ajlJiI e~u 1't1 prlmul rand un e;iipar~,J1:.J (1ii,l t1U Qr,;'llpa liM 6pa~iLl) dar e~te mal i't11Jlt d·ec.~ un ep£I'flu (r~l'ltru ca 11L1 .or-ice ~ .. :;rf'iu ~bU: ~i F~i$aJ). Dad cerul de~c.l1lde 6pl"B infll'll);. p6r6aljl;.l~. SQ~ull ,11 limitetli~ ~1 Bfltfel 19'1 devfne 0 preZI9Mya (~t nu 00 rcprezentare) a infinitLllui 1n fil1lt 6Z1U a fil'1ltaw d~fj6.hiBi! on spal}ilU,ooerlor, jiiflitalt~,de~'ct1i!iJ (1.02.9). Pei6ajul nu e~)j1,Bpat:liU sl un i't!ret.arspaylu pentrlJ CB ~I ;;;6teUI'I ,Joe", un !3'pa'\'i.1J o.u artri~ute,G~-1 if'1~ivl~u,:alizcaz~h?i unde timpul. ca i5torit .. are· Q c;O'ntrfbLJi;;,ie' a>semtialil. tJ~l1:smitill1d .]1.~tudi 00 CU Ftut'~. aZir ~t~mph'J': urtopia :~e;h ir1O!Clf:j i~i elto.tl"J1t.e.lrltic;~J DIS t!ndi:3 f',~r~ ,,a !UI1'le: in fl1tr~gIme ur:b~niza·~a ~i li1du6triaUUlti'· :paate dllc;~ la ,,,I1Qu-pein;aj". ia ,.antlpdaaj",

Am vJzutC;;[ g,~~ra.fli C'Qi"Ipid,et'au Rei,e.ajul G.eco corrit2ll1a"fJ~, orrel1'l~1.

I~ de,eicl19e.t1rte fiziG~ ~'ll!Jma,nl3 .. Pferre' 5an~ot (1.0:50) li'CiUa~ ~gUp't".a p:r~z:;m~ teJ umanulu i ;:'1,i ~u~~iM ell ~P~~~jrlJol er&t6 CGlM Or:}. nu ,arifli l1~,lQie!l.e ~ f ~xpliGit.a$ ". deo&m:lc(;l·1t tdliim I'll Tt1tr~ul ~au. tar at.ul1(Ji c~l1d vor~)jm ·d~f}J.m~ 81. 0 fiaG~m il1tr~LJn 'm~; aJJl'fIlrr~@:J@.5"" N:apeDt:iv C,UD IilIt1IlJmit~ .,~QmpliCftaft:.i'.l,j Intn'l PBj'E'laj ~I identf1J..ilitea u1mana. ultima' fiil'u;! Fi1fiu8rrr~ rle pe:J!l'aj. El nume:;;'t6 aCdl~5'P1i rnl~'t~e ,,,'tr":H18>;a r:t::ei'fune, p.ei~ag811'j" (dttLrlr't1f1re de' utilr.ztiI(~, w~albor;.",rg.olifij)[mlJla:.tJt alluto.g~tilJne'i1rep'l"'Q~rattUlt~, dlrm-itc pricola,He). CaM til' .. ~'itua mai ~xa.ct aportul loctiJito,ru[ui 1n COflBtitl.!lrreB peie-ajului", AO~6tiili .. utiltwwruL hu ~~' roa'tot';,~nrrtlt1 d~a&t. rGti~l,i!?!ill!~.nd m f~l:ul ~au. &t;ea ce al~jj ~IU if1~tJituit". 9,1 &?tfeJ 2it$let;am.1n "I;imr la abated ~IJ chiar implutJ.eri de: eens, at;Jtta"?me,i~t,C'f'i,ei ~Itl:e= ~cJrm~,t1d in f.iI,c:eb~t$i t!mp, lucruM. locuri !?T D2Imerli. !?i P. 5~MOt ·cootlnuli nA,c6.a~tJ detumare (de ·6Cfl6 n.n.) -se I,egit.lmem~ CUi .liiIta-t mal mult su c~t, I1U @jat~ o jsIject t~hlVQc. fun c,!:l Ut'lB un:iJ atera I ~ ?ftrebrLJ I e uzat ·61:6 a m~l;J rll d'efiQ'r1a f.wtrlctiva perrtru ,ill :;>ta.i?tli lInlvoGtll !?i fri0:]1ofUI1q:.ic.n1aLlit13ti9<!1I.,OricB o!7iect;' 6au orlce ICQ SU nt :$,~ !:ice ptib'ilC! a prot ifer;a 'ift:1 e6mnifiO'~t~i m!;j I tl ple/' ,

12

Aflat;-1I'ltr-OQQn:t.inu~ m~m(lcrfoz~> uni:lori fo~~ Im1t~. p·eiS.ajul eet.B BlUpLlB-'t'iU J1Iumai u:t'1ei $cnimbtiirr de ~11e; daq:;j de IimiW. ~i 'et~o~fl1 ~i ftlozOO ca At~~ufl't;:.o, .~lJ 'B:'~rifnalat fup~iJ.1 c.it ';ell nu eete in·finit,. chi.ar·daaa el a!5pt.ra :e<~ 6ur;pri~d~ l11ftnltul ... C~ :tj:il ~z:la,.·II,rl cOl1ttimJtm~:.im :pute·61·ad~ugal ca- a,ce-a'E7d mi~~l"elc a e.erv~ulLJ.i (Cal Utimt8t~), a CEllrncter:uJ.iui !;1i1 EI Ilmiteku:, 'i'nBe.;;amn~· Ga ~ITipcrllllij~tJ ~t$ pr0'Pri.~ peJ,s1Zl j u ~lJli ~i 'C~; put em 5S a Ai rmtj'l11 ca "el ~ e pba;t, daA,"i t3i prln .• ,~pjrit[Jl tiimpu~ul"; ~~r' .. g.r~dil'l~ u~tot"k;;a" (Uri' p6i~aj amc:najat la a a UI'I'WtJ ~:a't~ ~<il1:J itltr- util8' n umit inte:rViiI I) $6'M ,/) mm:erlal!z.,;{re: a .ac~tu loa.

ExIe~ 'i'I1e;.a ~f no~lIml%l d~ .. ,pei$aJ jii2tor1ic~, ce1n(\;eaml'l~' "un pei$3j Sipedfl9 care. ~.e 8~mpl.u e·2it~ a60Ciat 1.1 0 1t1t:£mpl~re' me,mora~Il~. un ev~ni~ m6n~ iSodc Iflrajbr, Ufl mit. biri,fl:' (:1.JMii:i~hut;, 6,i1lU {) ~at'aHe epapeiC~, $au ¢~te Siu[?i&.'rwlllJlnui tablou celei?ru" (1.03'~)., 0 amerl1aJaro colt1u.:mpor~ni ~5itc cell d.e I.a,·~jj~dort .Qteo.a! adua f'rl.lll!tel1rf-i'e" t~'d:'i et-~p:a.,aJ,e· unul gr"!;, lar C;eir'; .a a~atiUt3:it ~I fu n c.t,.l,eq. actua la (1.0'32).

P.~n~ a.cum a fQ·~t pUf;! 1M1 &hJc'U~i!9 p4ueaJ u ~ -ae u pra c:.a rula 0 mu I jI rnt..ervel1'lt, mal 1"I1U't aau rnal pl4lf1f,. 1fi 'V~c:-re~ vat9tifioarll m$(t.etier pr1m'~ (~l1rialul pamilll'ltuh,;ill~i al vegetaluluii) sau r-entrtl r.,alUZilrrca lJr.I:or ·a!fe.2~rl Uti'lI,aII1S, Ac.e:6t pSi~aJ.l'le fBf~rim I~ eel din ~fara IQ((.alitat-11or. a fcrG't d8numit ca. l1attJrnl, de5i tot.a:l n~Bn1niflcarttV'~ 5tJnt zoncJe undc .,'mina otrif!.ll.ut ~1.i nu fi Jnterve~ rt p~nt;l,~. f n QPQ~i~ie ell aC8;~;:tal e ' a t' fl p~r.~~ul a rrl1e'l'lajat- (carra ~ 6!:f.at;rJ~u r~ fut1O'!'fi!'!ffLJ M ~l, '&e,n ill> !ill I B Blge;rvlt'M Qon~eaj'nt~ QU p~H.~ru I ~~ U 6LJ ~!10r ~1.J flIllft1i$t_ ~tI'adma (~t'1dr utillJluJ lse .i3I-da:iL:lg,ll!f l!?! atl.r:ii:;rLlte. lB~tet~Ge). Pcnrtru eiim~ljficare, vom l1rt;II.j~ 1frc'a£ul Bce6tll.H C!Jffi tqfm"MIJI q,t:!, all11eMj~t;.,. G&ih~V'a/m sec. xv.: L B. -Al~ertllll'1li.imj'Eie ~.Pdil:3aj rn'lrerlt~t" av.eli1dl?i mo.t.~v~{Ja a aH1!t~bIi"~ .. t. ;:;Uct;a ac~stl.n~ ~uHle ·Eiale. A~~nto a 6ohivala1; C:ele douAj c~te.gDf'ti au ari;lontuJ lUi tirrou-fi'1 C$l;llul pei6~ulbl~ n,ari,;uraf, ,.JB'ibe·ratd6finaH~mlUl ui;jlitfir. d~' ac;~iul1ea Il'rt~rc::::6ata" ~i UI1d'~ tntJlnim libert,arrear cot1tempbl'\=.lei c6t!ltice i?i ori:?orrtul Jui PromcUlu (1.0a';3) I,Jlnd.e praxj~u~ ;;tr~g~tldiJ·~r brig.ll'1etl~Ut'lt.l"~lm 8Q1:, d~ libeirt;ate: rn Maturii,. ~e lZompartJ oa li19~rt.13U ir1 fa~ rl,Blt:uri:1 <!?I ~f~ri?$~te prin .a de'llenl Ul1crtatd 'iim!PCtrilla n~tLJril"'! Trel;!u~e 1»$81, 6&1 f~aem .o:b~~rVJI'I?la G.~ ,.on21ofit~~ hJI 'P'rbm$tel.i~ Vi:;:c.e"z~ p€l]g;~U~ ~,trict ·l.Jtl.I~t'ar (una.:: Jl~ci~t~ ]'n1<1"8 ~j UJ1 COrti·rJe-1Il GU $QP 16cnfl6pol"t~V') ~J nu gl~dlt'1a irI a,cce~uni6a de' natura e~~j.m~j, tn Gar~ ~z/j'rt farmol el Jiliale. ,.t'ti rJ,d pc' r$t1~" '6;' iGtorldzeaU! rlil ~11 ~ ~tetlc¢1; ale Bu17Il'tnuILir,~~ -ala .. grat-iel ~atJ pito~,cl.!ll.lt. AC~$t!l! achizft;1i ie.torice ;,1'ao M treau~ 1M nl!rtur~ OCLir1iufiS~ pt"6movill"l>d la fDl"ma culturii .LIn. bleip~ ~rtlc;ujar al l1~ut'ii' E:1ptme ABi'~Uil1lto, 111 felul aoe£)t~ ee natura ei5t~ forma: ~i outtura ~U col'ttinlJt. aj l1aturii" (t.OM). Am rMclu:ti aCe2l5't! interv:en·~re·.pentfllJ a .t?ublinla 1'nd 0 da~ te.~po.li5-al:9.l[jt:a;~e<!il cetrci?Jt,J i~ .~~f?t~D a:~ ~ m'8 p6i~gl e>tu I fn ;a ctu~ c;ro:a~id.

1'.4. ,GRAnlNA

A6uF'l"a'Ji1Ge'put,uJ"ilor ~ra1al]nn e~'a-u rormul$l.t tot relul de lpo·tBu. Uni ~lumil'ii~"Ji.er.?c~:ifio ptlMrtf-o 4em;~aro; 'fntr-o padum .. psntJilJ ca omul e.~-~i rotol.ve: 'P(Qb-I't::'mc:l~ ~i'e<Ult'l'Fia.I~(1.035). Urea rezervelor·de hr'2ma provoca;t.§;dt.( aeJlZa6- ~1(HI~t.1J ~.re. t-ar f 1rn'ok~m nat, pe .$trjm?~ij 11 Qi'tr~ e;a cre.auJ plill nte. fn '9f>at:iI e;co~erite: ~ i pro.t;eJ:aM\?i .jlfe>tfe:'l,ar fil ·aparucr prl mel e €Ir..adi i M i • .,iP81 f2ldt$1J rr'prlv-ate" (1.03G). Fl"ra 01\11 irl£ifet-tl' ~lglJpr.a .~tce~tui a~pect;, 0 s:;a rezum~m ~ 'eel~ mal 'mult$' ~~n eupoz~iiup.ut1 .~pari~~· ~;yatHrlii Ip~ .e;eij.h1.·:Zi rl1~e>~i~t-fi ~k;tl03ic~ de .a~igurnre .ai ~·u!7zr~t8t1~L IF:la~ dJn at1tlehitate Iin~~. j.radlll1~ MU va fl 'io'''Zl;lt~ I1U maf ca un 6-lJ p:ort.' a I e~r!?t~n'~e i' ci fPi ca u h ~qt;. urltJ!e t8' pute~ ~ rh ~;Irt1i' GU ~f~-

13

'WI r;:::~. Ui'1' lee LH1de a-a dorit ~\~kadLl t1B jll oJtI,jd 14tt ce elVfla J1~rt LJ ~a! mt! i fru mOe! dimr ~ ce je~~flie mali rn~nunat din mi'l4te:a (v~i ~n~tah9r~He: oofl~~ica;e ~t lWtiUwr.e ,,~m~ru diverti'amc:rfI. a apel) ~i mStra omLJlui. trri r- utl fsl, prin aceaoci'i aroalle. Qmu~ t'a~fflea 5.1l se apropi e d~ u f1 rvm'eu~ l:magil1,,1;l r tM'1d'" tOCiU~au ZleJ~, Gu~te:l~ vor i'rnping~ ~ta~lil1S1 B-pr:e _wret"8 s-ub!imu!uJj ;J ~c~:l'mpl,:r~ei fmoirr, iii paffi(l{~tJ~ui, Cre~·~'~iBmu! 0 va echivala eu ra tul ole: III rra,fl a foot omui ~~~t1it ~i LJ t'i~e ,;a,r dcwt e..i ~tTtoarGl'.i, 5-8 afirma&cJ .. Marea rJi a ~rllrlii:1f1or corCl'if)puJ'lde, ~. un~fe cM~iR UlYld ~ ~Qn'nwi ~~. a exprlima - riI U ~a, 01 ma nier~ ail5t.ro;9-'tii .c:i 1:m pru~t1I..I't:,th1d tkllJil !'lat-ura pmprHJe sale e~e·rt1er1U::- ce~ M~~ tn~(tJ~ GoZll1c~p'PJe p6 MI'tl' 0 "JvealU dCEipr~ fenioi,ra~', Pri i'1 u mlsrB fie: ~Oiart$ til filrm~ f:a: il1 ti t11PJ.. i!i r"~l:~ ina i'lI. ~a ro~,r& drumul &6.1t! u~il ewe ~z ~i ttMn. 06 .:tGee6a1 a con5ia6rtl srta gtr~~inij ca una magl'1ificJt 1,i1 U 11I1~ 5U pare exae~~'" _p.e:iI1tru c:a nu taate .,rtele oferll, priM cm.ag:ia I~r; fH<tn.iGhrp~t'Y]i1l (!1Jf';~QnFirmel~!, ~~~I~!Jr) ~ ~J,JImnt;izelfii. F'f ~.~ alt~ p.a~ dup~ op[n~~ t10afltra. uMJc,it~UiJ GI.oe::atei',.!i1~L£ cOrii)d in r.aptul tiii. pMidLl~UJ ~u e,t,e iI1noM~~t; au hsrul trflitti'iJ 5cot:jl1'4 41n acea~ti "rQ pie ffora (~i faun.al" fr-t.l'i~m 'in IUmB-a pmdl.J!i61or dt!ar~ (obiect&.~. ~IJn~ .• Ln18'!i3IniJ. G6 'SJei ~UpMit1 alter !eil!lr t:.i~'(~t ~ele ,;tI!e: org2l!nfculut ~Je vilJluf.

D81 r ,~~ fa .g r~d i rh~"pa r4{clj~;' - t~ea~ I.Q 1 iiltltudTfI ~a;j fiec~ ru ia~aii" !;11~ a ima.{ir,n.at·L1lu~ o.olectiv - f~ p~~ ita ~'r.¥tdill1S1 ca:"t.eml~rs'M.~rumul a 'r06't l;Uii1~' (a~ c;umvam v~dea 'in GlIp~'ul4 ..Amenaja~. gra~ird{or d~·a lunelu'l "Cimpu· lun, Pe ,m:oc:~t. pBmUr6\ l'i1~l'f.J Ifle~ .gT~d lll'il~' B prim it divJ3Mie eemn ifi'(;a~ l. tl1 ~&c:o~els ~l1t4i'.ri.oare r.:~I'U'J pr~ut1t, rezi.fm~n.~, e ilIfQi.f. ~~itf1nGl~~ memu ~LJ •• ~t.oaro>tlr~~~iit.tm~ntata la v?)it'6t.a de $lur ~j mSIFGa pleaaroflprc: IUtOpJ2Ii" Dum .¥lJ.nea. Carl Friedrich 5ch~r (t031). ~i binti'ntoel~f\ ea Ul$unta tot. U C5'te 111.f11 rrumoo, iI'llnaWlFa. AcUII1'i I ,~ e.f<l r~itul m iI~niui u i 1m, cillllh::!,I1I41'W Fa hU mal \'I',ine: pd;~m 0"1'111 cl "Dmul ~6 duct 'in eli uta rea 81. g ra d ina mprezi rr~~ ma i mll.l~t Gal frI.fJ 1 rlt.r3;; ~iide n1; nIB' r~~rim ~~ er~dlr1a undflveGetSl~ul t'l[ ~p61 d,t'mil1~ 9.p~rul. E;~I ~~~. iQ.cul, U'Ji:i!'Jj1S Ih\1divtdul po$ :!;Idi p.a de; ~~$:u~1 oril?ul~i. utlda 6u~1 flU tmi i ~:te .~Up:tl5 oon~t;rJ.l"ae~ rilor OOclet8~i eau a~arulrJ;, M tcntaf-iir,c cM~'i~e1l cal"l!'""i rm:i1'1 ip.uJ'.e>azJ pill'1l ~I Vr~i!:i ~~" undi!:j <llIfQ ~11.J.1'ii1 rBm~ roii ~~~I.J I1tO" t~t{.;lriz~ rrtul .t.I a~'~.i"·l1 eede~:za !eou I (p~nt4·u un in'~eFV<ll! d@ timp) lul ,,an", E.a a rlhna:B 'lns;a rn con'Cnnuare '0 m~tafClr,a a "ni~~il~ ~igurarr~el fru meeu ~ul~i chiar a ..m~uiUt rreaiterat"! Dar ~radlna a1f' IjLJtCplfi ~J ~a mal i trI.uf~ ~ec~t .. mit?iunGa" ca~· r ~,e' atri~ui~ Iprln ptolect;.aarA 1:mi1!~f1cL<l!nJ I (;tCCj*crit~t 'f:11,el"eu l~eM:r:!f!~tlt,. fflM~U 1fI ~ut.af'e2! cl1H"Gr~u lui t;1lf u"Jlu~ ~l,Ii ~i ~.errrj~t1iBr1t r€1Vftlrrilla'l .. m~r ~jn,r?". C'l,Hfl §e:gr~a.Elfe r~ure (1.G~~)t a'r ~G'W~21 ms~ ImllIIFta.aite'Ji1f,ie optiGtili orhmtalie"privjn'~ Iril:J m.lml2l~ miB1ia- GU' Mtura Gi ,m fno~ wfia cxi~n~i. Murinet ~i r8n~5~,nd ihficcare an, ca ~apropie: multd~ tJl11 p.r.~n ~~~t.a~~~teHtiii pgt{;ti.cJi.Ar·~ !il1IU~s~ tit un eontJ aj caine lH' 'i'n~ms.1 ~~I evjtte;I11~leze fflpOn..lU~ opt;hJlnflQr 'fr'Itre ~n.atUrzlMJbatM;;tl.'" i1?i ~t1I8tW"S! 'fmlblill'lzit11i" C2H'e:e:5t;~ ~:r~dittil!, Edifi(Mrt;.Qa.~ ar 'n (,b::::5~€Iltl.r motiver~la., S'al aritdt'l'tin'1 GllII:h SSi:, X\'i I. "u mai frumooul arti~tla Ii ,mocups pie tooretlciel'ill ~I ",?i abia in ,~'IJ I urn'l~to.r, cpfil~ia~r:iiit G2l cem 'iI1 Qare .. ~Ojl ~~ l1a,us ca ~nrrt:l"'. ~ r~~Uh a ~a ~nl:,ra ~,i ~ 1n td~bat~ri ~e; ~(iutlce- aiat~ rI d~ pict1l.l r'~ ~l~u.! ptu r~ ,!f:lJ ptO:lllt:e 0.1:1 0 r:;Qt1t ri~I.[lri8' 1m port....aIllM a .tiIVli..l'VO I n1,frl!3 n U Bl Kaftlt,,,~.a t"t, pre-dclJ:p.trC Alto'atriv~ dcFrum(l:5ul'lll't'tf~tfG t'i cc~ naturaf.l"iva f~GC; W1 10<; ~I ~r~ji1U iID categoriiJ~k am. F'~rrt(:f'U cl (lH .• .crrUca, f30ul't.~.~![ de Ju~r6''' lf19D.oorMaafCrata el5t&tiGii ~J fil1ali';~,l'ri n;atu riO M v~ fi con ~idt:r~t~ It.at!u~i ca Q -fa rm~ ~~ pi';t.~"H"a,:"Art..g ar15d it1i1i i J i"1 U lWte i1lI ~tc~V$i dec~t, impod ob~re-el pam~MtJ:.J ~ lJ,j GU .8U]de:;lli.~j d i\lat"~~ta:t:.e (iar~a', ·flo,riI, arbu~'Si ~j Cop.1ld~, ehItar apt .. dUllrur'li ~i vai). CUI care; natura 1i1 pre::di1- ~ priviriL. das!' caml7i~IOO.!ll1 ewmel1~lor ~~ .al~. oor66pl.m~nd an!Jmitor

14

ide]". Mai apoi gra&lina Cat15hd8.i"at~ 0 Irl.atura camia i e;~a'fl'1lattlrat neOZlltient-a I, s-su rel~va-; can~¥fle i?l i '£1 - au a da1!J~a4:. altele t'10 i. d e5aV~'l'?ind- o~ D'e aeernen sa ea a fu~ e:tl.Ghtt;~ta: ~r Gat- lccar armonr~j ornulul ow natura claw at apikut ~r t'1M:ul1'1erJr~ pr-~vmrlr~kcrr.ii~e BalIt" ell natura ~r gfri:..;a:·.,;E~te. ea fl'aturlli ca1"e p.ajr~

~f'fJi ~~tJ llrt.~ ~~ ptiW~ t1·arC:,ur~;?" ~j "Tt1 .te m'~E:i:w'~ eet:criloita,t;,e,~ tta:t;llidl ~e ra'sfmnge- alisupra ~~t~icjta.t::ii >;lradinii?" (1..039) 1t'lcep.~l1d fusli ·din ~t;C; XliX ~ 1A vacHfia @ troolJ.t .. wt I:'l1j.1! muit 1M 1ate-t1t:i~ clome:n r 1.11 LJ [ pUblrf. e~ 1'It1 ~, maJ rIm8~, eiii .. r §pI!;J116m. aOoalr •. o[,~eG,tu~ die :art!'!''' ~LJPIlS GQnttmpta~1Bi. pentru cl 5CC:iiillul htl";i'lcuz,;tl;. t-ot mal mult caracterul utilitar ~i a f.1acut din &I UM interItladitu· ~II om!Jlu1 intreoro!? ~i l(ia1fl1r~. Ea .til dAwn It un lee al rel~i'ilar om-nt1Wrl om~cot'1$trucfiL om-oamenl ~t 0 .a.tnbi&lntll. tvlai muit, ca Ioc al evad~rhlor I:1.tr-Q.a ~ 1'1HI'1li~~ ea u futl"-'o I ume ~ ituii Uor;,. g ra@net tl c~pati;rt ~l ~~'ml1ifiGa~ia~e al'l~ldQt;.li'iI f n'~3tr~f$otli I e: Qra~L.J' ul (Ii not:? luelv h.U9trare:iihd e dt:ept,fJ~ de a te: man-ffueot:4l'dupJil but<lul pi.ac). !J'"d1r ~i {.lr~~u] ~I ~r~dina,oFedl. fieCta,re n~t~ brl1~f~~ u:rl ~ rtt(§"a,lu[ TeQret'IQ d'r'4I'~a cal.c:,dou~ el1ttta·ti ,6~ fr~ (,;DMtophjY. 0 iii1oe·rMt"e 5t;lmnificartiva va fi «oraeul ~.racHn~» propi.lti la ~f&!r~j:tlll ~ecoltJlui t.roout (cand llrbar>iSlm u I1hQe,_t:?~ ea~!5-e ae;fiJ1ca·e:ca) • .G.liI ,() a:ite:martiv~ paz it:jv~ I a C~~I n~~atfv~ 8 Qr.:I!?ull.lj in4il1~t:rial, Dar d"~llLJtopla, devlne Q realitate (mcelp~t1d CUI 1902) ~i !:<e.~ eKpt:rimet'lta in ,lJIrver'6S ,tjil"i c;ur{)ptlt1C'i-~i ap.ol rn SLJ.f\, rezult:atull'lU va fi (;~I I~~.:l [ p~:M-:;ru' ~ vom a £i r ~'ta ,I a u f1 fe! d e ..,conti t1LJU Irll,de: eiF~~it d e loa u-ft'\ ~yte'rltl inat.e: £lpar.fal, if'lGI'-J9J'i I'll r.e!ai~i~ cu oof.'}r~orill.dlar c:are't;-~ t-raMio,1"ma trltr-o ~rlil'laere-.amoJ'f~, CC!l1fUZ~,l}al fi.Jnc.~jot1;ajitate'~,i iid~'f'rtjt.a~IS:. Ar::t":ffit m~liiI.l'lj o.r~~-:~r'ad;i"~, aj;:.J~IrJ~t Qa a nraub'.urbie" con:tem:p.orana, a Welt. &lrn~·ciat ca o .. Gad~ cat-u rif' .<:) j nten fcfttl, a or~~ LJ I!ui~~ d~dj na. preQbntut de- E, Howard (1.040), 1 n ~,M If 30, -t.'l- C9rout";·j.(jlr V:.f!1 6L1~.t;tl1e ~i el idee.a .«or~·~~lor ver:r.J* (lIill~p W'~), 1t1IQ,",u[nd ar21?ul d~voly:t peo or;zont~l~ (HOW8ICd) GU eel .pe v.erticalri. uHtl.e ~e caud dC;S.0':'H11it;mea 0. rel~t;Je mar trrt:jn~~ om-nat.ura d8ir. la el.l1lat:lJl"al rl;jmjnc .. !1~::;te mit}gt~ti1 i1r1Q'd pr~cia" aproap" ab~t<racta. Ea nu (:$te l1ic;,i gr~dif!a (ahJzj~ fa prapW1e'rea lui How~rd rut) nrcf f'61rc fi'nfM~e!e"$ul bOtlttllm:poran n.I1.). Mal tt~gr~ba em un ful"ldal ,geMt".;;!i '" cum ar fi ;illpa pentnJ . c.orblbii, j)Qr~bli Gtlre; $uJ1t d~'8I~&:111~iJ1e.a1 lneule c.;iI!pi uMit-al"ila .de locui.t·al~ I'uj Cor.buater.;;' (1.041) A~WiI in tl titlp 0('; i616u1l"sl l':m.'u n C;lJ ~rmfil i a las c r rOlJ~a'~iH~ erau form u I'itt:e: ii-l mo:d di6tJ MGt. ~'I Chandig./,i!lI'h-u~ va fi o·i'tJ'Gf.'lt;"care 8 lui Le GorbU!ii"t; la n~v~11:..I1 anil,Qr 50. de~a Ei!iiOCls natLJr~ CU ora?ul. Rezu['Wtele'l1u I/.Qr fi lhl!'ii~ c:,sl.e 5cont.ate. IlJe y'jt'J~aa fiB i<llua 1.I!1~j.aMmenejil :SI'Sacien, 0 aGqci@~.a COtlt;r:a:rmor? StiLi nu e-su ga5it tnca Ir:l~fle dupa C$lt't:· ci13le aOI1.a errt;;:ItJ!t-1. ce CO"bJUH,!1 candW!!, 1j,~ po~tli· &av"nl co·'"rip.ati~"tJ;~ Dup.a orin-ttl h,Qa6t;ra tre~'uie: flubecria la v~wlatittl at dVlla ~i pc .alUe;t,drLlI"(r. pt:iBa§"r~tul - ca rc:p.r:e:wnta:nt a' n&lrturii f)1 ut'banie>tul - cal repre~f,l1tmr:rt. iii I ora~ul.uJ -. &lrr "ti"~bul £!a fal'~ 1m~t'e\.iJ:1.~<;efartu~ i?~!l'Jtt"u. a d",~cQperi 18fl11~ rtC:Qfic;,[H~:rii Ge~ot· ddO~ mediii. Cert ,fle1;te cia Ve::~lffitaJul., shlar ~l 'dtl~ I'1U ~un~e ~j 6t::mal1if¢'~ ea UI1 pt;:r9~ ametl.ajart de am~loarna u:nei elrAtd:ira(6a1U ,iJ,I UI'1,ui p~rv. PQ~te Fermit~ ,9 ~6e:r.,. d~ It~~.tUl"i, poate. e:lilmrnl.a r&l~tAj teMr~iliilEi 'irltre:

IiJl'lelB wn!;1r<rlJ4ii fi ~itu,i imed lab, poate &ill'tJa1!J 121 ZOII1C: co t'H?:trUi iu C III BtrlJctU 1"1 diferite ok~ci 'ipGat"&,cFlla lin!! or~.anjCi!!l1ntro !.'?16m~ntt7 1m pr.a~tia:~~ J?j e~~f'octt~~' cum ilfkrtu;l.~il1eva. Dar un 61'.atiu verd~ poate rmult. mai l11ult 6~ file L.lttH urk2anl..l~ lui, a!?a cum '\'t)lfW~B~ 111 capftolul2,

tn ,f!\.;'ol,ll'tJa COMG~~ruh.li cI~ gr~ltdin~. de .Ia cea utilit)r.a rJh~ ~~ C~ de -8i arem~fI"t. e·ana, f~ a Boc:i:<1ri:J; obu~ Iv. i t'ilC IIJ.J e'lh.l' 'i'l1 nt-ernttu~, piGtUl"a,' {?f poatB ~i 11-. rri'Jzf~; eu ~h-btlmFn,l1c ~ r'~ ~£a tl,,d. ve'~et:a;1 u I $t; m~'iin~f~~d in tOa:ltJj·pleJ1Jtudj~ nea ~= mal ~11~~~ir~diM~ralt'<1iIdje;" I.mde. t'lue:x.15tlli decilt un::;.al'lglJlt'" al1otrmp. eel

15

a I pB.rmeln~F'l1:er floril or. fru!ot~~or ~l p~ slin lor c&l rrrtl1faia r-d; 0e5pre'0 bu cu r~e a r~v&.felrli 0:rlidil1'ii nude ~au eUD 1It:~l't1illl'1:tul z8PQ.li. -sunt pu~ine ml~b·tlJr!:lJ Iftai 2.1165 tUn t.recut. k~il11atizarea ,planulaI', fhC6puta tn 8l!lcolele.: XVII ~f XVIIf lji apari}ia GBrelOlF cu climl contrCla~' (1'.042). til f.acutFosil:Jila~ 'in ~rlle: c!u climat· oor\ltjn~I1U1~, res I~~ r~aJ pe nmel't1'tn'1IfeJ VCfl,etaiu 'u1 ~i 1M 5ie2:0.M ul hiwrl1~~ ~~ pdmilj] GV;[)'INA DE 18~NA pLliil~o;~ e~,a reiinzat. 1tI :Eul"opa 1n~re ~nH 1842 .. 46 ~I lOJ'1'd:fal (1.043). 0 t:tat~ cu intluelurarM Gellifl:i dlln P'a,rh; (urmill1~ta lin 1848),lla pl"eUntarca plaI'ltClIQJi!i~ va ;aoocra ~i agremel1ttlll ~I tot m:aii ml.llitli or:-a~ed'uropt!f'le var d~tI ide Q~mtl'1ea ~Ira~inl lar 'ince:p$'n~1 eu 1599 flit! ~par ~i iI1 Americ;a de !Nor~, \(en]i1d apre zil,!!l!e noaetl'(!. ,aoe~1;:~ er~"lirrJ i ,capJ!lt~ ~ im~n,~'ut:1 i tot.. mal marl. U'ne:le vor ~ervi deeit;Jndcr~acat:!dial1li ca atrfum-uri jar jl!tele var!idrvi mal m u It clrGulaltra devenind ,~!aI!Brii" cana v~!8tal'ul 5ie dlmli'lUJB~.z~hil1ul:t ~r tllLi!1 Iti1!aI avcrn de=aface l>UI .araeUl'1a ~B la rni 81 6600lufrul ,XIX. fh~$1f.I putmm eli ul'tlf'rW te~int-J (vidnol- mal m u It m(ploata1rea G.it. n1~J eflctentJ a $pS'(:;Iul u I), e~ ~QJ'.I:r Uil"l m,o:merlt t>lhscuta~n fI'1 ,evorLJ1:.:~a con~ept~lul !,7I,O~ a.r~dIM~ a:notlmpuh.ll mtn va d:~'I.I\"n I (J' te ntaf;i~GiS va mool'l'si~era orlterll [e eco,no 1'1'1 lee,

Dar LJIi'Mi'e es ~'1tu~ al"~'~ina' pe. t~h~mul mifj:G~,rll ;ilrtha,tl.c'(?';i' Citintl u-l pe Pet6r F. 5mit:h ("are 'ih 1979" 'iI:1luc;;mrea sa «Archltectll'r6 a n.d th~ Human Dlm!nelon»' atrJges mnfJaa6uprai uMui 'fenomen eiaUe ce. S6 01151!rrva I1tJ 1'11UmSr I'll hstoria arte'il), Utilo W"i,[aGhter8llprecia q;l .. MotAert'll~mtll C.B J'!1Il!p02lfa. au Qritlntarea ea fi,l're abf,tra'ctiune. 1JK1[vtil'lE)al ~J eleltrtl::I1Ur'iflm, floate Ii COr1sfder8t M u~'ma malnfft!9'ttl:a:r-a ,df;l fn!5iI1f1n..1!irt-ate a prime! ffidllll (1.044), oil clcluJu~ (tU1) c.a:ro arf rea al.,claeJai6rnului .ord!oml~t GtI pr&::UIie~a &pl';tl fut'l~_amet'ltall ~ ~mpJit.a't:6. Dar. pei!$a~i~tiCaJ~rta ~r&!grililor, nu a urmst i'I1cl~aproape 6vallJ~a oc1cwl~lte .art~ . TOtu~i eecolul n05tru. plint r- o5e,rr,e de ~p61i'h1ent6 a ~o"edit ~i oiM'G~romro die re:pHerB' la ce:ea oe gtWmpla pe~r.lhrl1ul ar'hi~A'tLlrrj ~i urbaMi~mlJl.ui. CUrt1 maj.oh"~tartea rean~lrHor ~I,h pri'rtl'a Jum~tate a ~CDlullull 6,..adJ .elatorart arhi~Uor vi n u p'IGagii~ilo,," orien-taril~ din dbm~¥I lui Gotli2pt:iei d~ obiecte ~i-au eJa'~it eeou ~i 'in cazul ammajarllor, mal ales ca a~~ ~u fo~~ 01;.11 rl"1i~mitat." oo.mcl1zi pl,.ll:'Mi.C;:~;, eele .ma1 mlJ'lte flil'l~ ltl'eJau &18 ca't6 un ot;l~ot OOI..! compl:~x ,d~ obl~c:t~ (2'1 l1esmblLH"i rtzfde.t;I1'\i-ii;1lle; r&t'iwa,n Ul"beln'e~C.!in·l1pLl!ilJrl ur1liv;e:tE:iftsre ~,]l. Act~l$tJ dJepsn$nt~li; tal idus ia t' re.\\'6nlre frJ 'VO(i~ a at-Tiuhd geol116tfic. Dar. fn rar~d~1 su caudril~ rna i mult MU mal pu~in forfl1S I~. ca structUrnfe! a ep~rtiului ~au ca ~pre6J;i" plta~'tica (1n carB 5~~ 1p-Wilila.t p~jt1 pe. Tat.u~ ~1ft.iH"lt 'Prrotjt.~t~ ~V'I'lJj me:~Jul). uftimele doo~nn .flLJ a'tt'tl~'a~~t$I'i;lI ~l 2lSiiUprai o~~'@;t8rl~.ccvte;lbr'~~ ,.t!jIJ:a1l.)ul pCi1cii"'u l1atu.r~·'. r~ulta'r. d',ato'f2lt @i m~~~rrr ~~lo..g!i~'t6. care a 1n,deml'lat Is readuC6rea ntitUiri iTh onal' (penrtru a maJ "Imin lila prooiunea automobirelor <ilBupr-a pel5ajelor ~~urbane. expuu degreAl~tiiJ. AclUJataevenlrc a vceetalului th oompQziyls urbana (a. G6 veal'.l'a recenU' ,pI'OPUrlGn de: pfe¥e:). va f~'.G~ m!a:1 dlf1(;Hiil ·dtlplitar'-e.aI 1el'ldin~e!lo:r If}'E'it:~JCB 1'fi1 ,,:atl'til gradh'lW; '~i aplic.areil W10r i£lt'o~et~. Se Ullttj pt",sa dee. jt1'1:plllcaro.~ iPi.J'~l"ni63 a !iQc!a'lulul ca rp1 fa ptu II c~ in oazul ~r}dinjli ei~ IluCr~.a~ .. ps ulnl miil$6riall if! ,:Carlll dilfl~ng.iufl!C ftJ1a~ flU 0 Gunoo4it&m ..... fioi eEl ~arB eo-a ntanlt~~tn t;endln1fa AC a ~ta m6m~iM'tet6 pei~ajulu! C~ Jpe nil?te bbl:eGU;' ,ad'~ur.;d~. adlt;a prlvin~ l .. He· de' ~:t1 aer"tr1;.tJd1 fte'·. Orl. iI8 rJidi i1~' 'in .ca "" ~trun~em. B~tc~ d~r £) .ri15iclSl re" dlt'iltr-Q~~it1.amlc8 bio~ogroM • .8 varui fin~H~t" t'lU ,0 putem fixa ih',~r-tt repr"&tU1Itilroe WCl facem azL D:e aC-6~8!1 GIiIIB9 Clement ~l-a 'lndlr~ptait aun-;ia c~t.re «grAfd1hna I'll mi~l~e'». B~'fnara Huct;, a:tt"1iiol1c~zJi ,I cf: .,. "repr6.2:6:nta rta pune a dutl.l~ ipro17l~mJ': tro.i;!u'le 6ia ss f~c'~ ,Ccom u n'iOOibJ~ un IprlDi~ 5tatrG~rhn~t fn 'pte-tent ~f Q g ~hd.jre di nt31lm ica ee ane.ajeat~ Q ,G'ts rB v~.rt.oau'e'·, (1.044) Da t" 1'i1!"refEjati rea

t;Ol1uff1i~:Q;i:atL$ ,a"~ rn ~_C;;YlI9rta: --"r@'art.~ri lQ.;r ~>$. p-bj~W::I1!J ss p-~~ ,tltt<l'ig.t)§lt;eMyl~ ~.pr;j:l f.aifrt;Q1fU Iiclj -l;;Jmf!:'''~ re, ma~ aie$ -m ~ U! m,ea pei$@j t.J ~l!.I~. t~ tl~ 0 qofltrrt{ui-ie ~eJ~ tl~ UjabfliLf{g-verdruili:l m'~~EiI'ffla arti6ticiJl, i1;-k~ - pElr.':tH;a nl.!l e mOI'l:1~r1-tta I M ns gr~blm-.a ~tm?1TJ u.t!~:e::at;1ume .~~ :@f[ka "a,r[,~ er,~.d[n]f!~·-~ omde;tf1 c~ f1rc.i nu -~@t1iluna'di1'1 ~J:"ll.lJri~."\1\iJ(3, ~p~i pri'n c;3 r,fl'trecem,

Di'l1' pr~ura ri 1& IP'ra£~ntul U [, am .illitli:nt~ li1~C~&L:tat"e~ 'iMrn LJ f$Lf' i i 'p~fIQr v:er;;;l in 'Qra~i, tie,. -,(llt:ri I7,Lrttll ~r t.rebui rll -~~ m ~D1i -1.Ogt'~dli f$1~ p.~P0Iu I ui lOil" ('1ezj r:rlmu~ OOMCU r,!j3, lnt-e!fM~10t1la'l pi!:'.! ,;a'G,eEr~t~. tem~ de la Villl,ettei, 1 reZ) .. cUlm p~5m c;t- am 'm~~it. dtl la t> reZJtariij Ae€ldi~ in ~ .dj n et1091e:le tr~~URl ~2iI, Cep~rtw o.~~~cil ~i infQ~ffi~'Pii- eu .pdv[rel~'t~~~ ~i 1:f1 ac~la~i timp ffi'1~urle .!l uflul ~t;t'e.,t'lU _,ul't~r~te d~Ol,J~l.Ira pe, ~1:A1iul 'creo@-yqti. JSII":ai~rtfoli!i~t-Orl(ie!~'1 .'t1t.ra~ 111 ,ajWt'ilo/!@ ~~t~j~j6n i~ol1 fu~r;c. XY'III. nu \1a reu ~i d~c_8it;. ~m ~~I"$rtu ~ ,@CM>tul 0llJG:G!1 ~a fie;;: aprMirata at! o Gt:lmpDOOrr~a a p:a!'trirtl.tH'I lUll u i u t'iI tV6rsa! (1.045), AGt:.M. ft(~-._~~f1P, su 195,,2. ~It~m ~i 0 d;$ffM!~e~' ,&J: ,..Gt.iglin~ r~~ri~ffi JB~: ~wmpr.1zi'pjtl' ilIrnrUc;1!.urala 6~~ .horticola CUi ii'1ter~ lP,etiltru pub:ltr.;: ;rIf~ -'punct de·

.IV,-i~+--"'_-·, ' - , -''';1-"- "'I -"' ... '(.0;:'- • ,- '~.:,.J, , ...,- --""'" I rt..1 ti'i'I

Vfl~C:11ll ! ,.....:W!9 EilU ~h ,,!~h,-lC. rT ,~C:S"'I.'_~e:rlllii/l s-eJ,I~ ~er1Sh:::ie:r;Jll ! i IQ't'illl.!m~ll! lJo<\;,.:i: _, __ I'

ea ~ ~~ jJl Vl:11 ~i~) ~a!t' W'l ",manu m:~nt; viv"" ~e m.a l - p.h::K'lU$1?~~JCoritp.G~l~a OO'httwGtlJra ha. :a 'u:fI~i @r£cHnj i~tOri6~c;.1U pri1nae;: pttil1ull ?i forma! oriG~ re:i :p-ort1 t:J r;;J ~ ~l r~i~ ~t;.&.ltiJ~ 'lii;8 ~~aflt&. il'l~)u~;v ~p~~r~leJo~- prQ}.?Cl~ri,Ij:l" Ce.l~iri~lil~: el{'l" CilWfi, ~pa,ITle"6HI1 tl':Cl eire ~i ft,~'~fit'l1H'~'~ e-troctl;l rill p,(;lrmZ1r1~'f1t~ Slau trilf.15atLJ rU a i.'l!et:()fJl$r~ ~per,e -aul'\\tat9~nll ~~U a~innzHa dp~p.~ ... " (ijrt;. 4).,1" :a:azui RQ'l1lsl1r~l. p1t1t~1ilI;i-ilC~ptor "m; r:C:urff' tjl:?lYiJ1~ 'trla i ~'~IUt'~ deomrn{;,tl:f pat-ri ~l'Qnl u I nil ee_;te prea b~:mt>" l1:J IJIi'.i~el~~vd~l!,a d\i'lf;'enii flU s-a mEll rnal[:z.at tlillmi'c 1m plUe.ift1l oohiu'rbj It~jtedc" ~~~iZti& c;;rh::i§n~, ,,<£i'tr~fJil'e v~rzf' .~U ~eW~f1i;t'viC$r~-~ rfi1ve~:tltQrlIGr (;u-oompIM;[~ ~:dmi~i,~jwa~ie:j I~ocale.'

1.5. ARfIITECTURA PElSA}ULUI 8.·1\U PEiSAGISTlCA?

-. -

DII'iI ?~r~£jmtul ~nte,l"l~r $-t:i mt,i'rJII.,lt: cli inS7eo. WHI. 'ilncIEteffiCZlt"M ~rnlor -frui11P,ii'l S~f piror.u~ tl~ ~'t1t. $.."il! fbi ~it>- terll'lrenU I ~~e' -,,~ r'Va .fl,~dl",i l"; D~umrrr~,J(O votn lntl$h1i- arpoi in 560" X~X~i~ap8]'lfij!~;;~ ~! fn~tfGdlul n:~fl.tru" De~r aretl1,:vwe<r~ Cl0!urt21c;tLJra:ree:p&I'~~al:1!i pe.orlwr:rt.-ab~ Wi \lert~ca~:a a-unel p~~il;mi de

, ~dh.n'l,a'lt11raJ eau GOI1,giI~fIJJt-. 'totu~,~ at~~i$tJi ti~~:q,lpH~1~ t':nJVa-fl1nt~lt1tm m:ari. d~ pr~'~ rf ,a"I;J'~iill1J~ m u ~u:i~ ('1:046), >dro~ct!'¥i O(3a ~I:r~ .cla~o1lj J ~mei'ta:w a o.eaolulllJi~o&IH'!J f~ r n [) rrm:h~' pnil;c:IIic,rnITtu lu [, .a,c;eeMl pr.ero~i L! t11~ H u Vill il m:e,n-Pil?n~t in di~ioM a.rd rrrpi'fn deMnlw I' VI r I (pBn:trLJ eli ,,,L~rG IJ~~E~. I_a r"ie;;a~j!1?<- oone;tlrfill'I~z&: ,.,?ictClf f9:pCGiaUilat.l'fl pei~Je" Scrdlto;l'"gauco,mroz~t"r ~rt~iaHzat.1n

~ .... -

dCl!;;~~~ t1~urIL'''), ffin ItMratJJlM d;e ~fecl:alllt~1;;e in-tilrn;ll~v:ll'a~a 1;1"'0.111 frrtjJn~

<:::hitw d]6j I~ ~¢,e:~lJtl.eJl ~(;;DlullUi" °fQLo~i!hdL!l~~ 1M ramlel. hrme:rri ca .• V:ar:t ~,q; Ja.rdi~~~, .,G~~e11kI}MElt". ,,Art ofg~rder1B'''dar ~r "lanci,e;carp8 C)e!:iliaU1" (tC)*7J '~~ ,flrQI ,~Lm1~~aape- Ar:r:;hi~Gturd' (t(48). Merf-pf~naf"f1 .dit;1l~ii1~>tme·natlil c,~ tn 5UA I"tWI9ta de fi1pee,Ta I f'Uioo'.t! A~iarpier Arhit~-cpH0r' Ff7j~~ i f't~! A5tA po~ ~I ti~lllJ! ~An:':friteaturB L'iJl1tiJ,~~'P~"; 1M ~_a~ rte~1?tr~. una din Fti1fl~~$luCfa~1 in ~om~l1r!:.! ~e 1/.$1 t'1ui'!1i w~rhJtaot.u:r:iI 6part,:.rilor Iter.zi'i ('19.53) ca -apoi I'n 1957 :;-a-~e.' LJt;ilk;:e;z~ tf;rrrlm:u1 de .,Aif·111~ut::a 'p~jMlek.1r~l (1,049) ~] 1i::e:1 d~B .. Arhit~ll-Jra ~pa¥ii~or

t. ~ A i _ _ -. _ _ _ _... _ .; Ii I _ _ _ _ Ijj.1

liben!! pl,attt:ate:'<', In ~ec-~a111/.1~ a~ VlHea, ,,;El,p-at-~il~' V$I:'Z{d~in Q, Gomf!"Ol1el'lta

di12crnmJi a'l~'r,a:F?ul!.Jt~i Q ralf;rt,~tl~ M~pfolo!1~~te ~l-~zl (1 D60).1n- d'~_C~rlrlJl vm vpm In;~ltli fu;g~'!?_1 ,.;arhftdG't;.ut:<1i pti1!?a.gera'ft (1.051) ~~ .. ~i~~gg:fPtJf' (U)52). Fat~~ de &e~[Jmrrlle 1rlt"e~ietr~lreff11 tlt"fll,. .liIIparn 1ht~b:alrea: G&J:e1)'lwfi ~-e;a mal :ade~v&l~ ~ p~l1tru iH,;r;acs.tJ l~thfi~ta:-umJm~l? P~t;G$lndde l.m_J~;m:&~u_ril~ ~OOgt:~flk)r\~j

17

tl'OOtoe[!ll'ti,IQr pentru rmt!13ja:t'ea .p2ltl"jmgniulu~ funci81r numtt p!.li6aj. re:zultl o~ pl~eocl,lp;arije ~efB.a~r~~kw nu $d~Q't:. o~r[ 1~1 nm~ [,'\'Itravilarluh.!~ IiJfMh~. !,lI'1ancl 5e~ma .01~ Gon'tMU I u rMII"~ $ m ,putoo L! trllzil "ti rt.a g;r~dl r1 W'~ .].{lIm It~aj;U ra p~lr!)~:Jului" .5@U ,.:atilitectU~ ~~1'iiICit vsrzl", Dill'lt:t'tl ce'r~ 1;irGii poi!':iibnl1J~T. pn'ma fMlire a ul"t2l d:~ Impllcare.a' unor ,:tUn~ cs pedol~ia. horticurwra~ e:co1~H1iI. "61hG!o~f11 f? .. ;a, Ultim;l iilI,r nB'~lija1l1 ~Ghim~ faptul caJ 1Y1 p~Z6i1t;. otafUll i~i perm'ite rot h'iai r.af :£3a nu fa laf~eae<d 6!ptrlf;i ire de: de:~~ti tl1dere OI'1:c~lI~ ~v de conUmp~~illl!). ~i ;p;Bntru .:ilmpl S5area 'utJOr con r p.a mente! dClUlil. ce'''iD. :;;'U F'r'elf~ c;orrE;trtJ f~ ~ll1IJ ve'rzl, Ar riiM1i11i1~ 1h COtJt.:inuar~ 1'ii1 df5GUi=Je: ".anhf~u rn rel@jLJluli"', E1<"EldSi14bi ~ t~rrtoa1l1 ~i ~"eptihd radurHe:--J,an;. p2l_rcurikl natl,Jm!e~i ~t"lWa~ifc. ptjGajul ~ipas~'iin pri m ul r~n all" p,e ntnJ chI i t lza~a atCttlelll~. func~le tloot:lom ialll.. AI~t1dJr~, Che'M1etoff, 8trt,or- 2111 mel! multor' stuam per~~,er~ ~~'ma~~ {1.053) 8t,r~g~:a atet1'f1<ll c~ ,jllt~tUlra ~u! "'!:.II ~1iI~t''' rru I'0,a~ fi fUpt de: prod ~ct~,a 'lQ~uh,n ~e ~(t!ZrtJ Ir' M'c::a ~uL de func~iJ'Ie s;aile 500"1lI1:~. d~ ~a~ peJ'imaMe~ mifjocam ,l1umlt.t1i~:ttJili'lZUl'fe" (l'lUJan$iM ~Uj ~Iff~\"i ~. fUt'l~if). 211 cJrreI rltm Mu-I 5~j~m im~ a~a,una, r tl r:lQnrru rlUl,f'$J'iI 01.1 ace'Eiite 1I1tli n~~ri. multe de o_dooe..,bL1Ji compicxitate, e$tet:itu'l F1u ftlaf Famal1e utlf~u~ 'f5<C:QiP fi i'l,le! 10 Fri~rJti\tU" cJ aaar Ut'lS dWl C>li~e" ~~,~ prD1eaul~1J i i~ r pe:j€l~,g)$""LiiUI, u h1 c;ompof!~rn:t ~i ,~c.~ i~~i de: ';;OI'W~pt:Je ph.fri,dhi~Ci,~ ~iMri!!l :W1u .• ln a I'llumite '6i\'FuElf,ii. ~fur iilc~tei<a .fw aC,~9~'Ca2:, 'i7lJ Frapu~ rIIilbdlJ-~ife '¥l~ pee,w' H91~"U;cmat;iuima teritioriuluf'. alt'r""l41gmi'l1 ..all'hi~twa' ~19Bju'ui" ~,I&i"'{h;sr ,.;:[~);t(3'J'li vLillne:r$lprl1i ii'n fall$l Mj,f.jil'or' cr'lterl~.1n GUfflU~ t:dc. ~"i()n MIlieu" ~e eGhr~leaziorArfHteOt~).r:a p~i:~~jelor" ,pu "IPeraS3r$tlczt. d'~CiPHflE:l oc;upAnatu-5t! de Ie micro panlli 'I~ m8crl.j\~16tlj~ 6Cl)PMI fl~r1,tiI ~J'!?r!"'tU:I cel!ew mal ol11docvat~ me=.tode. prin(Jipil~~i uh.rl'oiogi{,·M .2m1!.lnlzal1e a 6;pa~mor liiIMrn ~I p!afrrt.ate eilJ cs I s construlte d~ la riiv:oJ de COt1!i;t;ruqje; Izo[atJ<la an~mbh.J. ill ~:z.aiM. ~rito~ nu ••. 'in v:'Bd~fea rdelH.:d"di l.i!l'1eli ambl$l!1lfef~vo~~bijedee;.:~:!?ul!'~ri~YI~iJ omtlr'l~{!r.I.a· mr:ntfne:iI"H echllib-ruluf &do~l,c." D~ r~'nut ~r&lfirm~iel lui 'C~llIl"t~'t Eckbo: .. Pei~agi$'&!c.a lunna~tt.: ~;ljlbl'nr"~:a de r~t:llfnfizlc~ opt1mf' pa6:;~R(3m~r:& oam~l1' ~Ij rn&dit!·11 thoorljurlli,tos." j M ,acegf;. ooi'lte'){':;, d~tl LJ mirca ,dJ!!.icilpUf:1tll fare m~i jm:!lf.rzaf. ~1 'fie FEI5AGiSTUCA. cu Cll;l5erva~is·d, ~cl'lul ar mertr;.a o'~ez~re pluriJlocllpHJ1alrill ail ,~~ Ul1Iii dlnu.r~s!rlie.m. D.G!r' nu rH..!.m:ai: ,.:obrre~t~~ d~ i?tu"Hu" me:fitJ {lI o.er.lt;l~e 'i !pi f~mafja ~fY!_1?Ii@~iilt: pr()f:q:$I(i'JM i!$tJJ lui ~ ~iat~tutl irre..a ~~dr~t:'ii 'fat;a d~ aC~_!5ta ~til~~ Met'i'&a1i1 ,1li~~~m,~aJi n~ apnm al~upr6l. une! ~p,c:rlen?Bt'Mlf~t)nll'l~C. r:Um c eea frSlh~. u: alro. V&}yfU wcoie de &!;i5te11;a (de .• ~PQ~liafnqpjDti.iI~~'l Q ~~ atiTllit'lt'!m r~litF~''i'n~put, c:iH945 ,M),t..1 snul crdlrH in FIliiI'lf211 a ~'Ilayamaft~lU!ul ~e pr,ofi'l priM aparil'ra ~~4!~ier.~,t"t!Il gr.'.It:U~iJor'" la ~C1;?fi~ Iii'! de· Horticu!tur,i. a,,, fa ~e;F:£!am,~e;, D$1:1" aC~1tl .a;li'roolvtll"lt:i av~~u pLf~411,e GlJn~:#otifl1:e dre:6pre Q:ra?~w 'lor fojooi nakJnl(r'n' rna t:1 ieml a'r1~~o~chir%ali) om un .. alnt:idGJt;. flnpatriV81 a~rnetrjei 'Dra~ui u l", Gt.lIMl· ct V~. ~ ues i<li D_.! ruptuFa" 1nt.re· :0}l1dlrrull lIIrbanuru,j ~[giiindirea pe~eaj!uhIJ. cum ()~6ervli ;:"HG~~I Corajould (1.05!3o). fn ~91j4. ,~SetJ}!a gtrt.:.a. ~ .. '. r~dii~~lor~. V.;1l' ~eveMf •.. Eco!e Nat.iOl1a'~ 5uperJ~L.tre .. au r'~yaa~~" d.t! la ve;rSarnel&, (fn 1991 ~1' ijL'Eool~ tJ An:;hlt,xture ,~t. ds Pay~a~t ~e' I~ 6cl"~~a!ux ma~ord<a alploma ~e; p'e~&~i~tl..pa~B<313i~te D.f.LG,"1 dura 4anl.d6 ~dii;) tn vnzi La rilcsrra t1ee:til (B). ..GampUi de B~iune 411 ~i&a~i&~lhJj es Intitlae ~e la gr:~tlit'la dJn ~~"r(}lectel6' w"l?an" P~l'l,5 ~8iI'Gtrilft6tg!iJI~ ~ea;mefl21j~re a t9ritoriului". E~ ~:ste C21pabH:E7~ iiiI$JelUr't'tOMU~$I, cOFl.trol\.J'. ~i reilil'l,iZia':re tU():f"al"ilor ~r ra rdv8.lu~~ului ,eil p'Delte fl un ~p~rt sau chfaraJl!r'm~wr'\l' ul1Clr echipe. F~llrr~tec:rpHnilm.1n ce ma~ur;;'lh6'a aoe6't proro$JOl1ifit a' W$t oapacftat i'nlitn;lrarirfl! dlJ ~f1~i~l!jt:a~? Ap'toapt: n~ljl~ijat. Tnl piim.a j liI'matawa ~iulilui (1 ,054)~el !I.3J reiMt;.m in~~nt;,l~,".and vor ii,I?2iTe efu.Gte~6 ne.garO~w8lc Ur,Mf'l~:d:rU (jQ~Uh~f"Fe 1numa-

"'- pr'Q8~Ui funa,.l!ln@;II~, ~~I~ echil~brului ecoJ~rc) ~i pamdl}xaI 0: i!il& 17U ~boom-I.J:I {;e~e~~ntelor"Meund~.re'· Cl;Jt'1~~Ee,Vtine1roii1z$j f1:atufa :?il g_rl!;.di-

JrttuQ ipi ~6'tfel .. m'tura~ pei&aljul, revh~ pe uena <pd'~1'1 pG.@rta ,gfadil1ii~.

MI'i'io/lt~a~'in mm 1968r, aC'Fful"lr!~ ,Ifloolo@its·b:e. c;rtzo:.f de ~IQr!~ tJ'f']'dtJ rM'CISJrtituJirH legatrndd: vj ttetU I-:aGtin h~iG~vijj~,~.HiNeO'teJet.~hn~Jo~:t~i a!S~F~~ m~iulu j M...c .• r;t.::? ~t" ~ifrl!-rQna ,;:I eUIj?flll M;~Geerrt!i"i nJ!Me':! noi < ilttt'~!Jd,!Mrfa~~ de Mr.m>ura. at: rr;i~. D~ Ia'fm.lsulrilt::: de ,oonservaro 'fwl~~PL!lt6,1in1 1.908 (1.o.5.5).:8e \l~ t~s ~DI 0 .~!W" in domeniu. de: ~i~,gnl~~lro ~;t·r«t;lI~em~M't8rt:. :p~ @i$t;f~1 m 1978" 1'n c.;;Idr~~ Mlnlf'j~rulu( urbiln~smutu~ .~llpctJl,ril~l. ~~ vtI tnfiln~ .,Dlrt!lct;,ion de, I'L;n"i:l'aJl1ie.me,et Ofi psvea.ll~", Th 1900. Direcr:i21 ~ caurl'i Ma la 11'6B un program dt C6~re de~tna .. .a ~1@r'LfiC;l prp~I't.!rrlgt:jc~ Cffu'at~t,~ de Q il'1\le'Sit~t3~tle "'~irnllfioal fii w.t.irHI~,)~i de a dtwBl'I t un aprU in ~1'iI aGf>iurUle ~!~ (Jj:n muit;ituCliit1Ba dt'NI~pm;te ce Ur,fi'lmJ Si{I~Il.! cjld:~t:i!: ~a'L.:I 4 P't"hI\J r'Idat~, amrrrtl m:

- EllmlhoSH"e:a o~iI~rIH't1w d~nq-.i~ Ct.dt.uMI~ *,i .s~Uticailllterrnenuluj de p\flr~aJ ~i 6ea ~lDmfi5!CJ utJHi~~ ~:e ae:ograff ~r a,po:i oe e~o';ogi~I" perr~".J carr~ el ~preZiil1tj ~n i!li~m M i fl~t'8G1[;.iun~ GQmple);!!l1'fJm .d,at~ 0e.'D'Eo~ o!iu; bwlt\)O'ce;~ cHmatl:06 ~j f)i;oGia'I~. '@ g;'(;:aro ill t~riUl r,~l.iIhJ~ (;~ ~~tB rn!}Ql'lat. ~ ~vitsl~<,i ~~ de' ii9tdi"ia g'o1'le;'tte~a (1.056}. lEI nu 1v:2;i: putN·fj echj:,;ail~t QU t.lrJ "l3chlpa m~l'1it'" pCr1trt! ~I i :~~,aT' amlPu~ Sirl ~u:U1Je e~tetice~ poo:t[~., m1tii~ (it ¥l mrrioo.

- E~*r'lit}:ettra 1r'Sp.9rturUQr qompl~ ~'l,Irmea,Ui; a 'lil6 ~ts&m ihurl!l_ ~epon51l1i:;;ilji ~J\l k:rcrllri (rCl!::'~I"lt,~nt;;[ o'flj o~ilt1i~melor pL.:lb:Ik:.:~ .. ,par..a.pubHee, Ulrt%1ii,vitJ'~tDr I~:!~. a~iaifiilm') ~ (cepo~ lo'ili i eI~ prol~ct (prcmotori" will ~ teGi>l. p~16a~1 ~r( (1.06:"'1)

. - Stabilh-ea fo,l"mafl~i prDfeaioni§lPu lui care ~< po,at;3 'atrt.~Cipa ~oli~

o[tiil'rf&,

- /lfil'1ffi!n lzama pUr1&tie!or de vedMe a I~ c~n~w~,nor. vl<ZJ!vi de eY61I,J~~s flwb,ilbUa ~. prO'dUC'~r~i <ag:rrcote, e:xtindiSlit,t~ ul"t1arHJlur~ p~ruare" qfDct~~ n ormelar, ~~~ti()M I'M m~iU'iUj (1,.05.&)

- Cre'arM c'I~~t.ftllluI p~f"L!I r:Jiaflrlif;~ un~ cuftul"1 a r?b~eajuluJ. m"pectllv M~SlIi,~i liz.~r$~ ~F/li1 j~I.P- u I7tiGJ~ pill tl ~a'elot;,~~:ire't,t~ja:! ,pa:l1tru i')I ~ I ,~rceptil ih toad cO'mpl~tarte.a aa ~~ 1M ware i p.D~tazeTe ~a Ie.< (rut"<a[, Ul'tMlli'l. i1atural.

COI'1BU"U it)" .

~igiUr col Q :Rl:rceta,re en atlt:me'nea oi\llevtlve va ooM~lIDce Ia <lIoor-Qar"etJi urJuf~Wtut. i1'lia~ ~'Vafl~lei~ ~tl~S';m~!e;:ti,c:[[ aeH~eihc;a dlnat'fU 70." ~llU aflrm3:1~ .,i ml~~ rli ~~jE>te;. ",,1:1 ft chcf'l'IatJ s-a partioipe nu n!.Ht1~ I Ia COJ1~rvareSli mltllrM!pl LJrn!alnl~rea ~~:drull,Jf cftlialir.1, d'fA~{<!?~ ISl:m'p:[J"itMf,tr;e:,aI bnaM'flJtuf ensreeti:i (1.000). Arhiwctura ,J url1aniemul &;ologiC •. nOf1unl~ fQloo.i~ tot mai ~~, de!'1@t1 oA'L~tI~J ~ Y $II pt.rtut eiQn5~:m,ta mu It ttmp 0' mm:te:~a rs a p~'[9\aj &;I ~ur ~B ,~~tr~ cort~ li~hi~uraJf: (,~rt1~tectm~1 ~j~Juhii'~)" ~h~:r pu~~ !il a,~jstatrf ~~ tll, Q m~~j\e~iJ ~ a Eip2lr1#f:i lor ~ rhit~ctM'ra!IB pa'l'1' 1,ElI h~ve;t "'~I$tn.wtur~ urbil nei tJI~ r:atre une:ler' aerj n f.8< a~:e cadruluJ raatu ra!. i!':! Ie mloro B!l'U <m21 Or.'0I~IS8 jU11 u~. 5u pl;lt'lt.'!r~iill co Ifl'Ip~ne~tt.ylb r ~iClmorFe ~i <.a.,ntroPQniGrre a!'6 l11acrope:ieJ<ajul U I 1JIi1'iSl atll1d1fr :a1~'fi,€mlGe:. va ,~lf~ ,c;;a< I"ezu~tar~, O~.H'i1c.t1i.II.u~-p:rne:s 'Vrcr.or 5ah!a.anu 1M 1971, u~~fic:a rea eOOI~ f~i GU ~1f),gi8;. r:~ptGt:iv uni&a'fuaie'GQlogf~i su econolttia fi ;axto!o'\fIliill, D;a~ < o~le de rna r 6tU~, 1,l'1'zea~ .9 r;i2ll P~Ufi!iriIQr te:{;Jr~i(J~-<liI [e p,ei0atJ~tic:H. I1U pU'ttlm ~ n U~I exr;'lud.!::fI1 &11M <iG&5t dcm~W6 fi part:ca ool1c:rd iii i tilUr\!'eln'l' lei orrllJlu r 1m L'li6$FcW~: .pfQier,d~:u I. D~! Val <fi ()~I~ctLJ I papj{;oieJor $ -e, ~ I'm corl61dsrat:; cli, ~jc~ ~bu ~ 8untion:at a~up,r.!i1 ufttli bpt I1"ta n u m~ ~.ei rnplificBr:ld, ~GQrilj pro,re~"l toll;,! pO-ate fi redu~ r~ ~GqaHz~c~ l;!rte:i furic.tH OOr"uH

~pa~lu ci ar mbui fi~ MB gandlm I@ 0' .. pr~et).'&are a CY'cnimeott:lot"', pen-t1iiJ oj SV6m dl5-2IJ f,ace cu g,p8lJU. Illiement~ bio:morl'6. pGti~/ful1'l41i partfc.lp,aIi11=1 ~ tlm'p. !.ar 'pjrnf'ui M1U s,ste Iltl1iar ci v:e:atoi"ISlII (pen;t;rJlJ e~ vlte~ die cu~t!t1fl. acc~l,e.ratia~ rItn1ul etc .. eta. are tfmpului' OOllt difurw p8ntnU fiecare furr&1<ie). "Rewlti c~ ~t'a¥iHe t'i'rociate aIV6r!Mr~r ful1,*I'i oapatJ timpurl drf~riu. rltmuri ~~f~ri"tti, i"~If'i'ii dif8ri:'"~ etc." De j!;I,i(>i vcr F,sUtbl ,,~p1Fezt'lr~n aau mOM:har~ relevanu pe p6riaada diferite dB timp 8 oltrorwprapunel"C di Jma0ine.a. U :zi1Cem «~ol~t"~flc.a» ill! 8Pl:1lt;iului re.:spoctlV'., av&nt ca ~fC6-C ,0 dtna-mloa a arnbiomtului (1.060).

1. 6. PROFESIADE PEISAGIST

Prob.aMi eJ ,acru~ de n~~ttw., pi ,prortU7iUni i &I~ p8i!i'iiJgie>t. ar putea' R ~iilt$11:'I '98e. XV ~i I06alf,zat. ttl l't'al~tI ronai9centi6tl. cal1tl loa r..a1itatel!!l ~~ ~r~d.inar L'5cu5iit tre:l:Iuia ~)jl adau~i ~I ClJI1"~trni[:t clel' .g~hn'tcti. de .hitec~!!JIIf~; ,I ool1;troct:4i fl, flU 1h uh;,imul ~tQf.i. ~Q ai dj~POMil1i1Wt~'tea l1~ra ~ntru a ht'tlJl frui-no!1iull 't'rltr .. Q e'truct.ura g.iP31~I;S112t LIS Nat:r:", 1n ®CC. XV11 va t~bul sllfie Qiul1 bun eeome:tru !iiI $S ctlnoa£;ca 1~~le pcr~p~iVlSi ¢ are refll~ci hJlilninli. Pe ete..alr:-I rparte. fr:1 ~eo. xvm wrd~vtt1li cr~illtD\r] 'd:eI p~1i9aj" ':i)ii AMelta profi!ilnU1 '!i:larW~<I9:rlilfi~ binetrl'teI8$" gra~lnelrii Slmoi!ltori dar." ,a""8V~rat. ell ~e aCc:l8,&U'i, daU e vort(a ~e 2l Gre:s dupa mMelul "atutiih;ttlullibef~ •• pm5ager"- ~j tot-~. XVII! t; (WI c.e ~ era~lt'l~ 'in r~:r1du~ ~1·t1Sr~r. Abi.!li 'ffl ~i:::c:. XX pei9a~je't!l.J1 ~[A ~u~~i~:illc;t, ~e:vil1~ lut1 e.pecialleot. ~.csllt.. ptirrw 111E>t.l ~LJ1;Je calie Vtll ernJ'r~ dlplome .fUnd .. ~ata'· ~t la Vcrs;aUre5, Dar1n '1899~ 1:n .,lruJm'ea Nooa"/Sult:61(: Unite ale Amer!QH. va lu~ tJ,eJ~ fUnt:al SOcietate.il1 A'mer1CIllt1ail om Arhrte~c'j:.flol· P'ej~qI~tj/A6.L.A Re'llenjn~' in Europa. I'iIIJ putelrl66m.lUlla niVU momel"ftB deosct-Jlte 1nalnte d., mtj!oc-ul ~cco., lulllJi.a~t I'M ~c.lt'l1(mil.ll il1e'truirii cit !;?11n Gel al practici:i. C,,,~ar ~r'fn, Fml"l~~ t;:Iup,,a 1950, reltl21gi,!';ltul V~ -R un t-iccoraw'r rn epa'!;:j~1 €I!",~,~~t1il eau eel 06 Ydl fillimi,tat: Ia.". planta ~azon la piciorul bmr-otmlur (GDn!it;~iei l1."n.)~ amooaj~rilt: mai Jmport,sn'l>el. d.c obfc;cn 11,ociat~ unul obiBCt d~ ~rh4'~~t!.lr,~i fiiind pl"d:llJiIilit'c d,f a:rnli~. /Wj:a)f! af:Cel'l1bUI Vii, 0' oatlilcu ,rl:tica lsi adree-m url?anflilmului efe-~Dl1aj. va fi reaathtatJ ,.wr6fM pBi,~aoZe-l"i". ~I tot 'in firan'fat. 111 anli 70 !hil cmat Mil e;uliul Env~rol1l f'1 f;lmt.l1t-u~ u t. 2itil p~lrut Of;: I1tru [ n410nBlI d.:: e't;.u~li ,~I ,C-6rQitt~ri 8 pei~ullL!jI iarft11916 ,i~a i1I1Ge~t.actlvleat;ea' noua ~,a fi .dB J~, VC~mIl65. eu ae!iGhlde~e ~Fre smet1aj.fJn~Zl terIto[iu1lul (1.Q6~) Inl~ltrtrva peiaSeJi$tului Michel Corojoud de: ,<11 o:ri~~lta profB6iil: c~.~re toate eearile"de am~haJalrt; tn:c;I.u.~.nd rOGul,~ar ~f ,globallUtea, cum ~ ~rldit; ~I Raqarlo AdUnto (fitet ~i filozof) 'in an'ii, 'to (1.062). v:a f m6a preGed8l~ d~ pei5-agiiftli am"rlca'l11 care Ihc~ ~~ la '9fllor-;.JtulgeCt:llullui tr;ec.ut- prln profccta~;3 ot reunrS"pii (&au parcu~ rggrrmill din vc%lrta~wa Bostol'llJilru~ 11.;[;90) - ?im~i a,I,~~ 'in plimele; ~~o~;t1(i dirn ~reolul nostru. au'iiniCdpl.lt ~a ~iinde~,5c;llla oaltJ $tC~lI~Ai,.l]e r'ej:lnut tl9te~i fa'piiul ~a 18 ih~rutul 6oc;olu~ui nOO""'e..ru. p&1'~d~jl?tii ammcanr vor fi plimif c~'" ,8 U 00",IIJ5 Is el, r1!Oits pr(l'i€ic~1n dOm~il1h.iJ! urbei!r1i~mulll.li, de :1£1 iI'Iol IQ'ca~lt;!~1 p~l1a !~-llll'ili m~i"o~ politaHs'ilntilW8 (1.063). Mat mult., W:arnm H~r.~ Mannina (1800-t96B). 'b1, b.a;m unel cardri bauta pc f"MtJre;.""Ie::.trrt~ii ~'ri:a elabor:~{:Tn 19115uN~:tiDnal Plan for AmerioSl" ee V~ an:t;;fGiipa~teO"upDrl:le: U!i"'b2lt'lt!lttluluJ e~ntempc:l'r'!iU'l ~J va argumenta' c~ ..ora~le trcbufe 6a fie toGalizat.:6'in a~a fel fit'C.ire ~ pJetl:ew €!ii sa aptimize;za rC9'ur681B 'l1~toLlra!~" j,31r ii~rSli'llt-,~~e. dWntre etaw -a;rebWli'fll::.a refJec~ te forma~i un iile aeolQatce: ~Ici:Lljniuj ap~o i" maf de~J~~~. dC'6;:ilt. sli rc:!?, re.2:lnte HniJ poltt!oo arbitrare'" (.064). Ah ,aparut apoi ~i oowtrHluflil~ alt:or peI68,g,I~t;i oa 'Elbert.. P6:et~,!Johl'l Na!e[1 (1 ,0651 ~ral~H tile ~aJumiata,t.es, 6ecolului dar. !~ ~~ .. ~I·

20

t;lJ1~a:$:ttJl v~~ D, ~ti~On ~t~i;a 'P,if:lreila~i~tH <il me:l"ncalt1l. C~ avu~oog.e'ra GiU dMel'1 U 'II'l urm~ LIn att£·tut r91J peri Of - cal i m porta rtifA I'roF,fHI110t'li"l~~ - fat3 d"~ c:ei eu ~'Qpel11. ee-g·imt cxCru~i .,oMFar ~j ain flr{)iect-artl<a tie g.p81'iivenr tUn cartfe.rt:I~nor'. Apreelerea e .polil'te IXJlaera:ta (daa,fl Uli"!11~rim 'r~allzari[e' tUn reVd(f;ta ~laJt1ds(lape A mVi i;ti,P...oturo''')· d&u·· sa ~tra;g (!. att:t:'l'fia asupra IL..lne:i 5ftulflilii .6M rrtr- o

ri cu 0 oco nomje ~'it1'am fcitl, !JJ1li1,~ UJ rp.::l nu 11m 60ntinu 6'i exp:al11 SiUti6 ~. ridi Ciiit'C ill ,raJ.uJ i.dt:: oampla>:lta"U". pre-tinde 0 c;rmce-p1;I~ Intel-di~cip~lin~r,~. !:mt,~(;lpmLII~ ~i 'in a~hIB,~i t;j i"rt_p Clperi!ttiV~, ~'trrl1Utci, .ce· t1 U' aunt d~.t1lrtDrj j pel"!tt~iJ. adtlJ.!!iIla fa rrnar.l~a pmM)gr[;3Wlu,j,5e~lurea lui W. H. M~rJhjng c~' f1atur'iilI PQ.;:;It~ ~a d~rh1~M,e f~,ma u.rba t1:1ll. '~"'8 tz ti putout ~.~H 11Hdeml1,e pe peie:Elgj~ti ,~~' e.e 'Gon~i ~~re: ~i u rbal1i~tJ.krca&rul nartuml e~ M'um~t unuYdlr:1 m.~tH-ilflpliCil1-1 'if1LJrba.l1izar~.·re ds; atta pari:.tl ~I 'in prima' jumi3rea:U a aCe:!7tui ~e:Coi. ma.i0r~'tau@ ''"'t¢t;iQ,I1!U''elor Ir-fdloau -m dreptul cuv:~ntulur pdieiagh?'t. piC"tor' de p~[aaJei deci eociet&itea. prJn o~n'wnir de: cuJturai tlU he! ac.ord,at a&e~,tuia un etatut il!Jt1um:e; l'3i fHrfd· (!1~I,i.l2l,at ~~~i 2le.OCt(;lZl':>'E;op~ ial iza,r.t:.8 la areea de a rh iteGt. ('in fra rr\'a:' ~ir.c h rteet- p~a ~ er~t\ tn SUA "l~l!dMapB amilitett"). "In vil1-lJtaa IrH~rfiel', aa,i;8 e'lCii~ta arhitec).~~.~memllh;it. artliteat-urvaniet • .!lIrhjte¢tgd,eCOMirtor, a r plltt:a M int.r'6 p'~ <lI'Ctlfit ra~;atJo ~i ar+ti't.e~tul-pele;a.giet. $1 e-ar putea at:aUJ11enta Ga ~r&ldLt'I&I' il9t.rl 0 ~n.J01WrJl' Spat-h1ilI'a Je'tJu un p~w~,aj ~}up!J5' Icmtlol" 'iu .. ~~c;tUrH. Da-qa. Mis ,g'~M~rm tn~J JamEl(wor-flio@je::. ae ae:· potfu-tf!1·de 1'8 eutB'ae:' ki:lome:tfli plirt~~r'~l mal itJlJlf. . . atuMei .un a~t't].t;:l1ea camp ~,e a4iuI1e ~I'rd<ilpenelimi'&a.t. (c~ e>pil'flu !pI probler.mati~) n u m~1 pO,,a t;;e; fI Iii fj,at Pl{l eea m~ t;WHU i r;;iit1g u r. ~p'eGlailr!3it: iMlU .pe e;e.elma unuia ~ ~hjl1wl~f13'lt ~nH tit: it'l-git;r.uJre intro ari1itt~O'wr~-ul"~an~eim-p~i~Slfla-ti~ Ga. Llll n1velul ,t1l:,C£swl p~He:r elunt rh~'coo~Ii"L~~cfan~i bll1.r;'l proeat1t;1:in rnait1~I'ia flIiMGulul, rpanifil11. tmfic. ~flGg:MfI6 economfca. ,arniu:ctura. pt:ie.~gi~tiva etc., &t'.Q. FaFt.ul' Ga p~~~gi'ptii ameriosni au ~Ltt ur~~ni~m far m'IJi]:fi ~[I'I Stmltect-II ,.1lUrtlpeMr fie Jlr1~'alje,aza 1'tiI rro:i~cte de: urbanj6mr;:>i ~t§.a~l~tic.ai ~r, rezultatele nU'5 diM cel'(;l idcmld'~ artiliBliui ~a d6Vtl1~· o Vem~ ~ w1ui eOMlgl"etJ U.I.A.prrv~nd ari~ ej" preqcuplirl ~ f1ec$e1e>Jloo~ali,t~i, cu a~~t m~i mult C~j qat ,?j 0 .. ap~cializ8r~ tl'l~u~t-l" cere 0' re r:rl1tU1Cnti ,pro-gal tl re pen'tJru u 111 Gontext 'ih. contfn u i mc:,tJl morfu~! ~CLJI11 6f: fac~> tie 1htr:iibwPlI AdcW'Loo5 -. ca ,oric~ .amltect. bun ~alr.J pro~t. tru[v~.r'~aI'z.?1 P.:'lfSil.$ij u ~?" (1.006.) D6 ~:G.e:e~ cr~em' clh~u~htp~' t;iI C! gEm ul a rh i t$ct~ pei~a~.H~. U'rt:'al1r~t~ar~i1rtect-p~r~at3'1fit? (p'eif)a.giflt.ul av9Jind ~I preg'a-,;,rrea ciit1 dern~nilJl ho,ticulturrr). ca-nil tilts eipticlo1iltlicli-Pi 1"11.1 a~vif1 6Uict l'ieyel7;oar~;!2wrt;. mai indica;te 1n sazul ijntel'Ve~fiilol" urbane; 6.l.I 11'18 amintim c&i r]iiSr medlcil r1U ope~Std de: unul ~TI1~I,J~". in "!1iandtlmwl arln~u~t-p~i~giSit {cl\nd prol~at.~~ V,ize&l,.~ obJec.t~ + .am~t1aja:ri):, pemr[J prhYlul, tttGctJlat d.iM ~GQa:lii au cOI'J!lj~~~er8a 'in rnl~ilJ sa a~ .4e:mlur0;cat~ (;I Iar~dil1~ poate 'ihei~ml1la .. 8 a~eza tn ip~i!?j,iiJ imaeini am~l;ekWralet·, ~i46t~nd.. Chialf Q op1t.iuna. £.illre da prIoritartt.: atnruC;:tu II C~ prOiPJJI1~ celt: mai rl1~ite iml'1g.i 11 I - .an,ulal1d t"olul "~'lJw-s;talf1'fe!t .:1.1 ~l\'tbuteh91' ,$pa~llJju [ irl'~~r[qr - opt" tBW ife; ~e extmp:e' ~ r a'gupr,aoa m~najairH ~p~t.iul u I. 66, f~c chlolli'" a~6ch~rI1t r ere a amen.aja un 'PeJf1~j 0'"" at recomptll1e·lJin punleJew biolQg,jcul I1U mal fle'te Ilia! m~cai'" un c.adi"u, un ~upOft, ,,' aQiJlr 0 oompon6n~ .aJoc.ulul delpLtlBc-irnag,ini. AEpQl ~~~ SlJUl1~ .C!!i1 ap61e ·e-Ji fie. aGQperit!:l. vallie ei~" fie umplut~. iderriV61 ari,le '<ilflU I.at&. v~eti1ij I u I oblcctll.tl UZ;ilt i a r s-p..at;ii! a t"Ue:G:Of16.t:rLJ Ite ~a .1fie e:~iGf1~fflitt; ca 1'I~,a:r;rve e~ll f;'hlar .,rezidlualer. 5.~.aaenmalat ~r ca.zu!1 unul ~Elar~~ ner c,are fu amtiltl!ajJirilB u,rt>lllrle d,e la Nim~6.a. Buger.;rt ima~jlr1e~ unul 6paii1u aJ Ci:ilr~ '!lOt; un U iveti31n C~iI;I''e p!l.fIt;.egC aceiOt4i o!1i&;t'e,ll1 care ell:l~,fee.ln d,ec:or madcl~t1d pei~ajul". Be poate d,oo[tjur ,a~umet1ia c~ 1't1 def1nlt~v or~ult3$te, 0 tn5lJr(l~n~ de C1PreGte_:~,hill11efj;t1111rlbr:eate die om 'f,i' pSf1ltru olm~'1 casMre:;aCi!J:Bta

21

85te ambTBntul pe c;liilr~ ~i I"a ~orit, ~c~ elff(f,!t~~ia ar coI"B:apulniPJe 1ntru t;;atIJI r:ealitJw~i. ~rt'.unc;;i ~fJrit1t~ dt; E.vaMn~' ttl t1at;lJr~ eJrtrtlibui cotata ell ~.u:;.cI~tntelia tn compo'l"tamel'1ltul u'm~n lar E'p'·~aiac~ iM06\p.enalCflta de,,,~c;Ci'is;um. R"vd'l1l't1d fn cotil~U~n ~i fa re+Blt;ia smintita. Allelxandre .Ch61116!:off apru1a (1.067) ~ Iii .. re ptll~gj5t ~i ~:mltBCt p.;l~ <lit B):Jsttl "lupt8 "cca. a ~oourHor contra ob!e~ct,aJor" ~1 .~Ii'l mod c;iudat. ~l'1iumit' arhttecpj 5~ElJU rep:"'Dfi!at p.i;f .almf:t1.:i~ri urtJane" (fbrtUlmparc. Gt"Un1b~Gh, ely, aMT. 13; Huet). Vrizjt1~ ,aQela~i fen emen, Mic1hel Cor:ajou.ejJ 11 p'Uil'l~ pe·· ~eama dorin~J aril rt~Ul')r .~ e. a doveni .~~hera~i ilti ee aC{)ptJld~· toate domeniilB ame 8jarlil. VOi"'ih mo,r,i fnc.on~tlB'nt(chi~1'" lMcori~'tiem;1 n . .n.}M l"ISCUCerea6ctt 9t:atL!'~ul piiSrdut eu oi:u~ tie-G6nii In urmJ". Da~. COlhttiI1Ll~ toll: Yafe>'i1Jul Cf;iU 0 t'I'~ U n~ f't"6a lares. p~ de~chiea, pantru a 'n aea pa rat,~ de: Q €!ing,U'r~ prornsiic". Ad~u~rid ~L un alt atrl" rt" compl~It;.atC&l De ar ~rlflbul &a fie pe pnmul lae. rezulUl ca ·D ~radh1li f1IlU I~Oaw dev&n (J '1:U,ttA viabila Tn '[:..jmp .dac&! nlJ 6Gta produ5:ul Qon1i1r1~u,'~I!;!1 mat mu,[to'r !ilpeCfBIU€i<ti. 6lJ l:.rmdlfia ca f.o1;.i ali Ul'1tlare.:J5ca acela!?i ~Pl aGeea~j ~~mnfficati6 (1.005). Do9l" §$i ne 'fnt;Oarcem lap6Ieate[et. ,.L'lt PBI ca ~,r pregatrroa in a[';:" ~Gm~i1i.l", carnpeuflfa fI'l pro~JM1'CIe: arhrtwturii ~5.iajulU'i v~ne dUpa anllut'h:!)i de OO;ualu., ,",s c~J:l!itori~, d~ Qb'~:sr~~H ~J de pr.:ilcticl pofe~jQn"IJl" mtll"'tL!ris~te: J. 0, S[m0l'1d9 care du,ps ce a at:~ irn"n~ul fond d6 c~r{;J ,.II I:7lbUot:ecii Harvard (Ulnd~ fji-a ilcut. 5titJ~[[IE! ~e arniuct). inoluellv dQmel'l,i,i~tt.'i:r1rud'te ale @GlJlptlJr~j. pictbll"~1 ~l chiar mu~isn.;;J const.nat oi nu forma eau mod I dB: §truc:tIJlr311!l a UII1c:i WM1'pozitii emu I'll tll8flUra sa ofen;: r,ae.pul'I$ud pentru 81t"ihrtaGtura p8lsajului ci 'elafilr~ l.meJ .. fU~i de.: prtli~rd' care s,.s pl.1l:4:rt ~ta nUfI1I8F t:lup~ CB a ~on ITUntarl; cu ...de c-e a'~e«" aOt'iGBpttfl'le ap&!'1iI.iIte d~i!l lun~ll.lIIlmar1.,i 1n prpiect8,r~a e;pt1l~i1Q,r ~i ;;il ambi\Sln-~lor ~i 6Iup8 C6 D IUl1g2l1 clilaoorie 111 diverf:16 flri h::l pe,rmi6 §a~~i pu na ~ fa pa Toc u lu i 'j':t1treb~ri ~~codftq.a re'c;a: de c" ai o~e~~ r.; 0 ro.u, r~J1 d~ Gif! ai'd s--a e~lIaf.f c:e.--ai? puUa 1nv~'1f.a din ai:.ua;,wl a'cea~taf ~ al~~u.t(; aDSe:t ~en .,Ore 'i1f1 ~ir:; epll!l'li!l 5imc:mda. 1'ti atitucl'itllSei DQl"1tem"tatlv~ 21 cli,llJ~firil"r k.JltJtU~ti. ~eillB2!m 1lJ~!.'.'iorl;!~1ii ('impretJn~ eu aol~ul ~u ae ~re n.n,) a1~ c<1lli~1!d: £;pa~ulujE:implu aluI'16i curp! ~i a rel"'i'~ei 00119 fa~~ de COfl6truc:~ic, Am stlJ"ia ~ 0' infinitll varrletatea die' tf':iittarlAls a psi. lemnulul •. m~lullul. matarilidu lul vege:t:~t ~I,.:!minil oo.lartl" urmiTroL. Am an~lIz1ittfUt1G~i~ ~i plam.:ll ,glra~itni~o'l'"j p~,urildr nal'ionalc ~If l'ai"CLJlrIlOil": Am Oi:;lSlBIv.a't. G'ali'f1~nJl 11: rli1i~rBa lar Fit! 9payiu. ~ingun. 1M ,gruifhU"j mic! l(7i -m mut-t-imi ham C1bs8rv"t zaflgVlnol, art1cat~~ o~itldu·~i1;;B:pi. a4ic1nilif1du-9'B.,Arn n:6lt-8lt ~i amltnfei~B"I;rat factGnli Gt pl~alJ, ~a-j tmpinea 6pl"e mlf3cat~. Siau Ie mD~ific.iiUI '1l"Iia parcur~url!i lor. Am di.5cuti!t t::1I art'f?t-l plol:!!!t[oL .. cu ,dulahe.ri, .•. au prit1r'k .. au '1jiraodlnart ... Am 1'I00t@t,. "Ill f85cili1a~h~ m:~~ta pmie~ rii ~115ibne a pelGajul1lJ I f~ ~'" at'iCui 9;Q;la r. .di rec;.i2 "I f:ur'[:.8 Ya,I1'Cului ~j formo,le topo0r~fJc:". Am .Q17~&'Vat (lszvolt.area s-1.5temBlor d.e r&url ,I raportul pll!li!'1urllor cu c~u;acterul ftuvi~lo.r. oure~iwr. pA"'url~or !jilll1mlni!purno,r, 1\ri1 ~nfptn. pi~~ 1!i.It11p~~ d"-l: !-arji, ~I am, ~cerco\l!t ,iti, gCh~rrMltidm planu~ or'a~elor \/'ae;w ~i ma~l'Iifjce, Am verificat- fje~are or.a,. fiit.ra.dlJ tlrup' tiBkmple ~l pj~i!I cpmerciellal. punil.nd tntrebarr reco,d[to~rd" (1.069). La r,~ndiJl lui. G,JU ilhBrm~ Mazza 'Dolll'ado (1.0'70). va as e~pllJl'IL:lI Rc:lbt':rto IBu rl:; Main<; rnnumitul c,r~.at!li" .cj,~ era~lni br:azilI ene, c~ Ire l~n~.a Guno~'titi"feI8 ctlin 2lrhitflGCurli. picturll ~i muzlc.a I ~i-a Great ~9 0 g radif'la ,~.perime~I';, un adevarm. •. 1 iiltwrstor" d e 8DO .000 mp. it, .apropi ere de~io de Ja nei ro. u n.de' ;a cu Ithmt pia ntt;! le &lu5'e din eliver~ 6Xped~i., fe-a e'iUpU5 ochiului atel1t al§p~lali5tulu. $1 Id-a a~OC~alt apol'/'n Qomp.azj1rijlo-~;ajB. Darin· J1mma bagajulul d~,,,ut1~tlr1~ din multipl~1e "'-ottlLS:l1it ~8C01u1110Dtru a mid pretlna &a ~ ~'il;oorde aten-Pif:f'1 unor pmre~e'

22

1" de;rul£'lre ,aub ochii rro!ptd. Dacl:11h~itlt~"f,~81900 t;r~r1tJ' a, foet ~perceput 'ca .. 0

~ruziul1.e 1n ~P~'fjuj idilicCl~ pa~r'fl'l;" al :?jJA, et;;:;t. c.ir:)4 i111marul lt1tat~it1j[or 1~1.I d~pa~~pe- Del ~1 PGlPl.lI'ilir~J~i epr canol mal mult ~e~tllrl l'i'1af..j~a,.a apirut ne"ceaita"..ea;.teGa'I'"I~Fd,~r.arli 1'tlt~lIi'Llr mml;~~Mt., pentru a :inte~'r~ ma~rti&im viata de zi ClI'!lf (~i ('~aUza.rlli;::'1f'! ~CdZH5t~f prMt11r~ prolifereaza) ~I de; tacorJ.a ar;;en'f,k int.re~ 9Urul !§'p.ai'!u parc-ut~ cu ma~rna plUn&f1d"i'tl di5~lUtif- mutoCicele [&l C~ rc::- oar -trW1..I1 ~ .a:pe>lr}:tl!;' .,ei e~l~:fn u L i!l m~ienta l", D~l.Idlt~ re~ i\?u.!7LJrbirlDr. GB 111 m u It~ IOGiU rl me J(ln~JjJn~.a intre urb>aJ1.~J rura], rialca proble,i'l1tl ,m&".li W,Mt1p~Ue d~c:&lt:i'l1 fntt.1llvTIJll, echrpa de: f?roiectare urmgjnd.· a lilpi1la IElI h?n:-icul'tr. agrol1Om. goo-araf ~,a. MaHttult, rn '6Liburbii 6e naG mufte ,.eXperiet1!-e ur17a:ne/' (une!8 pll~i!1l COMt,roJ~t:e ~ i\:«il:1~i1 lun~J .~j tot ,&1>00.10 eert<ll~j;;reaza ,~,un V'i$ ttf:tllrtlfd:nerGtta[" ,il'll ,omuh.li r,:l~mp-or.il1 .. t:t6~a $" bj cum d~ cal!.lil-grardltla-m:a!?in~ (1.071).~Gra,difta ~·'~eI~a" a ,davenlt,Q c~dt1~ at ple"fii ~·r 1,;11 riindul ei piretrl1td('.) o tunoa~t~r" mat ~kmtJ .;a wntempotalr1:uJul dIe lljn~~ loot Ace:;l;i@t<Sl 1n§c,.ijmna ca'in ~ltbur~H, c:m~,:;l,c1>jo'il dimfe intere~al~ indlvid LI.ilII~ ~I wlactive~ devine mai ,a,,:.;uta. p5Jho~ klgul-a'l.§t'ld !p"1 C}+ un cUII£.nt de :GI'UE5, In-dfvtdul ;!lh::::e!?tei cMlrzat:H :91 imaeil'lilatrf?i <!iI cOniuM.ld:tii. va fftatLf~ unul ~tI"B$-tlit ~i, pa~dm:al, chlar mal ~olitar:

In~f1et-ul ne perl11fte ~lil ~un'~'tlm ol"iunldt!l. ~a arfliim orics, e;a cont.a:::;tJ.am re orleii'i:6, IJrbE1nu~tr~dit:Jon8i, un uflt,vera' ~I minri-r:alulul ~6t6tCClitrFrLlt'i1tat ell ·trim ~. WPtiU (~e:c;,ula_'fut1lCM\ra) dailr ,1 cu MCJ.'l/O!t,I die nB.rt.ur~. Gr}dinllc de j~r~a,! plilln~eJ~ei$l1.l d~lc:te'itl1itlracatetn vegrettal. oazele verzi ,ihtraduf3el l:a df\,8'r'~ nlvsh,I"r sit: lmoi:rllelol" ad:.mJr1i5trtl'I;Jv;e ~T ... at.iJ.narire din ultfmere d.oua deceM!i p~ tarjm~1 ar'h~turli' 9~ urbant53t11ului •• ecolo'Eflc", dtmonff,tre~:;di ea Be C.lil!.J~ oolut:lt cli inve;ntivitat.€21 l.Jtt:1an~. cf~cj ,~r ce~ i;i1 pei981gfe~l;Jluj. tt"ebl!Ji~ ~~ fl,~s~a~cJ rjii;~ut'ts.ut"1 ~,f ca ace.e;te rlj$F'ut'w,uri p~t1tru iI fl viaillzilC,l; impLlI':I aportur a ctlt mal r1'1Y1~i .f.ipec i:.a Ii ?ti.

UI'1-.!!jlt. proc~Wll fat·;3 :caruf.a t1u!!J.~ poate 4S1dovad.~ de- tlioupemoJal'ti'!t$. ~r eu a'tiit mar pu¥,in del ~~zinte,rc;:~. OOt8 !7triid-'lrHa ~()()iet.at-ii ,de. a p~6tr:a c.a.~ mal rnl.Jl~ d:ln C'L':i'C8l Cd htt rama~ ~e 181 natl.J~ ne:a~e-rvi1rltotall Glmufui (flora ~rnu"a) !?I d:[I1' cr&rl;:llle reF~~tJlt~ti~~ ale ceJ(lrl:ai::te eetler~yii. 0 dad cu ,deti"iroa . .gr~dil'1ilor Ie;'C,orrotl~ (1932)" ap~r'e: ~i Moe!:)Jt}1teo~ d6filnirH ~tl"lbllt<rilor ".ctil1~~rlJ,llJi tile ~radh1i' i~toric6 ... ', Ace~tia, pentl"'u ca' !Mate fi 1@i un pe,i%l~i$t, ar'hr-~Dt:, hQrtic.ultor sau 0 alta pn:Jif6~rUr1'i~' reltvanta'~ -tm~uie' Cfle!~ct~m'): ,,5'~1icfumru;atrz~o/l eu i~toria oaritidinantulur!?i p~iB~~i~mu"ui (incluerijy proitlctartJ? p:l.~.I'lU rom. ,;'iI$ c,a 4rta cllt. iff ca t11e.!?t~~ LJ~. T robtl i~ d~ a.ae m ~1l~3 e;.,a fit;: rnmJli@rlM"f~ aau S~i.-~tJB iiUtJ11 E)~ Ob-prM~ inf.ortfl'ilIYU d.c:6p-re f~t:oria diver~e!Qr tipuri d~ c.aracte,t'i~tiGl. inc_;lL;ieiv plante. ce 6e;ga~e5G 'ih ~j:rad,ll1.i, palrclJri ~tc., E"g;fe h11Ipot"'tBt:1ti 0 'l'i1~e:[e:.gere ~ rell~lt.iej tUntre· flr&i~it'9~tiit ~J ptJ!3a~:rstfc~. cu .alt...e fortl1e ~rti@tice .... I~ fe'r 6i 'rdlii1lti~! cu C"Orit~L~~Gocjii I e.i I~~ric fI1 care a

~ I. _._ ... • ' • ~

fa~t.urtk~t un ~tt. la· care poate contrihui proiectahtul ~l urb-anfB-tul". ,,$.1 ~laU aprecl;a, ,?i Q.b~eNa1 cuoth, a:!;liectivi, crltic'!?i it1fQrm..a~din pu~ct.de v$dGre ~t9rlC'.1:t0a"'$e: e.l.e,n1¢ll1tci:Jt: W11.Jj ~jt:; inoh.JB1v forma tt:r8nulluli~ a.mtn"aj~'rile, .. , roc.Ur.\ :lRlFr~f$l~ de i3I pa, pl'a rrte I!:· P la nt~ rlie, conetrulc~i tI~>-.O ri1al11~:ntele:; £iGuJ fitu rile .• prfVeli~tile, !Slp'lr~rile ~i v~6tigfll~eiul:n;,~rnne"', s~.'n~ IipBit-de pre:jude.dj~j·dat..ora~, ~uatU'l"ilor fl~rE?,Cm ~;I~ i;ii ~~ "Oitta eva lua c:ri"tk: f?i .i etorr(';: W1 ~tt, ,Sa pCJatt~ apl1ca 1;.00 ri~ ~i prac"Dfyi!'e, bon~er'!{~ni i 'i'ntregu I t,J,it>it (Impreu t1.1t C U Ge! I.al'tii tJpecl <!llh'tti). va ;aN~t3.:a§&1 'eloll.r~rr ~~t1tru a. 'ilmp~6£l nec~6Jtli~He 00J16e.rv~rii. a.Brg!Ur~Iml viziLll rll '& u ri ~tl~e ~i m';;H11~~ementL:l.~ fJ lob~ r I?"a, (1.072)

( 1\

23

24

1.7 .. GOJ:t..JTINUTUL CURSULUl SICATE'VA DBSERUATll

• •

Cur~ul de f'oS;:~e,~tc dep~'f't\':: ~,e·~~ a~ r"'~M¥i i!\i uWlI,(,l f"lt-l~r~ I!!ixhaus~ tiv& -S6UP'I'Q pro~l"eme-I'or peIBagietrc;1i. EI "'~ ,6~. ad~~e.~zl fitu~tn~llor d:c lo!iI Hortlcu ttum sa u ~'MCLJ ltu ra" uttdeoo p~~sc fI1' prezenlt e-pooia Ufiti -in ~ra 't10Sci$t,'ftt ci .are1n vedlere VllitQ,rl,a_rhitcCfj Ga~, 'iin timpul pl<\ictlc~ril prafee.;-ic::i. v;or f[ coa:Pr~i 1l-1 ec;~ipB de pro,lect,l'lt"e p~j,~agletlclt Ttl, urma tJM'Qr 6tud!ii d~ apeciaUZ'iu"e. d,a.ca \l\or &-Iorl s:a~!?16d!Jc;:J .1IpO',l'tl!d Cr&ltOfln ace!!)t ,domenlu. ei VOl' ,pu'te-a. tllIJtla la Ib:ii:lg~ ~i 0 IprJl~rGill mai 1hdt(!ul1~ata,. ~ aJun'9l'i chiar GOpn;lofl'll1ItDri_81 t.H1.Bi echipl'.!l qe proiectall'r~t. rl~cJt1d~t !Jl! liiI.c;tI~t.e pl"emJ:z;L'::. cureu~ nu alnohJ'i!s capito'I'6 ce prlve5C cu precad~ pt: horcicultor (ca execu;.lal I u«lri I or; ~Foatal'ia'ci ~patiilor smr'::02lj:au:. e6cre1l1~ oc-ot1omlca). flU i)llh'U;i·le-tat a!{IJPIl"J't PQlu~rli ~I Fi"U"'~c;:(;[ei i'l1-B:iliulul'i Seiv~;ra lucrarilQr rnelM".~~,ti _de ~hlpalt1Bnte (?i de aSCmtmM n U (iI ~l'rtMt 111 aBtalii. II/:e;tall!e.l"ts ra m1Il1C p'8 ~tM~tfIal oreloll' de llulGrarl. S, unel t'th1i1'PG dOGlIrnenta'lt1e ce I,Imt9aU @.3 8:p:£i:rli ,i 'in .primul roand. p8: gsamae:?"r'udlu!lui j'r)'dividlWal, CCinetd~ram c:a mQdlJ1 I'll carB au fO$t~u~~- prO"IBm~re; va ~rni liM"t~roou~ fici Cel! atralgiJ da lllGe$t dorneniu @is !(Orr' e<tM~i prJ:n Bfort.ul p"roonalde jnform?llti~ ~ 5C mcm'FlM I~ zi cu te.aria ,i p,r-actloa de ep,ooi'alitatct Nici un GU~ I'IIU pmlltd of~"i"1 'wtu I c:ind cHtlP.HTHG2l in-rol"mtll't'~i a 2l~ I.JJ1 6_laoote I,B, d~ ~~e de se-thR ~i niel n.1l cre~.e:m a~ ,ar fi Ut'll idesll de atin9 clna tottll (}'il1 m~arn. D85i!3urca exi&tafru 3t::slt!l:it.a'luct:'8t1 ~ Il' douL~tJ. ~ui11aativismt IMerootill. 'iIJ~21 61upa Gum exJeUi ~i $.emrrl~ d~ 'iI1tr"~b~re 111 priv:1r11'Ji1 untl'r aep~c:t~ ce :?tJ-r'ne~G 'i'I1cJ ~Iri 6Cll!-i I. ParcUi"fjal'JdlLlr-6e diru m ul de la problem'sle teo_retbce~e~8- m I~ ,pin'; laesle CQncrete ale prol:w..J.r-ii. '!il!Uj,U t'II il!l:m IIa nlvtrJ de Qrl,'ftf nu ee n~~~eZ:e'1'lIicl ~pHcarB-h1I. ~rafiC~ ~u n~ion~ra d~ fa ,6far~it!Ul fjec:~(el c:,~pitdl ,,1'111 p!lu~ se .:a'dau~ll t~be1LJ I de plarrrw ~i g~og.a ru I pen t.ru wme=ni Ld6 praPH.

In c~1 texwluil $.(} va folooi fn mod Gurll!nt sJll&a'gma 9pil~n V6r%l d~fi'i e~ ~1I"e: ~j ol'OZ:i ~j, 'De:-mrempl Lt. cpe:~~~,g I~u I 'PatrIck Le Me; r~y {1.07.5) tOM6i'· dB>r~ ctli mal indjcat~ air fl utilizar':::211 unul terrra$M 0.8 ,,,l{egt~'Ca.lul urb'an", oan~al"

efl'ecta un ~6ta i i~ome&tlc:it,. fabricat.. m.od61a,t". ..p'aca oro~l!J~ a re,pi':l'It'.l 'itrl;.ott.iealu na (i?) r'mltf;lol~ eat!.l~11LU II. et f.i inclu6 frrto~ B~ LUla natu loa ... pd:Mtru ~ e;8: topi in, C8I. al~.!lIptilnd.u-o p611tru a 0 l'M6Cf'ie I'll el", PI~d~nd p.ent;ru 0' pr:~z,n,.t..J m8[iori a \iI~fi;~luILli. ~tlI c Gil brn~ra pctntru Or'&III? BJI deprin~t: 'faptul ca ~'e multe ori aC6i6ta I'lll .(!l folQ~it de(1it C~ Uln 'la.ohll'am~I1t"':. 1m.! iiC (,uGur,a nle1 mJlca~ 4c: ate'l'1~a alCqrdi!irt.~ LIIf'ilLJ[ I1'IOi1umt~t:, ~j ~d 'p~!l%lzli Ira -c:1 G~l"1d a: vorbJil d.e-a m!a6<¥1 vfduri ~u m~z~rii. pt:ntru a ;iomoe;enlu" un ~j,ut d¢.!ordotWt 'iiSO a a.t.&nua ru pturi .dle ~ra. Pleci rib:~ ,~6 Ia accae;ta :ettaro~, ell a pre"Ia:z~ ~ ~itrmel'i'ia .,~pSl1:-ii \1dl"Zi'~ a 1.!'1'1 f~1 de de5c::ol'1elti;!;:rarefa'fa dd-v~4Jat.;;1' csr8 e trimis cutnVal'Wttr-un f;;fllit:i1Ur ne-col1:3"truit) ~eur17al'1rU[t. ca un accc$oriu.lElli'IL! mal e~td lilt! • .actor prh'a cfpa I" d un wrm~n c-a ntitativ (m~m pS"tro~), ab:5-tnacGt.. EI fac,~ parl;e' ~itJI .. .li:rnln:ijul cwrent 81 ~i5·te:ma:t.lzarii. ,da.rfn afw~ df!!;c:un~uluJ nu :;~ ?'tis ni"fOtJ~, d~c~ e v:ort?a tilt; 0- PiJl;.S. , .. kJ't1I Fa~, ... 0 f?~_t.hm:;l:' f ntr~ ttJtUI~ a'da:v~fillt! D:;:;Ir pleoaild tcomai de la 8cpsst-a arie fual~ 19r~a de GupriMdcrc. -Ge po8'U -i1cepe Qu'fmz,c;rlenlla 'it! pel,~aj a IJn~1 Jtutoe;.utl.zi, amel1aJaf"e.t IJFlui joe O,lecol'O ~. !pI pil'l~ I~I rC9.GIn:e;itile:r:Dirta I.H1el pa,~uri ce urmesza a Ei~rvi destll1&erea ti pentru ca nu am dee-copcrit UlrJ art termfln C3rt ,~ poat8 fi folotlft ~I ea indicatqr tehl'1lic; (mp/locu[wr de, .. ), 811'1 ~ pel~ 1m oOl'1tit1lJ~ne la ~t'lI0ml;l"l1MmfMtft,. u .. 11 'ihtitlnrm, ~i ,n mru It? 1u crlitil d6 8 I'eoi,aIlitate d in att"aJ I1g~a-t(;.

LI'N a~ t~r-men ce ~ 1 yom [1:)1.0_61(;,[.1 re:t1It., va fi ,eel ,de: ,gr,Mdlln,ti c;are. m~ pl~~ le-g~tura eu nup! IJ M:6;a folQ:6it-~ 11'1 tret;ut vi~ n d -21.!tJ1~ l1aj~ rUe per~a;g i:3tlu-batiitc pc c:;ritef'lii c86itet~ce ~l cam szl ~dre'5~ndu=$e eI.cej~ja~1 "at~'qol'"ii de: amfln~jlrii mtllo:l;l~~cli ~t£icuarl.l [ !?I g radi na ~ I pafc.~II,

Nor!:

".00'1) 'Popu 1~~~'~lolRului ~ ajliLn:et ~ i ~91tt,6 Fi'lmard~ IaCJJitorl

(",ooa, r~16CU Auri:(ran: ... A.jl1~!;¢Gturil, ai>'~ctlv ~-,cadrlJl p-t"i''Itru tvriam" lEtt, Ttlhnlv~'; 1876, 'P. 125

{1 ,OOB] Din prog r.af11 uf Ai)(.)l:j.iiff-i~i !11t6m~pl1a I~~' 1J1t>~'l1j~tllqr; lYQr.. triai 1967

r'.D04} M1l6SE Mic:):1.t::I~ b~-homm~ Ilnwiror1t1~'~ t • .Ri!J-vyedea dt'lux.I"I'WJ'ld.~s~. i_u:1 i~~'.!01 U~ll $t 1880. p'-2B~~

ll,CD5} Pat:e m:e:ut~te! dll'l1;:r-1.I11 r~PQrt ~11fW>tiililJ~!.IIUi t:!,$J fulcli ap~~ft.jtlli ~ U.i11~r~i,~J, ,din Tr~~,.dIil~ lSi€),&.

:1.O0.$} RACINE, M'chll: .. V_5~~-kikrl·ll'l or~"hUl1 ~",i$1¥I ~L'Arohlkatur-.s d'AnjcJlJrd'hlJt 111r. ~/D6.J9SM • .,.23-24

(LOO7J Mrl-lhLE5'CIJV1j'J;t.Ua~ .. ElemGl't~ de" mot'fo.gI·~fl~"/Ed; f.Qa~$mwl~rul\;r[k::1i $_GoGia!l~ Rtlm.!flial; 1,£),'17. p, 1'4-

(tOOB} RO?U N&l<l~t'lt.i:ru. UNGI,JRE:ANU Itin .. : 5Goo~rafJiJ l'tItrdrulul ft1cofiJILlrjl-~l"/E~, DfQ8:;tI~fll pt!~!!It!4id.197'7~ p- 9

(LOO.9, t@mp6il-1.00Ro/p, 13, '].81

(1.010) ~rrI pet. '.Doelp. 22. G8G~r-afI'ia mediuWi ~rnc.~~lLiratol"::: .;~tlin't;.a Qrganiz.arii ~i utili· z~hl t~ritDrluhJII, oa ii1suul11t';nt M G-OOGe:l"iI'ai'll'diMjja~a .m&::i'Ulll''', ~t'1h d-amMlul "~aa I1I:zarii U:r'tlttl-,~iull.l i. sintrl floot-~_freocl.!~'riIE -:M6'I;.et'l1at~riL.

~.o11) I~m pet. 1.0081p. ,26. G~flr.!llful francs pjl'lmJ; 6eQr~~j'n "L'.envirtl-l1Mffllll1t-" (Pari(?, U1c71) , ~~u rj.~ nC41w nil ~" mCjd lu f'lJjt,-i.lIt;al ,p~ Of)O'l "'a,n-mw.!;lJ Lll!n'lani;1:;e-t~;

OD1~J IriAe1ltl p~. 1.008/p. 2-a~Z1 -

[1,OI.2i) OONNEFOUe "E,du",rci: ,.Omu~~~1-J tl&it'lJ'1lf" lEd.,. Prlj-~~, 1:97e..- p, t44-140.611;-ul ::::l HLin atle.~mbllJ, Clwta!lt.a'f,~, un !:>p?a¥f:u LJlh~'" i'n .:;;;are c;;c~::-ce ~ c:at1~trLJit. Nat.lJ~ 51 omul ;at.! ;;;ylttrlli;ll.lit 1M mQ{l~1J41 fi-entmu ~ CI13~ 0 Ynl~w~l 0 af'ml.lnle"~ Ni.il ""m dmt ;ll c~ ~t! d-~f1 L-~i<:=_ p.::_.l'1it;ru~l ~ul iJ rbra 1'1 flU {'; O'~lIa~rllJ, 1M acGe~Ut1~a IJ'rl'\!ll hi~tfIQr. M U e~)"te; .obli-6!~,Ulrlu un prod us ,aof'ttl1on iO:3 ~tI 0 u r1iM·~'. ~ofl~i1,d C~&" rlU mim i:lzl ~~it- f~torl(;'" ~i cOilI:'6~roh'o{et:ltlro_mai m.u~t..o;;lmb1$t1~'1

(1.014) SIMONDS JGhl1 OJ"m5l:i:M. .. Arlift,@c:,1:.ul'~ pel~tljulul" lEd, T-t;hnIGA. 1.967. p. 161: .,situ I rd~a,1. rt;l:~r am ~zut:col'1-5truo:t;ii{;.aro ne-au rlirtJ:t f~rlciitOln1:101'11~ cu f.llti.bl~ lor",

(WI5) tl'l-al'1-l;ir;hftolte ii.li,tul ~ral foclJ I optlm d-s a mptiSi~~re a laoul,*i, ILl" lot: WQI'll. Maj :tpo!" d~ loa is!i aVtl~ inVB~m-vSh~lrtrmw looulL1l", 5'~ "Ju~qe III 1aLi:J,1 pi &It. c;1:'1 mal [ndicat;~t'}itOru Lii'l O'lrl1E'hle;!ll,m~f1t, ltiri'M ~BO, .XIX. Ritter. plri~1~~~fi5i vcd£_'1h tilt (151'7) .,:apa!;lloIl iI1t:e~rot§l;~ V'F'u~ urui broe. aJir §Mra~ltulul 06: arnplff1e8. ~f:;;:;, XX COl1llep" ~ltLJJ ca Urt ~~a~fll_tt1m!:l:'Je'1 jar I11.Jr r'ec;~nt!pi ~a ~Ut'l ~nJ de: Vi.afli"'--61~ c~le f'.!I'1ai mlllta OI·r, un mlllrmll1t al ~>$I~~M~ um~l'I~; ll~ mUIQ1'~Gj!J;IB-d. cl.i r~Llroele. Gl'l%linftllti.lden~ -¥i-sifJtsPn u lli:l ~~ I:)rc~;!jl'irt'~ ra,

(1tlMJ) FIL1PEANU MGt:h";,,E ~tl1lS'nU.&~ Filf~Sl~i~tldj" lCUF'9 J,;-Irrl.lt It!" II'IBt-itU,tul tiI~ arhlt.s:m;;urll «iol1 Mrncu~'1'11 amil uni'l~r~l~r f$EhBC> (anlJ~ V;

{tam OPR.tA c. 11., LUf'EI N~~1<or: .. ~hlil~re- ~~ ~:~~hnibr# 'ID ~~fri~ lEd" factll. 1975-. '" 1& .. 25

(1.018-) t M dn:G~et;ool~~. ($r; Gr~,z~, 1la,I'1:{;w ri trdl_(;eJ aittillC!rLt&r~, co;ml1lJ~~ dill 4-5 c<ilt:t,g~r" de:p.art.iciptiFn'1'i 1n~' o~ro Cl:f:i$!t~ aT11LlI'I'!tlio;1 re~;\l~ii d~ ,&~I~t.os~, c~~tl!lro. d~,iilt8:f'e. lr1tt'.lil~8 IJne! c<'lt:.etlClrii 1h "rld-d~ d;$4,·..-oltare, dluc(3 ~~,;t'I;;tpl.re-.a 1t'1 ,,~rddi5' allm~nt:.;3,1;ft'; a ti-&-.1"r'1~ lU c"'~,Qf,'-ll ~i ~it1 LJroma~tl' Ja IJ I'! I~t_:j fe:1'i ell p~!'Itl~lulwl bkil.q~i6, Uri I~ t.r6f1c poaffl fi";!lIlcmtuJt ~ill: produc!tor (~). fitd.(;l~ (jf:&ivor :;j.il:LI Coillint"Qi" CiS c1lI'1<6iU!m~ floei) ."('di rnl.'iIiJ')r.omU'li¥or,

(1 CIS, Idatfi 'pet.. l.el,!: .23

(1.Q20) r~ri e.·u lm pl'-oq~.t~ fii'iidDI3 Io::;t tili n l:*oo~nozll ~~ fI~ I'llW i mi!;$oar1t; e:~tt:. r1~etladl ~til1~troa IJ ul lf1fntm Tn l:uI'!1L!,lulractoriJor dil't l:;ioMp~ dn~ ee aepa';1l$i~-c.e miilXlm!.Jl, pJa!'lt;C;le ~~1h d~6ri'!~1L1ne"flz:tf:')J~~; ;.t~i-e net;~~.ar un aptim flZiOI~~rG.

{1.o;:llJ Id~trt pct., ~.Q.mp, 21 t

I

25

(1.022) F elctorii IUJr ua m;t itaim· rn~il( urt'a 1'l6; I'lIIi.H:;I!::~8 il'l'llIu .. Cr . I·,; I'rail !;7po,.tlllrile~·a~L1zul tU 'i'rIorll~mlw_..t; (;h[m1'o1!;' .fi tk ~UCId¢ ~ploa.taril '"e$~ll 011 ~biM; f~"." =' ZOm;clh,lI.t:tl: poJl;I.llrca QIJ !li1J~ ~wnGGri~M~ t'l~~l:liGI!:l~J inOu~a.4,e rawo; ,~. ,'to23J Idtll'i'1 rx-'b 1.00Blp. 199·20()

(10,.024) Di5-c.ohl[;l rll.!1tatl'lOi C.J:'l '~rl.a;r El J~~nr, Sf: maUr'llJ IjzOf,!zll tn P" lejll J prin pr~.aurl ~pa;t;r!J-t.tmpQI"l;l'11!:,. p~I'I"~ €:ritrGe: ,~I'~ fjWllu~re[. ~I aaM:: 1"'1> (lew,~] &tl!tw'i e.r; ~!lim~ calitJ.i t.l11S ;~mf.erwaro, ~~fI Brurre:c apreG,ali'.A d~ dloocil tinu iW"(:('.8 .!'iiirte ~1.dr.atU unel tM.:klunt;P1>t Pl~r.~;ht t7.QrTiJnuftltua .$ifM CC8Ga~ €:I'1GaUi u. (ttx.: ~"faroa unal msl ,d(: raj] 'In UI'!t1S un,t)ll F;IJl'bMpliM <,Gr1tl~ui Ie ba:z~). I), marc"~oW! ;0 i!a~rm~ro r; II· tatiV~ t;a Unt1al'l;: rl unci modlfrc.!:in caflttt:.;;t;iW (~,: .lme~ajares t;.w t;urtJl"' cUt'SJJrlloJ' ImpGrtar'l~ale UI'lW f1azlli1hidrn1~rafl~~~!an1D~1 (;8i"e8f7~iifl'lLlluldu hijl)jra'weft): D, e5t-(l rezuitatui utlor f· ~~Ui'li eiUCC:!l!§ive" ~'1d mc.Cofui aa.v i;J~I1!t~, ~U:~Gcfll ~nf ce ~ 'i'ntQro ol9 pr:a lul, ~M1U'i:tlldu-1 sau dlmlnuAI'le:j'u=1 (QI.l C~retI u ,Ill ,b:iilnc. d~ pl~rl~1I1i I'" !,U'I ec:c:tordifl311;!1l.lluntll tau, m,hJt;~ ai!i&nl:rm~ ~at:fif~ pi!n~ 1 un £11'1 U mit prag; ~Ct.l~t:;Iji ~~ t::t>.' i~ c~f1 ~ IJf1fl i &ifl"~M~ mal miijrJ d~ n~1 \"n pwU IOI1~I· clIdlnal for~ ~B'Gtprul urm~t:6r ~I d!\l~1 c;re~~,\;l, 1.lfku~ tlpt.'li, tai!';§ F~rml~5 rpulul, f.~ diCp{.DSi:ttt: pra~i~1lI1 ~ ~ £Il'1uiae !1';HI(iI!JI)= rJ. ~e ,duG,(! lP ., nooJ C<:1lita1le·~ ~ILJlul. ~tc tn 5jraJ;Ju ~i timp •. !I etJaat'$lui'lc d£I ilIl5dlnt4rlulta~i~Amnra~ Wfe; ihGan:W F-c:tmal1~f1h~~"f;~t ''''~ILl/pel5aJ. G.lJ f\Jl\1cW~,ni ;!!~8 nan CIJI~r le;.;;.;· rtliT8ral'iI'i('4'l~ ,ll'nOr vet't08F'rl'll'l~IW0,juctl\t1 pr:t}~wpu ,~ w~~JrJ rc:r.tnJ !:lotll'lseroo wt:l1e10F ~I ~ !;01~n~II'1!" Lar ~:IlP~ 1t1llitul'ii~a :c::tUIZt}JOf dr!'JtrlJe~rl!oJ·. l~ftlC~flt:lo!I aelLJiul, ~r&;1 ve_geba:rl.l, san mbarea 5Gllr~':!;ril' pe:lor. aeotfeh .. olut~~ pr(lprW~j at flllrtJlI~ lar"'Y.e~I'\· till" tulUa C"Ilitflte. eI~ UI'6111 produalv.

{f .025) 'Dill . .GoofJr~~ medluJulfnOOl1Jirltcf'. p. 204

(1.026) I~~m pa:t. 1.00811" 210 .

(1.0:;r7) Jdt:m p"'t. 1.oQ,B)v-'2~

(1.,0.28) A56~Nm Rl%>ario:' .1"'i'lh'H"IjlJl ~i, e~~lII" J&i. Wt:~rtd!.8i'r$:'. ~Sl.8-6:. Lucr1J~ l!';i' :e'pinlt W Napall (~n ~~-:;a:OOfo ~ i"e'5tetica1 Th 1973: a.48J-50. ~ privcll"t4o! i.11J ~~ dtvel"!1)~ ron:m.,dillirl aIi'!i MOtJur..a: 'flfiul: ~u c;ilrrr,p11, f,1U tfllU 11~. rill,lri. oopaGl ~.; ,0 mSTtl:1nti - dt.W,s dt:! ptim§Htt Irmliit " I t;U~t;i",at: un f1mjt ~i mlc U mill i110lre.: nI,li5 d~ ?~m.Gtlt. mtln!3a l.ll'l~e oame:t'Illlcx;u ie sc saw pot.l~(}Li I,

(1.D:2S) l~lIm prot.. 1.02B1p. 58: ..1rtLre: eel" aD-ill! ~re:itf.~. allll ftnl~~ lfIo;I1I!1i1 ~1 -11\: iitffrl~11 ,Ileiirnit.ak. !iopaflill c.r~ e.e Mlf6mu16 ea P~iliJ. t5J:;C III" ~lJiJ '\n csr~ hlHr.fr.;r:-1:"8D • firnbttAI oo1mb.in~, trtI:; uMlh ~laltA: a!:i;l>f&~ tnclit 'nl1i~t.u!. tJ!~JU'"d -~1J:.~1· Me il1fl!1I~'!.c prrn Cai¢ZI'iILdtatE~, 11'l5talJI"aM 1t1 ~. s IIm,ltt;l ~I <f n~lfmltatulliL,;'ih tlmp "c! 1rrA n·lt:~21.C::.a ~t1fiin'l bel Ire 'i m ltat$l. ,LC:q~~tlS.c:.B d l!.I~\lt'lt:m B\?a. ~ fln ltat.t; ~i ?~r f~QI'J din ~~ rf'IQpcla~[ ~nrl(ijtlt.~

(~QW) 5J\.NWT. Pierre: .Jd.tt1I~~·-1 pt;J~ar ,dill r~ J.~5 Anna!t;@cJe; Ia rC<lhm;nc ~ih~'"tlr.18>-19/1983 p. 00.-72

(~.O~1) Carta, rle I~ ~'M~'ill. , 9'8:ft an;.. 8

(1.032) F'ELI$SIEE~. Alo:lil'l,: ,,~y~t1lrt:a loa ~ri§drJ'l~~ Irt.vierta S"chJ,ique &, i'Irr,:'hiteGVur~C hr. 4ZU09. 19;95, Aw'tCrlul rtklolutui prczltrt;i 0 rotrall'uil's a F'"JI!?~I~ruluJ frill'1CdZ B,Brrltlrd L3M\il$1Ili11 OI~IJJ ~ttefDI'L\ pmtrn ~m a foot ~mf'6I'1-§IJt fill' Marc>t::: f-'rcm[u N~QltpI .111 f'atrimooiulul ti11S93, .,.Gr&Irl1l.a ll1tq~~!1i" !!i-a fflallLlst II't' un 100 uliid.., cJ:rMl.ifn fu!l1~~i"lli l1i~t6 111"I1a~l'l,I. apOl 1.1111 m6t1'll~1 IH111'M1' 'iI1 ~. Xyn ((ill! I~ Gar'~ au tl.l~~ J1~~ t::instinLCfll), apoi ~~.;lil1don!.l1 ~1 n.1ip~~jrDD .~c u~t['l:l ria1>Uffl. far arzl, ~Ili' d~·al W·I~ t~mp. ~ rncrat fi<1 df~ptUiJ 'lli:"~it1:" fur L~~.gI.1t! CI.I f'lln~ ~e' eh!lstJM&ere d\Elr e>i ~' ro.rI'I'tirrloo--w". fh lilm1~' l;ll"lt:j ,arllB I~t in""t't~tWoS~ ta- zi f!l;O. poa-t..: n::marc::;a, "fj: Jrlitan~l' II ~rii &.1it;c 1~~!iI th i'Iu%I~1 ~l8tum de tmr.afB a fidrui plait. itlloouirG pJrn.'lrt-yIIlT blift;it:orit. ~L!l1 ptwdic:, ,~:l'i (,1' imOl~lr1e: a(;ru~1fi unul ~ re:u'f'\I'<ii& ~ tal!D'i~ FBlltru pJ:"ol'tiat'lad~"". I)ac~ p.Illv:o!ll.ll ~c:1ir p~rJO;\ldlll ~~$:I1a'l.!luL -~iiJ~;3'" e.",e~r~'Jl f'e. Gru;! OJ B,bandOflIUI{Ji. L.as<~ue:; 'i'blo!St:!!'tt erl~JI.r~B plat'llJrltor pJ!'.Ii'I'Cru lJ hlr::~tntBIM~~ ~IUrl'1an~ "I~ acopml'i ~ tll~9c;op(lrlri t')UCCCilJ 1'016", k~t pt;[W1j PC atnllJ I'a ~k;li. I,1l1de '11' 6~ B1I1br~ ~ ",i':cJlIll~ ~1IIJ8b1Jrtl--ui1 Isbirint: vt:f'M. 63J:1UU Of~1 ~ f11i~u' dtl CBI'l5 ~ ~i.'lpJ'r~ (La Chanrnlid-).

(W~;3) AS5U~ro, 'R£);£!,ado: .,Scriflri de5prt'l :!iI~~ on"!~1 AmRart ~ or:ei~LJI tul Pfom~teu~ IE~. t..;i'erl&ij;:m~', 19B8. 0 IlJ~rarc C~ ~ M~a Gil 'fiG c~~ltdh,je o.rll!:e: 8ritft-ed.

(1.0'64 ) Idem ,pc;r., 1.028/1'\ 1'1" ~e ~~6

26

l~} MECHIN e:CJ: oj~!I;: ..emul ';li ~:ri;fdr.r1ih:: 'llak:: e.8!Jj M~1;"lt1oifou:,l~ p.'.lta.-.i I~t:r'lui t.enl SJi;ru: ~1f.d11111t f1"fJ11UlZd',

(1.o~6) CA05N Fram::l~oo P~8'l: .JlFstorfa d IQti E!5cltO'§ en J~'~I,t'liB1"i -" lEd. I~Wto, M d~rd t~;p.21·Z7

(.007) 5CH~!JER. CDr Fn~riGh; .. C7ratJl!":!l, 6Chi~ UI1~l tum I'!'la! roll~~ M ~ wI. . .L'latchiteG1.u·

rn~e:~J.i:lrd~liW$f<1 EU1'Qp~m I~. Ta~~IQdI1. 1990

(l.O~bj FORE. ~II~: ,.feft@rl&llil·tc,"vol.ll/Ed.Mtilrl¢!ia"t,1970"p.67-106 (1,009) CON!STANfIN.E5C1J VroJ'IC'.a: .J\rti<aqrll~lIl'IiI~~ led.Mtr',MJr~l'I;!;'. 1992. po 6,

1.0.10, SCI-'U Z 1T\lu~ ~Mttul pa ad'l$tIlUI p,etdut:.. V'e5P.~ 11.~tUra'tott£ nrhitct;tur~ ~ pet ·08J' I) iacm pet. 1,,040

1.042' Aims 1$. ~ ~u .,ciimii r.LliItrol;;rt:~~ 'olD" i!lIr.;;1t'01ti!>t:r~. XIIlll Wr~.!lgl1il (l~rcad MUI'II'1t1T

d.:n; trc I». in ".,a J u'mUt;st~ a 9tc, X1X. .

lD4'3l F!JEONAR, J,. Mi'Co~iJl6!': "Interior ~~et,rhi3't'l sp,m:t'e" JEd. B. t; fI-a~Uirtd, ltd .• L~ 1900. p. 139. prim;;l·~ .. LliM puhI1di dt' rZlm~ @!;t;ir;.ac.§ h'li1Jhi1 W'IOI' Cl,iltf!'lZitoi ftoral<l "I JJ~ruft.Jlll'1!ri1OQCi!lle. -l! mjtffzall;ft1' ~"a~m-,.5 Pert Ililt'i1ll.ofl~ra~. a fOOt;(,;Dt!t~tJd. t:A" IJdaili'1l1~ 6t.irt:o!:l ~r ~Ic"ara iuri1~1", W! ~~urt"~p~' 4t.:i!1Glhir,;,ut1~ GU Q' ~n.Ia.l.Ir51 rtlfll mart; pc Ch.o mp EIy6~(! j. fli ri~. ,.,.kllrt1llrl r.I 'H1'V~rN (f 846~.!') "are. fllil In~.li D ?reztll'iWil'l': .~'Utl~~, fl JH,s~I.et. -'Iouac~.i!lJt.tl, wMnUnr. rfl'(;i. msJ ofer~ 0 Ctiftl~. 0 pt'It~rY6.. ~I ca~ hlliurtJ. ~'n 46 m~l. e ~fm." til;. ~~.JI. 'int;.r.o om~J1t1 dm G:a.~ nu I~ 111c:~ f'.oj~~anJ p~,drihs (in ccllvH)

t1.04~} 1I:~'1. ,.A'It:l'ute!:id'nr. 4I1e9"1,p.12~11

{1D4-l} Ot.::zil1a.&MI ptD't<tltl'Io!l ~Pt!I5tlr l1>u'cit'lQI ar~i~"~f-f'6i:!;o~.aib~:'i ¥rarTce!Z~ glJ~IJ;~ aa revttnw, "L'Mh~~tll re d'/i,njo-<Ird'lhui;"1n 31. 01. 19b9 ~I splll1.l1<.lli ~. hr. 2W04. r9.59. p. 32,-40

~D45} 71'121 !l!'llQi 19;801. CllINl~uI1!'Il.elf"n~f,iIJII'ISI pt:l'ltN Glilt:il'lt:li ~rlCt'J: -ICOMD.;i'.1htl1Irli't It;!

Rore:t'lWi, dec;,ldt: 1nt:ocmll'tl~ tH'iei carU:' ·dd' pn:r....eo!!-lD' a ·er~~it.ilor ri!!tol'lc~ 'dilr ase;.t fjJ\!;ru ow ee Vll1hdrnpr:;'l 61~c1t6 1.-1 15 dl)O~mbrltI9B2.la 11'1i rru'l1 [.:'eli! CCt't1l'tc'&uju r lcQMGa a: e 80\101:. kx; Ia Vgl1l:'thI. ~.Garta d~ la VD~Fta"'Ja fiipola in ~rt. ~ ,..c~.Q ~~.t:: ijpro~j ~~:kurij din-t>rc: ct lillzhlie ~I ",.U!rJi" G3 IO;C dcra~rem~1tt- ~tr'Mt m~t:tilt:::l::1 ~l Cll~f:t;lirir

(1,046) CHOAY l'ii"!h",~~~: ,I\lee"rla p8trJmQl'1lulul~ 'I¥. 6Imi%rl" '~~8. fro ChQ<'lY c(ln~ld~l"! b~CJ:rda~.!l ~li~~(.i5a7J Ft}.rrn;r,jJ prlri'~ Oflriil ~eli'ul k.urb3I1f~m··.

(1041) HUB5AW • V. ('Il KlMI'ALL T.: •• Ar; In rOi!l~ to th'" 5w'dy cf J.au~pe: P<llt:ljJ1'~t IMt.l~mfl!r' Co.. :'917', fl1 (lWl'511a ~'rml~~1 lteOl)rd~ (luM m(ll) va apal'6.art4collJl JL~nal~pe D~rgri rt'! ~I!: UI"i'7an EI'iVlI"Ql1rrie:rl~" (Eokl;lo Gart'$t, 'Kiley, Danl"j Urb.~n tll'ld ~fr6~. J tm~5 C.).

n.c!4,e) WHliE ... STA,NLEY A.~~~~m"r Cif l,1llld$(.!:Ip!> ArohF~'Gt."m:;" IUntverehly oI1IU1'lOlh,195@:, 5IMOND'S Jolut Orm~ .l8i'l~aapc Arc~wrt.r 1M" Gra"i\ .. Hill ~. Gotup8l1Y lflr;./e61

(tC'48) CA~MI\Z NU C.to.,CQV5CIlI 11.: .,Arhtcctum pt;j(;'l;;iij~lol"" JiLitoqr;afiil' tlll~a~mal1tLllul. ~l:;;!I~~, 1951

O.O5O} 1 910 ';I~ apar~ I.a Ul'lhvernit8'~ ~~n' BW~D;,I ..A~~lJlro, ~p8j;mcr' Vtirni" ff>,1atJd ~ autor pe N~u~1lI Rloftr.Ja. ~~ Ch100r8 aF11'11900~i 'rtiGraltS ~S~I varzi". EJ>. Di4actitsM ~ f'M1li~1GI.I

~.05'l PREP,,\; M .. , PAlADiE L .,Amrt.e-cumt P~i&~~i'a" lEd. Ceree;, 19"10, ~nurnlre.a 1113 19 ~11J~'f& td~ f.:tl:f!;I~~I ~1~cl;;lv e;llIit!!'gou A ~ 1,979: ,.h~ricurtLlr:ll! Qi'i'!8,tr!i:lntal~r ~i ll'f'bJr..ecl!unl pe~e:r~t.

('.052) fIUPE5CU A~: .. ~Icnumt;e. o1c rt:l~19t.lclt h;ut6 pm:l<lt.la 1116t1tutul Jt:,gmi~· t.lJr§ ~Io", Mh'ic;:u·1rI \91B,80

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(,d'j.i:;) Bll-UMW l8'a~ .. !J'11 nauv.s:1 j)PjIrt. pou,r! ~h~'l~n, artblt aphut. 'ih .Le~t1M~6 de la ro.;l1c.i'C'i1c 1l~1nt!!i" nr.~&-19. Oiln""'. 1003. p. :':Hl [)~ I~"uk ;.cr~i!l~tt ,pe~eI5-

1.ic.~. a~bt!lt ~C~ lin F(t;i!1;.tt ~upJ i!io~c;Qlu! XVii, eo $tltla~ C,u Xi)(. Uitl m~I:O ~~ l.11pOI"'" _/ tal1~ ." ~Q~all~ £lin anti 1910. Durn C!teflal g2l~1;c de amawti iI1tr~ cele: tWullr~zb'Oaic:', MlrG'-O mar~ Fl"aliUln:i 'ot:.l,n.a~clIJ'~'. re: 5Gur&, .dUlpa Plim~ll lil:J:!lw, Mon'dflll, ~ia. <lptli ou~ra peI9tJ¥rll. IIOr pf~ teflln p1lna la di¥"l1pa wmptcu", ~CU't-ut"il pc1MJlilui" va fj·td"llMt..1i.t;;,a ~lJ! "e."ntrt, Q;l 0 "calt c'tl~Mm",ntzeli6tit;:E.l".

27

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(1,056) 'Id~m pt:;fi, Wti4tlp, 7. t:M:$.I;Iii {,,~t: trt,~'~~j.m~ i'n;<i~p:t: ~~ .~lm~!1fllwi'llk; 'OOtlPt~lOt: ~I cl.lltu~'c. ~!~qt~ m~f mlil1itd~u" predue. ~I ~"ui I)i~m ~r~ (cUn1 C ~~,) ~o 1;11 ui"Ie'l e::.;prt1~~ ·~~r.alt: 6'UyCCumta. c::,um t;~t~ l~mpajw'I,

(1.057) t~ 1~ ~~m1~uJ* conlOn'lct81hl ~mTh dOJllUnrul f'(\1~~!,I!u1. (1 .a=:J8) Iid;tlm pGt. ',054-

(1.009) rllJl:;f~l'1 'forem:rm'~CQfIS~rr.ill'ia citk:5-:.a t1cwtov4l ~~ ftzyl~ ~N~l'tam "'~Ci~ ~rc,ro.~ ,nr. ~, 07-09. '1 "9@. ~, 20. S t.UI"Hul a;f..ei'l,t;i~t<I~d M I""l'Iin ~t"~>fi!I!!l·a~ pl:tl r; ~~i'fI'I ·~mici. pt:~i$\tk:e, c&.~i,ptil1 ~~' t!1Wr~ii~. urj~~ dt:~~ a~ atJdll'llC)Ji" ~iJUZiIJ f! flldlJ~5'i:l~J p~rl* ra lB%.D~.2ftur'lt'r. .Jlrh~~um fjJiI'yj~l~", ,,afflit.!!l:tur-;,iI9OIraf"i.t' a d~it,tot I'!'\el m1Jl~ 00 pate' a~1 D ~1jtsk c:ol'u:::nWl d~I!li'A.~ oiille..a a~1IiI rN.i m Itl.l~~Jr,.~i$l'l n~(lli~1':tol'4!3k~·".

(L(YoO) CELAC Mtlri8"~, ~MGd,cli:lI'!i'a ~Lllui 1:11 ~~~ dUttlmlCllA IvaJ, $f~t:el1l~'~ ~tiilrl'[iak ~c i~lh~~

(1001) ~cMer.a ~U f:Q'.!Ill1l~~~ l'Ir. a.oo/05.()6. '996. p. 4'3" ~P~~:Io1l p.a;y~at.e,'i

(1,062) AS'!SUN1Q.~~rrm !.F'~:aa§!J1 lli~e5Ctlt,f~" I&.I., Me:rid\llIl'I~i 1S'~ (hJ'CI)lI'r~ .!!i;p.1r~ r,!l Napollln197:3)

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(1.Q~' 'd~-m po:e, 1'.~tp..64

(1.005) iSlb~rt.·JfW"1;;5 tl005'1:e~1 f.1rll1 ~Jr-,ol~t;!~ OI;l!~.!Jll,Ji c;r&iIl~~1iIil(;fWJfl~GQl1a~rI~, ~ i.Ilrm~rit OJ fnt'Ogran:: de ~~p~~ urI7<l~'~ r~to~f'cG 1'ri ~eJlf'i~T~ §~lIrul )I),f'"in tfm,p !CC: JQt11'1 NGI~M (W69-19~7) .~ PU611'l valo~Jl(l pa~~li,iI~tH,s joo~l~ al;(l ta~rsti~J, ,il1:md"l'rm.ai~ III f.1~n~ir-e~ p.1Srfilor'tntN'l rob~ifltittW w if~trequl ~(.1'h

(1.066) ~Vl~~ nUrlMt'lhm1i&" ilf. Z93103-D4.1997. p.,M.;P~:>l~~ h Gonu~l~'

(1.067) ;f}l,ys.J!~d". f!I\f':,;l:t!l9~~re ~~i.J1fiS dt: ftvi$~ ~rAr"Ghit-l"..Gt>ur~ - ~'AI'iJourd"ur' I'Ir; 2~ 1909 pJ~~4()

(11~) W~i'I'I, ~t:. "OO7~ t:}mli1rdJ ~~!J.ct. Jd'eMMU"~ III ~t'Ua~FVt:n tii"ilft;c~. d,~ dPla'$JtJ~ ol:l aOit~1 1()E din f,cu I~~ ~u n ~il~ cl:i .. VOJ' 'tt',!lIi!1'/iimrm$ p;F'·dtmd !"Calrlij!,*~ I?t[~J!JIi)1 ~,m:a c~ s.emitl'(!!. f'C ~5t-de 6iul7tilt. p~ atb&d!l ~rtP'le;e,c"t,'(I'~~G.. 5t1rtt:&1~iS tiJ "W~ SG'!l$t fuJ j)~ II\1t.;:ffflr.p~ ~'~~mQI'1IQ-~', r I1ma~~ P<!JfJA ~p.a~lu ~htrlJ 1<.11'1 pi!l~£Is~i$1l", ~tiltyU cl.l!lptl~I~~--MiC'SJ;:e1 ~lt!.l~1 ~1 proflUM f'rItSlnlllUl, Q!'kl" i~fI J'illurul WlloM· Itlil'''~1 r-.'l:~p$[;t.I,tl ~'~FcFt;utu,1 fill'lr;i;l l"6i pjQFi!:~il.

~~'a$9'} r~m ~.1,f)I~fp.200

(1.070) DOUR,..'\DO O:ul~I1r~I1'i'1C::: M$~: .. euri$ M~r'Ii! RQCUl:(i:niM p~r.ll~i~'lJln t~n1 ~ .... 1~ ..AtlIldwctr In,.. 21:HZ4iO+OO.19S4p. 20~

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11, 1999, P. 74--85 .

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Capitolul2

ATRIBUTELEI SPATIILOR

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VERZI

2.1. cATEVAPREClzARl

II 5e~"t~e ~~ "tiS! ba!Z~ ex~~t$l1'~i or~anl&m u I ul u rb-91f1:5e e.it.ue~tiir a trjp1~ ~e' U-~'Boti i ut't!,~M'e i1u htJameFilt.aie: mobil um~n - 2l'C'tivif..ate Lllmait~ - ~~ af~tit, C~ 1ft'; .~~ ~u~t WI1:;r-I;Ul O"'n'l'ti ttu IJI praoo!1;i ae tmnBIIDI"fI'1':U"(l pflit! i~reQt1di}i~Mr~" (?OQ1) 'Mo"i1urU~~ ftf11cpJ6,~t ~Cfo~ul ~rm.~rrt,.~ gf"up~(il'ii 111 '*~ Lwl7aMl\l srBi ~,e i1"l8nifegCa 'i'n Bpa~~i proprii. CQ,n'U.B'ne ~~lU prjn OC'!Jf~d r.em~rare' ~,aUiUI1t" om d~p:t~£Mllre p~ ~rr:rft'l:ril:il m~~ulu~. '6sajuH!td: ,a~t.f~1 121 «actlVitili:t:J u rl!,ii 1!1 ~'{ aJ n C.!lI Fe I1'lPlJ Orit~tc-81 l~un'U< c:sor~ on.at~ dleinli1lt:[t-lr~H~e ~ I t~rIIM~~rii~e' albjl~ ~ 6C-OOOp~~,gtt5ttlJnMI ur~:a~~, dar ~'GtJi !liIi,o~rt84"na't,iltHu:w" rnul&. mrai red~~ ~j 1't1 ~,~n~rill;1 f~ f',iI UrrM~'ri pelJrtiru;I1l:-!!:'. P6ntru 4e5'f.Si~ ~~'J;arotU:ile.~~1:Qr' a!atlvlt~1'j eel i5it'lrv6~Q OO~i!lctrvJt-a~, 1M ,afflr~ t.J ~ pa'rticip'aJ'~)ll lJ~Mia, ~fm.!l~t tW~'l"6l"11ljIQ~ce.!,In s,avh,Jlf6p~lt (1< m.lpra ii'~ in'fr-a9~ructUirA, In a~6Z~ p8. rtJ.t':~pa rs mL!ltilp:~ liiWr1i fJ i'p.a~ji Ie: IItJrz;£ ~ re p.ri'il1 'l'trsu"lri1fer !o,r ~ em:~le '-\i!&t1~ur.a. pol' fa'llSe ~'a,fjp,!il~Ur d:~ CJ!I"'~ vorbe2lll mali tM~!nt.e,~r 61r:11bk::rlm tut (2.002;, 'G6-~ Va ~~MI. ~:!i fieqit mllilil cliar.,n~ p$ntru a~tlviUI~~ ~u apti¥i,~It ~~ive. PtlltiGipilnd :pnn 'iMsiJ~iri. Mu mal pM~ fi \tQrba tile .. funct-mc~· ii;pa.~i1M; r lIe'rzJ ~i1 U ,dj,e "fu M ci='1Dt'113 i ~tst~&I" 21O'ootom (2.00~) ci de ,8Itri "u'P~l,tll lor', ~v~r!tl, 'ij-! vW"re ea fu n c1'[a udlsru'!i, t.a~ C-e'El care ~~fiil1e~'lte r-aJ ILIl Wl,1 or:<\l~ 'lh ~1"ufI'M rnf'6Jlua d610caJ it-J~i.

ill $l rr. a~BlfIt. ~tlPit.o1 '110m fo~a~i .tdrm~w'!I.II, awtau.prfnutar de ~p'm;;d v~rzl,~~' aV'&;i,!']d tn )ltll!dJt!lr~ .ej,ait:.rll~l!.rf:t:~e ce: I B· '!Iom~nail iza nu prl¥~c k! U mai I, peiMJu! amecnaJEtt oJ ~~ p,e eel Tn 6ti1rc ~n~atlc& ~u pc eel $UPLl5' tH'I U I r:-egi'fi1 t.i};f~t&lr~G£lflOJ1'1rO (ltH!lt?~'llflrnn~sM. pIZlMt>a,?ii ~:(li pmtBctJe. HV~Zl4:WI)'

.' C~litBl'He 5p<!i~mot wrzi au foot; apr~c.L~U dHn. t:eh:t mai VellS!i1i ii''Ip;.Hi, rna I a le&S 'WI reritOl'iI~E:: unde 'Ie,qctat.;ieil 21Vl%1 OQ"d ~ i faa rte ,At~~,!?~ Wi1~",t1h:;i t;lu mai ::liu~riniJe dl eri1i a®~mUatJcul ,;pari'll'~h;,'U~f' ~v~zJ €ap, 4), Ma'i mutt. ~eS'Ol1\?i~er-a c&i~JPi~~n~p'.r#~i~'ull;a 'r{::! d.i!mu~t.l'1at~r~ dJlc.~ 'M era PGPulat:~ tltk"t e-live~~;s d tvin!tJ,t; 'c!t. ~i ae'oomeni (2.oD4). inct$u I au 1h~u Ii' ,0 ~tll au d~olMrba a~rk~IJlturfl (Cfl,td~~l'le.~ MQm$l~~ dulP8 ceepuiza:3~u $SiianUJ':iI 1;lf'(~r'~~riu·pr'~t1 rrie-J~)j C'r~~rB;a P9pui~r~1 ~i lflft1UI't:lr'El21 ~"ra~elar (~vor Gel"t a oonti nU~1 ~efr~~arn: a pad u rilo.r). oa,m:ea-di VOl" tnc6~'~ 1n~tlle~~Ji ea alB<n6rozi~ "~tun~ Ir.wat~ i1 n1W11t dimit1u},U ,~c Up-pa die 'fI1teJt:pCifune', tfl ~'6B5." Tn Fral::l~. Q lege: ViI: jnte~iG,e: ,.~it':rilc rafiw.,ift:l zQnel~ mor¢.a.nt: (du,pJ!, ce .I'j!.liiV,l,l"i:; ~c lrIu I'1'tk"1iH ~rtas-trof~te .altt) ~oonutu I) (2.00,5). Atitudlni 5imHare varapa re ~i Wn U'cof~1!:! uml~t~UI'l", i7t1 a~te ~ ri. La 11'0,1. k~jn I0I11~8Cu4(3 I~ 61;a~ Vill fi p~ mul "calr'6i, 1r'11B62, \It! ~t.r~~e aUlf'l'~a~Upra prit'l4::;jp~lek:w1n~u*?iri ale padtlrH (de produc~rt.. ~ll~ro~Q.8iM'j a~lti.ojliClZiori,altt ~al1ftar,a, ~H oot~ic.J_). Ace.~ua vor fi r'oolJ i'JOOr w~~i'in primul Cad-5i1vio·,Un 1861 iar1h O~! din 191(100 'int.roauQe: ~~ l1~llJM:em ,ae «~dul'"l ~~ prot~~r~" «L'~g4lEl~~urlror dee prqte~le» ,rHn 1;3:;5, I~I ad~tl'!la I~ pwve~r'Ut: din t910 ..... pldurir~ ddc;larate mOnUn16r:1te ale 11\iS'tUfiji, rezerv,a~nt: ~iUf;t ('JI~ hle.~'tUtul_ d;e "oercetaf1 fOfe@tiero, c~1e I~~ae&are p"ntru .fgliena !?~

~tare.a Gat'1lt~r.a :;a CcH1tf'elClr populate. ca ~t pe rlCe:liiliil cal"e p;-eZil'rta 0 -me8mn~= tate ~k:o~ebit~ per1trLJ eGte'tid~ i?i turlsrri", In 19:8.0 ~e~Jul1!;1e~t: i,a definire".a urml'r'""iAOolll rolet' l-It.ril7u'te ,:::ll e pad IJ ri I or (d en u mi ted e eilvicultori "ru net-Un}: prod uctiB {v~~la ~t ~nim~I#i), hiarol0\3iCa, Rrotec~ia !5,QJ u ri 10 1':, t:llrrt1~"tica, ~a ita~> recreatJv~, decar&l$lvAi~ :fi1;ritl't::-r'fli$~, .oIpreGlJFF1 ~i Gea d~ corH~~t""I,faJ:e a IntrturU {~tl 5Tg,~mul r:ezerva,[;WQr. patrcu'ril,or n8t'Jonale ~i na14Jr~t~" (2..006). E!rt1!3t.11 ~~ oplnia c,a L,~Ic: ,l10lJa .. ful1~f" ar :plJt~iI fi I'"~U!5e 121 troi (produc-Pi~> prot-e:otiB, sovJala) 'Bau chlar fa una (~ociaH;I. deoarece ~~te: n5ervioUid' afertw de n,lijltura ~e llI?lt"e$~:di ~Cllect.lvit~·~ii), Pc: l'C:fiMut t:;;~,ap9rt-yj 4eter'mit"~&lt 1n Mf;Lr~ille ve.g,e:tal LJ 1 CJ Ii 11 Ewe pad,Ij:re~ !/i i e,J irr u~t~mgle d·~ceni i, ~flcGie.I'iI~ ~co t'wm tea a c,cdat Idcui r t:fiCiert~ei ®Clcialt (2.00'7). Din ~ac~tb_j tt1 ~:ara m.?~~tr~'. e::rec;teltl alo11l,rm~t1~ te ~ml1ala.t6 1n 1991.''\'rJ c.adrul cele:i £Ie a Xli-a Conferh'~ de ocrotJ'rB at l'iat.!Jrii «OmlJll !foi rnuntele» nu num~li c.i\i t'1U e-au amelror2r~ i:!)i .dimpo-trlva {2·.008). j,:;:r-r a lu n ecan I e ca't;;:le~t::tofa 18~6 1;ertWI, dfn ultim n aMi cot1fft"m~ a~ I"aVill'e;e.r cone~ci n~Ior.

RCVfl::l1il1a I~ te)11a:tica ~pit.tiluluf. am prd~rat. Itl faVDar~ Ul"lei IPf¥;wnt;~ri elrl;.:lliitta~ ~l r(i:rt.incnt~. parcurg$rea ·t:lJturor1rJf;u~lrI'IDr ot:: pot av8.(!l II_m rel rr 1.1 mmts r l"r1 GoITeri"bu1"ia 6stet,lcl C I ~j 11"1 cea ll'l;Hita;m. mujt m~ ~ a mpl.a.

II' Nu ~-t!'l jn:e.~t-at mal n-Jullt. a:~upr~f ~pt~ ~Da.f"e'Ct'l ea va reap~re1t1 aten~le1n capltoiele lfI, IV!fj1 VI.

• Poprte C3 plcdh1d d,c la reGamal'ldaf'~~ lui ~'OeSirio AE%~Uli1to (2.009). ''li:eCZlII'''B atrlliu"l; ar fi t.neburt e>a rle COt1rrui'lt.at 6U ~pa$!ul. lccul ~j trmpul. eel tnz:1 det.e.rtttrn&lWt~r al @I'l!lfia~.ur~rii fe-nome;t1uIL:lI \I~etal. o!.~r &ilClSa!%a arf CGrldLi5 la 0 oo,lridcre prea mare a c.apitQ~uJur.

2.2. A'TRIBlJTlIL SANOGENETIC

~ ~ v .. .

2,2.1. 1MBUNI,TATfREA MfCR.OCUMA7~Uj..l..n

Efec·uJe e.par~~ilor v~r-zi ~~ m:al1ifeed ~t "dlroct. e.t~upra' co!!"plJlUi Ill'lrlaM cat 1?i lndlrcct.. prfMe:reatrea unoIF' ~"tiri Gil ce~ d'e calm. "una r:::Hep02i-pFe;" fuCant!re. CZlII"t lar rilndullor au efest~ po:zitive &lGl.lF'l"a !7t,arli ,gensraie ill ol"gaf{,i~mulul. In c:ot1til1l..Jare VOl" fi prezetrca-r::e aq::iuflille drrect;'3':

• Producel'e.a QX'gel'w/,lJI ~i CQtt~umare:4i blaxJdrAt.l1i ~~ csrson: 5e:~t.ie eli 1in procC;:'!'l'uJ de rot:oe1h1'[;e>m, cu . .cat-(.;su'Itrtateal de- biomae~' eeo"te mal mare. cu alt-2!t !M dC@ljEi m2li tl1ult 0 i?i :;7f: G011!3U1t'la mai mutt C02. aport).;]1 princlpa11h .;lice:5t prQC:~E1 &I'{~ndu-II ~~~a lemnoZJe(.i prin' 5!tJpr;2Ifata .fit! f9llar.a. StudlilB a)l:.at~ re acearm,~ tema au si;;abiHt oa"pe rrtru o.bfil1~rea une i tone de ma~J l~mMaBj !Ie u,tilh::eaza 1.,3 t. C02 eHmm~l1du-g-81.3 to" 11b'6)"'" [~r .. on h~(..'ta,t' de, PJldure".d~ proauotuv'vate e7LJP,:::noar~. pra.;:tuce'll1 med.le.1D t.oxl~eJ1'!a'n (p£lna lSi, 20-40 t oXigen/?l1lh pertoad~ c;.ufl'1'i1il'1~r'ii cret;;>"Ur-ii curetlte) ~i c:on5um~ 14 t C02/a-n _(5-20 t CQ2!zlri). 1n zillefe cJldumase 061 '~oafel>·1 h~ padu,re e:~imrttW 180~220 kg oxigen .\Pi ab~o~rbe air.J aer22D~280 kg' C02 (2,010," AV~Md'iiMl ~Bre ca ?n ultUme1e dbua dec~:l1ii.. GIIJ t:Date; rtla$uHre: luat.e: pbn~~<ro.a C02 !r11 ~t-rno6fer~ 6-~ .~diciltln unele zone ~;I peg,te 15%?i cam acelli1f'i timp ~i coneumu,l d8 qxiGbn a, Gre~cu't. mal ~,It;:el' din c.i'i.uza nailer tel'lnoirg,iI {2.Q11), .!lI p.61nrc~. D il"Jocesrta't;e reco mtll1dla rea .. J ~ a mpl ivica roe .i7J' iiilJrt'alfit;~:l m ;GJ$[V8 ~O.l'" pi a n:t?l,t~ l;Si 'i'n ~cela~,j tjm~ de; gilfldrre a tlltLJl''Of COmp9fll~t1teIClr \llei.r.t:i ale ut"Dalt1ul,ui ca un e.coe;,i~t.!':lm."

!! Din 0!lI dou,1iI jlJmlltatB at aCf}Btui eecoi. i,nfluen~a pozj"tiva a!5upra st~rii p6ihice a ImHor 1'l'.ega't-j'l,Ij e~tB . .!'.lIpr6"C-iad d"e to{:;i ~pe'"c;.la'li~tH. PiiJduc,:;:rea lor' '!3e: data roaldl 8t~t g~rJ1d:t:a!todior de i en I ana 11lanJ cl (t'1i::t:r;elc otism r ceo ce,l~

30

tt;r:.VII:1tct8. r-adiaf.lile ~'IJl;re;t;a_tf~Jor 1"'lIneral~ diM 501 rulU ale apelor mil'le.r.ale. ~~~r,Q"~rl!e e:i~rT ce) o~t, ~l v,ef}~al~i$i ~e:m noaiiW;; Gti1 re Frii n F1"Ooe.~LJ I d ~ f~wviola! cor.uibuie ai ~a 'iln m8£lUrii 5uficierrt do mare la iOMtZillre:a aerulut Mai ml.Jl~ .. '" virfutilt: ~~c~ al~ rlml7tJluli frl.H1zeior l'I1ij'I'OOi!'l'50. ~ ~numite 'Cc/t1dl-yll atmO!f&'lce. !1';k:eJaAirctlrea "lec.-~ric;~t-it~Ji di r1 eoJ. 6-2.1 Lilitaj~ilLt. d W'l.rai, p~ ti mp Ut1IEitit, m@i 8'~5 dfmlnC';a:ya ~I §BanJ, l1umanul .d.e' ioni u~o,ri e:Ste..61M58bit -616 tM.,fn ~d,uriled~ plM. De a.sem6nc~, atr'a lun~ull apek",' ,ae-munt.e 111111 apropri~ ciderlh:o::p ~G~r:al' P8rtf,C;U I~!e de Bflla pulven~JI'1~J iau rClI1i,irq,zitWi din aer, I;!~~fi::l dr 2itl'tlo!.?"fii!l'~ de:vlne: mai b-~t~ ir1 iDJ1J M.B~tf!,l't'· (2.012), rn2ot1'ClI~ pol ~j aep~f'irea rapQ~uh:ri 'I.Bi' (~ani ~po.zit.IY.ilio!'li n~ativi) ~uce la ,;8lpariPla !lIt~rlf Mdt'I$hH,B anat"t11'~ lG, 0 1?r6~6'lnop,kti rna,-j ih1 ~em t1,j1lta 8 i~n i iornsg~tivr, ~!7tei

ne Vtm~~ ~~~~ faclllittla2J a6i ml[am81 fi'llrul u I (favoriL1ln~ ptoducerea tlf10r ~ni::fme de fier): 15t.tl'llilule:ad· mc'"WlIl;ioHatl1ul ul"lor col"t1lp'LJ~i "U 1n&dt con~fnut ent: r~ic ~u a aci2:ilor nuc:le:isi. precum ~[ S'El imUa re-a Q.l(ig~.fJ:lJ'lui ~i p'Ota~ IUltd (cl'\.."'8.G.i11d ae-t:ft:l put.c:rrGil;:l! de munG~ ~f runt! diapo.zl'pi'e): _aCGe1eMJlI2;~' o.xtd,a'i"M iero&i'mina'i - henna - din a.,'l-n:ee (r:-edUlc~f~a concenitt3t-ieil aG65tei.:'ll ,s\('tlit"ld un ~a Ih11~jtar ru;up~£ii6t.1'lrnulrui nervO!i) (2,013~ .

.. PrO~!I1C;tH1.W de; 02'01'1 (alst,uri ~Cl .ai:'fi .factori. partk,lplll16l: ;;i t:el"61'" ·M din r.i!?il'l;J confferDTor) e5'te ~ e.a b"'11&Hca d&oarccc ,03: act.{v~z~ amsfli8 din ere <at:Jitirl"l: furtifl~ 'illJ, m~ns,tlS 'IIr£alrtalW fii bunil!i'>I~e~rtFle:lL@,c~iQ~ ea un narcotic u~r (reduc,1iInd iritabilitarlfaa)~ e un pU1:6r11iGeJezoaorl~ t,

_, Influ~ma tempet·at.urii. fn 2i1a16 d~ vara. ctInd in6ota!-ia ridr~ r.emp$ ~t.LJnlI cOr'pulur ~;i:ttM a~la"i timp ImpJ~i;c;li ooe;jal"t3ii! flIC~OOJi! in exterlol" (apar~nd '-etarea de rrJo'8(1'ir-e. EJufocar(3i) .. Q ,zona plantatJ r6duct: cu oiteva €J1UI~ ~iQeI~ c~ldur'il dIM 'ti.er~lfIul ~e,c:f'~rrr@ (2,0114) ,r d~~p-ar e:fe;c;.t;eie t'I~atj\l~· ~6'i mtli-C ~;': organl,m. larM, aaitoli"ita proce4llrl.J luJ de. futrefac~jcolun 'sttratul ~8 frumw oMtJt. !a eldl ~j etcplillli GL1re~ilor! ,~ ajiung_o ca futr-'un n'lSI~':.iI1 plan&at, t$M~e:ra1;uI!:'8 00 fte tTl'.i:lII ri~IGati1l, c u ci:t6va g[rade.,

" Diminua~~ vltezei tk: a6,plaecare a acrului, VJ!ntul prov-oac8 "'~IItii~, der;l;'1njMza l..U1el\~;: ,.actil/it'..a~I. pojuea.u prit1 ?mpJ"al~tierea f?rafului •. poat.~ ~l;Iui 1811 ,aparf1:la 1~9C1i i eau. 1m ramie puwrnlae. e5U :penculo5 pel'1lt:ru cardlmcl f'1 MtWrot.ioi. Mae,ivcle sau pcwdele:le. M~iile I'la,ntau on c:amibjnafi81 .i'l!wri+arbupti). pot; dimirlU~ !9aU ~nul;Jl a.t<e'~-t..ecfcct.e.

IJ li'1fi'rJen'tama graduJuide urn/a/tate. PI,e1lt1u1f;Hle $<Ull1t irrdh'::;i!l!'~ ttlSli a~ ff1 zone Ie de cAm-pic. alrl~~~ expu98 ul1'Or curef$i pB.fmsnen'fi, undt um~~tcar.ea '601:8 ~a oo~ ~oJWte. Ef~ct.t.J1 ei" Gti .stAt mal evident. C,U oat 6U!F1raf~ere (,AJ ~eta~-B'k!m"vl1:lle..a 6UI1:t m.if mmrj ({;ii9lJ1ll"lt. ol"gani~m "ei5tem",

2.22. fMB UNA TA TlREA. STAIi!:II PSIHICE

tl1l afam ae tWf8Ctela pGiZi'tlrvc e~n1nalatc (,~atara'te rnd~tnului, ozonlJlUi, pre'irlt·2!mpi'naril inoolafjel ~. oUtrenfllQ.r p1..fc:eri1iciGiB ~ejr), M'~~·eta'fia-mtl'l ~.fite contriin.!'i J@ etar&a de adm .. 5arti!5ftl'ct:-ie:, mooli~"je. j:"ev~rte. priM atrii;u,;..em ~;\1t,~ forma It}, r.::rD;t1'1i!irt1c~. o,tscthte. ~n a 1tt::1e !Sum 81f f cele '60 l1o.rn ('f~~ ftlJ'l PirUl1zeJQt". cilt1t~cul, p~rUG.t'J. Pot 1ndeiP~'~ ~tQli"i,~e; .:!1,e;Wnic", (1rnfjJruorare, suparare. d6]pr6l&iuno. t<ria~) farms ~i Gonturul C1:lrQ8m3i ~I aiapunerQj 'ramurllor. A!St Fe]: • rormdlaoiumntlra a coroana:~' exc;:ld. tnde . .al.nlna la a.ct;irUn$~ dezvolt~ fantezfsJ jn~ $dl1tlmcntt: bolcrnnt.) (5e pat fufo~l: pJopl pi i11lmjdiii II" tufa collJmf1i!r~. ~tejalrl fae.tJ~i11'rJcu r.amur~~ In e!.Ul:i. chirpa,t"O,i); • frm1'i8 conloli, f'rlcteamna la undinamif;m c.il1d r-amurUe ~n't1h 5U~ o:j;iU d~clan~zli nlom~nte

e%ci~nt~it1~libatQare c'snd ramurlle 6Lfl"rt·1n Jo~/pendente (0~ ~(]t. roJo@! r~~jHOa.~e~c;:); ,. forma sfuricJ declaI11~eaz~ .cah:n, eligur'a'niJ! de S~M (tr1~tl:i1tatf'>a .~:pecJHor f:oio~ee'; ,. fortn.fJ wrrbmlar~ "margtI1rtJi"tl1 ptlrt~a d{: eus cte 0 linie . t! pr:Qf-l pe Gr'izOnTaJ!at ca.lnne.az~dZ1lr '?' i ocmte:?i'C6"I rn;oftth-:I ware t.t'ie~!iJ ~e retinOl; C~I fOrtrl~4t pe ndente: (B~I.Ci 1" . .a r~~ rI p langatn ri ~"a.) ~I tontu t'1J rlla LJf?or nere.g IJ [;:)11- re, due; la 9't1l:ri de calrn da.r ~j d¢' md$lf'1oolie, pa0rlllt·ate. rnhlbaro 621u chtar .. t:i~ I!enurr~are. Ltl ttxth~wl'1a ~eill1b:!ltt'iJ" fo!1tla'e prei> veI.riEl.te, t;1J .C'ilt.ev~turFlnl. ,par. d~f1Zl-mr>4,:t:I,~ar1h .ce.l@ Imal J.nUlt¢;C6lIUri 'rot ~'tE1rni nelirqi~U, a{l!t~te;, Nlci i(#£iPU' rler~a' 'Ve.tlefarfiei ar~borJC'Dha(.:bl,l·G'iCioole nu rJimilrne f1!lr~ e<ao:u prtn reoeP4ionama ,ac~rt:e1a: Ultlrriil@jv drntt"~6 !3Trfg:lJr~ £?,p.t'!de:. GO obul1.ti~mre d~' ve.aet~~ie. ~J' d,i;r aG:1fl~~r ~'~1;~, indl.u:;e'li'n pri'iitQr';:ee:ntim~l':i'Uj¢'l d~",m~r,:e~le,~i 't&?fl!G!e:?i ~1;..a;re.a t1e BIg ur.anc~~. fuc r~d~r~ ftlr fiarpe!c: prc pr'rj,opt,i mt6im. (c.a zul !J n u r m;m &dV d,d:FoiQ~~" .r;.;Qt!1paJCt'ir!; C:UI -. ;ad:;ill~tr; ~a1J a.! I,Jnuf.;a .de: mlSflid, .~a(JJ bm:al)~ 0'; pad1ure r~ri;t~" d~ ~«:iacl" Ctli~ .a rbu~t;j) e:,l;Ja'I'!;;e~n.i!! l'if~d~ utl'1'bjr~--1 umklit ~d.u c...:: I$! 9~:re;±ll ~e relacX.a.re: un ar'ttore b~t;t;~iti eif.l),J. un plOlp ~.QHtar li!tll1l'lfl irrtr'-Q pfijr:pt6',~,eol1erQ~.a:~ '5$lU p~ cu I mea u ne:f molli le, pot; fudl~pta ~~nd LI M 1~"6pM Iz<o~r~~ zlt1:a rnlcie- Cwmatjoa IEl r~l1du I ~j, Zi re 1M maJ~ritat&a .am ~i ~Mt;l:.fri lor, efecte.: pDzitJVti, peflrtn::1 W Thr:!i~~1 YeMele ~S¢t:;«Guloalre.,;l!l'p~!"~t1~l"» .. Ev[~~J1t;, ·c;.iJl@~lllc oal~e .. 5;Ul1t calma~ dar mad a!~@ ~ mLlI,::i!'tive~ rl2il '" ft'it.1r'" un ,~m ~r ~I'rt. ~E)d ioa~ iwlikii. medI:t"':r~le.l, Cu ICl","j It "(:.!pa\·~~ro VOir ·fl·evftarte (pr~aca:nd 'irr;t.1:lir¢a) dijr ~,j verd~IE: fci~~ fntht~. aI.M~I~ tml. i'hCNul (at!! ~1'4lrneBc t.ri~), cm6r~ur, dlvet'BBjtl M~.6ts t'11J d~~fn.d nurnal 4a:~rIlJJI ~mbr~n1iai bfcrit d¢i; v~ge'~r df ~1t!~at;rHi.1UUle c:e~ul O~ '!!.1~. Inolu:~c 1n p:!lr~21j ~c~J";l;l,e~r irrtrovencWt,;fliI8lU e~tl·DI,I.ertlt.. timrd ii'<lUJ curojo~. om tde ,ac;lul'W ~au v~ooWr. 6i-t': l'r6'1i'enjeW}atJr-b~I1~c' {!jo~U rural.Ji •. nivel. de cLJltura :pl m~·i t!llcG ~ta 1;"1%1 r5i h IC,Ji ar mqmentLJ l.uiJ,

2.2.3, REDUCE.REA GKA.DULUI DE rOLUA.RE

• fn caZl) I poluar'-ij cu pulver{, .P'&l,r;tk:ul~le tioHde din at:lf1li:l6'foeta pr~~ WI~ (.lip 1n~~'l"illJ:~fl pFeh~qF~~t aM~~21 cam bu&ti b] lui U [, ~tlrp;LJ l~~L'a (2.G16) rutJera"aGticv~tate~ popL.I'lafJei e2< 016) ~ . .a~. pot pr@~ wc~ 0 lm pu rifi C;il'~ tf JitC~eit,~ja p£lna 1~'BQ-300 o~l mar mare (fLltrQ'[;ie,cl~ profrlul. m;illHmCia, Qira.~ulur ~i .c.alri'1lcterle.tlc;i'l~ cadrului nJi!'tura1~) f$lta de ~~ d~ d,rJ;lelupra unul t'!1W1te salU eI lInt,i ~ p'e, tn IU rma unar !51}u~~i. ~"'~ c:Ot1.e.tElti}'t. o~ fix~ re'21 ac~w.~ d!?rted'e 3- e ori 111af 11'l~'ir~ pt'f~upf'~r~~tI~. ib[ia'f;et.tileciat rC'·c;~le I'nt~ lar 6fj~.al'ditp1P.ili tn' ~i'h1'i1",1

~ • ....., I f- . ~ v" ,. +~ D. '" ·1'

O&llZ~ w,JJe mal xr,ma a rJ,)l t:ilu~e .,palroa Be , au I"l~ur~ pro~m:n'l,m'h'o,. . ill pa UI'III

autolr'r~grillldur tile·.d~p~ff~f'i ~'tl sL!Jpr,a:f~'~~: de 1 ha pa~uro~ arf unmatorul6c;. tJ ·F~€,. ~j,ar~ 42 titir" 00 tlprt1'~Hve57tnu 3D :t!moUd. Tf"ebovl.e r~lrajt ctj c.e!e> mal p~ri eL!I o.a'!l)e 'jVamou I e ::3!L! M't ael~ ce 't'i [J delr.a',?e$C :3 'mIcronJ. ~01lI re pot: fr r:~ii1 ute 1[1 a Iveql~le pn.! ImOM r-e .. ~ r p~rr¢U~DarS3 ~Jl !imanerrX;~ r;!:.J nt' ~l palrti GU IdM d~ 'p~um1:?; zinc, rnersu r e.a,

~ Tn cazLi! fa/ullrN c,u .gaze. P~cl.uc~taJ'lfi &1JJifft.~pre~ l1umetQ~i o~f1ia-1 Tn~i mm (i<1llf ~tl) dfile 'f1~ alJdM~5ta t$m.~. d i t1 :ce: m .r;;~ moil m ulte.aiblu rrdjL~.ie. datt?' I·oil zi).'~ &:1c~Jvfsl ~I C6.1t~f].jZI'rri:le .d,e eJl:ze W:!dDe-- em~n1 ~tt:, 0 ~~~ml1.~I~m d~2!:F~;)i pra~wlpl'rni~jy C~ f?! c€lJI ~:;;;:~c t;~b,uie;;;'lllta~z~t. ~ I~ cti.lZ ja ~:Ll;l._r{ql ~La.riiii!r di r-lBpindure (c&' .dt'lp[l'ld:e de'1t1~l1'irrireEl de·l:1Il"Idelhcepedl:mat"la'Pna. nil"'Gu~<I'I~j:a a~Lllul~ C:6ftf:'i~ura~j~ a,mp~.tli$am.ei1wJuO. De retlrl1tJ;ti, t~t:·c a~'~i it1 ·aG.%!§~~ !3it;u~Yl~, ma:g,w~16 pltlfltate pot fI ooo!erite. D~exr1l111 p~u: un Gut~l1't ae .I~e;r pol u~v. CQt"It;.J,nand 0.1 mglmcf,02. te.w ffltr~ oomptet dac~ tYtiw!£iiMza ~e'l1t (C:Ju 0 vitt:~ d:ec;irCs 25Jw/h}Q·p~dlJrc,d.eJ 1 hBl ClJl1.$ti1a_Jll:tJldiil1.st~j{ilr de: v~rBta mt:0lB,

32

• 111 caz~1 paluJlrii eonore .. fui1c~i~ di i~n~itate .~II freGV&M:ta. ~~rB- 6'U es ,,_qomatull.li. p.a~rte provoca: 'dureri de (jape. 6Ca~~reaau'ZuJlJr €i&tu chl:allr fl r"~ ~ierJillrta ~(1)ml1>IJ!lJi •. I"l,eHt1'i!?t:e ~i grave tulburari (d[gea'tiVtf, c:embraJe, aan:lEaC~) MlJ pie~e~a r:a"(;iul1ii. J:n M,area l5i"it~'rrie>, uHull'iiil1 patru b~rb>Sl!t:r ~;i' ll11S .~ In trClE re mei sufer-a de nevrQza~ r::iatorrcl pc I ua:rH fo 111 ice. f n .c;alrtierelCl' zgott.O't.!?iil,F;e ~rr:i N,~w'Yolr'k ~.~~ CQr'! !ltatat- rJ' ~l~tm&ln~.· d efici~ri1ia: 1'rl 'brg~~re~ IiOpii lor ~ i 'WI de.zvo Ito;lI1"e"aI IOIf'j !1Ulccta.:lal~:· ~ n fi1 .;;IOOfit csz, cautareZlI U,,"H.li rnffle;~ diu a Clll4dutil ra unele prppunert:' 0' f~~lc: pla:lritat~ de 200-250 m ~~1iirtlt';""m ~'&iMtateal eursel ~SlU .xhlval,e;'l1t,l GEl efect de atenuare, cu fudepal·tar~a. 1'r1 urtm 2le!:richiS. 1,i;I 1800-2DOD r11 de; fac-!£),rul pDluiant.; ,rp'en:~ea de: ptif~cvi;e eLI 1MJt'l1'ea dt!25"30 m, formf.(ta ~il1 5-6 randurr ,d$.arbori. ae.igura 0 aunuart~' a zgOlflotlJ t j tn me.i:4ie ou ,8 decib,eU pentrlJ fLecare lrBi Ml'Jd e a rborl (2.017),

Eet6fd6 alt:erl'~Janat dl1'n pt"oG~tH"d drll p.QI'u~re;f;:ictorU mmetl.roloaiQI pot .:lye.&! :porld¢:r~ "fn ~e:m nat-a (viteZ.af?i diri3.G'fia va nt'Ll 11.1 i, tUt'~'LI ~e rrl'a .. ae&lq::.a. '1'M.~r6'1 u'n eli ~rmft;~, ~"n I~ rea) ~ut1~te de anuttdtif:' t;ol1~ tyrr I,oca!~ .PohJo11Irtlai ~ cr:t~1n cazl.1lll!mor·ora~e it1du~t.riale a~",z~te: pel' vai (o.azurUe< RB~irJJ,; Coprilil Mlcal V!!.lh:::an, T:ill"rlaVtlfii', Cottlsrnk;; ~.gt.) fjoau1'r1 d6pree.runi (caz'Jrile AMlna, ZWtf'la, fU&tI, fetro?,iilII11, Cluj-NapoCz.l ~al.), Evia(;Mt c~ ,¢)fectele E1l:lcLvd ale p"lu~rii (al~r~ii « d~re'gl;ri m~l?olice. afectarea tll'1vr Clr~al'1¢: 6.!3lJ cltctat1~r[ de cai'lcet) pretil1Cf clilmfhsrM 6L1n3,ei!?1 nu ter:.('Jpeut.rca pri'n "gf'a~ii verzl" •

.2:2.4. EPURAREA MI'CRQBfANA

Cerce"taroa a pu~ 1h evld6r1f~ f.ap:tlJ I ca arbori i a.u prop:r,j,ettlit,e,a k a eh'ielt1;:11 t1[~te: ~~ ~eUll'tte: wi;!:lti ~e::: {fitpt1cld~) "caire contr'i puir1l la d~ ~ru~ert:a I.J n or erlJ~rcj ~r bact.~(1ii; lncluelv aC61Qr g6!t1.~atoarif:: a u.i10r b-ol1 g.ravt;l GtJll1'1 ar -11 fepra tjroid~, "'~rterja" t.ubet"ClJlo:za etc,' (20m). kea.~ih:;lpt.H"at"e racl'l c,a'lno]1rtmo5- -'~r~ m t1~iIQr'l'nali:1 tOil! ~,l ?e~:6upl1l marli). c.a.ntit.$Irte)il ~ DaDt~rll ~.a fi~~r d~ ~~ 1QO ori mal mi~ Cal de:a~~upra marillorora~'~. (Li'lI F'21rJ,s, pe m.~u:Ue ,bl,Jlev~rtile' :ie'$IJ u nee' liS 570 mif ~a,c-~Briilrll'lc ::1.fr::t; 'ih til11p ce in pa?ureili Fpl1t~ll'lblM:u. t::lei'l~lti?lteil5Cad" la i1um.6I,150'-55:bacterii/mc!)

E vtd~n1; 4Ji;:r:d ul Cj~. poil tJh) reo V.l.ll ri:a:~ de: J~ un Qra ~ loa a ltui. fu t'l~.~ de m~rimea aceflUJial. profllul !j.~Uj cara'c;tel"i~tic:n~ rtllidulur (celt: mal C»(pu'&.ed4lil'ld ~r.kH'lj~ d(;lpr:i1~i}J n ~er~u Oi1:ilJ.ati?1i1 vll i q:tt'iyornk'j ~te)~ 5t;nI:lFt.lm~ urb~~l ~j rtl'~tU~ BI ~LI mil ~ar~EI. a~ru'il!.:I ~., vol u m u I !?' I tr-poJo~'la ma~j(';",1'11 $tfU tt.,f;: .• 1M Ir.~ mea oo~urBorde Lll"ld~ ~t: e:mit polueu1W ~'.a.m.~. Ca $I~re. encient;.a veget-alulu[ (.cpu ,clt()(i;e;b.l.i'~_ ~ mli;l~~l lemtlOae¥). ~a 'fi'fri rapor-t dlroct GU .fiiuprafat;,a OG~Pla'tli 111 uritori u da r ~i CIJ «fii~1;~m I!J I» a lee pe<t1tru di~l'tll1 erea, $t'ldn e.tr,a'ln,~a con::lare.c u 9tru.ctu ra ful1~:io".liI.I~i?l ~pEl'FJal ~ ~lorawU lui.

~

Fara a irrl,mg,'i'h detam. 0 ~ amlntirn a~ e;lP,aly:iila vcrzei pot: av~.ij. tfec~ ~~I1~C~ ~T1'tnpa[;ri\ii~,~b4ZLllul ald' it1fClrm~t~&vl:z:wal~ ~a:iJ .!;j. "borilbam-~m~fltuI u 1"1 OU IJnde eI6otromil~il1'6t~G e.

2.3'. ATRIBUTULRECREATN

R.e'llfjar&l.r-ea eoon omHlor n~fiol1 a Ie- ~ u pa itll~tu rarC:2l ,I':.:I'Q i,ll7e I or p'rilJll1lliite dt; cdl ae-~IIHC2l rlhtb!oi mQl1dl~1 Il'i r~luar~a Gc.nnpetJtler peritl"U OUl~'~rlrea de nol pie""re. au d~tejrmjn2it un nou aV~I1't 'in '6.)(;tlnde:rea t-ehfloJQ§tzarii r)ro~U~ie~' frl Wn pfnqe:rs.a la qpte tar. mat ri~iG.art:e ~ peirf.prman~jar cai1t~:t[V~ ~j calftatjv:e;, fn exp~oalt.aretl tot·-ma,! i rrtene;a a cadlrulu j t1a.tu rs I (m'iJlt~r'H prJ me. 8nl~rt3ie), m Gre~re~ 'd:e' ~gj'~ma~ mult;.e facl~itat:-i pehtro a~voitarea !,el()t~ed1"i1

\,

33

de:: yaM eu m", AG~~~tet flS~rila ~:w;lvit$ltc, accelnrat~ 'Itl prezl'mj: ~i d.~ boon1 ~ ul informatiOMI.-a dat nJl\?Wlln? J.a dQual &fecte Jn~attve rnajore: ptwjclft~r~ echlhbi"ulUi Mologlc. (l11etfi:;fona:tla cap, 1) !pi Glupraficltarea fiifr[.ei urnane, ".arB ~t c.Auva dc:c;~l'1lj e~te: confn,!fTt;.at~ CU <ilOetilfi"ta rac.;i!iJ: a c;;;ivrlizatlci act.uale,. ~t.ro:t"

, .

eul .• Oprin~u~ne 1<:.'1 e.tltl~a, un rDm~diL.I ¢;et;e recreare:~ care, de ls c~z ~it.I caz, Ge poaterfloh~ljaila .GU ~ce.r't:a cap~~it:~;t;H de' mut1G~fi.zic;a aau irrtt;l~ctLJal£!i~ di~t.r&1c~ia, participatea Ja activita:¥i tJ(lcial€, infotmarea eau Pe!rf8c:fional'~a prafe$iOt1a:I~. ~ed:lcalr~a unut lhol;l.11y ~i a11te:le, 68U, funCff~ de iM~fvfd ~r timp~41 CHel.pDMibH. ee pot c:un'lula rnal mutt-At; ail:'! ac;t.iv,it.a1;:-ilc tnenYionate. Efit;:;;enl'il i't:) I'"tX;r~ard dep~nde (l~: meli mlU~}i fac:;.wrl. ~frl Cgjrtl! amlri,t-im: li'Jmpulli:be:r de> O~I"'~;,?~ d:i£ll1Lme; l1ive I u ~ de trGij ~, con~6 p!-ia d~~ l':e mqd u I d·e. ViZ1~, c;a.r-a.ctcru I I:tlaividulu i (lntrO\lertit.-extroven,;:it., f1ociabil"e'>olita~ Lentm,d6.ilc-l'ilJt:le 'SP.lU mifldit..a'lfie etc., etr-~.), ,grodul de iMformzltr;e.,.. "oeli~.ill~til~·!?i prafef\in~~ 'ft1 dep.la51an' ;?,~. Cum recr6ama roate vjza aeBtinderoa, d;l,{em~m(i:f1tuf~ t5,{adarca eau d~C!,rtartMJ tfb:[c~ iqal!.J ~l'1tele.ctu~la) .. ~r cadrul -ml' O~~JJ gel de!ifti¥oaf~ e.s'k$ varialt (dB' la Q p<llJlf'""k: 1.'iI un ~folJ.uti-r@rc. 4~ ~a un c:lub-'lntd~Mt. ~a un p:.iiilrG de di$-pr&la-1;:-il) dar', ~BrrtrLJ mtijoritatMind.lvtzl[of, .Je1?iroa 1M natur~" eete 0 !1cc8f7itat-e 6hl&1I" dactl ar~duj d~ re~l?Wtate. al aS~:il-tul al7:~f1~9n a~ urf7elMulur ~6tifl foat"i:.t: diferlt trl'tre indlviz[,familfJ. cole:cttvitavi., Importat'lt e:i2:te a~ pentru flec.aJ'i':e ail'J -cele: pact"u moduri' d~ m~nLfes'U!re a roGr~~rFI. mer,.\:,iol1a~ mal 'lhainte, ,ttpei~tlJJJ[ aft'ltl;tltlJ&t" poote 'liei'll GU ofartl3, de:e;.i3Ur func;~ie dc dUnltZi. MHcitArii ~i dB t1Llrtl'arul u·tilu~;!!ItQril:or. As~fel, pen'Cf'U deg>r;;fndere, pr.em~l1ada, ~cu~MJI~t gr~drn.~ ,die. Ct1rtre:rp:ot: e.;~.rt.;.16.F~Cf. ~l[tl~te~ d:~ c~teva_"r6 (C:Un'l VQtt'I vl!:d~~ 11M c~f." 3); gra:dl'na pubtica:; pa t""CU 1 (cam 1"11 majori't.,a,tt'la1 cttwrikw oote pol'ivalent) ~~ p'*dlJrea-parc" re ces ,de Bf~rf?it de Bapt~man.a: ~~dur~.ti (h1CluglJV <'<'rt!zerva1:-lile», am8r1'illJ~rrle pm'l1;.rLj t.urlemul rUII'(Jt, 9ota't-lunile balnw-clim~tet"ice. ameniSlJ~'iI~ CClJ'i'l p'lexe ptl1tnJ diet.r$lcyU ct~ .~ 6;,t'I U I flolf\11 L!I i 0:i'l U a I EJ·i 9t1~1;S rt d- u ~u I) 61J nt dei~tlM~};e Q.ol'lceJHlq'r de ~.c~Jrt-J eau 1l,J!'1.~$l ~Lilr:.<ttl!. Pe:tl'trLJ 4JVi$rt'§-rn~'Mt (d,B'oon~~rea de ia cotiaiarlul rep~a~it sau plic~ft,Clr)" ;ch411w.t;ia cmrtemporaln~ afGr:a; a:qua-parc. (@<lltJ CLlm e-~te 61en u mit I'll SUA •• :el!&:tem inteTa~iv de JOCUr1 cu ap:a", ae~tlnat unei OI,$lvel11>uri a fn~t'eg:il fumllill"). f'arl:: QGe.~n (2.019). ~Qhlul nautic. ter-erl\,J ri la~dre( £;k~te bo,,;1I rd5~i m I.D It.e: fl ~te le,

'D~z;~t~rea' ,e~}& ,drVterrrd nat~ de ~1i16,t~ f?1 de acoPIJ I u rma rtt, t;~ poo-w vlza 0 ari~ mat refitr~n.M, ca form i!1l ftta, vi' m(;t,rr\"trlcr~ unsl condl'[::.ii fb:ice (l7Uport pt'incfp.al p'cl1rtru ~1J.$:~kjer~a ceiLirlaJt;e ao~'Vit~vl neceeere .afirmill"li rl1diviaulllj).661J o.tl,rie m~i larfl~GOl "d'~:rVott,~rc21 peF!!;ot4;;aIC!t!ti1'\ canol ~~ a peles.zJ la corrc urs L11 ma i m u ~tG1 r factori. $e'~rr~e I ere c~, .<lHl1enajarHe· pei&aietw.e de pr6fi1 r;au ch1ar l1at;LJral ."l1epr~h,.l.crat:ai" filUM); benp,fic~ ih .ambe~e e,ft;ua:'F1i dar aa pont'Jierea'in Eltinaer'ea ~GopullJl e!3te rna I re-duf;a 1n ill I doilca caz. Evada~ poate: In!3cmna 0 i~:pire olfn cor~~UlI CD!1:i:l:tr~l'1gerHor Ui"Ml1e. (} ~!b8ndot1$re a BtrGl~antLilur m¢lca.lI'li!';;m f3:eoI1Qmk:;o~90Gia.i. Q ~fi~are:.211 prc.zenw·ltJi -l'iBlcSif40r prin r~fug:iui ir,.t~·"lHl lee arl ~ t11'intirll or sa LJ 0 1nct\ll"l:::a rs J~~ re,g:Z16i'e a e u -I u i d u pa- 0 e'tap.al dif: d!lt'uril:. ~11d.Jff;r:-ent de;: motivprpJe. a~ci. rert1e4lul ull mZl'i in,are-at "ate peh:;ajlJ1 !?i d,aca, = P'Q:a,ts!u~iilr I.Jrilul_,~yir~il'it .. {tee~ ce N'U''ih~8amni. fi a~l~atiG). Tn $lCtl9t p~ceB al re~,)lrll.!1:I:atl-departaJ~t CI't'lCf 'f.az~ (2;.020): pr~~atfrea. depla'~E.lrea. <9Ict~vitir.ne ptl 1:0:(;, inwaroere,a il'1 amll'itrrna. R4It"1eY!1~ "Pr~tltlrQA prd~upun~1ntocm~reel 'pragr~muluii fazM ceCrtoliza C bLr~urie al'"tiflcfal&i a pl*ce:'ri i r"a utate. Acge,t facto r e6t...e I m f'0'rt.~ Mt. di n pu n Gt..de ve:J~r(: al pu b~ c1t.l~ir. DII1 I'rl m u Imornt7t11t;..~ I .prtJ;gatf rli, .fie pOi!l'te § ~une: c£i sa ro~f1il e tAfH<6HV':ewtt~ment» ~[ de {{evtl't::t~re» .... '. junt- .deJ;a :~n@aj~. ~.DeplfJ$.8H"e~ fa~ ral'"te· perltru mllite

r~rf0iil Me aH t'I rel,@x~ !"e!ll. ~S6t1 n ~ ereel C~IUt$iiJI, B:i't1etrr~e:~ee ~Qtl.:i I ae:pi ~1de; ~B uH,~l ,G~ ~rB"\Jle pfor.ciJn:;e p~l1tfU tI, pute~ aJungttt la locu'l ale~" Eate Ul'l 2!)pact ~~ooeb~t d~ imt:lort.a'1t penltru G~ ,!1~:t.udiin~a per6Qam;lor pOIli:te fi fo.ar'knr:ilJ~t IWlile:~altli Q'C cBtrc voiajul in5u~i, ... '" "arc e noce:&~r nu,ms( dnd ~6 W:§e. .dIn Or;ll, ,.ktWlta~k pe !Qt;. active; ~IJ pa~iV8 (plimt7ari. c;a"otaj~ pcecuit. v;irtateaM, umplnr;,. picOi1lC ;7;a.) 1h general. §Wlt ~jngurele; vi~ .!j:tunGj tiiM 00

• (I ile: ""rea~ eI6COJl~t.i1;.ulnd mw prlf1'C,~paUi ii1 ~c~t;u;j;a. Aalvi't..l§t-ii,c pe loe t:1.lnt pla6!ltt= (obs~~r-:e;;;'l tJ!ct:iv'IUi~lIor retA~e8ttv~prQctfcat.~ ~e: BI:l~f, 'f,ik~ 08 ~r .IUI l"e~pee'&lvli ~a ?artrr:::ip~ l~ ele) floau ~~veJ' C.~t1~ rn'drvi~)Jri~ f2arte ef~lv ra de'flfllipur~rea lor. t"lto.8tr""J'Wa ,pe&ltd 6 fl:iourJ pe lQoe~lafiJ Itlnera:r ..,;<:\1' 'Ill pi • rea. ~Iar co:m?Q~mentul tl1l.d'ivi~ujuf ~5te t~1 dl-feri:t;.," Daca trn5~ul e!ite rrrt'Clrs~~IU.,a:1" cClrItU-pH!e de t1r'CUj'~iB 1?1lJI111~, hlilpr~ia' d{!le;prefaza pre&s.d'ent~ va r. tavorabiIJ.1naBrnn~nd, ta o.i"ev~"IRi:., D~GJ la o~e:alal riW~llirU lie ma- atA'~,u~li u tm~1.J pJlctiS1toro. part;uro 1M ctm(!!iyii pr;Wl5U;:., 6autSfsa:fi~le de la Ipc~1 5aju-

lui ~ oror a'lu~ Itlult. Dac1!i aneamblul tutur'cr imprefjlllol" a mul'fUmit;. ~ loa ;;(eil!'lJta ee mai ac:taLJ:e~ 68tlM8C\'iile din ~Iu ,BxptlFiefiii~, atUMICf a.m.intfroi/i va inrl~ml"~a Ii nol act,;J un J" .. Ut1{lDr.l 81Ge.aL9t~ r.dtlll'i1afad~e I"4lUl t18,tr3 GU prima - (l(!J p~ltire", Oar 61 d~pla®:a;r~, el'r~ 0 ,ZQI1I~ de: agrement din rnt~vll<1,m $,sju,dil1 I ietf1at-a V~~M~t,grt:8 ~ ,a,ceatuj,~I. trel:1tJfl' §,ai ~a tn c.C1nEi'rdeware.,~t!rr~~t@I~ trtwi6U- 1 J tll6lil" 016 c c.%tfa pt ar tli'ebui sa ~h:1,a!lie.alma nu in IJ mal uroa 11 i6.'tii (7" pre.a~'~ tirea U!10r .J",l:tur'I"Jt;;ura"",a'r~'B?ntre can::iere i-il'$p~t:Ule d'eetlnalte a.gretl'l'~ntu~ lu1) ci ~I &(mini5trat;ia ore~u.ui. p6ntru a face .din aceste tm~ 0 17uitoa de

l1C'"~ d~ 111 W'f'~a AM IluttaAe pe un parfle;n':i LJ periOili, I'Uirear~.llI: Me condtlCD la (J rsm ~'11~ jl1Wm1iOie JI1~ivjdl!ale i?'i Gal otlve. p"ntnJ a I'IJ~ a 'R ~a-Ci$f~c\Jt<.: ~ptit'l1, trc;;bu,ie!&a ffLf c;;Qr~liJtte;.c1J ~l~,t~ aaNialii fi;i C{;hi'p~m8l1U. a carof" or@af'liza~ ree~tc pr'8iIJ,lilt~ ~.6l 5Qcf~t-~~ eCaI1GlrdCB;d,c: profit Ant't"8fi~n'd UI'I num:arwt ~r fMre.l1e: pe:rso.al'le, ,~u:;:B'a,$t.a a.c:tlvit.a.t~ va devet1i«tu:rierl'],)~ la ~r.!?itu1 iBO~lullJl trn:Ui& lar tH ~~~IIu.1 nOgtrlJ ~B: v:al i'lumr Ghi~1" «jl1dU~'l;rii!l tlJlrfemuhJ.i» (iar mal

"t. «indu61;rlal fam fum»), e raltlllJ1"8 uonomica d'dloc neerijabi~t,'1 bu~ul Ui1Oi" ~ ce r-au ~dat aWnyia c~it'; (202.1). tntel"6EliUr manrfc&ta't ,n! atm.g'trta aB v6nlturi prin turi!l.1m. ~te ju!StIfic8t fi de' a,lu a~ntaje: ~oa~Mt.itteBCit::n1'OmiQ~',nap.oh,Jflnl'tJ (daa! nu 'el.el'ajlJll'I'!a,t;lia s[JP~OUolt.aI"'e.a.

I'IDf arlr tI,e tt1t:ere9) ~f Mlro rw l1ec~~H:.S impQrt de materri FII~rme ~r pmluQrar'i ale m:;e~..or~; j.val"rlflc~ procJu~le altar ramurl ~C:GtW',t::~'tJc:t=-jl. indv~tri~ ~HmetT:!4lr~. ~Il~. art.r7..a Marl;.)"; ~timu le~'l~ I t1veeti~iH6 ,~i modlerrlf2~ras "ohi p'2Iltttntsror ~hWao-edlll~aI"6 ale "t4:l"lto'r'rujul:; C:f;aaza rll.Qt l:ac.urr ~~ mllJn,,~ (dezvoltair1du-ee f1ur~ ~rul teryiat' l.at 5MViQi.illor)t contl"ibuie 1."11 punerM 111 valoarc i'l cadrulltd Hturol ~ ... ~ - a Cr"...a;:iflor ~pit~ual'iJ ,mOt1um'tmre, a~. eimpQZi~nt:i: ~th ~ific8. 1~~It.JH mL!2icaJ~ etc,;) ~~ atradt~6i. V~vl de~Q tiE:rerne.raea mmplooFelJ am6.naiarea ptiujullUir 5eJ con$tituiefn'tM:!' neccsiMM la fijcara i1la~ial1ala ~l a ,~ev~l'1'lt 0 ~l1tatc ~ Ii ta~I,~ c.e!lr~ ~ u iI'1~dl !!I'ia f~nomen L11 ~j h~u ~!6igur'S!t.- U 1'1 I oc:;. in !I;l!J~etuil ~iM81, (Frob!i\m1ele laie,ir-ului au feet tratat~ ~ 'in cap. ~),

2 .. 4. ATRlBUTULDECORATIV

D~~~ aG~6t.a 03:litarte are UlndB:tlte QUI (lea 'IUrb'ani !lotioa, am £:01'i~i-

~':J !O-

defat ci;i mmitJ 3. fi 6\'idBrq;i_ata ,~eparat. I n primul rlI tid trebluie a~ 'in vctJ'ere

d.oo.i :eitUa1:lJ i: natura II1ettol;!ata 111 om".GiI ~pei$$ij culturab)!, aW611ind ",COfflP.Dr'JUlM .a urbal1ulul ,n Miltl..!,r:a .dIn alfara 'ocalita_tUor. un,~,B rl1t6l'V'e~a omuliLd 1'101 3tinge ICOt1 rldica1-e. At..en~ii!l! at; va O',p1l'1 mal mult 8!5rupl"a prim~J sitl.lal'ili untie ,,natura ~6'te forma'" ~r COl'I:tjl1utlJ1 !!l'r ~e;te ,CiJltura. cum 8l'ffrm~ A~~I!.lI1'~~ de$o1

poaU di fcwmi! 1h-zikd~ J:10aBtr~. gt1t~ h'l;1lii mult;. un prodU6 a,1 GlvrHza'fi6i, V~za~fi d~,ac:.e6t\·tp~f,~aJ d\LJI't~ur;lH» 6un'l; 'iil' prt:ZB;t1It- d6lJa_~t.it:lJdifl~: Ut'1~ ~cali:'Frntrnda ca tltcltlst.a ~~ rretil u l:1]a @$lU mal 'r1'l1LJ tt;.€ fttt'l~m u rbratl e 9i Geti! ~il!I~i in ""31 r~ .1·1 ar treb u f Gt1fie fr!C.u!1 Lii1de omul reg~el~~te ;a;dlt\l~f<1rt~ ~1~rt3t~ (nL! eta In6'tJt.!.JpiDl1§1U~J ~t !;Jl1de.~r6 l(;ic«eobtiZl1'Ipl~tJ~FJ.ll. partTc~p.i11.r~ 1,iiI ~j,)I'e.Wn'fa:" fil1preuna. au Mt.l!r~ (CLJ m'~p!;JIl1$ A~un~). Numr(.:j i a~61 om u I a r ii UI1H" •• rill rt,J"j I9'llH1't ~a pe~6:au~j n IJ U II'l ~Tmplu~peatator~' (2.6122.). Dar, ~;;a Gum r;XlJt'iO"a~$1l; fiA$®unt'o" OI"Fce pm~ (~~ c.~ .atA-t mai m.LJ M:. ce:[ corrf,tnu;D in urb.anl) e u ~ ul p~:'lmr1ft sau l,l'11 .. p~i!t7,aJ cult-ul"all e.~e:t~c Ciall ifi cat') (2;023") la'r d1l'1 momttitul1tli' a~r6' i nt.r:~ j,11 pr.eot;; IJI ~t! ~ ~~. e~utrtfi ~j fHotofi~'r~ .~l $~ v~ evpw~~~i uno!" CQf1!!:;ii:r~hlilflri 'M1'i"rlc~lucrnr6 O~ a6pir:a b- ~t.i1iItut!J1 dg: art-a. lar de"':~ lUrl.gu~ a:vel~,;cl ((s:rtei. 'g!FldIMilor~ (~a Qtim vom ~e.de.a ll1t c;,ap. 4) ch~alr ~i op:c,re :peh:;ag~m .~ p'a~ ~~:ndjte ci dat,J ~nrtn,l totd~ una eh:1 u $ulpue m~tamorlQiZceJ'l;r ni'lCI'u~jv V~~;aj llee-u I 'ffl. Uri !!l!1t3 p.a~i) wu~ d~ o':WOlur(:.iililculltu!"H (c~2l! (.,~"M ~b CCitliEitItUlie 'ih .,(j.'Qf1~in1..!.f;." ~! pr'O\1Qac~ ~t.iri $uf1ete~ti'). '~e\aofiri0 1Il"!1 p rtt~o M;;iltdire-r'lve - de; ia ~(;~ iat)~z ~ frumogul l'1a,tljr~:1 au c:el ~&lni~iG (pnJblema ee -E5"e-.d:ezb:at(l:1M.Ol'l:pfilIM!d diM. ~C. XVIII) 'd'~F ~i fru moi;~LJ [ ,c~ L.itilnJ t g radini'il p@:at;B d~c!ahl.a ~ ~a11'l~ 'fo.a.rf;,; !~r3if;j tl!~. lr.§mo'Pii. ptl'ltr'i1I Goa ~jut;at:~. ~.e Fl<iltt!r:~; 1$$1. pMf.e· of!~lwl ilrl1i1,gi n ~ vii, v~ bm hte!: ~i perrtru ca m:eri:erialeicleJ~I11:entel~ I~t\ire: ,apele,~w, g,UI1't ro.a4''1;,~ dive~ei 00[, ~p.~. ~~~~.tje, t$lUt1~. m~ud.illf&.4~ g:~lit:~dll'C~on'G,;r~[ZoelU 1IH;)bjc;rt1!:l~ ~e amjtectL.iV'~!p1 mO~ili.er)) 6"tatlice!p~ aii!l<l'imic:~ ~$Ipa, Vt:>l3€ta+-i;;llal1im.a~ £unllJren~ti };jr& ae:r1f lu minJ! ~i e:ul @aiei'l1 "ti.rrf;iftJj~i flua ntare! forr~fl,$n-or dtl- Ja: fQ.~i"1t;t;ul fn.ll1Z'cilor.~L':.I§tl:rJ:J1 ap~lor,o~n-t~cl:.'l[ rllMrih~r, p~n~ till rmuzfc:a. progmmo'1rl;tl ae.oof:atlJ· fiil"lt.~ nllor ~ r~e.zrene 0:0 nt:etffporljn'&; :( ~ot::eTe· de e UI'16t ~I fum rn:a).

Ca 1!rt;.a!lro. ~:~lvL!itl"ll decO'F.elt:lv !r3"Cl' pClE'I't~'mal1 ift:~~a!:o .d~t~ ~i~tft-matrZcM';ea, V'erttb:.ai~1 cAnd .iliot,~il o~.ar-Je~ PQ2IW' teiilHza >0 CGl'I1pfO!2'ir:~la ;af'l'ori'iH~t~vti" f1Um:ai Cl:initf~O ~uoe;~~iuMe o:;I¢.,v,upraf$'~j TormE; eqJi£Qfl~te~u c.t~l(:~ elcoorfte ~ a rVori..arbLl~t.i ea u p~IGut'r dilfl f!or'f, ecad JrLlI fu¥e!ll:i 1':1~, .:&:Oro! ~i pl im l2a r~~EiCla r:~~ lul ~e bel~. urmi"nd e~ i¥Hf.l.aHze~e' ·d-e:mer~uL. Un §parl'lu a<ilt;:e E)~ te an-erne: ~e. p(naf.e-·6~~if1:e 9' pril1tr-ar Lrttliizar:b p..redbJ11iIJ'li1rrtJ. a mit'le:(.;:II~lul. sasul ~rt;i4jnnCJr Japnt16:ze (ri~1Jr~ 7f Ir'If~ip' d.in epoeadf:alfJaklJJra leie:D. :XlII) 'G~t'lrA VB! fi al jHeoiil vs'I..a1 iFtf~Lrt:t'J~~ qh rn.~u 1FT ,?u]t.ur:aJ<\IFa'Mz~ (1n p~ rtr~Ld<11.r ~ud hi ~mu I Z~n»

f)a~' 0' 6~'~ i n.a del/llt1e t;e.J1t4~r~ie pe:I1t~1J 'I;;at; rna i mul$~p.er~Q.;'iIrI1e, olInbi uJnW -m ~(.eM@"" v:ee&t'ql-p~a, ·ill1ta;llte. .cel~ Fi1i!tt\! r~b£>ttlz-t:; afl7Qpe6,aot1t~. arbl:J,9'ttv.i. floriQQr~'f'i ~etb:1i;J{::e~. Ca:I~ It:I1Z'1i ttl 1:.:1 It.t: .;t.:Wi ~~.'k1tlCJt!Hl~~a:~~r~ff'i [de 11&1 ~1t11, b1..H1ia drB1pozi~.i6'p~tfa: I~ .gr~:n,d(J~. '~u.bU~!ftJr:rCr-i6~d..e .spee:H~ agooi~ri~ d r~~tJi'lL'3'rf:; (Bol rt.arl, p$I:Plirt, 'm:iJf~l~e ), . .oJ'n~Plhitat~ (pM!Jfj ~Drn pacte~ pa~lJrl .r.:~ ~lH1flrnr~'HjrUJ. c;rotMat1c§i. Er e;u~t pJ'(:J~fjhtdmp~.rtarrt.~ (fuc.1lIl.rzatori de il'l;1:i~ree) 1'i1 a1c'&~t~'j1~louri ~r" (a~ Glim ~:~a,1l'1i;21mR:I:tat ~r-rr Pic.::tut£1 et~ p~n~~ if'1i:ep~nd crU ee£;olcl~·XVIII fo! xvmrtn 6lr$l~rle rediJ6~.Ci$!~ul ,,g:rJ'-.d:I:I'iIIQr it1tl':llio~ft;:-"i. relul cOoPi'l~ cik~r' 11 pot prelu~ arf:1Uqtll~ 'd~r ei~'!fl ut~~ iz~j ~J Tn. at:I'iil~Jhl~Ji~rile t::l~ am ptt?are pe:l1tru .a fade "tre'oor-d d:g. ~~ py.I~Zt;'! 1.t:I,ob~~ ~~.;irhit-tc;tuf'li. p.~t1iiru a e:.1.d;i~ini$l"Qrom~tic Q dtW!iv~lar~j pe(l'lSJ'.'1>I a pr~H~tj Q";~urpri~~ pi!'.tntnu a okri intLmit.a:t;e unei Wt1t: de·-odlht1\a f?'"a., Ei .I1U .pot ~~ ~sj~.uf'~ei'l1~uJri er~t~tte mi!'liur :sab! dagri'l ndoare ~i n re:f nu fli1deJirr1_KJ'; lo;t m~~:,dt:a~i~, Ei n u pot. fl~Q~II¥"t~,J,a r pot. p~rtidp~ iCU 'enec-oo ja s'Uo~lt'le ~e~ ace;:a'torn. D~c1i V~ra ~t~~ia r~F~~Ctl~ ·g..e fow$6~te cu. prdQ!.~re ca p~~ rre u pD.rt'rJ;jt1tnJ.~iP~~Colu I v~~ ~@U t..'eil: arh itt:ctlL.! ~t ~2·!;.I sa BpaVlu Met.rtrlU~ de·tt'tlGBril,. fIIl)td!e4;" 6cliliim~'pDt pwt1t.1ul~ mt~~ rol'ul.6i~ ,.,aool\ti·~~mamflrrt;;'· p-6'lfrtru ~'on~tr oa af'b~r1r ®.tfu 6.b!e0-e·l~ ,~&"~rhite6tL.wa~! Ghl~r p~ p~e;t: 6'lifj' i!1$UU mtlt1t wlo til oom pwfi;i ~ie de mid. d Irnf;~ ~l!JJ nr .A!l:i"Upriil, 2lI ~er1'L..J I u ~

.JI:W!!;aILUU i?rt comlPozi\-iQ p6jti;~gi abrc~ VQM ~M rill1 ca,t" 6. Aiei 'ilnsl· vam su bU-

del poate ef)l1tr~~u[, de cele mal rtlulte: ad ~lJl.?~-t$lrrflal., la ra:l..!~rt.l!I.ilC6~t.efa .animar6, d'ivtllreificare. aCUi'"/.ar&l carscterului {de 13 pltore6C Is monumcn£l'I"ri1Cf.1;:u.we'B partJIOt~ •. aouZ81rea domirls.n1tel Ert>:o. ~i fl'l1 final la reaH:uwe.at· I atlum ~,u I ui. U!"I' a pon;. Jc!oc 4$ nee,1 U:at~, pCl~tt't 2I""'itMI iI pta eu oreetv~ fif-' Iyl p9at;B slJ&~lne 6inBur 0 compon11e fI1 ""timp ce arpa (exclwtltld ee micl dJrnSI'1,elu,l'll) t:rD'buie e~, I.lpele.ze. 1'm;,,.....,, .al1umit~ m.a~iJr,ii frii [8

l.",rQ~15aU, mrl1eral (2 .. ~4) ~au 121 am&lindouik1'n~'o~itii tl'B; 0 orcn.efltra (liegemfll"ral. culoa re) e;2l posudevenl un i1lI,oll~,t; d,~ ne-~~Iat: IIrtUizata GU a b'rIlta~I C;!J corte ursu I t6l'I'm i<c~;U GQlMtemporal1e. t:a paalw fl ,~.ei11 rea ~1 pi pet'U~" Lll'l~i c;matlii ~j!itl~is;t.foe, ..

2.5. ATRIBUTl]L URBA1\71STIC

Orlee ol':!3anfsm ut'iban acce:ptat de (',I col~vitate. tro!rulc Ei:1.i ~!ifacJ ta.atr3 funct-Hlc C~ ~tj ifOe-tPUf;t!! pe'5eama sp:a'Pmor vewz! 'imenajaw, eI ~~~ la til~pazl'(;le ~i: il1frastruatura. auprafltr'uctura. inl!>titu1:>illB pi eViaent CO' GtMt.ate8. in ta iJcrli .. La: r~l1auf IOf, s,PatAUtrverzi,. c.a 0 cot11f:"Onend orear! ic:S lJ o~~tJJul. euMt: rl11F";b~t-e; 1rI mulu d!it1 actlvita~H~ UI"'!7a."S~ dlroot 5'e!u it1tAl~ot. dtd .,fac. urbal'i19m'~. ~i totlJ~i am c!u1f5ide:lilIt ne~~ar:5j ls pUhoUltl1 atpGIrtul.

, ~. cle pai"tiCipa la I.m1.:!ll'1iMr;e:1!l Gadrulul conatruit dal"lelu-li viat:a, intlmitate, a'l"...riu;~le.111 fc:lul 6l0t'lflt.a ~ltS6I.Jn'tt; 1n c~11'- mal n1IUIM caZulrl, unui ~itt faqt;ori,j mil_lori cs ~m1ina Galft.8t.lfe Urlor aml1ieP1'[;ur'l. AdalJg:aneli mcdier"ca 1n ~carn: ~~J.~~rJ~ ~~~~ Ul'10r forme a! s renefu!llIJIa (v~:i. c-orni~. \l':effl~nt.e-V6zj H~l'Gulane. la~i. B~,v eta.)··eau deUmlt.;,aroa unor zone (prtn cursuri de 'Slp~~ pilt I de:: pa.dure. peni8~6 sau fitsll 'verzi. 61e pot. souza eau cl1iat impune yin 6p~"fI" !oo8Jlit;~iI. Ac~la91 efeGt poat:~ rezult-a !?f duti 5tJ$p'n~~a Ui10r p,lfJreJp&ctJ'jt& ($iilit1~~lill11c~lte. ,U'cctJ!:;j'UMi d~ pehJrze:, cClIl1'Iplet.area U110r' Frontl.lri) flo<JIU pt.J'Ne~ ~Il' fn vdloarc.:' a uno,!" cl~dXri/complm(6 ~mnific;.ative (p:C!1UUi. baz.tM d6 ia!p'a., accel'1te. ruMt'oItJluri, F~t".('; d~ Gol08retl1odGClI~1 etc.). EI,(': pot intrad cs U'n;t!.lt~a" B,s[iura amr;iMult.atda (2,Q25). elimina monotol'1ia frott'turlilor pres. IUl1gi (prfn ri~, fual1~ Moi. ol .. doal"~) &aU a MtarnDr a:rI'e~{ro~""i.iIri 'rmiderrf.ial'B (prfrl ,of.Iftem';rr ~ Feluz~, l;!I'rupUiri '" ar.~'ot"r! ·~lJproill.f"4e ~s Elpa) (2,.026) ~,i pot ma.1St";n aau

nua uMlt licficieJ1t;e ,ale rompQ21f1;lel' urban'lS: (mai a!e!Jo fnl Ca.zullJRor rMtli'uc't.Llrarl). D" tlSemCMa, 616 Ipot faCie utili, agl"'Bm6l'1tan~ urt ~PZlpju d~ tof"anzi~;e. ~Jl~rort.dc Gon5'1\lruct:iii (ll<Iil1 caJuza ut1ei a~tivilJjt-t ur~airJe ptrimate, a UI1Llr fond aOfHl,tf'.1it uur; t1~iG~1 mDral) p!nJ 121 atribulma unlt}i alw -fu,"~If.

I"'i 6' t, F'rD njo r PT'r 1'L r /"'1· .. vrr '1''"1""' A TJ' BCQ' JiJO· . Ml' "C' £. .. ,)1. ,/l.l. ... ll .. in:u·.J.. IU_J . 'LJ ':J:.U.' al,(:"'" !.,...",:. ''j,''V', " .. ' ", " .

Deearcoe e&te un ,aomBl'lriu ad atoor Sp'"ci<ilntJt;~. 0 6:~ n~ r~zumam ~0tI/·1tt a "t'lwmer'3 ci'W'ri8l ,Un aDM,tribtlit-mt): 6P,8f~WQr ve.rzr. A~narcBl te-reMurUor mfji~tirl'Oa~. Mr prOieat.el~ dB hidroamelioril~li. Gompa.rtJ I ucrarl cot"l1ple>!e!?i f'lan~rea nor spec-If 'an IJ m~ d''e' a·l~arl. e~fl t:loar Un-Ii dlntm f~:t".1M ~chim~ 18 ~roa terenurflor nj5ipol9~8; r1ant.areil, d~ ~1rl7ori ,~e.te f~!7l;.orul pril1Dipal. Ur1l'li.lM iUi 5e ~tat>ilea!!iG1 pontlcm;:SI oe!or eu radlicini ~ombinau ,I i!! U'lior 01.1 ~d.~j~4r7i tip ,arl(;;.~:rj. 0 ,operat-iiui'J" ~.~. IlJl"1if:l~ dLlr6lt~ e~te ,:,mefi()rlil~a ~,r;iIUfUOr Mr.J('t;.ductive., prin rnrfll..J'elf~ar~. proceeelor ~G:i'leti-c6. 0 a~~uM Ge vi2tlaUl: tot: ~r:1& din sfara rOC{illi~at!lor ,~'9t~ 1~llr2:area perdelc.lor de p~crmpo1irIva GurenpJ,lor de a,i$r> UefGat :'2i1!U I"BG6; Amp'lfflc5lJ1th~-re cal ~l.Iprnf~t~, el~ permit !p,i nnbuJ'}m:.J~lrsa c(itnatuJuij mli i 8J111c:e. oil1 rite! patrund s!.I'b forma de IUine ~i marl e.llpraftl""'"~ c.!(; gI'pii ;'Jf VI1 'Qra,~ De aic~~i necet:iit:Jw.i t;a Im,ll\l5fve!~ IPt~nt;ate' s~

37

G~U!p't lacuill iM bH.anf.UI~ e>~£ltWOr' yerzi uf'~n@,.fii~ Ftwiurbiirl~ (2,027).ln ~n&n1l;(j .... Ian. planta1riil~ pat: ~ t,aluzllri @au VCrYl1i1:& rezutt;af.e ,~il'1 luc:rari de: ~6m6l." tlj;~f"e: ~~c~la, r.1,'Pt cma un ea"ffrpon fn~ zql1c!ei"eZridElM't;,i~l" ~r i!1dlJ'@t:rif PQ~ua t1tf:~, ~tat!-ill c;je epur'Sfr ... dn::;u la:pilL ~n-un~.e:. pot tJ~ri htlM~dtl eli;, ~rjl ~.a. "",d. Ap..aare la fel de mul~ple utU'i:clki~ pe C.1re'nu Ie flgi 6:numeri1m. Dacli s~ug~m ~r m~'~;1 1'r1imi1oo~a (~i chien" fr·ur;ot~J.ti fPl flQriile). roztJJ'j:.~ lm:pHc.rt. ~I~ tlP\?l'trJ~ 8eonomk.

2.7: ATRIBVTUL INSTR.UCTN -FORlYlAT1V

Red ull ~~~t;ruct;.rv 81 U IT1nr "C.a'te~orii de ~p<ll~i ~r:zi Cia "Gr8ld~11a b'Otanidif", .,Gral:Hna ZQologicJ'i"" "MIJiULJ ,C}t'noerafic", "ParcO:en~'rOjogl,,·' • .,Fllro.-arhC;!(nF lo§lc", .. Pare expozi"(;le" trtG .• "I1U ma~ -r...re,bUlle ,comiiMta"t (:pi 'Bie v.lll r~ei'1L asup't"s lui 'irI cap. 3). Dar ~J I!Jtl '$cuar~." 0rJdirla pui;lfcll,. e PMUro--paro, Glint 6,~lra8 d6 infuti1l1a;H (ofenk de·d·!~t'l~t-CI6 p.ri1trlSlro. crt)rulil~~ d~ !il~eM~e .• ~c;hip;a;ment~I~! dot:lrUe C;t}.if~lu F'rdFiluj ~,ft,). Ttl a'c~~te~'pl!ii'~j;1 HU g~ proti:uG-e l1ul'Ylaf f) .a:~jm,~b,'1lrt! de r;Llf'i~tj~~ eli ~i 0 MU~~ (,~ln-flue$re f}i~tt'!m\\'rt.icl a d&vottaril faoulUi~jQ,r int~:d6Stl:l~'~, motJ.de' ff~ fizroe") fI't:at, ,Prl,rl or~a'ti1iZilI"e.tS 'Gp~iulL!i,. ~,crt:a·rM 1uii ilalr ~~r da;oritii t"~~s~lj,lo:rh::o!MdJ~iQn~'rUCl'r .Of!. ee nreliC prJn ~M:.lc;ipaj"~~' m~r ~rw·tt:.or in~lvfzi 181 a~f rt<;;r-~·rii. N'G -rererlm.·2iroj lilI cr~rea 9MtlullJ i de- c;ivisn1 m oO.m pOFta.ment. O~c~ tn);;q:em lilil ~~ te§ot'"nl[~ ~eI:z;e. cQlmJ'!cXfi ~ pa roo;ri 6pcn"tr~ vtl aiel tdl!("~Ja ~ ~teliif:~~al~~ic:ea fjzfc~ '~~q ~ti pJ@inu I, ~h!)l. a~ce'n1~u~, pt! nilnd u,~ ~6~ pe'formarnt! eptlttivllo:r,a61 perft:'ll'11l:ati~.I~~n'tl\Iu-'l1Itlla problf;m_at.i:c.a tI.6. ia'irlc-eput o a~6'8I'f1n,;jdj'm ~~zj,lll"'arcu~L1li Vm~te c~r~ prin dcndlril,6 ~~r~ (MlJzeul ~iin:L.ei ~j tentliCIi. Oral~U~ \?l MwuuJ Mu::z:rG!~, Me;I.r;ea ha~a d'~ $:liiPQ'Zi\id ~j wrl.oert&, PavUranul pGU",,;afel'rt Zenith" ~rMinil~ cu tematic]) B5W un ad'ev.1Srat. .,.c;Olfi pit»:: de !n[it:r1Jrre" 0$l1rtr1!!J po: u[t[muillac flUfllt :pr ~ r~'aHn~IMpa,rcL.,Ur'ile dee'i~fl1srte {;M~motlf>i locu I u t" (';6 r6CoM9tituie lJM ili,a~ru dt- V~ai~J u'r~ll'I_-il. C) a6t~vftat8', ur9arr:~, wu tllI!1 IrrromeMt - '~m!tnt;, ~111 i~tor:l6 (2JJ28)". Un t:lxem~'u m~1 ~p'arU< '~~te .. ~rolJl ElJmp~:" de r,fil!3ri.:lxt:U6!~\ '1'lau.g:urat.1'iI1 1S8.9, caF~ om!'~ [) plimb~lie.:m-t-r~o El,jropa mi~n~t:uri2.;i~ (2.Q~O).

2.8. ATRIBUTUL snuennc

.:5 ..

rr,im~I,~ ~lr~dJ n i . £:QI'icep.l!JW & ~oee-""t ,~o, elU~\'ft: c~le botnnice (P~d.QVa. Zif'lG. XVI) a 'V9.i" ,d(l:V~Wli; t.o"t. lifiai 1l1Wfl~.roliee dupJ &ec.. ~UI, lor !r ~~ mr a.di IlJI;ga p~ fBiIJ rile detrt1ro.fOi-h;;g: ~I r'li[C!i'¥flrf<HJ~ 11at::lJft1t&~.~rorp~ 1"l0L.! r'll~ etnogwlffcc !.P.liI· 'I'M zl ~~:~6 li1oa~'b"t' exp6~JPHle ur;liom~/e (prJ,ma ffirl'd eta d's:}a LD:nara dfi1 1851). parc.ur-ile whnicc" urtimel~ 'tmi. "al~orlr fulooind \\I'~il!uJlu I ,daarca ambie:r:lt. 5e jn1pul1 ~f LH'leie Q.b:5Clll"lta$ii; ul1e~e' d eta I'U ~;ifl p~r:QlJj Ve'rsaHle<5 au stat la boaJU' re:'~iIl:zarlw uttar- ca rtj~I'"'" "'Qi di't11 f'iirifi in timp ce concc~ia i2,j:s.rl'tlratJ 8 a~tlL.da ~influe;~t. ,oo:t1G~,~a i'i'i1 pr~nLJIJ Gl1il;?uIUI Wa:Bh,il1gtcn; ""t;&j;riHL'::' dti~Fre' e ritd i 11~ ~ n f?ec. KVII J a u ~r-e.;';l$-1p rom 1~~la p~rr~rLl n:at'J'~d:rtWI rro~~~IGlr ~;h~ <fO ra ~e aradhla» de 1.011 ~f.a~rtu i sec. XIX:, ~triIJctI.u r-ih'l Gat mtt; dfafant' "entru r'C81Ii<Ui're:a m.;l'ltr'i~ar sero tHn 6\~C, X~X (2.QaOl vc;r iilrla(;lmtt1~ 1~e;Uf'f@f~le o,ortln~' ~,!~ 21 mi~ U&turl' mo~el"r1I~,

2 01 A' "T"D1'"1Jl'if 1"i'l'r!L'. SQ··C!.· 'II. :t .. ;7., .. .t I"UDU j .' .'I·.tiL

QiI:'~C~ ~iMj~iI!lme;rJaj,o!ilt.d~l\Iirie~i, U~ loc ~emtEl,~t'I,irl!5 i?i eu dFtofe.rtel,e· sum mai t'lun1erO:B~<c~te~~ll1urnarul vizjtat-orilo,I~, deci pU'"Olliif6rml~ CGnt.ack1,~~o,~l81lie. De la .~:(iidi'na $~tJfl' a d'\t!ulul mediI.<! (d!t.9tlf1'§~ l'iobllu~uI6e1u mon:a r hujuO,~l panE; IPI «CH"afidl~ ~i$~IQ·~il-ClJ}) IDfElll"lely ~a 11~, Eura D'i en,e.y. ~~r'&lJ~ s

ImproejQt1~f1t. Nu ~vem Tn' ved~ numal llumall'lJd vi~itatDrilor (2.031) cl ~,i. multl~ [;tJd-in~trl't~ll'li'l"ilor pc Lm[,tat~a de timp '11 mares a i ..... emitatede cat.egorrJ profe~iOl'lalt3,~r 6Qciale (f?r e !5n~fl&iem,~ dompa;tif;!r-~a ell Vecr:1slflee-ul ml'lrrk)r'6:erl?~r'i 08lant-e ~fe ()Iel:(i~i'~j nc~rlial'"e 4i:n eee, XVII). Dupli strada ?l pbl~. g:radrna (in e"n!')ur ,~e!1eti c) f.1 de.venJt:' &II trejl ea. ~pat:f LI pu bUe; ce pm1te deterf11i (lS' ettitudil1 i col~ivB (atiil~~mehtfa't~ d,~ ot'a~,coezrul1e ~ocia:la saL! mivcai revehdicat.fm v4 od~t~cu aparilfta «~r~iJlrJi~or publi,ce~ (mar ale:s1Mcep.~t1t1 cueec. XVlli)-

NOfE

(2,GCl~) SANDU A,I~;UI!I!1.:l1ru:;.lcO(Wl ~,l'iu,"f.l~rilor I1rha,nd', voJ. 'i /CJ;l~.fI"utt!;i Utlilf..om:;it~~~ i!iIj arl1ltect.urel~1 urt;.wlifln1 «Ion MitlCI.r» fp. 6B

2) Am!tl~l'tb!:J~B'Bt{!!J~ pr.odu:s re~1.JItat.din ~f",G'Oi~rea'c.adrt1ltJl b']a-tuf,!OII. eueel CClt1~trult ~f I:U Li!li @c;r~1. E lpo!lte. fi e1.tra¢tiv,. 5tlml.ltm:l.. ei'"'t1 inJire:nmt.. ~aiaJUl'. A.. }lozft;lv ~plM.:j'~ ~fj 'i3rupilt~.!!I J?-i ~alft;:t:lu!i tl~nlor" Ci1lnt.';l~tI ~I' p~roon:all;u;m:j~ f!pa1(Jil.or ,,;;:Ir'!'fUfllt;;li:'6. aallt8t6~ etl,lt'Ne-rikl.or ti'!,!;1tol..w.al~ dar 4'1 a pdrutGl~ieJ ~e frec'ttt.i1teaza 5patiul. trBd~ tocllful e.a, EBte 111' atel8!:?i timp 0 'e:::o;pre:;lf:' a Jm:rlirltor" din sitos fjJi61;.e;ttJ~~ in f:ii~l;e;ricl;jJ cQln~ld~r~t (W. Ro~e; A~h~;).

(2.J.X)3) WRUT1U firartet.!!l: .. S~iI vr:nt IE~. Didac'trdi !?1 PMag~ldi, 1980. A Be verde.;"! c..!lpo ~ ~F~m~Jal,\~jit:OlW..,]r tipat:.:liI'~" VtJt7j~i und~ &1'!: dezVoIWi ~GJ .. fuU1~lj", 1n u!tlttlul d&trlb 1 Pr:i§ln~ a i't1c;eJPut aC~I.it1ea de-d.<l"rrfk:am a-6f",mtliflc~~IUol" uno' t.Brmeni uti~ d.., ~lE;.vIp'lin:\l tHfGF1t6 ~u ,aprop.iiu:~ 8~~f<i·t';r-lut'i'!l:. dar rlU de ~~f;a,*,J am ~10&Irt:, ~- ar rm pilf).~~i tfl p~i~a~iE',.trc~.

(21]04) Grooil' ~f apot r'omaMiI" er~tI ~df:'rrii lind refi"gll pan ~i .. t.tl~ ,,-e:ld!i!ln;lfica d1v1n~~ cu i'ntr8'a~.!l rwt.ur'~ .. ,Zsii erfcilcr lQ9uralJ in t<rtllJt:lJril;s c.eltr mai fr'umc~". Pe ~tful tlI~n?itGr; f:n -g:l'ur.e; 11"1' pGieml, dranglJii itwG.I"ir4'. J,;'lrfn~ceEf§ta na-ttJr~ ~~C!~ • .ll!~n;:~e>

. lor &I~J deve.rI't;t.si11p~e,

(2.005) IMm.pct2.00'&'p: 41 (2.006) Ide<tl'l pet. '2.Q0.3lp; 47

( 7) !dBll'I PC!-' 2.:003</p. 48, N~ru~ltI ol1tlfl'n>~ d M"ll m 1966 (MJidrld) III al VI-Ita

Cr;)fI'!'lr~ farn~tk:r. tem~ -a-fMt «R,Dlul ClOOJ1otniei foreM;f6rBi'!lrl ~WliO'ttll'il moii~j~,ifR;. tn 1.972 (ButNIo!:'o A1roo) §c trece 1.;i!·,«p-~dI!.IIirtl !p'f d.eZVDIUlffl~1 ,;:c£ll'lrnrlica» 1,,11' tn 1978 (~<'ij~n>a }~~<1jl.1n'~~ m «P'lldu ~lt:1 $!mo'fcrLlI CDlootivit'Ji1;ii,»,

(2.~) L:f,l CQl1f~rlnt~ ~ci~t-il ~f'('0f3'~I..Il e.iMc» p~ ~ma «Gmul ~j mUI1t.1lI/f» (Voln.eaoo t2-1~ rib. H3911 ~c a~i(J~i;ott~ 'c!l "" .. t:li:6trugl'1\re,;; p~lj rfl et1.te' !<!Irion I tJ1o$ C-LI roi.l1.a r~ ~a::~i e:>lf~ bG'ol1 ~I nOA$t:.Ttl ~~ 1h!f>~arl"l na c.o,fl,daflfU'larea 1li1jtfOIl1~ re.; ~ .d atoriUl. imp.<lc· tutul t'leg'iitii\l ,olfi~p;,il' a0f3tlGLJJturi~J loouhI11C':1. I"£;fete:i hid~rafJr:~i',.~,.m(dI, De' i;FE:l:;m~· ITm -e~ ~tin~·~·tll, c;alitll'luah~OI .. r11.util~rfl pel~aJul:LI~ n~j;ur.al" prin .,.conf:otl'ulr-etl de !'t@1 !:!bie~v~ w.1"I:,t.~:t,"1C5tlM lootuik:! ceJ~ mai ~itQr"~tr; ~)<:ploal;drfl'jl·minr~r~ 1.1:Dr r= vaste fi l:.prHf* ate J$rir! ~:~~t!:lt"SISl lS':l(pot:li'3'i'ltJa~ iii ho!1l1~t'llor ~"'fl'urtl (pSf.ot:e 30 inmtlai1i51 an); pollJ.!"Irtl,lJ! 6,l(ctlJ:illl~ oc; rll='ClVooclti iJl~re'a 111· 111.lI~11li a p#durilor; pe cirr;a 1/3 Jin a'.J pr .. rfi1~a f.(:Jtt~1J lu I :fa~f>t:iflt 'm bw t'llf pl'lrt~ ~i d;;:ltorr~ C'(}PJr3t..nJof;i,,1 C0ti'1'J M lot" il1~ I~ ,~i"t!J di~~ernGaZa' rl\CJ'li:'l!tf pft t1"l;il:l"i dl~B~rtG,R. 5topo;l!r6a, ·aoe~t;u;l $B(;Q£,~',.).1a 6{dtr,a n·;'llJ6n.di. pre: t;lilld¢tI: Q l~h:';.I;>IT;i6 .c;Glnipl~ ~r ~f!ra, cd tJG.Olt;le, In I3tftut;ii ret:lperl ~.i!i!l;tlI~

(2.009) ~6,SO NTQ 'Roo'~rlo: ~f'Bi5!lJL!i '\!i (lBt~t4c:.EI·' IU. t.,.h:'lrl~i~nt::.1~86, (2_010) ItAtJi<I1 pet.. 2.o03fp. 49'

('~.D11~ Idem pGt" a.oo3/p.·48

(2,012) I'dem I'c~·2".OOO1p. 4f). i 1'1 p~tl~ul d~ fotbfi;i nrt:eii¥! d fn rrunu,.9$ IN n tn Ii l;arr~t..5 tflt:G~OI'!I c~ !;Is LI n~t; C u 1l'1<Olt::'Cuk~: t1.eutte. dfn .!iIe/r,'Trlca rc.&nd u-ifl eu ~fect::rj~ltaU i'I.f1.f;Ja'i;Iv,gl ;;1 a~tfel B8 fllr<r]1~~&l rornH t1e.g~ti"". Intr-u ~tm.pgf~ra nepGtlltl.l'lliJ, con~~~~ia pe1 mcp4atB)i'I'd~ 11308-4000 10t'llpo:z'ltM~U n~~f,j;'i (H~., H20+, Dih OH-j-,l..;j nJ\;IClul ooIlJlul, liiIpC1rtul i'I11>~ rlOrdll ~'tlvi ~r cC3illlegmM t5i;t dt: 1,2:1, ;::!Ma:~ prlmil flutlt atrool t:le~Go.ar~ Dcref;,t'ra, lar IJFil'I'atDrli ra.splr,:;;;i. tn pu'tl~l!'ii itirl:~t1;:;; r(.fJtM~~, rapor" tOil <ilfB'''1iIWrl ~$1a ~.j';'1 rftna 1.<1 Z~1~'Qr,ij~ !iiI··rtJrGrtuI1,otl ~-0iI COt.lst8~t; c;'li"Jic ~rarf~igj fltarfitleMl.1!!lt': atl'crmaltl.

(2-L'flB) fdtm pctI2';.OOOlp.OO

(2.cn4) Idilllfl ret. 2.o0.3/F.48. F?fI ~upmtara .frunZ81or ~j t;ulpill'1tltor, i'l~ l' re~i$reaz~ mSti putl ['It ~ri;lde.

39

(.2 ,OJ5) ~. ~t;rN:lil\\\! bl~el- futr'fl'!;~ttu l:6~1 ,,~ !Olrouhl'rI~ ~u§.J. Ul'liii;l'lm:t5Jt p,r:aWlull ';l~1 tnl!lnrt...rC .iaJ u~~~ IJ 10.·15 a{mp/'llJ t1~. Da I" ~Mr; prOCc.'lt1 L ipOlf:te ~ r,,~ ,ql.l t7lU II=: p~iiltell00 ~t mpi luna. ~iI.'l "ll ~ Iep! ~e rul~ I"-a ,I':ii"~ ~tiir,:fl;rlG!rat-!j, m::l;fi'm~por~ It'I.u:er1~~e 'i'n Vf".B!(;: ~ 1 !1ri \iJ;lhlouh'!DJ· t:!>t:<e m~~

{2.01G) kllIm'I ~~ ;2.o.:::e/p. fie. N:;~ oorgruJ. popuh\l~81. 111 tJecum. d!; ua tin pe8l:.!:

IPro.du:r.lr: ~W t,. p!JlF~~tru: ~ •. 4 t;ffi'lrl'ooli ~[v~riz:a$(:4.::H. psrtll;ult: &~ m!l!Gros~m"rr~ de Q'.Q ue-IUG din fitw~tQpll ~tt§! ~(~W;lhl~u 1~lor; ~2 -t; YI::ti'l'1. d'G l'r~ll1il 0.5 .... c~!'i1 pm>~ p r~'ii'!!'I;Gi t:lit'l 4B~t;r qd,Orl:i!ffvJ !;!'.tl.

(2.017) I.~m ~~1" 2.0031r.:. 55: ~P~r1lt.,rLJ.i'Sl ~e; ~;rl ~\q:k8filM'0!; i't:fte~tIl~ a $i1t:~ltil n.cLJ~1..I,::e, ~~ re.ccmafllil~ C~ @ndun~e ("r::~>rMri r;,J1.)dl1c amp~t.c?r ,Olig,..za.g. ru~l:!i!r:ca unul.~fl t!p.:]1; {~}. Tlll'il'e primll! ~ alIHeD' .. llnlli d!llsWori. ,,~~~ ~'*UIt:ea. ur];t~ ... p~~e.fe c;uI2'-17 ai:l. !?:e~r~urd: ~MI1 GPm~:t1~Ma: poIv~ri ftlrljc..t:, Wl~ 1'(11 it'l1pajf"

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(2,Om) 16If:!111 pot;, 2DQ:.3lp. 54, 65

(2.019) ,~P,ll'l .R-ll'lk;"'.~ e ~~ j9pQ:rm.~ ~:I" 1.~9& t1;i~,(pl~&n~ tit: till ~ur~w o!IQwrM .8. ~11J1ui ~l a trm.mlfll'm- nu 1I1fotdMUIiII:i1i) m\f~rtd;tll&). ~ pu9lt11 tli~pr:mll,g pU!1JJ;;IJJul, 'm -~r:t:t'I mM:n1. ~n wl~,.lirul"i:"ir. ~tlb fW'oD)lf1 ~fieHlI15~ fi6G1ru:1nc;.'fili!>B"ln ¢:8~de 101 Wllurf plInlii la(~mpt:Falt!Jfll. tOlmt ~G ~!'jU I? ~cn rror.

(2.020) I~m pG!:'. 2.00Up, 53,59. AGi!:'tl~Hi1i5 ~'lm.ll ~r pt=nt.t'1J ~~~J~'u: Fa.zt.

{.2.021} Dc> $~mpl~,F'twPUSlO'Hra.rln·'J D,s,v;e:a lm~p~ltr.ml d,,?§eil'it ,i f'~i"511.l fi1rl"lWpul ,f'l~:Pdt'rti~~ .. t!;l,I"I;iiitlioF ,'tlUWptH'It (u~da..F~II'I,Wl,. 1t:a~itIl, 5p4ilni<'l1~f .d.ltlpl1il>ili pJiJ11$~ IOC::t.lri), a reu~~ ru; 'l1Ju~ ou 'lmlt.urilt"oo dit'l tlJri:t>m" Th 1997. la 6~'27w din ~llo@l,J~ n~m I3l"\JtI rm. 1% p'1B.i'I fI'I:OJ'fd~!. jndu~trl!o! w!t;inlulul.Q a~~Lf~Jt ap~pa: TOi. din f'iBfh 1998.

(2.022) IJ6illi fOl'. 2,0091p. ~2 ~2.Q~} I~~m pet. 2.o0S/p 46

{Z024 )~$!,~rrdt'l,,~r Iholu:&em ~1 (J1;t1!!!~I~ de.;rrhJt~pt;!Jr:l.

(2.025) Stint '~t.lr'r c~l'iid tiJ~ltlll'CPl UI1U~ QI"a'j!, n~ e~f@~ ~ntc;J 'i'I1 wlt-Iowl. CO~ ra:col~.m 1iipafil eu tap()I~.IO i1uuli. ilffii~rl ~ooo elilU fu._'1~ ~tc;rtI!JI{iti(3'. dnel rdJu I dlCl JI8It:rt;., numtwr comul1 ~i pramor.ot ,s1 contflhdtJi1;lJ. oott; p~uat.dlli ~ul ~mt:. Tat. tll ~ ~",f~~F'B:. ~i'1~ I!Ifl<Ui "~~r. un pii'~fliM'lfu: !;;i~ • .c:;lA1ilillrl!: ~ijU a tIlJ~m~ ~l'\1in.~" r~M~(;?i" in 9m~ A~,imT~r amClrW41l'l~ ~1'1J1 ~m~. a; fOil!:. ~dtr1fl~t; ff'inl;r'UI'I ~I"i~

1$r~~1n pa~J. un tW;il,:!juct rcm.&lf1 r£i~"~\lCde ry€!ur~J.. .

(2,026) J~ BJJ~J..it~~t.l.lri· ~ marl .li,rt~i;'h;lrJ (PBn~imOl"1, ~.a:lfu:l A-lbJ. Dr:uri1b1~ r~,~,c!:":GJ) amb-Je'"'tl,.ll'l~ B:lilil~ioa~b~ lWlcr pJ'lllCipli ¥~ ~dl n tJpJ~~; a~ foot. ~DI~t6 fro rr.a1'Cl! m:i'i~Lirli .ae ~rJ1:a UI1I:!ir O!:,l~m:1 r:J;:: spii f'rtconjlllllts d# H~~. Unp 0 :!'Ipa'i, ~ay dt.~~jiai!L;¢ ean:!.cm ta fQr!1r~JCO"9 t:an ~<! [fOllC;UJ T~1;Jjd r'r~1). Grr6,or~~1J1 C~uj~H~poC:$i (r~IJIISornt.:;fi!.l~ Mic). Mic~,I~cilil/Ar.lidi (I·_a,ul t>Aur(li~) ~a.

(2,o:il.7) A ~ '.o\tlld~ eu bCl<! pft;oly[ G.S.

(2.023) VJ~~ ~tl1dl.raife G$ffl alJ~"".ul' S't1. l,l~l'e ~rr~ltic.Wlgl ]~lJ I u~~ ,iIlImJI1c~ G;ro!l~rt'l[;! dlu lil:oohll:fOlt, mml~ ('all1ifati~o1ft;ettalu'llil f1.a: ~WJ1tUrlll1~li" @'fIl~L1ll:jj su a~): Gr.ul~ ~. f'nri!, (ffittgeii:lra;;a ~!J.Ulr4J!lJIl ~hilolf l'JfltL~~ u.): Gr-ll'&lfnt'l ~[:'Orlt:'lI CUIi1IJf~8!'i. M~rOD Oi1t_y, MeMm (~d1!l~'G~1I>I ~;(t:'elZCnt>'lJi ~!'flli 5t.!~8 d~.a[fm'Ct'fMro!}tllJl a'~1 "'Til iU6.

xYl ~r Ei miIrt:Ui"ii:i unlOl" £\!:Ifr![croQ. .

ra.02eJ) ,;F'blI'C!:JI Europa" a fOfj!C ,~~iz~t:. (i&ll"lflrl'tM1! ~1~~n:1:l de,(}(jml'l1m1t Walilf-f Gro:UF' ~ntrlj p~rntar:~tl ~(JI)'\uluj ,aj"i",Atlt.1Q ~i 'Gu!T';'uI':IlI11r flK~rt:i t!rl (m~rilat1Jliclrl ~e; i:m~am~ ~ri urbane. motlll'IT~Il~.r.rei!1 '!>uparrapiild. mlnTraGht>'t6 .eta.,~) dar ~~ p.ttltru popuIarlml'tl,:il a ceeatm.,sfj.u. Unil.lll$o.l Ei:j .. ~~Mi (I.Jn ~.t::ro !l'Iuttlm~la'. UfiM S'~tnP\~~ rer~ W Ir. ~IJ'G jIr~ lltlfW;rD~ ~ ... ~~oor~ .. Eur~p6 Units. 1ft of.er:i {Ii p~gJ'I;lIJita.~.ti" tm~..!:(;;ir!irjlll'll1!f~e. eureurl t!e'llf1lll<l~l'tZ:.pt'l tlllil11$ U. E.), Fbrcl1ll. O~ 111 priCZLo.n-l:.pMU>·f1 p;QI'ClIt$ I'ntr'Q Ci)~. ar-eUl1 l'6ilhsv crs.!lt.8rtlficl~1 ~I $~ Vl5! ex~itld'e:'d" C'at~ ad ~'O:rf1 ~~m'I~J no' m~prifu U!'Ii!Jj(ilc{i EWlr1lrr:i~,:mtLl.IE~

C:2.0'w) HLADIK Mllr~D~ ~~t; l71l jolJdjl'lt; ~ilivGt''' n, L'arcbl~re: d'a~m'hui n!:. ~ZlIQ".l00e p. '02-'100. Paella pFimt:ltleit:te ~dll9 ~XV1I. ~upr.arf:n'fa~ ti ~I foa~ r~:th.~,1il' .tI!~i!ii'!<$l ii<'a. {lr~te Is J.t.lmi~t4 10 (;;!;l~ cah~lt:rutltt:· fu~re 1.p7~17..I!;8lla t~~t-f!i.'f~1)ri W ~1$~jl'T irrt:.~r:vBllJl T7~W lar If! ~~a derr.r;llml~rl .t;l1):I&l ~L!i: (1e.44·4&~ ~ 1.Jt1pmCl't']t:,ilpropi,;'lt d~ 10m, 0 rt:rforitwl'I~ !jlmltara 1m liItll'lg~ .~fa~~1 df;l",nl~t:;!lr 0\111 ruJ J. r~t:I drl1 1,001.

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4D

pitolu13

3.1. GLASlFlcARi

POO'~t! flwmizar~ lnn.d6t.~dh.l ttT~~ 'in ~C't8ilfu. 1'~rvtM.l 6tabiUr~ nor il'l,dicatcn de t;:Ol"litral ~ p.entru ~t.ruct.u rll rea u nul ~i sten.,. a-au ~Jaborart. aB catr1 :;pcfGlaiJfti i m .~or1'l~rnu. mal mu.lu dl'&Uli;fle~(i. dtlr na: vGlm opri nurnal 1;IiI 8't:1~ eart ~Ul'l't mar rl1'1p'lc:tlte1'l., e~'LJct;uraii uri?an}.i.

AI CLA5jfrCA'R~ DUF' A GRADUL DE ACCESI [;I·IUTATE

A.1. S~Fi i verzi cu ~:c;Ce-!;; ntl ilml-t,s't pe~tf1.l.e.ubUc A. •. 1, Ailia.r;en r.8 ceiilor de cfn::.ul6!!~

AJ.1.$OlUill'iI..1I

A.t;" C1rSoil1a

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1 Zl .. r5 .. Gr.~~ iris pubUca

.M.4. Pan::1.l1 -

Alb. r1littUmJ;lI-parcfP~~'Lmea de rec.te.are (ewaVi~.;nt) AMS, ~~, oom.p[~u~ de ~!t"e:M~:rIt· {qx:pr.avj~t!n)

A 1.7. 5u ~~!J t'lt;:;l-~ ~noo-.GI imfiterl c-il'i· (3.005)

A2:. Spa1=-H V~r'Z~ vU acce~ Hm~tert. pe'nrt;ru pupil.(#!

1\..2.1 Din zonel.:: r~id~nrtJ.1lIle;

au. TehanunledtJOG~~p:.?rl\:dil1 vulnitau..a ~ocui~l(.lr 2·; t&.1~r,e.n iJ ri~~ ~:~. e-port ale C-,9!rtien.l~ui {3.0D.:4- )

A:2.2, Aferente--~artJri'lln' (3.005):

(Apil1i"f;In.a'Ma ro: c.r'e~el.ar. ~Ir~t&ll M it<:lo,r, ~oo I Uo r';' un ItPt,iJoli :6-al1ltz1,re: ~aw de: prot~ ~~!Cfillll~ dliVt::i"!i~Il)t' UJ'i$titurf;.ll! cLi~tll1r:a16; ~up6rmElI"" Gha.uri'or ~.)

A2..'3. Pentru ~ctia~rea aport;ului prnf~5iiQil1ij6t.

(pc;.i;a ~a ~~port~va u1t1:iful1c1!'1 at:! a!1 ~" I~I cClmF~ e~UlI ~uF~r"iLJ I epo....trv)

A:8A, C1mltJ reJ~

/\.3. 5p .. lFIi V6rzi fara aG:_GMo prfl.ntru pul1ltc (0,006):

A,ld.lncitlk{li p~

A.3.11[I'iIGlt1~ il'l5\tit:~)i~cl' de DB!iCe-r~lre, a inwprilt1tie::Jilor, a cUlJrlIrc:Uor, a ba?.e~or ifill-hd ro·~loripil,h~ ~.a.

61 CLA5J.fICAfi;;E DurA fROPIIL.Ul. f"REfONDE~EN r BJ. 5f?i!,rti i verzi ~e roorMr~

S" .. arul (m·a~ ~n ~' lJ'tiIiZat ~nt.F!,l .dirijarea cirou!ayi'ej). "r;a,H~ na, Pa:fQ,d~i 'Pidurea~paf'lGi.f'al'lCull'lilllt.urall. 61~1ft:.U~tJl afere,t1ta 6'b;is,(:;rI)Milor b-airr1cQ-

-ei'im!llteri C:d, .

-

41

B.2. S~piilrii V,flrz~ de .:;tgrement·:

Scuarul, can.d. 'e$,"\,e dmat. 111' aCBst eie:op" Gr~aili'1.a, P'arcul de

cJie.tract:-ii. Disl1.ey-land-uL

B.:3. Sp.:r~il verzi in6truc;t.iv-e-6\ucat,h,l:~:

B.B." Gr~d~tla arhcOIQtJld1.

13.5.2. Gradi t1a!oota ~ ioa (3~b07) 13.3.3. Grt!ldina zDelogIt;a

13.3,,4. P$1irUlJi dendrologlc:

6.3,,5. Gr.f:idir1J1Jparc'Cul6:XpOzL'ffe 13.5.6. T ehhCl- pia r"ClI'I/T e h hapol- ul 13.$,7, Parcul natural

B.3.B. ParC1.Jll'iliillti,or1.al

'[3.3.9. Reze:rv.atlfo'l.

B A. 6J?a:ti i verZl cu c;.araGtet" uti Itt-a t"

Bazele den d ro-iforl cole, Pfantarf;1i I ~ 4ptWltrlJ con&ol i'd 8 rea -u'lrlm u rila r !?i "rOtBc;:;ia, cureurl lor dy·apa. -r"e"'delefe d~ prOU.,.ct.te. Planta~i[te'J e ma~oare e.a.

CI CLASIF1CARIE DUIF' X AM:fLASAMENT (3.008):

G;t Tn peritnetn.!J conetruit

(5pt4-lf1e ~rzl aftw~nt6 a"'riilor rozldCI'1t;f.:;llc, dDtarilor, rnetitutJilor ~i introprind~rl[or; Spatl;il~e: VlBrzi _.d.e€rt;.tnate d~f)tinde:tll ~i ,<9Jg.rementulu1. Unele: ep~~ i verz I ow caract~t· Lrl;'J 1 [t;ar)

"

C 2.1" i Ii1travilart1

(5pa}J.il~ vcr~1 de de~tit4wlere~1 l!!en3'mtl.frt I?~rifsrjce, Cimftlirol~.

MaJorirtatea 6pa,?1iIo,' verzi cu caraster uti.lita.r (:3 celc .d." protec~e t)ani"tanii, de; .co 11 soHda rtl at unorter'(H'illl!:!",i, vBrS6r.1te ~.a.)

C.B. Y t1 extra viila n

(f~Jurile' pare. Ce-rltu ra vetdt:IS.o09. Complex618 Jill' a.gre~ men't;·13.010. Df·6ney-laridh.!t'ile. 'Parcurfli; naturale /3.011)

3 2·····. CA" ,r1'l.'·G·~'O·DntE'_ C-··.iI'RJ\- scrsms, "irG,IT ii, iii . L!t.., -:lULL - E.'L _".,,' \...L.lll.lU~, 11 . J..

MlJltftudil18a d~ ca~orii cont.emporanll. ne fi11,pledica ~~ facem 0' prezentare,a twtuft)r aCdeitpr'!il. oblJ~st1dlJ~t1e ~~ i"Ic rezlJlma,trI do~r loa cele ·mal .~~tt1l!1,mc~tive. £IBliU mal ~~,lnt,jlt:'lit.cl. Qrdln~ preuntartJ nu are 1M vedero nlcl cronologla (d.e:~i e-e d'au unele dattll). t1iC~marlme~~ nkJ graduj Ole {)omptexitat.t: ~~ nlci d&l~lfic:;arije dln paLragrarul 3.1. 01 d~r drdine-a alfubetJc~. pt'ltrtru .i;rfac:lUt~ ga.~irea: m~li rapidl at categorier C~ll"'e il1te;,t"e6eaza1n timpw! Btuc:iiulut

3 .. 2.1, AUNiAMENTUL '"

(;:;1 PLAN.TATIILE DE-A LllNG.UL CAILOR DE CIRCULATlE)

Pel'ltnu 1'riceput t!r~ltl!.ie f~cutJ ·pr~C!lzare.aca .. p[~n.t.liit::la de: ~lInf.amei!'it"ltiillnr~m~ntul. t1L1 trebuie c01t1fund.Jtt (5cU "a1lnnL~t'fIentur" :admin[Btmtfv (linL~ ce ~tlpalrJ!i dJDtf1i~'riful pl!.J~lii~ dC"ooi pt"fY'alt) 6ilju eel utHiz;at pt;J1tru d'ruml.lIT·j (troneon wlini;;!rdin tra!li~u'l Ttb pl~n a] unul drum).

De;;?t er.aYille: verz:i re,alilza~ 'tl'l ~liMi.an1el1te eau -fa!prr (3.012) nu au C;Ol1BrBTA;ll1'ta, Cal EHwrafcr~Jt.aI ce:lorlalte cK~orrJ, ele au tot;LJ~i atrlbute card nu aunt de t1t!.g~fjJ!t, Ail'pecyull dec()ra.tiv pcrm1t.e (prin folo'~ire<il. cmnbPina-c:i=l 8'1

42

arb<.l~n"r ·~i ~r~dlot'; ~ '6PB'1i/OrtlI11H~ki,i; ~i forme) c:rearea unei ambL.m~e rf.CorrfQrliante pe:l1t.n.i cotldLiditor1i &llJto f?i pietol1ii de petrotl.1t~re. ritmarea IJ ele~f~f'ur~ri. ilt1fm~r.!':l.al IJ nor frOl'ltlUf-i arhltzctura Ie rnonctone (mal al~$ canM~:~ra pat.n..m.dc ~f1t1 a I ve.ole a le e;a ~ rulu r con esru ~t}, i nt.rod U cerea "lJ i1 it.a ~ ff (c~~~~ gdo'~,e~t;"e' a,cele;a$ii.i'6:ptec~e) 'i'i1~r~ un ~~tf~ d isar,m onic ca exrre~,le !:).'- .a, TT'I cazu' LIner $lllnTamel'1u dit1arb'on ~I ';"alrbu~tl (ttl Idr-a die Iper&tt v6g;et~~) ~~u ~tl. ~~ po.ate a~l~ufa 0' protec"\:ie i'mpottlva poluartl (cu partk;ule., fij.1U nocive

. ~ tffDte) ta ~j impDtriv&I in~olat[e>i fil a clUre.nt-Hol" de au deravora·bjli. De a~m:rl~ tl"'t:l\7tJic ret::lnute cOI'II~ribu~ril~ la reililizar~ 6-i~ur$IIt1t.ai circu!<il~ir.::j ~.o13) 'ri a CDt1forttl[ul optiG. La .<1le~ere3 ep'8cJrlor Be '1101" avea 'in vedere:: rezi6-

,n:&! ~pOrlt&i la ro~uare (prderan&u-e.t: la clh:::ojat-,r:e il1tel1lfJ;a. ~pec!il~'"(;;u frunze marJ.compUSkt).: perioat!la tie.exte.tDn"f8 a frUI1ze;IOir :7.ii fie c~t ... mal !1l.Jf'14J~t 111 trmp at: ~ di:: exfQlhBr~ ~a fle c:lit mal %urt~ (ptll1t:rlJ ZI s~rfWrmite .0 c(:)lec~are ?I inde~~ ro ra p'd!~' podoa ~¢J i foH~ r'e)~ fructete sa IJ ~emJ t1te~e Ga t1 u m ~.u1da ~ rllolrecli§trad~: Ela [ilib~ Q cr~~t;ere rapidll (cee:a 012 nu rt1~amrl1iro 1,J'cHiUlm abuzlv.8. a. pkip.u lui) dar ~ fie: Ijiiollongc:viv@; ®l~mtJl rQ'1lllik.:et~r . .s~ fie F'rofu.nd~r I1U t:lJ6:<tindere E)upcmoialarntinJ!i)a (ce nu r~zi~t&i III v~nt. puternfc dar'!loate afecta 7mb ~G~mif1t.e~ s;al,!' platforma al"UmullJl)~c;orQaJ'ia sal I"IU fie pCl'ide:l1ta (ce pr Ltc" Insuurlt.s;rtM cJrculii~;tet ~i SMrM!;5"te meiai1,aoHaJ, 6$1 permlita tl.tnd'~rea (df~Hle(.-e$it~~i 1:~e:t:;ice 6~U utlilt;;i!!lre)-!?i B~ ai~~ un trunchl rsctlllrtlu ~i eu 0 In~l,me de minimi,Jm 2.511'1 p.airh~ la lomiu ~nfe.rioa:ra a coreanei, E5~ d;J: prefeIll".; ca d8".a llJ~tJl f'o5el~lor %i B6 ape!~c I~I unl1ataarde. e;'pecJi: cverclnee {3,Ol4), ~,i aris~ fGrf1'1~ f&.l~tr!3~ta eau .. t:QJumn~ra~ C.f!I6'i;aII"lUII PCl("Le.~C. ptfii:tal1ul, G.arpen,ul, t'1tJGu1, ~()~I:.IJ. uimu], tetul, frae;jnu~. pa Iti~1JJ1 ~oiirl1ai pu~ir1 Golli'Fer6Je: (?t011P). oe ~IJ~:D mal e3Bn~iblle I~ no>:::e (3.016), Sprt aeo6ebire:·de prottl:6itMlda;; i'n Gt;I:ZUI'fw~le:lot' ~i al ~'ti·aziJor !i~ re,Com.ar1dl a E1e rolOe:ii ~peGiji~ locale: penth.J a tit pef'mitetn~oculrea raptda a exernplar:elor deeradate ~i a I"'IU -e~ Grtlgj di~ol1ill''I)t-c fa;!;~ de veget~'~a oil1, Z;Qi1I~. L.~' diepunere:a 'in t~rei1 ~e vor ave,a ttl vedero: 5~olfto!J1 zonei, Qa.w~"ri2l de ertr:ela.~ t?i r1titl,Jl7:I trafi'culuf, veGinJJ~'l;Jre (d~9tiMat{a ~r' ~tmu I de In iil~[me a I CiOneitru c1;inbr), ef~cuk e6tetice' L.J r~ rfte: i 1'1 ,ll'ilu;a ~ vi Ir:nl , pe :!itr~!J6. ,dteoto8 r'd (3 .. (17), d [~ta f1~e I ~ intre eXCl~ plare 1PQ"t fi CiJ~ le (lItzl 5U bCEIpi.ooh:lI &, §;), 1"1'1 c.azul un u i rrlitmr;;tatic, d iferit.(;:, Tn G~ZU I un U j r.it.:m ~lrt~rt1lc, tar p,I.i1·rre~rc~ ~e P9a1tc FaGe pff.$¥1b'ele laturl, Un profjlldngirt-u~~l'1fa'l QU trone;o.fl11c: 1rI pant.! (3l.018 }va fi insQ~tt chlar ~ i'I1 cazul utrii2:;arrj unor EJopedl dt:: m~ltime w;jl·labll~. 'tl:e l .. H'I proll! iaifiCmanator 111 d(31Bflpu(tlm·~(.l ~irlJluJ de coroane. Un~r" lJi1 2Ilihiament $~lU 0 fa~re- pOaite sAl e-xJete numai p"B 0 latur~ ~5trarzij aand 6e de;Jcl.1kle G j?lflrilpcct"lval • .;lIre 1:c.'C o Jnt-:alnire GU un eeuar eau 0 aradfna.

eo .!iIt:lmfi('JflS-2l~ o cot1vffxitate·.ll unul frotTt GQi'lfitrlJit etc.),5!~1J .~irLJr/~ff"\urile. pot B 1h!octJite cu grwp.~rr. mai a:!e9 pe ·~~e:llele de trefic il1tem'i.· UiI1~e un ritm r1e:~~ft ~e: lHl'1bn:: r= o;ar.pe'ielbrL pt1~te at{;I'Uial priM monQ"'"'t.-O'l'1i.e, vi~rlerr~"cot1dLJcJitaru~u f .,iiI·uta (1'r1 a:6~$t. aa~:z,. dfetJmt·e I e ,d f.t1tre' erup~'l"i le 4e $lr'bori!.a rb u~t;l. Fat ajun~e la 10-00 rn),

3.2,2. BAZA ~I COM'PLEXUlSf'ORTIV

o !!a:w ~erv~~,t:.e aoar 2-3 di~GrpHM ~porOj~~ (de r ~fertlt1'l1rudr"[;C). iilpar~ne lIt'lel aoooiat--H ("fnfii!trr-ata ,de I"egul~ pc 1J}~1.ga 0 .iMGtitlJ~ie G-<lIU .0 1Ntreprlt1de;re ce C)-.~i fiM!nri.'lazai) ~l are.·o' eupl":elfet:~ radu~J;i ta: etrictul n6<C6e-ar: t.~re:nurl, Im.a, dOLla con~t;r..Llct-ii pentru antronamentc (su a!l1ex~), ~ir"ulat>jj. C6f1>;.Muctme e.~ reduc u l1eClri la un g r'up :!1lDcial ia r !5parrjl.l,1 ve rde ~",$te at::: cele rna i

mulU on rr~~im M ifi cat:iv ~i C'Zi m-aro rliU ~ putlle do!: oblice,l .problema' U 1112: ~ corn rozit~i ~'S[~a g ere, G~ exe m pi e put~m me::t"1-p'io t'l@ ,,A rena P'ro~lroouJ" di i1 B~J;C LH·$~tj. fU'I"G'yfClrl~nd ~i(1 ~~c,enrLJ[ al ~.iil,puleo%'l ill iiiiecalulut t.rec~t. (CiJ urel1l.Jl~1 pentru tel"16 tfl prirrJJ.JI ,·ilne;l .. site jdctJrl a:p:ort]ll$ .!J.'f a aalip'll'ntnJant;r~~tU11~11'[;,e;) ~l f05ta b:m ANEF 1(81 AGa.dcmi~1 Nblf,ionale!lal@: Ed"'':Cat:<i'~ FlzicJ ~i Sport), "i'nfunF3"ta 11\1193.5. reflll:;:uta W~ 1948 (cu un $t:~dioi1 aVfJ nd trlbuneoL (.I caps CI~ d~ :30.000 loc.uil"~. fiufil' al!';e~tM .to3ilt;~ at1~~lc far a'~~uri d~ E!~dion, afte ttlf&nu ri de 6pO:rt) (3.0'19),. ~~ WH:J\~JftCl~tJO d!;;.I't~ GU I uClr~.rille p~Mt.ru • .caM pOj'Cln.J lu l",

. Comple:x.ul.eportill Cili ~i ~~Zal., sunt ,c::lt;stiflate prQfelBiOJ1iif?til~r. ~pl'e'

d~BMr:e d~ pzmeul G:p.m1Ji'i.1. C.<1I re ~e r"I./.e~:?l .d~BU ndiSrii plJbl:icu lui. Compol1enteic: UI1ui romp-1m< pot TI: t;,en:murH~ pc;:n'ttu jOCl!.lrl filportiwj p,;:u1IiOan'ileltl lJrlrNrI.cs;tIQna!~ (pl~cinii .. ve!o.dr-om. patil1'Oar:, ~i~iDi1 t,Jr !?~.) ~u poHfuifu;pfona·le Oocuri sportive, trtlet.!em, e~mr1a£o!~icg;, Ii!'»: !;i..a.) p,ayHionLlJ a,dltrUnrBu,ativ (cu SliFWtili perrt;.rl.J ~c:t.jyJta·~i1II ~e'ilrrltr~il1~re). !I..iI ~:chipBlt:14et1U (jugitin~ dr~ 0 ~n'fl"eietrLlam ttlJ!'iIi ~dBiOV'a$'lii,). :ae a~.aL!:ga p~rc:ajlJl ~i a I·c!ilede I~Jturj 1r'tr'1'3 GOll'l'lpOnk:mte: "~r"t;, tlro'bluiB- ~5 prnta,1 publ1cu~ (c~ln~. 9u,t1t. cbmr~"t-lf.ii). ~1'i'I cazul compleX:Clor~ oon6tnJ~nC aes-t:in8tt: diwro6loractivit~fi ~~I'Ve, pot. oc;upa pan~ la 20-00"'tl;dlt1tt:r~n~ e~.rul ~Gtiv~ ~i6~uM;e.~i&e !HiuLt.:fl~l"tJ:axarre.'p6i1'11;ru 9pOr-t;.Tii;Iii; a renele ,d6$ti hate ~i.: Gomp$!i[i h,r. v.or Q~UP"8 ~mp~~;6~lmerf1m mal pe:rife:rllG'~ (pemtr'LJ ca publl cu I e~. Ii'I u d,e:ra'J(]jexe .mctivitatea!!\FClrti V.\:l cumrrtli) av&nd $IOC(:@ Ia!ep~'fri ~e:ci~aJ~rd;; oJrc.u 1~t:J~:a wa Ii rer::~ ml~'P~. Un sxeJl'l p~u de: comple;.: ~H~ ~ra nQ8$tr.;}, poate fi .. Com:pJ!if;(l(UlI Tint:ll.':ituh,.ri"'. d&ijoat eJlfM~or dh'l 6ucure,t1 • .at punt ~di6pozj'Frt:: un ~diotl. I.!I n pazi t'1 .di%C01,erit, .:J ~Ui ~6 ~'imfla5tic'; 1-'i t.fi:renuri per1trul 'U~t,l1!e JC-G!Jll'i't\i'pGlr;wc:. Cornpfexe deaceea~1 t$ln~. 'i'!nt.iI'!l1lm ~i 'in ~'t'" Onll;;e din 'P~M,

3,.2.3. elM mRUL COLU M,BARUL

PlCaJnd de ia co:nctpufe oulte!or fatJi de' ~a CC'S-:;) r fntarnpi;a ~upa d~~.ul ~l1'd~vIdurui., <;! rezi.l~"ta't ~.i sttt.utiljne@! f~~l ~I~ CGtpu~ urrl\'QrI t1e'Jn~L!~ ·f~~rt (3.020). N u 'F~,,"e Q~ieotu I cur:SJLll u r rJ t1'~~i"rh~ t1~ i nljllffi~UIW in. iEl-tor.i e. ~ i Glcur~ndu-t1e~~ ~p"rrfoadacot1~mpor$lrl!~t opa na ofrll11lS1 G~l<: dt{Ji~. mQaf!'llJt~.~1 uzua~e ,de .;.iiI twa;ta .a"'&~VteJel ii'lhu'I1'il,ilma ~j ij neirH3rare8! .f'on~'~i~a ~lor ~u2i· dlfQl'a ~~ la un cult la a ltu I ~~u e; fune}:ie ~~ gMdui de; cfvi !1Zar;f~. tn u Itim£! &:;!itJe din ,,5arirEntwll rfEi lehro'" (N~ufitrt.) $6 ~PJtcl~" pcIl'm;ru Europa vefitica,. 01 70 IProOOl1t.f: JI'part,:i M ,~.a C:iCBl1Ivli&l TI1 ~ ILl mare~H1IUI1W,] .'30% ~~[n(S Gat~gOfr, ~t'lcin$ra rs, r n t.ai1f8 ri Q~~u)tra, Il\"~f1~r:.~ rta,.&f~ C:~pa:lcVT6 urna r1 is, $t "roSl'otlc.a n u ma r WI r;.UCLI ~ I~,;tl (e:remato,rl u I .. Ccr: lJ~". fu t11!:f.IQ!t1~ind d'i1':l1@:3S).ltharoparaa. f1icil nd,u - ~ 1M

. ~ h

almltire LJrtde $e: 'lJ rm~F~~te 9 exploatam. ,1.:11 mlllJ>o::!mum .'1'lUrei'l U luL i,l'iI ace~te

Gazeri, suprafo1i'fZi 000 pata de morminU: aj~Il~~ {ti I~ es7~ tUn t.ota I htciht;,;, r"C6tul f/ind ocu:pat tie ~Iet Red ucerna la 50-66% ar pemtr:-l.C: :?i int.ro~uc.e;~ v~~rei 'Hh~It~j. c~mjti rl:J~ dtV8t1 ~r1d' ,,:&1>f8i ~il u n ~:aG d'e: m~ditaftt'l. qa2]JI di H f$ne;,. IJrn;I~ ~ji au odinna de; veoi r~rt)oI'WHdrr-i mSFC;arrlrt-~ .aile c:utturil frl!linC~Z~, La Elmplel;;:,~H;e: .fle' vtlevit;;;;I vecrna·"elt~t.I: Im~~Ja:r,.a a I:oca.!inyeror (3.a2'1) ~J C:lilpt*I"1Hor&l.lIlite:nilil1e; .d,e a pJli. Si,e'Mlll 0rt-a pentru 0 t:I~()arti panlta (ee tndepirteaza :Zl'~elt pTwAsde ~i ofen~ o panorama mal ales de ."llu~ jh.mIM:ll~6r' din T~!n6Hvanla 11 nolBlfd;lrl~),. ee va prefe;M 0 I.ziera .de. picture (ee c~e:azJ a a:mi;!ianfl: an-ti-depro'!ltv~) '~i un . aeees mU""1.'O c.am'od. rer,f!f1r..r~ .It:~ '[:re~lJi fi·iir fie lJ~or d'$ ~ua8lJt (prle'f~ral'1- du~.~ un pElim~f1t 8l~Ha~. nh::ifpQ..$ eau 0 fttfuctura !lr1alOg~) ell or~ent~r:~ pref~'~6I:bll~ !5LJd.?i "#lr~6~ !~e c;ohf~i1!·t eu r'~ de ap$l-c.:aMI !pi cur:ent. el.(;lG,:tric;-. La

~al'l'wrl!l !:2~ vrlr·ave.a1'n '1d'd~r6l,m11~tO$lrele: parcaj In veGin.~tatt.:.a Il1trarif: ~3Vll tin dec'5til1;1'1;' pubHcu!ui (bimuri. ma,gaztn de. prOdU6t:l funel"~m, d~po.zft,1)1 tNlr,;.ua'r i!laIJGa.p-e:I~, rr1:&epelM~en~) la lintr~Te2!l ih in;cln~: p~v:ilitlM" adminif::;tt"&ltiv

cu: l11rouri f"tmC'(:;iol1il1ri; ari11va; !:lirQU p6iga,giB"C; c~bll1.~ port:ar; c&lm~.ra pazniGi au jrJC. d~ darrnlt t;:'lllnr,oil'Tieta; g.rtlpu.rie.<;ft1lt2!n1) ce poatefi cuplat: cu un rnlc rn~1J ~nt (ell i'I-M ex(\': le neGe~~ re) ~ I CUI eopa'[:fI it; perrtru pom pe fun,~bre (ma'ga:z~ n de urne,!!'ic ie, 'aw~f)llrii); mafjazln de 'FloOri, IUItt1~tlJirf: le~atorie; coroane: 6p.at;ii d~poiwe: at,eit;c;;re (t2i,mplrilrr~. plevrar,it}. tJra~l.fr~); grtlp ooc.iil.l; ae:pozlte de~Uri: O2lpele. pe culte eau una cernuna la orasele !1':lic;! (priW~zJLJte Clj.:~p'.at-jLJ d~

uri: iii s,iCi"lulur, COfl;1Url cu $tlla reul1luit1H de aaia; $p.a1(iLJ pel1tru or~a. cot' I1Cl:,J o.!ilJttera p8rii1lol'1al ccleziAiiatilc; came;ra cClro:a'i'le~ .. ~rup a:liinit...ar) cuptate ~,Ii.H) MU'~ epa-;;iul p'e>ntrtJ Ur11C' (In'olue;,lv pentn.1 vizit;;!rea lor)~ c:lopot-flJ"tl irlte.gratli 58U ~aratk ptalyWonul c;rematDri.ului. ce posto fj''fnga ~i UI"l ~pafll1 ~jtuat.la eubaoliJ! F,a • ..rUsf.lulul su Gap~l~ (ce va cUFirtnde: reoc:::p-t;ie c1l!Iaavre + pre:g,ltjre + eruparc: t r&tc:rte; camera frit,10rific}l; £amerii PG~t mOr'tem/.pent.FLI U'ltimui OO1a~llJ: &iro; d~pozit urne: ~rllp !!;lJoGlal: 5p.i1'H tehnice); p'~vtll'ltlul d.e tntl":e:fif1a~ (cu~ attlJoier, 03Mj~ 'dero!Z~ utlllaJt: 'i'ntre~incre;; chJdMc.a + elrUp ,5Q~i?i1 p,~o~ r.al: seJ1i:), 5trl1cttJ.r-are:ape (i'i~ct.O~l"e {fun~i,tli oe duma .car;u;;e:ai6f1~rij Jot.ulu~J fIX~lJarul :d~ rtlormlnw obl~nuj~ f%l.U .;;llveol6 verli~ nec:e§arul -de cavouri) ptrtl1l Q lI.ur'1i.i .iliJ;mit1I,~t~re. va;aveilll fn va~tre f?t ~iEi,t~tlt-a unul COl1l'lpartlmel'l't d&lltWt erollcr MI:.J pe~t1alita1'ilor nearnulul/orasului, ce va bCMfic;i~ de un nrrpoog.arne 1t ~j 0 t:rata.re adecl/elta. Rtt"yealJa .d.e al,~,i, va \ifne 5eam~ d~ dvpl.@fi<l!1J,;i cam/oiiullIi, fLn1er~r, de p'l8!:tfortne[B I'iIcc;e~~re uner pop'ei$Llri iII1 c;le.'aifi:i~~M~ uner proGl!leiu,nl ca ~j de e);t6teJ1~a Uj'lQr Gp.,r[:;iJ.tra·lJ.a~B: pej~agtlr c~· ,Ioaud de ~itai'lt,

'()I'um~~rele j.fl~ .din ri.lili81I~~ dB: Q~g,at1Tz;ar&.a cimit:ire(or C:f1u:a P1ooott..e- ~Mv!lr..l.d. 1n~a 0 a~eme!1e.iJ: reallzam) lar pc't'ltru ',,~e: e;~ ctlul;Jf p·el@,aJe 6'tlmufat;oilre, cu wruJI02iB anitilat;.ill. d~ecf1rderJ de rerfiipective, $"~U dr-epun:erl Giliffl:;~ captezt:: li1teroo.l.!Il, e IIe1Jctcrl;:ill!:i l1o;tlattlJ eau rt€li.zatil $i cJli@r pr'l'}Z&I1t.eI uncr ~err.ej'1te de· attli r1'lQ.I1LJm'-tnr".al.ll. F"e.rt7~iI-Gtluie peMtru urne, -de-vin aetfel latrlJGturr ~rhitt:.c:tur&de. Compozit"r,a uner a~Bm~l1ea :.Joc:ul"i til'll vec:i'", profer.a mal'1j~m reJ'%IqC!lir~~ Sp;;lr~ii'lc CDM~tJi,Iite gL"l~t-'5~mil.are GUo ~!,el de t~'iIr.c:rmi1jJI"f; .. DIn IUlldrl Cl':sa amil1tirn; l@lJala.da/Barcelot'l$lf, Sl'ani2t, B't"iol1/En;ir1 V~ d'Attillol,e'. ltal J.

3.2.4. GRADl NA ARHEOL()Glc.~

E~~ 0 cat6~t3rif; l'1oua, a c:;:arc:i ~pal"ii?le ,a for;.'t ~ti,ml.~li;lIt;·3i de- atlt.udl~~'m~j rc:ce~' b~ de'p~trlmonIUJI imobll d.'$frt?J fa~de pr3jfl~j,

Init-Ial, acct't'lt-ul a c.i:z;ut; e)(Glu~iv pe v~$tii!llite'd6oop'6rtate !jiIi carea~ u in ~tr~ 11-L! mal t I1t~re;g;.u I ~poBGial i $tHor. Cu rlin4 fu ~~ ,&1 (;e~t act ·cu1tu I:"a I a fOOtorJ~l']tat cj-ere rnarele public 'i'I1 varlante ca:

IV ve~ti6ii expuGe tl1 aer lIl?'er~ In 5itu. 6.3LJ1 protejatB m, pavilioane (wr.zi J4az4'lfcu.t" f;kdtll Corr~tatlta. l"u'M~L~; mmtlt1e de la SofiEi ~,$I.). unde anturaJuJ, ihtlu~rlt flpa--piul v~t:de tl;€i't;e r'edu:;:;. ~a mhllir'l1LHtl,;

13/ pfe~e prelu.a~ din ~.apatt.Jri !;if pL.l5·e 1ntr-ul1 context, 06ea C"t; prB9J~U M a com p,QIZ~fi s, motlvOlItJli,de un &II nu rn it &co1" 'tt'il h'1lTO rmarea ~j e:d I.iIca,re.;l! ubJ'cului:

CI CQab:itare~ mllli rnu It or temati.c i tl1tr~ un 'EiJngur Bra~i UI. fn geneL~1 !.is m~rrrnea unul pare, urm.~ri.ildn.J-:!;e 0 'l1furmar:e compl~xa (cum ~r f[ un

45

«"&en-[;.r.u ell itu i"SlI» ded iG~t !,;I i"Jt:j ciV'iI i%2l1'l i I' U nell l:lyp8 d f n 0 U It.LJ r~ un [;J ~ p'blPOI*) eau (;I ge:5itr:ul'le: IJJ n ic~,

rrim~ vElti~r:lt5. tn<l'lJ ''5[n1pH~~. 6 cela'.mai rnfP'p.&l1dJt~. Ultima ~~U' trI<l1f r:ara il?i paate Iii exefi1plilfk':.ilI,tJ;i ptiiM' .. Pil'iIttul i6tDric Colhua,Gati" dfl9, M~c:o CIty. undB &unt inaumat:;:. :trej ~matft'lr: memoti~ ruitll6lor. ro~~ ua rea unui eft. existent. ~i crM:rM UMr !5'.r-lAJri. tl1 "P.arcud ~i ~f".1ii~irtill zoo iomae Garlr'ido Cana~ ~r' d~r1 am~!J1 Vmah~rmQgu dwn Me,>\I£;, 61iJ nt·.1lI!ooci~~ un pa rc- muz:eu cu is! rtil m O~ ~.H11ef'FtilJla. CUi rnEh-c:u di ~ I::;: "bI ~t.urn Olm'CC-$I \?i un~.ecta 1'" zaQ, Pri riC trW e, 1'n a~ef11'a'ne~ cazurJ~ ~e· care '$$ v,a ~ln6 G1eGima 111' org'..aI1~Z&iWC!a spa1-~ulul. liar f dmermintf~e ~ie flpec: i21JL?,t~. m8J i alee 'Ih VJil rr S! nte,~C .~ ~i C (\>f~ I"J~ t'L~ A1i1~c: rli I'JdU:;~g. irt· :JiImei1~j~l"iIB peIM"Gliere< t!uma,l m cilwt1i d~~"tu~di(}"Mlir,~), v~etah.J1 eV~r.ldt1:tat wult e: fun~!~ de5upo.rt., -di~: oamp;;:u'ilie:. de ~8pat.;;:IrB ~i,de dest.lndeore·it1 ,,;azui unel t:tlita~j mixw. 6upJ;arfCftlla pm< liI':arla de· la idimen:6h,mlie: Itn,8r>u1fW ale unl.lr ocuar (varianU1 A) pan.iJ la ~Ie al(!! urlUf pare (~rlant.1ll G).

:3.2.5 . .G!RADINA B,OrAN!CA,

rr1Ge1p'Llt.~,Jr~lep.0"t f[ pues ptJ !l?~!t'l1J.a .alMt;iQhid1iir, cAn~ eel eel ~e ocupau ~e;,5~t'i"ata1;..e,a QamiSt1L!or, oot1,!d~r.;au bOY"n·icaOSl, {) ,a'i'le>cll s mtedic>:jrnii. ~1'1 evul mad~lJ, .I n i~latT,va!l va 1lI P1i'l,~ 11 ~ .Q.a~luealri IQ~·. ~" .!7~. ver d,~d IGitli ,:1 c'yl,tJ-ltarl i pt~it1- ulor U16t:dcinalc. 'D.ar cW$pre: Jlpal'1J;la .unor "ra~,h'll UJl101e:~ alb.~ ~'~ call~O.fffi~I Gt~ rea. unor plant!: nt(~ l'i re~dizare~ unoi' expctimitrr:~ (Iii iltCeput ale aaa.pt't! re il uncr plante c:wtfc~)., !i.e 'pQate 'vorW 8i~iij' rn ~~e. XVI ,and i111545 ~ con ;mm1'l~ ~~:I1'fa tH1ei .g ra6li n ~ ,~atatl t~e pe J&i fig''; unjv~re;Jtsn:;&a diM Pado~ va tlFtaI,ia. Ele ~ \!'or fnmu~1ii r~,fd (:;.QZ3) E?i ~e vomil1t.~~nii ~&jjlt pe I.§n:g)it UIMiv.~f' eitl't-i 0t1U ro~edilil~ princil11ll:r~J r,nonar.hice~ ca;t. ~~ rnal~mnt"li:etrir~ia unor or~~~. 111 &£cWlele X\ll h'.(IX~, ~r<ldiNH~ vor e?tz~~i fU $uf$utl (till.!. ~~riNill de ~t.ln1icl) .a~.~ p:errt.ru etud,ett1'1 ~'~~i pentr~ pu:[,U(;, l~ tJm.p, &lC~60t:~ C~ ~eQiI"l,e VEl ~~et1i wt1 lOG ai an(;um611t.8rH (l~"iieurol .. f"Ot<.lwa:J. '~l'::po.zl~jli) ~i c~fOO"tarJ'~, 0 b:anca ti[,e dat:{;: ~j &1: ~~m{~, Uti oont{iu ~ co:ne-ervare dar ~i dt~l"'trlblJt-i~ ;iI'1 ma.t.d:r!t{iului v~.(i:ta'l (U1<iI eau decorati'v) $tlllJ M ol'~!1izart: d~ ~hrmburi ~i cxpcdj~1 ~.a.rn:d. AcC2!"~ta ~~ataactiv~te. va iI~di"min~ prQrif-e!:itea "urt1~ru!ui de !fr.acdiinl. untltl- ;1Jjun~;ljfid: ~i r6 Q' 8l;I1umita ~pe."I~lllizari:e: (~.o:241i Tn 'Cimp 00 ~tJlpraflfl:tele otoup;:;rte dBYin ~I ele ~t!l1'inJfiootiv~ (;3,02.5). .F'ri:rl'tre c"i:)~eo~iHe C:ell'~ rnaf reflUmfte pe 'phan mOMcHs'I, se r~t11<;Jre~ 6.of,oIH[:I"rent;~ I1~B6 ~i 1\~L.~n~ra. /'7~B: (3.02.6 ) .. tn "',:lIZ!.iil ara,d,i ni l.or, a pO:il:llt:Jc: 6Bmnifio~tivlt Q ct! pAd t3e~l~, (;0Iir:c; 111 M~ p~rld Cell ~C;iolul XVIII (3.027). ~e,a:pli'OiP;rie: ~efuMC1fru~ ,c-.e: ie £1iI:J ae-tizl. L8 gr.idinll'le Ulride ~. face fJ OO(-cet.13:~. pr~,i'iI~, lor oote. ooli.,aato:rit'i iar rJl,lmlirullor Q~te funq-;ie: k ~c:Ul8I p.rtJtt:jaJ:.~; Pfil'l'rorma '~idlm«ill1$iunlle .Ior; td~ d~"'itl pLinote de iMtet"W 'WI GQ:m;pozl1;ie,cu at~ mal mu ~ c:u calt 6~6' .a~g pui11,iCu! priM GOI~i~le ~(i)r @:e ~Ja t1te: Mire. (I'il'li ce4e jilMlli ~p,re:zetlrtath,t!f:' am ~t1itim p~ c;s~~ FraI1Ct'lze ,de ba Ch:mrelQ'up - Yildlind.!B;i d$pa'rtam~ntull lie d~ frar1.~~ (3.028) ~I Cf.1(\ll.lorldvl1a~e de la K~'w'(:;.02.9), ul~d:B . .s-Brn pt'rn~e6~~ d:~Wal~$"'~erte ,I ~a meli p'trfQr'tfli.1H1t~ dll'ilpUr1ct de vederet.,e:hnf&, De ~i,t'Iut di exl~t~ ~ij~I~H'¥::G~erM ca ~r@le. :priti '~tn.lc~rt" ~Ol" u~oara~t t.rafL5p.are.li1~, ~'IJI fO:!?t. pnecure;;Q,arele ."e.t:lilului Ttl1:etmi· ~on,al" lar OlB,iDGfera II"" re:alinltl de 6.U.A .• oou UM21! din perfor-man~le·uhNiG~ mal reccnu (3.030).

La al~crea temnul Ui Wi! treOul'w ~. a ibll In V&i.ere m'2li rnulte GllI1,d"i1'iil drn C.1ljr~ m""tlr~iOr'lalifl! ,e:vftarea am,r'@i1am~nte'or poJUatti,~ nDm~,n.I~ mare de 6'p!!lcH de FtOvCi'lliei::rp8 '1l:;I!lr~rr:aI'" di:g)t,in(;;te .• rrc:tjnd,~ Uri rel'jeF Cf~~:il.&J

a ~a 0 1oroIO~,jCl va;rj;~,cl ~I V:,f)r~a.i1tB" au ~lpunem dif~ri'rll~ a i naceitta'l?l 'I:'¥Iiat.rV6. ~~ ra~9ftl.tiH1lda: $i p til,tt:nt,;-a ltl'U.i i ,C,Uf"@ (~r,efE; raib j I.) eau lu ciu de apa~ e:Ol1~tl;rufritl ul.1ar pe.i~ l'~ ~ Mm~,t'latQare Gt'l:1 Or' n&r~l,J a1JC' cle I,J nde au f06t acL1.I ~6 pl2! nule'~i re<i.ll~roa unor ~oocicatH we~t~ho;l> pr\~tif1d 0 :6-~JFWaT&!~~de, nM:it1im!.!m5~7 hoa (t:A'9rc rp~tB e~t.r'!7f.au ~i fi.mc0f,;ci Ban i'taraa ofaf'l1J[ui);avahdtn 'je4em'~.i ap6t', tulia fuf1c~irte dJrWoliM'I'e GLJIr.:LJ~il$I-~aLl6atlve ~I 'de necre;a.re, Burrt de 6lAit~tt!mpia- 6Str.r'lt1t,~le p~nfurjt4c€:!:~u eele laoZir.e: aoeetz'II.!l1 nu e$wf~~u:;n 61l!t,J; I"IU ,di~punfli de rt1IJ~G~ dttt':"an~PJDrt 1M o~m un, Orga n i~afu nc~hoit1a rii va fi obtli ~.ad 'Ba t:-[~ 6&llItll!'l1M prirnui rJ,\'rltA de priil1'cJ:plih~' ~up~ Ciai"ie l.irmea:z;l;L~Be f~,te dt~plil'1ei"&'$J platrtel~r. 5~~:t€1l11,art;J{iiii. fitogMf/lrafica. ind1UEltl"helfa, a~CQr:atM~ sau QOm~iMi1l~i ill!!! aOe5wt"'a (3.o!5~p). ih l'1f1¥tle gTad~wtr'i bot.al'lic~. '~'pot trrtil~Kfi urm,~·t;&~r8Ie soo.ti~jj: p~<:;ll'1te d~c;Qtpttrv~i dii~pl.rel~ d~ reg4J1a I~nga Irrtrar"a p.r[nolpala~ un ~rilimj flOml Uf1GH" wne g:li'lo\3r:apcedfi1 tram r{::~pe:ctjv.a ~a:!.;lI d$ p&'a~ob,: p'lalnt-e elrrt:!ti~lJf[ilo@l'o~O~n;:; F't~rJ~ ,de cu l~u r"~ (Gel'ea'la~,:1 e~Uf'l'1rn o~~e:r te Ifn tee; mF.1 We~ re, ~~~i arb~~ti fructjfetri)~ a~Q.cJ:u~iti lemI1L\'lst:M~et:i~rel:; cuitLJIrt ,exp~:nim~f1- "tale: (BD3.2), La .a,c~Bt1Mf ~e po"" a.dJiiIU.gtJl ?i ~Pdc'ill~ '~upw~a cOr-1Btit'lfarii (d~~l prorej'are~ pl~u1U:lor'.$ImeriTri ~~ cu .di~p.~I"i-fr,a ~~~rr!~'Ct ma:iJudic!o~rn r~eM~l) '~·flLlI'beV'ofe d:~, bIQta:purlawl~c:~~ (5:.033). 1'1'1 afara alceql:.ui die.zlderat. majm-~ al n;pelrt;i~r plal1t~lor; mMul de or,gtllhJzat"d: agral:HJ1H va rt11&li .«I~a 11 mr1~~ mve"5na~Ba'~·G~~fiUIIJJ pubHc;u~u~ QU W'I piilrQ2lj $Itft{;1 ~i irc:'lrltru biclc;l~e; amplEl6a rea LJII1 or"s,!'we:~i ·eVEmt@.I'~ Urrlul m(J z~u ~ISI n ~c (c~ d ~1.;4t'rporl ;de:'irrter~~; ~t:c' Vcr tr~b:(Ji !:la: O'CLJ Fe PQzilfr~ priVi le~Q:aiUf 1I'n GomrDiu~j~). u ~tJ n1'lJ j putiln~ ad~PJetJ !pI 0 rrne;'~ltu'fi~ de:: ce:rcetalrB; Jilfmpl1al5area unul pa,li"Ulcm tldmrn'Ue;.trilitIv ~; GLHlervicij pe'ht!"u pll.I&;ific (jt'lu~USW ~rl1p .~.ani'tar);nete~.lt.i;ft::e:a Uit1IU[ ~&;tL!:r de in~Mre (ce oi:iiI; f fu ,!1'lfarl!ll tr(!l:;ee:lo.r m~Jor~ aile: pu&::>licului); &i@Jfj.urarea ur'l'or CIf'ClliT:eJalel, csrs ~ l1ua'ib'a"ttr.1 11$"0.11 'tle D UI 'pare!J rt!'jere. D'bllgata MtII$';1'i1 t(.lIl"S, c~ro 5~ 1t roh1odfe f4f1tru c,in;uJa-t;i~ (laI~1 111&, fmbrtio~ t7'1lir,te, 1Plroty~e 1n 100'1.] d!e foaM ~~vl@a:nt.at~) ? i care ·6~ 'f1i'B prev:~zll.rt~e.. eu JQcUlni de nd!i I1t'1.a: ~~rM !J no'!" pLlnct:{: ~'yi~~ro; uti I !wte,;iili' di6 marttfria ~~. t1,;lijturn·I,e; 1n ~ U!cr~ri I~· d$ am~tl a ja'~, qlJ~.n~I.J-5e 00 I rrtervt:t1tiiJI~dC) @iwrematlzal"6 y.t::rtfca I~ ~~ fie cAt'miil! j d i6cr-eU.

v .

3,2,.6 .. GRAD~NA DE E.XPDZ!TII

r~jt!!r61ne!ll,~1.Jt.urll'B'; ea flJ,ilG~ie ur'bal1.a; 0 d'ill~ cu §e;o. XIX cSind~!::'O ere,;'lrrr~cll pri,tl1l~lc tt;PQii+:ii. ~fijtik~a4r&~ie. Cl~t1cl~t1i IJI lnce:putoa un ~Fa,lt:~lJ peJ1tru 1'1,au:;tivit-atfa d.®E;C'tJrtlI OOrJlt~. ~mer1etji1rije vor 'fi efemer~. M~i apoi, «hlp~m~i1td~J::Qle'l,'t-Jejtolir(~; (arutl1utl. it1~taJatiiJ Qglil1Zt de ;@.r'~ ~"~:) .~ ~~zl t:.il1~!.!! ~rnullli E1fre~pe:J1tn.l e~o"Z[,i'a W'llve:r~£iI~.BId~n1800.~vof'THdelmria la recQn@i~.er@re~ optrCit ~t ,;l;lJBt.fll.i,. i1 raer:»lu I no~-Crl.J. j:ce:~t{: a ~'P'lra aI m.DM,:1l jari (Qa $f fll c;,azcu I ~JGrp~-;ru oUmp'iadej, vor d'p~~ c~ra6>tl';:r de,d.UlFa.t.a clniar daca@u:rit, oper$lte eGhlmb.m.i dupa J~fjif]t-ar:~:a! p~ViIJl)~MeIQr .expozit10'tl$lie. rn cazul f'~'rrfllJlul, ·::;pa~i!,J1 .dintrifl f00'bJi ¢Q~la 1t1flitarl (termit1.~t* lr1 11'72) ~j QDHn.a Troca:4it:'lFO (lJ ndiB 6~ va rM1J~;ll ih 19m Fl2latu~ ChaiUot), va TI ut'Wz:at;. loa maJ m LJ It-e-expez,l1?H uM~r~le cmtt~ 1807~i ~S!B7). '~po~l!f!ih;: M~PiQf'Uaie (3 . .054). tjlrgutrHt::'int3r~ ntl~iqnlilJe (5.0$5) '!pi e)(PQz~.t-Hlo:;: !.IMiyar(l;.a!IICt, \,lOr c:rea 0 l10ua caiteg.orie' de ~,~f"arlfiL! vtlrd;::" chiard&!c~ veg~alul [1L1 'oo1Jl~a prfmullC1ClTI'ComprO'",di'ie •. TO'it;lJ!\jif nticj Vf'lee~ ta~i£ (q&a.1h~It:ii'glV~n~ Q'~Qn~ered:~:mjmEir cHl5~~) ~,!d ap.~ (uneotri 1111 6uprm* d~1:ul"de arl'lplie ·?i ~1I.J~;ndrvtwl!'1~Apal;,e;ze·dB meu1:rfue.t2Ita). nu mal 6Ur1t folo~I~1f1 proumt c<:i un ermplu. ~up!:ln;, d c~ 0 .idou~. GomrOl1fU'l~ m~j(JY'J a f!Jtt[:!~errwlul, m~iI ,alefEj, th.Jpa il1trod.uceroa, F'Cigrbmrta~iI de vizrt:a:r:e ,~In ~onddld' rr!Je !;j:t1l~1 e

~pv'Zr1tfel CJlHl I hi jumatate.a ISlXolulu! nO%fU). E'I[~mt.. rtit'lClplilede orel~nizare a acestot Imenele ,supra Fe'~e eiilmC di'Gt~t.a de. erlcfM1'a lIrrnaritj1 ~1'I u l:iilizlll~ re~ ten:::;m.Jlui, de ccm8iderent'~ e.:ic polit[~' economlclll; ~~~ it1fra!~;trUictur.;;J' dar. GDlectivul k proiec:t-are "tr6tJu ie 6l oonvi~ organi;zatorii oa MU tr'e:Ri re negl ~at.a din ~al'ldlre3.t3lcb~'1~., lt1roi de6t.ina~a iP1'at-~i~qi1ala awncl in cauw. Din ~llthftol¢'l' rt:laHzarl o,·~tni;t1tit'l1 'pe aela d,Cllal BiilrulQ"l'Ia (~"O~6).

La nel fu ~ra ·,a G~patat; caravtef' perm.anent flr~dlna tie. (")XPDzi~fi din vecinatatea ,Pi,~~J H~re din E3lJcure~l. iMU01J1",a~~ 'm 1964~! un~e au rac emua!5-7 t"I'IIanlrfe5t;~,dcli Gara, .. terGomer&fall1a~ronal.158u tnterfl~tcio~l.

... ...

3.2.1. GRAOINA PUBLICA

il'1cepc: ~ pmUfeJ"e2c di,n ti~o!uf tl'ec:ut, pl"Offli1t1d.tJ-s~ 'pe de:&'t,i,l1dc::~ rs, re·ai€ll~m"t1"t i~r '1'11. or81l~1'$1'", mJci, ~at.L~fik;ar1d .81rl'lbr"le. d~zj.d¢lr&te, Ea deVrM pi Ci$a, ~'~rt"Clentatfva .a: 6ipiAt'iHor verz:f Luijl:~t1~ :;; 11'H rna j,wlf~teJil r;.2IZU ri lor ee e rtuBa:W in vSGil"~a !1E1U lal 0- mlc~ ,d i~t.a;I'l~ a~ 2Qna' c:entrala. 1 n ooc. ,XIX, 6 rJidi-

a va a.peia la 0 compw-4le, 1'n iBenere ,de factl.lr~ pCl!iaaeel".li. 0 ad-prtli11enada. (cu ~mOffle Inal mutt ~au mal pli'~ln arnpl~).?i mai I1lIr fa 0 mat1iern rQldome"'"L.i"l"ic1i. La IF1:u1~J .. Pare MOinc:eau" (c~ are 1'n pr@Gnt: I'lumare hal ,d~d,use toM1J1 in et;c;, XVIII pel1trU .,.6tllul engd,e:z" ~,I Cll!! 2ltart "Pare tle 6ut'tce-Chanm0f1,1,.." (:aml7ek~ .. pttrnur!" fib1~ de, d imene.iu n Lie u t1 ej ~ I" a~j n i). retlUzat 1'ntre 1664-1a6 7; lI1 'Cimpul lui Na,polc"r'I a I t I l-lsa (~i preFect Ha U8:'3marltl)1 MIU va nUll,i ~DOO. Movil'a I,; La blutte"'1 d,l'I&vs cari~~ biB" apo11Jll'roopAl • ~€I.u nor. va of, CB t.:.lG unel imei1e,e ma5~ dB mea (reaUzare ~~miartlfl,ofa,I~) 'i'na[t.'; dB.50 m (1I1oorol1,ati dB un .. templu"/ ro"rAttd.1li). "nul t.Ble, unci cascade: iihatte dfl 32 m, IJ tle,[ taJl:"otc artffiorare "I u'nel rc:f!::ljll.eA~n!S.1': de iilIie-f $II1UOaBe. La c:c:r tt'ei i,p!~m~ni verzi (6,utu.a Cha1,JiflOl1t la, N .• BoJs de 6our~f1e: la E .• Boie ~i!l V.rn~et:u1e6.l.a \to), l~aLle(jma~n va i1'1alr:iI.~U.g.a1 I~' 5 .• "Pare ~e MOl'lt:::lQUli'ie"J eLI 0 Eiupri1irfart~ de 16 hB ~I tro-tati tpt1n manh~r;a

• .ena!ezii'" (1868-1878). av$ltld "I ea un 'ac •. ca6ca~e: ~I chtar ro~edi$ (ad'U1~1 aid) a unui bej ttln Tuni6 (a ee ~'edBa figuri~tJ). in !3ewlul nceio'l;fU. gdidIMnl1i'~1 \for ah\pJifica 5upi'af4~lc dar aeG6tliUe :2 t"i :3 f'1U vor atluce 111mk; ~tor:a~Tlull mlxt n U Vtl B0t:.1i1 Sl~· rs l'1i;1,i2)caf?i 00 ptl'rsrrazt2:C re;guU!e CQr:t1pO:Z1~~ei Gliij.~jce-. lA mW OCUlI. g,ecolulul, etiluj p,c:l~$l~m' frio(!i,pe ~.J ill1tr~·'ih dsc~li1 ~liI'1" .lllIflrma~'ar arf1.ltectudJ rr10dWl1di ]1111',01'1 ~~. d.tn ?In ii.GD, 'IIill rl'Ja>,d_uce Tn .at~n~ie ~ r~ d j,n.a j..'l!pOt'leila". in 80al_1 tJimp.. !!)ub impaetlJ i .,e;t,]luj ui ~M'ttJ!rna1'totu!.II"" p. ol?a pH. dar ~~ flub lit'lillJen~ picturii a.bsttl\1cte, goomctr15mul ~.~tla~ din au tare" (cazld pBisagiflotulul bt:a:zilianl3urle Marx). Conc;ur-eurne din uttim~e uei dec.e:'J'lmi par a aool'tla rrm'lt;a aten~fe. 6p~lJfa""lilo:r ~lrafiCBj' vi.ziulnlilol" l7idlmlm~ioI1~le in care ve£l~lul ptein': ,a-~I rnduc~ GClntli,bu1:I.a la ouforl~1 forme: ftoptar'~ F'''11tru .~ 'P1.Jnd' 11"'1 vilIlozmo:: ejsm6tlu[L'!l als 1J11t.:1 arhitectUti mal mult , .. ~~8J'~··. 0 prtllz;e:t'I~ mil1i! iWMa[~te:t'l·d ca:~lt.l vt"l'!lert;..~'l'~i.~ ·fn ~r~d "'1Iil.e pe ctlre I !fl:-am dd:t1:1U m,1 «"re'rI1'tlmb.ertl fu oh ~".,at(l

m~morJ.m locoului (derlIUhli:te dea~U ;,gratiint iE),t;aricg~). .

Tn 'Faf3 naa~, majorf&.m;ea 4.Irliollnilor pubnc.e..,e:rau finalizsU 6aU in cure; de finallizare 1h p.rilt1ul deceruu al e;~olului no~'rUi·GU mmanl<ll d eie, au unefe .exccpFlf. sveau dim~t1fliuni rMU!1t1 (~ul1 2;ftCf) C'Ct81i~) ·!?i ttl· faarte rare c~?:urj (3.oa6}1' fU_$e:~~ra rez.uttlltuI ut1eiooncep~i'i pe[S')~.gere. RullizJri noll flf rl1'OaiemiUlri, vor f 'in pel"toad21 jnte:rbsitca ?I 0 dst8 GU d.eceniul ~I VII-I~a, canol !hcep ro$~uctlUr8I1ir~ urbane ~~ 6"(:: n\a.~c ",marl'e an.asmi;!l'lUri", ~ vor promo\18

• .er~ina ,de cart.ler" (3.031). Nolle -tr~;~Uni ~Ii",. VOT opta CiU prec.i\'idel'e P(3ti'i#rLI 5tf~1J1 mixt. !ii It1U tlaraduu: Itdmic. nou fu~ de p~act.jc.a anurftaa,r~.iri

48

cot'llpozl?tia lor 110m i'rlt~lnl: promenade. ~ocurj de odihnlt f?~7Jl!'Itl CY tJ!pa" un pel1'tFLlJ6~uJ l?ol'iilql;··teJ:rae;~ ~i unidti cje altmeriUfple·pubJi,cBl.chip$.GUri,

~W)ld.:1) rucr~ri de art~: rnomlmei'lt:al~ ia. I" uneorl cinema .. tagrafe~. u ~~,trade

, A

a~r 11~~r ~i ~Rf1zi de apa CLJ d~D,tH'Clidere', Intrea~a 111o:?tenlre: ee c~r.s:c""l.;elri~

Zuza prjtn;;r-lJfI WI141 v.eget~ ~ t;,'l't:I'e;.h~tent &f.lt ~tl im p:U l1e 0 m oAC!nt1 iz.a n; &11 e.trllCturlt,lI mt:JDillerului timan ~I ~htp~mel1te:lor, Un imp8Gt·dt!toa~rj..t v~ aV~il rbg'andl~a tuturor '::Ipa;'tNior v~rz;j tf1tr-un' ,,~t~tenf', ceea ce va auCB II..I1'nTIi~A1t'tta de nolc(Jmpr;neni't: (pe:tlWLJ a faOe:6~9t.emlil ef1cient.) 711f1 unele e,aZI..H-[, 1&1 reprDf'lla~ t;110ro all'! c~je e1<l5te-ntcy functi,~ de G~r$rCte-ri'17t4cite caarUlui f"Iatur.ai ~i ale struct rli urbane. fara ill ee ullltll de rolul. ori1l.~ulurih teritonu. Prooentul r%!uEio de ep.ifi'iu ver~e,1ntJill'ilt tn.eel" mali rnulte o~~e" '1nti6artlt1l&l la compozitfi 'in care ~"t tia i.ettlt'lOa5u ei'~ €>e:' ap(oplc de: 4~k ~rlt1 $LJpr<ilfa:~iEl tota]:JI a ~mBnaji!i,-jIQr k pr1Jfil (j.a d i men~h31i'1,a reo. e~ VB \,(ede~ 6U PC" pfto I u ~ 6.5 r.~ r p£ol1trll prlll1Ci pi i ''if1 sn:;la,u loa rea~l:eil11e'I1MJQr '!?hipat:~i I or iP.~ VOrWI1B1U It;1il Y.;:Qt1 ~it:ff'Jr·,~ir\!<i i'a d,t'; la .,~rGIJ I Cl~dm-f.%" (3.2.9). Din ,~r~d InUe r:om~ t1 e!?t~ d in Meal u I tr:ecut, (h3a "a mol t1ti m ~radim1 "CI@"m~g.iu" (vm:1 4,,17). lar ,din c~ilepo',;)tbeHc~> .. Nlwr:~~ B6Ia~cu". "Drumu I ta~efei"'.,~a., 'to:a~ 1'rr B ucura~ti,

La acealeet~ c.1ltegorje e-ar putea vorlbi d8- "ool~l:.jfJ". (re>e30pec~r'l

rc a l'rIet'1.aJa-~ ca ar.a·r:e 1M €j'dfldJ n ~~ LU P&rqUlri di 11 (jra~e Ie:: .ric- ta I Ie: 1111 tc;j Sotljj tl1iJIQci~) .: d~ .M~r,l~h~ flti ~ CO~ ot';!Jr~- i3u"raf~· 1h"tt"e 6-20 h a), ,d'e 'o;pa:n:; u ri" (c~ " $t b!~~Uiza atat. C.!I.r ~tJP~'afat:.~ ""rztlvl ~",. ,~.r~dut1r G~t. IJhtil~ dirr aJtl, pr-fM prtza 1~ LJ nor In~t~lJ~H de c:erceta rlfl) -?i 4te "r"uniafi i zoo" (u nde ac;rrerrtLJ! oa.de p..:l protBja.rea ut'for ~pe-cii rericlitate, 'crd~ndu-It-~e cottdi1i.ii cit-mill aprop'ate d~z(jntil de I?MIlf'l1i,errpa:!?i re:zult.5nd de2r,lci ~uiPrafet:-e 1l" sure de he'lctarB (3:.0:3&), f'el1trl.l ~i m plific..!iIre. a m r41t1,u~ termen ul de gt~d i t1 a.

irrOOl'u"'WJrlle'aces'tei aategorH. ne -trimlt-I'ant\!; I'll milt'!r.ilUl.a11 III-lea 1r1am . .e de: Hri~~, '(nE€llpt~1 ant.!c; (B.0.39), De:BigUF" efite voro.a d'lil~pr,fl: Faeiju~ nur unGralJva:ra,l'Ii d,e,:-@j .avea1n pre.ajm£l oat ma~ InterC,13.Zlt'llt:e'ardmaiecare. 'l(fMuto-in capCivit.ate, faq.e.Eiu ~f v~'n·~tdllrt1-;!iI mal comoda, Aoc:a~t~ pa~TUr'l,e: 0 \;10m 1rItalr.1 ~~1n Chfna (ml1et1llJl .II 1: Hr.},'iin I hdci.a,. m Rom,a,.;gr;rttd-(3,04Q) l?,i fI4 c:i\trlrza'~ ~ kt;e~ a S>'eC. XVltJ, Hr. 0 da~a (.)cu marile de5Mp811ilri geogmffce. ,reft;vle in EUropa l~r"%HJI p~r'ltru metlajerll. J'n1970. r~ele Ca:t"O!1 all>Hea Vtt r~urva la Pari9 ~ ~radit1fle paJ.auior Louvre ~I Tu[j~erleei) 6p~~11 pentru a imaJe: e-all7:atice fI ~ot1Jt:5tr~ (f!li, GlimHe. l_j~i. caiMi dingo. taul'l rnag~wi ~r dfferite pa6ari). ca IMilipol Ludipvfa al XN-Ilr:;:a~oo 2il!ibJi la Vemafliee, cea' mal'lmpor:ttitl1t~ mOl'lajenie din Europa. in 1753, fmpa,t:crtu! Fr$ll1iZ Ja~aph L, v~ pcrmite. taCcelfl'u[ publi0111uf TI1 mMa~(;:rl~ ~Ill lapaJatJ.J1 5chil'l'l~rur1'r1' (t:i,f'j:~r sa Ir:tlmi}M~ fu pJt'·opdm.atea~ QJ,Ie.~1 irnp'ri~lB' p,~r.~ 1:<lI 1Mo~putul ~c~ XX).. Creare~ -m6F1,~jtl'r~ei MUUlilLJl ~e: t$torie "stu I1'lJif ~ In f'~riSi. 1h 1194, -gif'j c-ori~td era \,ropret~ rrt:atJva perrt:ru J I u ~tm rea pn:::~).lliul at: .!'l dUfi 1:<)1 apantia arllleHi1li1.or zoolog:ica mod~rne" (3.041).1[1 '5ec. XlX,IElI..I 'irit:8 dlfewlt.B sor:;ie~t:i' sau a~OGi~ii ~tiirt1=rffr;e ce ~~i vor prtlpune'i't'lfiin~re{i rile gra.dit1r .zor::JI~1oe foi a~tfel ap21cr.gffidil1ilezoo!ogice (3.0.4-:2) din wndr&l 1826), Am~terd.!ilm. AI1V~roi BBl"iin. MDBcovar. COlpenh~ga etc., iarfl'11874 7r1 S.

U,A, (~?'hi~delphfil), in ,1JiIcce;:p'~tunea ;:tCtI,J~I~1 @d~dr!1ne zoo ilu~eyer1it un f~1 ~~ I~' • ··f. aV~M'd de tndeplinit trei fUF1G~H majore: e.a expuna" 'Sa 1ntre~Jna !?l 9,jj ~uditze ai'll fI1.alBI'tl' f?alb~tlc~ V11J.Th cee:a ci: r(ive~t~'$ prj m~loblJ~a~r~\. a,c:u6ta a h/~it mill evk~~n~ dup'a 19'07 (3.043), ~te c~nd 11:'],(:;cpe 0 dep2J.1"tajare .a

..

modulul die orgal'lrlZtlm: G~ &lpar~e:nelt'l'~ iBie;umatrc~ (!3tlJparI38 1M.t.r-o aceea,...:1 arre~ pe COr11ptliFtil'l'1(!!l'Ite. funct.le de: falmiHe sau un 2JMumit orelrn zoologic) ~;au ~ orieine zOO~coe(afica, cu avtl :tfiIjele ~I 06.Z8vilt1tajf!le lor (.5.044J. Tot d'l,jpa 190'/. Iocul OOt1~truc;tiilor 11 lau ~pat:-ilh~' Q~cl1~ae .iar loeul tat·curil.ol' (~ropi, .g,ratii\ ~ralU'ri), ~ filil'Lll !?.;mr~uril6:, mr.in4;ltwiltl' ,;lIS ,gp8i far mar rooeli'lt mlJlol1lcelld p'lhof:l:;do!o.gJce aa: difer:en~~k~ oI~ HUmJn:at, d~ ttlmrer..a'tfJr~ esu de poter1 ~I~I ej~c::trIC; D~r Jilli'lttOp·o,ta~:t1izar~ M'l:.lrrH, acae!cl'B1ti! Tn scc .. XX. VSI tr:!:;ias BSml~a lui al!: alalma ~aupt'a amen In~tii cu da6pari~a ii' 'LU10r 6pwil, cart.! ar putfliil ~a-ljIi g,!6;C86Ca ultimul refu,eiu in "muzeul vin" al graaini~ zO(llogicc tiliU sa §upralli~· iaac.1 fh rez6rva~f6. 0 forma itiurmetUari Tt1"tir~ er~d1i1:'1tll/paraul zcol"~fe.; ~i r~zer"ll<a'!ije,..ar p!l,r!"..ea"o Cot'l6t~tLlI ~zt.le-:;:<af~ri}) (:3.045). Are:~~r6a ~mpla~8Imt'3 • r..ul,ul pre~IUp'JLjne Wih!:lt dlfh::;ult-a1=-i ~I anume, • d~J aeceeul pl.JpHr;ulul, art.r~bIJ15J fie:: ,ooanM, gr8Aina/F'.an::;u~ 2:00. pretin~ti 0 retf'~t216re t:I~ 18 ~lJr!le1e a.e .paJu:Ell"1e oonora (2.lrt:6m de mare 'Vrsfic, fntrt!pri ndeM ~,.it.) ~I ch imfcadar ~J fat.i de a rlile nszjdsn~fale: ee a r fI ~8~njate. ,4i\$ ur-t&l~ e .. , fma ~~llor $a!J miroaurUe emanSt¢:I:; • veclnatate~ u:n~i tranfl)port tn CQMUiM~.r a unul par.caJ i:i~l'lt condrtri tl~lj~lfrt.()rii: .1n is fara acce~.ulul pUl7HG!Jlul, m.$li C$U t1()1C~6ar uMu,1 ~und~r:, d.e aprolllzl"11,"8 (I1Utrep.urll'B fjin~ an \K)lum mare de ma!nlpu:lat. a,Bpoz:itat), racoraa .. a un ~r eoopot.tareoo, mal comF't:)< ea la 9lraeUnile ~an·~; • reUcfu'1 afllmat ,I pMZ6n~ une' ..ape, ~IiH't, d~ al$'.iem~n_ea li'Oua l1eQ~5~i ce nu pot. fI rl"~I~at.e (ac:oIQ LJII1d:t;< I'ipfle:fiC U m~'l1d a fi orrufte~rt.iticiSlI), 11'1 OBe21 ce::pfiv&~ ;:llfl"iooll1l.iaI"e2l rm;Jlnt4:r UI1e:J 'l1:lr?Jdll,l1i dtl mlci .dittlf:t'i~L\.II'I[. iSle t"Uomandl1!i: liii' dl~!2~,a UI1Uf pSllma.I1' de$ti~:t ~I'ViGlnot pcnt,ru pub-llro ~] ad mlnil!i't-ffl-;;ie(;. 11 0rr""i:u~a·. in Gnu I unuf tsren ~ i ,aMphJ; perrttlJ ;intwea animai!elor fr1 II ~rtate; .• pi~II'''le 1';)1 an ~mallel~ mai, micl da r In1:Br8&Snrtlf;: priM anum tree pa rtiCl)Ils,rttati, wr a:vaa 6~ctorl.il1n apr"<'piBrlSa Intrariitn timpCliic&i'l'iIlmal~l! mar! ;pGalrel'!iCJ.(;;~i~~ ~urr8lfe\=e tntJln~e (ul'li?orl ,,~tevEl neGt-a Ire) ssw Ge~e c;a,~ sxala mi roaurl noplaclltrs", ~i !lor 31100 rezid6n1-a mai I~ pBrif~rirGj ·trntiieul al~loj peate "Fi1'l6 5Cama de 0 !iucee6!un6 pm6ta~I!itJ'i pentn. vizit.a're ~au tilt) oIlv~rE1iificaill"~:a Imta~lt1j[Of vi nu 56 vtlintilnf CU cirGUlitul.,d8 eeJrtiioru-" (efC$tinalf' Lmor 8t.ICDurtfl~re), Din "Jemenwla (;t.l t:ilau 6pflc;ffita!'tB unsl as;tfel de.~r~,d[r1lj ,sM1inttm: voli~rtl~e, ~rotele, tarlJurliel ,decapsu .. Uil:ct.lrl,l:e~ p*u~areldl~. E>i/"n1pf~ ~emn~flGiili!tj;,te aunt ~ra~,ri1Ue·wo 01·11 It"'aln& (3.046). LQnam (5.04'7). Berlin ·~a. In. r;.a:zuIIIJII'HJ i parc.zQQio~ ic;; O'air~ a re 1M vedere eldgent:ele oo~tt'lpomne- .. S~lul ~' .. a:hirnalu~lIIl capt[v t1u tnWuie $.1 fl¢ un ~~\iu simotf. vid, nle! :e;a mprt2itfU: copiS! flatdJ a unai poti'Jutirj din: l1iotapul n~tural. ci g..1!j G0l19tltJule: ;0 ropr~uc~rs mitliaturliillil; oal'lCentr~'~, S 'tt1t1I"egulul 4ol11d11iIJ vlul. QOlrrpi,l1Anoi fl.up¥?ittJsn,\::ii prlnr;jp2l1~!or elel11et1t:13 .:al~ aaestUlr.a~ &!j£i'pu~lil1ti"~o mfcro!?truc;ttU"".lartfrficislllzatJt .dar aQeCNata din PUMot de \I.e·~e:ro nmcrional." :f'uMctul, nadar va fl adapo5tul aar nu VOl' fi !JitaU nlel lacut de F.6fu,ailJl t::ernlpor.;llr:, de ~H~Jniir&. dt:. baut. tie F~:Fwcduat!re, .~cw~~e;ta. _d'if!l milrc;all'~ etc. (:3.048), In~rs ~oa~ prjm~ .. ~radiin~'~ ap~re l~ S~bhj (tM Dum ~.r~va) r a r C6ili ali n E)11u::um~tl (B.ai fiI'~~~,). s-t va ~~5~hide 'ilq 1959,

3.2.9. PARCUL (ORA$ENE5G)

f..ace pillrte. impreun~ cu pa:.duft)a-paro (3.049). din m;;:lr'M.e unltj "I a;le el,!iU,I1'HJ,[ul d{:l$l'B,\,ii ver:zi.dh, 1rl'eralvil'\ln. E:ll'oartc {J'lteJa un profiJ pre.domrl1a,l1t (gt: di5tta~til, ~e ,~ifii, '~portill, ~oBr~& ~,) (3,.050) E>au po.ate aV8S unul mM. (c-t.n~~~ obiaeJ fntiUnlm 8(:hipa\116i1t8 penrtru de~inde reo iilgrome t. c:u!buF'~ 6ilU $PQrt::):. t~1 cal2ul .el!,~erIJ ampJ~~'ii1lmt:·t'Itul(.lf ;pentr'U un pare; I1.QU ""'i:':H"

olilvutfl.-m vMffl'e mal filrultt; wtMli1>iI: 0 6>U p~a~ d~ rnln~mum 20~~ ha ('~ monoiUn.~~Gr1ale) aitLJ~tl mtr~o 00118 I1fPOll).llIta; en u.re:~ ,CtJ "to.pola~ i~ an lmat~~ CElt"", e~ pert1'l rta e rna re va ri.Bmtflh:ll antbiei1'tu dlol" (r~d uc21 i1d.U-fl~ etrict,.,d M~o~ar lucr!lrHe c;'o~~~itGara d~ vh:jit~mal't:,iZ~I1'B v~::H.;.fcaia. ~j F2Ivltlr[" ~U~St:I ~C(JIalrn.a· n~lIpi"'r.l a·ape~ar die: ptoal$);. Ll.tU,r~ros cu proo~d,sr\~ a t~renurtIor I1tp~ l!J~tive !iia u tmi'iecDmandabifepentru COMfi>truCtii fI1 re.@im d!d~~.; racdarea, ait!JflCj c::11'1'~ {I ~b!](.a unuJ cure nat.urnlde apal ~au a unei 04jnnz,\i d~ Mili'JlH''''~Ml't~dj, ~.e i?!1o'IO!iro (pentru. a nu !l;B t!jull1~e ~a r.IJ~rari ~i~rL:lI~0ioC': ~D~tJe~~ fr~~t$lre2! eoa de ~~1i'~ un publHr; I.iiLim:emaiimpUM.~vetin~tate.1!l!.rnor ~~'iC:l dB tr.anB>port 'in IZ'OmWIl ~j epalU pentru p~rcar~:'e.lli$a~al prB.!.terlJ~i

, 'M iii propJtrt: ~J prtriBrnr:ea amplawmeH1,tuhd se ~1>6 5t1irvi c.!t

muft:e alii ~dn~ialtl·adna fe:g~ turl CQmCMIec:u .,Zona ool1t:MI.I". O~a 11:1- &pa1:iilor fU' ~ eUi~rdOtW p'rofil'uluf ptGfiJ:~ care.1'n G~zlLil UMul pam- r:wH'-0IJ1[;l;.lfJfl""I. ~ret<r'l'ld" n1"a1f mutl'te::rl1ttiirt 0 aI1'!.@~t:21',~r6~LH'~t'!B &a zonelor d,~ li'''C:~~~ ICI~rh1:Z&lre ~. Q!rcula'(:.iHor: TI1 GQrrtrnu,artt t1I~, vsm reft.::ri Iii Fa r-ou I ~ntru

~ti ",d~rt- (ad ihn~ p:a8ill~. "'~1 acti1vJ) ~,I ~glr~ml:iiJ1.t. Un M'm,pl W 'air p 1.:t1il:el fi 1 oel~ I i· d Ir- Manhat~'~. un"'~ pc .340 ha,,1Irrrtre oinU 185&-1810 (c't051). ~utat. in ~til ,.european", G,;j se ofe~. pen1>m t-oa'te ca~tlrii~e ~acia~~. cAltmIIf !flU 100' po,a:i~H~~ de: ~8ei1tinde:re (szi StUnt!; oGll'lat~i pSMt!r1U: ptilmb-are p~ Jo~. plfm~a~ CiW ~a rc<1:h pHm!7l1 rs c~li&we~c: IJ Iblc:loleta ~IJ p~ rotj:I,If). pl~J:a pe f:I'til'loill .-u p~ rt1'1~r'l6e'b pc'uze, ~ll't.iM8Ij ~,a.) ~I de rn~'truire (M UiZ6:lJ' dl!}i~~r~~ l'1atu I"alli. Muuu''&'t'! arte ~a.). To~,.t8 p:ut1lGule ¢lie $IJtra~iet eun-t ~~!8te,a~ 0 rg~ de al,tl"i • circa 40 ~ffl ~j 5unt:. d)iei,l'OOs. 1h1ir-o m~,nie:.~ pei:M~era. pc un rei ,e;f ::anlmat (pin !ieumati2~re: vertical~), u tide v.e~ ~ja ~i aml;!iel~tur'ilB, GautiiJi 5l!i il1trlll'in contr&~t: ~lJ v ~di:l!tateil!l rj~~~a .,;:t z€l~rJ~-l'1orUQlr. 'iJa(;;i FR:.~'L':lI'"JG Ohr;r.~"dt; ~i CaNert Vellrn au urm~k;it CIJI'11W1l' "fI;a~l.lr,a $~I ~.atic~~r:1'n rnijlai;;uI M&lnhatt~t'1-u!l.!i. 8m1arJ -elctlumf ~~ ElIitlJilt. ~i!'i ,e~rema c-e:ZlI~ttJ la .. F'att:;u,1 Vmetu" din PJlri~ @.oo2'J, fa~an.d dlin cth,tr.ui Mar[.u raj domr un eupe:rr. perrtn,J! ~ ~vdlro~!:Ie obfe'Ctc (~nn". fpaf;l2lroll!l. psvUiGane e:tc.)MU un rt~ p:m.uu ~Jarea uner escenari[ (Ve7J ~fwadirijje"). A~ef de&tilt'ltierea - tJe.:;.fa~u,~,gtJi ti1t.r-IH'l1 ca£lru 'j:n,:es uroaJ1'lm -'t:~te,Zl'oock;rt~ cu in5trLJI,~SI (Mu,z:~IUII~I1i~Ii..!~t\r'f~j ~J tc:nniGij", G,i!:od1it" !lra~lIl h1'..JZroil. H~la poHva:lenta. Zet1li'~i1-ul ~aJ.),G~ obt!~rva'Yi2l! 0il to'~i paHi ~e ms~ ~r-a!Ej, fl$lt1t.rt.1 pu~llc;. ~1JIlt, ij'mll'llil:581~ pb('~:metral~pft:r~LllluL A t.1CH.I.:SI ob~erWItI6: \'I':jf!t>alill a r~oi"iGOI ~~te ~ I n~mrjffi~iv. Tn oontra!2t, "Parcu i H,e.rIe.~ trlu~ din 6w;;ure~ti (uHl'llie pflme!e luorartlJ- . .au rca li:zat.ilrtre ~9?:iC.H~6 far urI11atosm~ - pn'n 'MtJrg(lll~f'C - fn oilt1ii '50). excB~e~z; pr~ i7i1, \!'i'~ra:eti1'lrpi6 ~i preu~la~i (lieul QC!.Jp~n ri .d t"CiJ 4h~% dH1 cele 1 SO h ~ )., PI'"{lfii LJ I ,f;f~ u sa;td d"a~~m~t'l~8l ca !at P' ~e!:1til'ld€re), ~4l!"~men Ii (duI;iuFi', t;em'tt"1J 1r1 aer lib'er cu 3500 loaUt"I, ~ectOl"d~ .(l&::~~ii pe:t1tru ropU. Jtlim~~$ic publica etc;.):?i liirll§truire (p'tl,wiiG.Brie ~nt:ru ~J~ pa~iioarle~ ~iWi~. un ... MuUiIJ 81 ~Jui" 9..3.).

E~1;$80 cro.~:lfj ~ ~ ~~Iu~ u~ )III X !?i c.a:te mal CJtl,,~ro: ~)$mp~are ~tfro,pene~l1t "Priil'M -ul din Vle:ij.a.~;i .:Hvolf' din Copt:;nhaga. Da~c:a,jlr~aiizam r68Uza,r~ dml~a'f1a~1:11 untrL!1 c.ap~'$i', ac:e.a!rta-ooupa Q-9up'rafii~ d.e cin::a 50 ha ~ 'etldiela:cli ~ echip,<~H'!I1~m1~ caJ! .E;ectar,ul ~e iN~MI2l1=~i~jn oeJle maillarbllte. ptlr1tr1J 8$1"ae~r-e21 €opHIQiI" ,i~clll'lpJrol; Cdl ooll'l'§l)Jmif lJ,t~ e.p.;ll~i:LI wMe.i~e:r~~U~ tea ~uj ~e p~flko11'li mi; U.iW .oit: !%'trad~ (dol.l!l)~ MJIa d e ·.OQfncerte~ psits:aD ru'I~ u t"i!r,lU: (.tiat.at~ ~i cow li'i~urrll .eh~' ~,nl~); c~me~, ambujaIMt~- ZOrl:fl de:: 4'Ul1:hn~

~

51

(pe~te 30DQ lb~no;~r 6CaU~'J.~); bin' laic p>3l'1t;rUl am~~rQ<iltiul'1j d.e agrrcm,ent "P,a. ir1aufjur~t; tn f.845" el u-Qnt.inuai r?i aZii fi,a ~e bUGlJr6 .1l~.l.ll1 mar~ aflu._x d,e. I'ubllt (:intre. +6 l'I1~Hoane ~zitatorr pe :an). Spre ~eooeVr~ de .. Tlvell", .,Ff"'<.1Iterul" aca.rdJt a.proape 213 (;Hn ~upfafa't<:illne1tala}iiIQr. lar vege.talul t:mte'redu$I'i3 $I'trictul tiece:9W pentt"tJ a llCOmp'tiIll1!E1 lecurtle de @dihn.~: La aoe;:ils'M ~gt:.e.g:orl.e: aV~'iI1dfn vedere- ~(;hipam~t'rl;.ere., u'ru.,l~ (lee;'tl.l' de cDmplcxe. e pr~era[-;iI terot1l.J.~ ~u~In ;:tCGid.el'1tat ~i ctlrl3Ba He' $itllJ.at QbHgatariu 1'tc1 vecJl1~,tt;tt~.i'1l· unor mUlo.a:ce d.e t:r.aU1!T pOrt.1t1' com LH1' de mare capaG~tate'~ Apa Ii;:~t.e: GO m POI16rt-~' ~ muitQr i n ~Ui fai?H et~ d1i!30~ralGtil~ dar £it: fol(}e1e.tic Girc.uftele'ibdlise. cu tlP~ prc:luatJ: din r ~ea. a ~b;ipl"81fat~ oOt1etdel'abi.fl~ OCIJpa p~maJul. ci<tvu~~r~.Ja pJetonaJ~'~J:3Ioctdrul ~a~P.Q'dJira~G, (cu ,rnul:te 5patll tehl1iGt. '$teli~ de 1I'1tt~flf1ere. utHlilje at:::i'r1tet'vetl~je, d~p,GlzIU, gar:aje, apafii PCMDfU per.eoha! ~l9'eGotlll XX V~ &!mpllfic;;;1l! ,pr~ra:mul aceg,tor pa,'reurr prin apari~;:a "Di~"I1~lal1d:' -urilor: Fl"'imuJ e;'d ii1aueurefjdi in 1'959 tn C~lifort1la.1i vor urm,a: "Walt Di~iI:1~Worfd" (i911" Florh-:Ja)l ".Tokyo,Ol~neyj.:;!lt1d" (1'9,83), "ElM"" Di$n.ey.' (1992" Franta). LHtrmul « situat Is 32 km de Pa1rt!2, ~pr& e~t,tt1 camp'ia M~r't"II!H2I-VafB't!; ~i "'Ire'i11 CQmpot1~r1t;a c;elc: clnci ~ri"» d.e inspira~ '[;;ie ,c;l!mc:rroan~: ~Frorrtjlt,daner' (TJIlr:il'11ul de ta F'rorrti~r'a) ... FanM~ylat'1t1i" (Taramul F~nt8z1ej). "D1f.ldo'if~rl;and·· (Tliram 'I D~WFgttii) ~i "Main 5t.1~m.'· (Stfa-cm Prit'u;!paiji, - S.U A). Perrcru p;uMer8a 1M are.rli a .ace~t(,J~ .. dtlwr fI1 trei .1lmt9ttslunl" ce ocupa% ptlm~ faza 000 !-la, reapectiv l1om-af 1I3dl,t1 !BlJpr'~ftlrt&ll!-wtalapre.coniz~rta; P~!'ltt'[j ,2Q17~i~'I'fQ:itl?1 ee-ta n~~Ei-,arao a-d.~l/ara:~, m.tI~Jl'l~,riB tl1hnfG.o-adm)t1I@trat.lv~, Df.' re't-inut ca. p~U'Gtll aec lo1~,h' nu o.oup1i.1M prc:z"6nt dec~t 0 porr.1une I tmita~ tn t.lm, e.g num.ai el ru pu I d~ rt::!!ii~ ur.1i'lltft:t: ~r ~Lr~h:>;u rl .,La~ Vi~a~" . .ooMumii!5 ha,jar sazarsa a 'aJunB aej~ IJ 5200 ea m~r.e!·(i'n dnc[ hotc:j~). 5(le~Dg'r~fj;ft ~ce~tei c{)mpoz~f~ ~~tC$t!mn3~ de: flume Ml:r::bre~lje arhlte·c;;t.tJrH corrt.erflp'0t'an~ (5.oB3)t.idCt'11111 penton.!:$1 ~efacec!t m~f mliit I'ocfante.ziel ~l :6urprrzstor. inaBtfeJ .de ~merlaJarj imen&eir tr~rm::lp.cr't;lJ1 meoal1ic e:5t.~ nu n ~rnfll r 0 11.m;:"5it;aite at eli ltl r UN in U r err; de agm.l11ient. Tt1t d ~gtinl1lt diei'traCfi~r, dla 1- d.e:daM. . .s':I$'ta petterr1e .teli~ioa5"" ar U!1"1t1~"$~ ia nir1t;El ?'i "Holy .Lal1lt (3. OM).

3.2..11, PAR:CUL D~NDROLQGrG.

Aceae.ta ~tegorie are.1n a~ne.rell, t11r$iune~ prit1clpal~ d~ a a!\ii~UI·a adap't,!lllr..e:a la cllrnatul tJHi @r ep.crZ.iiilor CX~GB, de a !~1nl11ul~. del ,iii I~ ron~'&rva pe une:la,~I'de: a I~ raBp~ndr 1't11(wri.p~ celr~u~eJ$1,~c:ltm;Slt:izat.e. De aC~fi.a 0 a~trel de D:at~orie ®~ &~:?oead prill fuWlc~j;, :l%1 #ecerC~re, Fac0f11?nd~ndu~.6.e ~r~a'r-ea pcGI b11 it:l!it;.i lor pentru eta aCf,;tI e.,ta activit-ate i%i benefi c h~"a- ,d$c co!t1dj~1j -ad.eeV'au: !::ira!>ii pet'rttfU ce~~l~. aamii1i~trafre~ 9cctGW .~ofirodarre;; sere; ec h i pJir8 -wh n ic~ (i I'i ~~ue fv 'C)f'l1tr.aJiLwI111J-cil:). Lel a!leg6J'ltM~ ,B h1Fr:a M 1't1eJ'ItuJ IJ f •. ~ WJI pr~6ra un l"elief a.nimat, prCZelfTf.!!l I.Jn~j ap-g, Ul:1! aol carre !2a nu ;rme60puna IIJcrari t(')'5t:i~itoar'e d~ amelJor8we. o zonill ttepoiuat8 ~] ft::r~t;A de 01.1 renti p'Uter~ nicl?,i reci dar ~f ell accee dintr-un,drunt mo4erniz.a,t, aI/And 'in v6der:e c.1i ,0 alfIlml~nea LJ n ita,t-d e5te c.a ut2lita f1 u n u mal de §pet:l&l,li ~tl ,,1 ~"i ~e tu irigitJ. 5tHui peo5ag;er 89it:e ee:l rtlfJi recom3nidaMI. ifl' 'tH'!;]",- optim aMtpefitrl.J aie;put1erM ~recrjlot'~t ~i ptrlUU a oferi vizitatbrll,t::irsGene.d,"t.trra[ pft.or~tl,

eel mai m~t"it6ri!J Q&iZ din t.atl'".J;I 11'(.lIae:tt'l~ i?~t~ F'arcul dendrolQf]fc ae la Simer].;\, e;ituat p~'mal u I M u r~ I ul ~i ra' ca rul l1a~!;ere eetela fnc~PLJ"tw I !:;eCOlului trrGl.C;\lIt. (5.055'l. D~s1fal,.urat p6 eire&! 7.0 ha, ~I c.uprf11d~ lurrea ?'r o mlc;.9 part6 dltl terasa £Jupi!ll"foaJ'r.i!i (ma! 1I"'161I"t21 Ctl circa ttl-I'I'l). Ainti g.au;j.;jlln 195ol;}. a, r;)rr::;a 200 E3pecii ex:at-j~e adlriliJ;ltizate/ F',ewoul 'rqU a ~vut. 1&1 bil:tt.~ un pl'an ~e-

52

'5.2.12. PAf!CUL NATURAL

1nZIJ:11JI10!I'-C; d2lrf QLJ t'9ull MUffl!p:ulu l, Velf8a-ntu~ abrupt. a~ teroaee I !?i :aleUe !iii n uoooe. p«m ~ ~!erl jrrtitlf'6~:aU:lU de !3pecl~j h.i!minl~urj dominate. de magl1QHl/~u t;Wil!7A>nl- ~ rotuEJulu~ Intr-un och' ~e< <llP~ ~Ume~t.a:t &Ie UI'1 izvor:. ,evlwdu-ee .......... '...-r ....... (:le tw~m·r < U r1 .alt mmp I LI tit, co leet; i'i!l' dlS'l1.drologJ,c:a. ar putelll fi O~~ 1iIIpmp~~reA.e flm!lj"lMwa) (3.056) ..

t n G,lZU I u Mor,,~CG~i'e ~tftu! ma r rn I:J lit $<il U 1"11£11 .pu~i til a It~ raM~ cl~'" mo;if m,loIt OIar &Ire pot'f'! G(l111$erya~ ~~I itHllCe~,a~i t!mlP d'eeichIiih'; puM iact:~:a ,pot. dev'cni parc:url naturoa te ca re $un.t: .,t'ern8I"Oabile pri~ frumu~l f.l11t10ni;!;;i· p'eJ6-,aJ~llor" ~~ • .cart·~ deQ5.e:'p~C ae pJl(1olJriilfl na"J:{Dt1.,~e. prin -dl nUBlJrI't .:aJr:::.\lltlJJt~ a:lt"It.l"'"o n8rt.Llr~l autetf1tiaM~~ifl'tl(:)~·;. Ma~ 'l'I1ult, 'cJe pc: 0'31 Ii umitiS 6upr~:FeI~1 ~ ~.t?'r ~ 0 ,~i p~i!p-~jeu-at'l efo rtnattl de om de7,a,

!le"GOIe1!or. cum a r fi~ ~ mpurI agricQ$e I?i r~duri CiXpJ oaUite. rtgul:lJt., 521·~ rocui~f.e iw~8tB. in6M lafll .5!rti~l1ale ~I ch[.;illl" miOi in flIu6itnt (Z,.OO7). pentru ~eUlm~~'l'"a'a 1J't'iJ,or ~Btfel;1 die: ,21 rU prO""vejetcpaart:e f:i de Ol"af'l4 lPJboI,t.lt;'t" (b>iGtopurl r'~:t~'I~~,3I""ihl} dB -Fiori! ifl faun,j~ cs Ib.~t'lt:'flJcja:til dt: r~.girn!J1 GU ~ct:t..i r.a ~ (Ci~Ini6tl:fVa ri&a ~nor tra~it<tl p!"~v~tlld habltatul. CGupat:me. ~I wu;;~iur:ile). ai~c. turi6ti!O I?i' nu 'in ultimu I r.flin~., economic (ptin va lo~ ~""".II patb:l1~aT!JflJi fDrm;t.~~f" a~li1iOO1, munietfc !?16vMcnt.. 'i>lIri$tloj.

C;llI h1:CI~ dl!! Qr~;a n tzare:' fufl1C~jQ:nalla;~ ~!l3 reCQm.a nd£l 5tru QtUlr8 rea p~' ~7nI'l"-:', .~¥Ill, ~er[oar1i Clare; t111.1 ~iul!le ~c;civ:IU;'1E.118·.%QnomtlG~d~r care ~tlt1t, uiWIawnt.8 urmlllHri ca '%1lii p"eJ~aJul, Turi£lmul e~te s.timu~.t pril1lnvodu~~ e.Ghip~m:en~ a~~;u: ]Mffil'6truG'turii tellril'iic~, &1CO~$.~ camoa6 autrJ ~ji:u~ de a.@f~t1'Ie;1"I1t (p-I$Dll'le, te,r-tmurI ~e ~rlilf ~i jocu.rl ~pcwtlve et&,)" cu,ttut:al~(e~poZ!vll, ml.!~eeJ ewI. Zo,rua de c;.alm ~Ji ~il1l"te ~uprinde pic::lu.r~~ .,.mrtll'tJJ O'fotJ:ul::tl~ ~ .rJ<iI:r cu rtJlicl tllmd:~<lI j~lri fCNtru tude;m,. IlJ na6 .ck-{lulart:-~~ alJw (cu I.m~ ~p~1) il1tt:r'''~sa, Gil ~i attB amdn!l!lJ~ri ~i!lU cal1~truiCl'U, Zona. .....n:.o!,."r,;;l nu admi1.<$ ,~OCtl$1J~ vlzl:tsW:riiGlr de(.;21't :ptl c.a~va «]pOU:'Q.1 .::Ie j'n:a:r;;..rutUMcl! Qi;!iectiv~~e 'ntere~iiI n'te ::.Iuflt. t:!eml1!f.lI~.te vi.zi':"ttltofli lor "tu CQ:l1di'[:.ia

~~ oa m rili9 M1U contri~u fe ~.ell d~g~.@farca metl;lll:Il~lIf'.

itt ~97~. V. G1iur~i ... 1It:I.,c.ot:'ira~~rem pl!ldl1ri'or,;o/EtI.Ge~ pMf-runea S met1aj~:rea GU 11?,3 rcurl Il1atu n::de.. a z.a~1",or: PotiJltoiec fi~r. G.d\'ile d~dM.trn.mure:~ - Otl~, Trml~ - Pra~~, Vil.I:~a.c Olt~lu~ - Motil'i~" Vale:<r.iE3J~I'"~i - ...... ',_. GbDtnlU~ ~uG.OVIM~i. Curtea d~Art]efP- F~,~~~.

~.2.f3. PARClJl NA110NAL

I(]it.l~tl V~ ~ parrlM6! 5, U. A. Q<am3.1't11872 ~a· ina u g,um F~'rou!1 t:18~io'niJ.Il W'YtllII0'lVS1U)ne .. prln1ul~in e-ufm oitow2I uai, areca.wdill'l 1i?83 pina la i'I115)6- _ULJLoLII §I"--"I.ullJi XX, 1M, A@a·~tlia~ Africa" Europa ~eptentrioooUi ~I arientalii" _.u .. 'v~''''' ,tn 1969" ~a ,el ze6&~ ad.unar~ l!3e't1~rn~.i .a UtI1~,lJItilii Inteil".ruti;;ion,all~ pSt'I'trl,;l

1.I1..,"' ... ..,'l'OIr~ Nar~urti IU.,I,.k;.N., !?h:J'!l '$Mllbmt 6~ p.ar:-CLJrfl"'-I1~'~k:lII"!ilI~ 'e.I.lF/t"J'''' tBritID~att\lkt.hl®e:~M, ,are (3,059):

- uruJl Wi!U mal mutu ecos;i6-Umc n I'J auro!j,t ,alternte efe.c;tiv de: .at.Sr~ ~1 QCt:lp~~Jll umam~, un~,~ ~~p&:iUB '~b~aI6 fl alt1,[~je. w1i~tflc _'A.nrrlrlrl\'I'lfVJfce ~~ !:l'i:otDp£ln~e. sunt'-d,a un rl1~reil ~t.ijjrf~"[flc d~oe.~bit. ~t:ilw:;~'tor,v ~r $ia,u.1"6~re",dJ1tli pe~~JajB n6!'tu.mlc ole m;il'~e frLlimu~e~~;

- cea ma J mare alWtori~~t>~ c(3im,p~t~ntl\ a t-aw1 i pr:>e!;l"t:~e m J eun pentrLJ til prevenJ sal! ellmlna, ~t.. ellt ~u p05'llir~,. ~loat@rtla aau oouptilrea f:iupra Feft:i ~ 1ntreqimc: f!i p&nttu iii SIPDJ'I efec.1;iv re~pc.cttJI fa1'~ de ejemeI1t~e; ClOO I og i se, geoe_ra'fi Ge: i?:au e$t&>tic:e, care au C6I1 d U B.la :c rea rea I or .~

- ''it1i Caln3· V'fzl'bawnll Bunt admfij?i, tr1l u.onAIt-ir deQ~e:~jt6il. tn eCClpurl eduC;<:itJ'V(';!. CLJltLJr~i(l. re~I:"e,a,ttV'e !?i [n6piirat-ive-, "Oar, patcur'He tl'tii1:'lot1I!l!I't': (dupJr 5a~tlr) pot-mdt:plini $of alte lUt.ilita~i: 11 5ti ~e.cof19trtui'efi1 ... r-un r:t.;fu~Lu/flro7;:er~ vor" ·~I bunei mart, "care ·~a M r.eprool.lcS alel ih mare e.iqunlll'1pil, c)(cedeM'~i[ L.w1tl~!nd: a,1l'i popuieze raeiunijle.1"t1veGiittm;~vi2'/ 9,~ de:Vlll1a .. poll ~~ at.racpie t.'url:5- t,1G-~~'J ev aV$ll1taJele ec.onomloa·ot'l d-ecu~. Ap~lal1d diln nou ,la, infO"rl~rfUIe: ofer-itt de V. G[urgiu, 111 deceniul .til VHHea al aeeolulul noevru~ in 136&t~ti3 ~~tau pe@.te 1200 parcuri nar~iGl1illlc $i r:c:zerv@tii a;:n2ljQ~e. rhflumand 0 au profata d~ cifCal 92 mllioane: l1e-ct>ar:e, A ee vede21 tabelul db l:a "Not~'~ (3.000). Pe,l'1trbl Rami!lni,a, U.I:.C.N, ,ill m9:Gr'fB 1M. li~tB P:iil rCiU I t1li1ipJ~MI~¢t;e:.u;rt· (a~;[arat:. L~ Mol "re,zC";'t"vatie; 11$1~.j'l,)b'1;J 1~"1M 16l~')~~ p'atr:u r'e'zenltf\,i,j t::iohiV,d,;:nu (fieCl"iii!1re ,ae: F~6tA 1000 ha, ~upr2lifi:lr'~a mil1rm~· refitIT'Ll .;!iI, fi-;;'lcceptate d,e:.O.N.U. cat.eml1tur!, pmtej.$e); [)"Ita Durrlril; BU0601 •. Pie:troBuI Mare ~:i· Cealf1!~ul. m5?tJmSI1td &irt;:$ 62.000 ha CBe-a C81tlp're:zf~~ ,,2.S~k din eiUlpr~fa~-totaUl a tarii, k.arp~durHe rt1C~U~ 101 ptircurf n.;~i!-ioJ1aJe l"epr-Mit'ilt.11i "6% din 9u~r~fil't,ta fan;dullJl fGr:sefci~r (3.06,'). in anll 80' ee p'roPUt1CaiM 68 .,a[ba 111 ve:de:~ ?i mfii~a:r'c%l "pal"cul.ui na~iOt1aJ 811 M Llt'Ii'ilQr Apue~rtl (1it1f'Qi~t de .Emil'Racovf~) ca ~t parcurlle 1'It'lt;iol1Ble' D~IU:l Dunar~J; Platra Crail.lJu[, 6tJ,,~[. V.ale:a Cdrnt3i. Ch1!liII'~ Nere;i, Muntclle: COZlilll, CheUe 'Bk.:a.'Z[J~ul, 5emenio - ChaJl~Cara,~!;.Iluij QWm<ll:\n, Rod,n;;;{' (v: Giut:f3iu, 1978),

Rt1oa1tiv 1,,9 P'~t"Cu ri! e l't8f!CllriaJe, s-a u e;mi 6 'P i ;;i lte .~ I"'lwrll, 1n afam cclor djn 19~9 dell la New-De~hr, die Clilr~ ar trajt}ul' §~ ,f)i): ffl'1a f3.eam~ cum ar fi .. {!~!1!zar~1 L1l1ftara a g~peufljriei inte,grate" (din cauza exieMrr1>Ci mat m'l..dtnr fac:t,orl i't1te:rMa~i), .i;~i"rm_oMizar~ ful1ctJol1~la" ri!i zon~h::;lr d!'.l~ttna.U.COt1!3§ir'V~~ r~j, cet"cctia!"ii~ turi~m·ullJj edu.c:-atc;ivlc·lJ~lJri'll), eumu~al"~ GCH1M.rvarii cu »P't'otec~ja'; (ilIil'et3~,n~.u~·e.eal"fiII~ 11l1ae r7'e impune ?j proteJarcra unoI' bazine: hidro{3r.;;jfic~. Bwparea unor fenol'fllet11.e erozlonale, 1'I1~~[1'ierea unui i11rcroaJimat labil). Avan,~u~~ I'll \l'ederc !pi "oe~rte, ultime &I~p~Ct8>6-,a caut.,al; erti'iJlbiHroJ Lmu~ raport;. ~(;:Mt.abil 'i'trt.re ~uprafBf,l!')le. to;t;al ocrar.[W ~I fl"rtll'Jd6r~ plilFOulur n~1>iOI'l~1 (3~.062)., mal ale:15 c~ I'll unele -pari_, rnedLuil g~oflra.fio pelate fi m:ai v\.lIt1.erabllf 6n ca2ul R'om~1'lie]. V: G'lulfeJiu .C6ti£iid~ra Ca.. aCC:l5t.~ e§te' Ul1U! &lln:G:t';.Ic. t'11ai &tm~bllfl; din Europa !?i Cal ,atara ar f:i oportuna ~l porub.jl~· c:rownw~a ~lJpraf*jor pr~jate: - parcu ri n.a!-j{:);t1a1e'" +- rez~rl{8f<i" .- pi l'lIa la 10-15'% diin ·ijlJ pm f.a~ ~a r.i i} Pa'rc:urH€il na:f.ionaJe' POrt- fi~h'i:t@.m$ti-.utte Fe; ctrt8r'i~~t-lirrt:ifjc~ ~au fuf1ctAontli'e &]v.ind fu VMere p'-rot8c1'f~a,;daJr ~i turl.fimul 'educ.1llt.iv (3.063), 1n.~:J cr~dem d· ""t-rebU'i~ rc:rll1uta obB~rv~~i,a c~ ~duoalt~ pub'lrculuf ~U remarcat:?iI ~a!!;~ fa~ .... , dem:on6tr:§lnd dilverBe mecaniemr': blolo.gtC6, -Cilm·ar it adapt8lrn:&I ~iPecr:ilor I,e! mceHu, inteH"oactlLJt'1nei'n bloc6t'loza,etC./6pre a creZl~re,flexe eoo.l~rce:r:>:;5.a r::lrmo; i mporta nd· e§t~ ca pitaL~ p'$rrQt1u eu pl"alv[e::,\:=u i reac ivi ftz.at.re 111 "a!\5w", ((3- OEM)

3 .. 2,1.4. P.ARCUL Sf'QRTIV

Un ~i~tfe~ die; p2l"rC prti3Urpune-r~liZ8llre-~ UYlO.!" COt'1f.3i:-f'!Jc-pii "?i arnenajjljrl com 1'1 ~~ Gil eiUtdion, 6f.\!jA /.le 5port, piBt:I:r l'I,a. pat.iI1Q~'r, vtdOOrom. 1'0ligDI1 de tit. t.1.1i"1"1 de ptiwac:!?u'bifim ~.'a. precumr?l teret1uri pt:ntru majori'ta~~a jocuriior Bp:ortlvofl_ L~: .aG;~~te1!!1 ~tnlild~u.g~ .tSpatiil~ a.dminI5trat-ive.. t~hrl'c.e;. d,1'ntre~inere, ce pot ocupa unul sau mal rnulte p-.avllloa'f1t!.. O~.rmt1:arc:at, ca un par'H:;'port~v iMIU

54

~f1~:>e:'ilM· 't1lJll1tl1j pro e£?rGl1.i!!;?ti'lor oi ~rol?uie e;..?ii ~ervea!';).G~ ~r un pubUc: . urns-

pal"~ic.i~ la c:ompetl~iiie 6iPort:l\le, pel1t;.ru c.aretrebwe B6iguratB ssrvlcll~r~ acce~LI comoel de 161 un '11glo:; d6 tran~PQrt;. 'in .oomUM de mare ~UCIt4!l1[;&:jl1a'I'CRil: ahtl1ent\atJ~ pubHG~ !fil ,tglrupurl ~al1it-ara. "'CiE;il~gHtat~a 'ihchiuner san Ilp8m~Frte eport~ve. Co rHiumu I ma I"~ de tf.;rlflM e.e V~ .da;tOIf"~ a,t:ilt ~""n i ptll'ltru pmctr Ci'''~U·6.i!lI diflC! pU,116Jor 6partivtl (antr6NHfwrrr4 + C9mp8-

- 8 8E! I.'ct1e3 s'Uf;lc~!I'rwll.l~ 16.5. cu d.im6n~10ni!lli'ea aupnJlfevel'or - Gi\t ~I

.~llk'r~~.tll'lllt$circuJ£rF,r~J unor nll~6,e mSl,rl de O'ill,n1Bt1t I&! ,a;;e~t,e~ 21~aug~ - ~i ~upmftte v~~ltJ'ce!'re au mt:t1Iiroa de i6ienizare dar ~I de a crea un ~ltMn': re1tn<aMt 5t::lU ~timLilathl, Ful1Cfie tie eect:o,arere' pe: c.;.arll ~e aerve!pte. 1"'1'IIt)Io.liIMa lSi I c"nlple:xitSlte~ cre$te tI:tLJt1cl r.anci 0 &a'r..fel de clowr6 arc ool,lead!!: a p ua oolimpiaJlil, cazurile MOnchM. O~ka e"'1£,. ca nd Slp.a re MecOOita

~1_'wl..ui "1i1~pIC, B' ct:l'lltl"8lOir de coon%ol1a~'~! de ma6E1HlI1rfl:,Ua.;a unor IWhi'paPQjj~18t1te ~.a.md, La ,acea£;t&i c;aJte.~.ori¢l c;ompQziti<1ll ('fi!ch~tt1tJ d:c: lFazl

;.=ilfrr:ull.ai mD'dul d~ artu,ul;::,me al e::tllaaareklr~ ~iflipLilnen,;:~ vcgetaiui LJI! !pi a~1

.j;I'l'n mare m~~urJ dlctatJi t!~ con~~'¥iol'larr '1tt.lhnor~I~"J de ilnftra6truc:~ ("ch!~me:I'lr.~1n cO"per~l're) ~i dereHet.

PHmul pare 5'portiv- p,li"OlectEl:t ca,a'~art:: - dIn tars 110Ql6·tra, c~t~ ftlrcul .. IV univtlrnitar <<luliu Hat:iBganu» ,Un Cluj-NapoGa (20 hal il'l8lu,gurat ~ 1935 (a.o65). l7in a ~OW;;I jlLlm~ttlte ,9 secoilliuf, elmi'l"Itim ParQul apo "trY' ~cmil~ .riin BUQlJ r~ti •

.3.2.1B. PADU,REA 'DE RECREARE '~.2" 15flRtlJ _jIll1cnealtat~

Rolul r.leooe"it al padurii pentru pSGtroll"!S echUrbruluT ecol~ic II1U-] JMi{;On1d:t'¢iam aiel. Idem c~1 6conQmle (Ilemn. vilina'C, fructe de p~~LJro etc.) care It I ul tfrHp 1ntepc ss fie 6ulI"CIas-at de partiaip2llnul la functjile 6anitare;. ~;JVt ~I ~B protect;j~. mal :ii!1.~61n (;azul aglomera't-mOt I r"iin~. in Ctet!l ce :~te ofert~ ... le ep:at;iHor verzi 'in dOmBt1l1J~ r8CroilrH. padurrsa OCJJp!1 un loc ~nt asi4urjrll;l d.C6fli~!J ['8 rca uner ~cthritliti en d ru m4is." aa la,rls, 6chiu~ II aIplrH ~m IJ~ ama tor d;f.lr ~i ~ii ~~e ~othtJt$1I~l ~~t\I, L~ c'.;1It"a e:,~ aI~U~~ otUhM 0 d~~ su crel'~t.ca~ea papu l:a~si f'! dienslfI.C$l mil io'Ga I rtatl[Jor, eoJ ttl ttih-i I,e ~aI ~ plel~rt!oli atn6Xtr:Qvill.:mul ~aprQpiat &aU ih~e.p~r~t sum: rot !?'lift i numeJ'Oa5e ~I t1t' 8c~e~ ~~ !lSi impulMICl, tn Oillzul Fi6clrei lociilm;.a,.l. 0 p:olit1'd11 d~ ~eGtivi1 q2lre' s~ prWil'1a ~ rfocareo1lll ~I ·de~radarea padurll,or deetlnat6 nk:Id . rentru pr.anUl:mpil1area aCB$UI preSi.iurni. 'l1o.rmele din tara ,oa~t.ra r.ecort1ar1'~alJl1h 1973. Z5 til'1P pat:lure/c;ap d~ I,Gcuito"1n titrllp ce 11'11 ~rs"f3 M fI'O?tJ~(!!l100 mp (3.06:6) ~13b.,1Qvi:zJt<irl;ori/ha (1M 1976), t?e6ifj\.lt q~ I1ta~~a~ rul de piitliurB 6~~ ·runct:i8 ,f die marimea ora~uliJi. ,de rd!ul juc,at.1n untoriu (oapitaIJ, ~tTtru u n ~",:~rsitar" pol d6 h1lteFC5 l~g~o;MO ~! ~6 Iprofjlu~ OOU (h,'du5- tria. culturat. ~t.at=-iU1f1e b~lmm~Clim&r~ri~ 6tc.). Un etu:dru din 197£:1 (5.067) prapUM'lII pentru 1'a'ra t1oae,tra. 'i'1r'l t1l:1ulll200D. J'I'MHcaUlt~i t:Hn 'ta~iSjui umJatm-:

PtrrJPlJ~J prjvlru:1 m:G~al'"Ut d'ilJ Ip!iod:llJlri .tarrcmcl'l't la mID d~ lom.dtQ;r1

50 40 ~O
55 40 4:0 30 20
- -
4'5 '40 SO 20 10 55

COi'1e;id~ram -cal 'i'nca .10~15- ,a,ni, ZiI,tin.t.J~rna·a~e~r p~rametri va fl 62rtie-f2iditoar-c, chlar dzwa dup~ 1989 Be luc:re-az~ M urn&!( :5 zJie- pe 6.apt~m£it\ll Paid rile de recie.arc (21,00&). fndfferent; dB dtmumfrca fe>lo5tt~ de: diver!?i ,a-utori (parc-p~dure" raldure-parc:. ptHI::;-Fol"'d'GtJlew). fac partie eHr( fon~lJl roreS'tler i?1 nu indeplfi"leerc (dec_§:t 6~nd _g;~lnt. ~m~na]8U ca. a~re) ~i fut1cyill!: at -;p]grtiment, (pl~ c~rea ~f d.rL6traG~'ia pl-et.r:nza n d ecH'i pa menU': ad ecvate ') (,'3,D6@),

3,2..15.1fl Crtterii cc trevuie avut,e in vMm-e In ~le-gere.a Uf1lJli ,~ri;'oret pentf"iL1 .a dl3venipatlu I"C'-da recrc:~re

f'artl'grnfuJ preoe,den't-5-:a orupa't de:; cl1ltZuf c,~l':ld 0 p~dure ~~-Ce. fblof'¥ita deja pcntrLJ re:c;;rearo delr nu .a fum cOl1fruntati GU toote e>Uqerr~e:Ic-. ~ cantinuare suntem 111 e.;itl[__J,~jQl-ca-i1d in per;iurb.an eau In zona (10111 40~60 km) t_rebu i ~ a;,Bi a I~e-ge:m di n m ~i mu!lt~ oferte: opt: c..ea I C~ I~ (I'tlclll<::irlJll ms rilor ,~g I dlnera~ii) Call"e" prln !nv6sti'Ffi nu pr.ea' GOt?t~8rtoar~. &l r~,~,p:tJr1d,1!i la o~t. mal rtH.Jlt~necOOi-t~,tJ)dilc.?l e poslb-il i?i G)@t;ivaie r,;1 hiverf1i:l1le. in ctiZLJI &X,i!&t,~I1'~eoi mai: -multor of~rte, 6~ 'Va c~uta ca rec~at:e,a-$~ nu GQ&pite.z.e cu ~remen't;iI1,1 (6lI$tra~ai11r1 .t\Ice~a?[ p~dur~, PrimLJl e-riteriu e$t~;

f'rWil-uj dom~naf-r!; r.:&: uFt11,arim ea"'1 ,acG'rd1i,m p~durili: ~ort"_..am:,~' • .agrt:mer1"t,eau 0 funet-it:: WrtlVi.n~&rt;l-" AElremel1tul G~re pr:6zen-J?.-a unuJ OLm, tdt!l aptl BeJ-lJ o flur-e;a major~ de: alime, taf~, rcHef m~'l anlmat, acae:e~ auso rnajore. marl $<upr~f~ dB pareare, echip$i mUltt: tt!hni,co-e:dilite!re-, urt Ineeml'l;;!ilt~ecttlr t:ehn it;;Q~,s t;;h-ni t1f6tri1j try! ~ mu Itltu d rn.t de e3~lvici i I a t1 ivellJ l CD I'lfortu I t:J I u rba 1'1 ate .. etc. tn, cazul unel fQ rmu Ie' mb-;w, pentru a t1uap-ar~ ,drafuh~n 'in G_Oabiw.r~, 6upraif.a;1'a VEl t.rebul s.a creaeca.

Zdn~ 'a~Q@'~fi& (l"l1t-Jl'1te. deal. d:2!mpra, !r'W-ral) ~i fUrTc'~i~ tari't;oriala a' oi"'a~ului. Fotdtrte-rmrn~ m~krm{l,~ ariei -de: fQIObll1~~ ~r ~t:rwctura'! W'i'lct-iOi1'ilI~.

Fa-c.toril fiziof eunt OBI c~ tn'fl~ell~ ~ nwr-:e n1~-e01"'EJ c.lIllt2lt-ea Nj~1 ilille~i~~ perrtru 6lef5t,lrtda'~, ~j amil1tlm: 6o~figu-r2lti~ -c",rem.llu1. oaraC'teri~t-i~ oile- ~ol[Jluf. hldweJlr.lIfl.a :pi topo.clfmat-ul. Daca la 0 pan-c~ r~Mli I,~ 1a!... luc:rarllB de 5h;~ti;:matjiUlrr;l vertic~la nu devi,t1 ot1erQa6e p~nt-rw a:rm,najafcoil unoI' 6u,p,ra~ fete _d~" Gel h1'Far~. ~'IG rcl ie; iii'8U pf!:rtt.r1.J p!1llc.tlo$l~ai U ner JoC;l.I rr~porti V~, 'P rec;um !,?'I aifllgu r:a rea a;GC~E)el;Clr tel uta. rt')~te' 10't,: e.? pU'Me 1~lFobicma u rlOr l rn;.::rv'qr~ii h1cil~'Ore.! ,mq.tlifjb~rl1'r1 ~'f"ofllur c.if6t""t@lror eau 5ic:hlmtlare~ ampt~£Iam~ntlJlui. In ceea ~e prht~7'tt: inolu~ere.lil LlIflOr- vct'l1l&llttc 1M aria,de II'lI;erBB. 00 ViOIi' ave$! tr1 v;e~er~ c.~teva cri-wriri: pra~icpl---e?l e.a'tiiU:i?Ulu~ ML! tl *,hiuiur va pret(Jnd" WW6a1nte I'1QMice. LJ n-de: Z:~r;!ada etA mai malt ,tl m f{;l; ~Q~ uril!::' dB crdJ h r12t cma rs sa U c: u divart1ie

. ~. I

do~rl e.e recom~jU'1c;ja alfoI:O~ipat't'ea me.diftl1a~ ~ veroa t'ltlJ lui (3.010) -ideoan;!GCl

"cure ~rr ~ef1Jetrfi~imjl1_ea_t;ii ~i cel di~§ac-nd~ntj-6?Mriil. produc Q ~Utf~ Ye:ntrl~jBu av&lnd UI'1l raj moderator &Hi:lUpr:;;i um,pe.ratur:ii". De ,a6f!:m;:::M~£j:, ve §&I'n-tBre. eet:lce 5 LJ nt .d e ~furat.. ~ r oi di'~~'l-1in~d rna i: ~p."d,L1 rOll a'd.!'t'rJl t'1 ea'fa iN I~: priil F1Z ~i dura amialZ.<i1, diM'd tempe:ratu.r:a e~t.8- mai rldkl,i:I'I;Ai. ~Or1a intra ?n L!mbr~. ~e(1i'1/ilntele @udice-!?i ve'Btice: ~U.I'lt'fl"1!f?ij pt~rli~ pel'ltru, cei ce dor8~M' ~rlUtlBresla ~oafa. Pehtru l"na~rHe cu par-apant-a,Bs va face: un etudiu ala.ltitudlinik')r pi curerr~ilcr de -aer, 0 !;!iInaH~z-~ a ~Dlurillor dlete 'rocom~nt!abil~ IPsntrl:J ca.:,.;§olurile ur~Q?-lr8~ pJertal1d r$r~d~ umiJitate:a. Inu -ffjvorizeB!za Gre~tereadn' 'blJn~ condl~i a ~g~t.;!Itiei'·; soludle terti Ie ~l.bll1t! ar"t1-~tf) aal~ur:-a 0 marelJi~r6iWte. v!ilge~J~; !1Qluril~~I,uviQl1art:~ tI]-5ipOtie1e ·a~u -f;lr~Hoal$e, pot_FirovDC~ ~IL.lt1&C~ri. Apa est.e 0 component.a incH~fensavna unul ,s<payiu de F6CI"$a;n:;: a1>-at din punstul d~ vf'ld~re all1e'Ge5it:Ji~jIQ~' bi9kjfi~,ce L:At !p'1 pel1tr'u prJlctlc;area L!r.lor actfvtulirr;i C&l

56

l3.o7 }, pe6GUtD.u~I. pHm~~~~ co ~area ,:iI. E.a ee-te reeon fort:.antJi "I in ~T !Jl'lul t.c::rit-arlu ~at in prflcipittl!~ii. lpent;ru .a rn eil'llllj,1il(ll,;ll IJnar dfJ o.dJf1f1l. plonio, cSll'tfpIn!!l. va fi l1ecefj.jjjr~ fie al,egerl%! 'l31Jpl'8feveIDr eel murt ~1.I6.e la ~oal"i!i!~ ·~.~'llidap2lirt.a.ree! -$I, rj,ore.tIJ I u ~ p'fi: BU:P rafe1p.3 t"6d.uae a ptmnl1;e .,dJrr: ~r:lua rea u midli~ii ,mtCe.5ivc;, Pel'j'~r'u practtc8ffla ~J1Jul u i. Mtl v".~l11telc au C~ ,'flfilif! plJ"t..emiti C!.Irf:: ~pu 1176iFa :zflipaa--el.

Y~~t3~1~1 tl'1tai:.~I~e1 c.o~ Lemt1otle~, ~t?te::compot,al11;::ii nfl', '1.~ af,h;;iO'et rcertm1l!ijd~. t.a ea ~.i1ii'-ne: ,HVBh:5~fiC;ilUi ~~ m.@tll1r~. Nu U,I;/(JF ~xeluo.e'i 1'i't5~ (Ct: ore~ ~i ffll6'C6de Fad u re) eau p~'"M~Ie..

war!] I <llmblerl'tal !f~ f{2U~t.El at~t. ,Un faowrtii .:iI mi1ntit-1 p;aln~ ;;:;dch::tar un~le mti~lJrI.t~ trt'~u[t IU.ai1.'Cl c,a: p'lJit'1dr(ii~ 1'l1 vJlk,are .81 Uf'lor ip8t'~pt.otWie .... [ ... r"'~nw~ tll;mgers.a'in d~ef~~.uMrM tr~i21et=lor a. etc.ce6ului ~a -ap~: (oe;hiuri~ ~8oo.ide. izvoare): tVidc~.I'Ii:PI:eM.a UMorfDrrna~urli ~eo~fr:;e: m!!~l"6a M!''1nrt'''If'iu.~!o,~ etc,

Evf.del1f;; c.~ "to·ate' :cdterli:le: el1UM~te F~t1I2liacum jC vor f;:Ivc:t! 1n ~~ atl.lncJ. ~,"d a, va pUMe problflmel retllilzJirlr e!pro..afM integr:alifl' i;'lJ ul'1let

P~ntfU G ma( d!r;ieilletJ ut.1liz~re~ ~ rooomand~ .0 ~ruct~-H-a re a (jje!jt-lf1e1~ rec~alri t pa urm~to'~ ml~8tr~ puf.fi~ pri ml,~ if. i o&i~ h t'1a~ pi fm!?:8 r~~ raes,

Zm1a d~ prirnlrn!?i odIih t'l'a e~te cea ctllre v~~· :@llpUe:~ unor 0piGwak a~apbare; 'pcnt.ru prlmfma pu bUctd IJ i (p.a,r:car~. ilnfcwma r'~ pr-Mn& "tr~;'5.e:elt> D0tttr01), ~atli;fat~rt:;;l uncwt'1etoo~ta~r (apil ~OUl'li'fI~. ~rupnJrj e-,'.:lrr.itali~. UitfG1I1 ~ lI~4ltik; ~,a~J ,,1 crMte;l conarft;mor pentt'll oclihltl! ("f'e~uze: -ml~on't~ o tkm de :a~\ adli po!it;lll'i de plool6. 1'~I'6pecttM~ intflrae;al"rtc, V"'~etat-!B tU~r51- ). Af;~a~~ am~ nu va ~epj~i 1,5"ZQ1.,.din ~uF.amva .padUB~H (;3.072j.

de pre~UrUt1;@ foar-u micl ,1rr1t':::l'vBn~if (m:arG»je,y .ad~·PQ~tbJd doamenajarea, uoor ~zvoar'd" Ipen~n.JI til fl acteerH:Ii1e ~.a.) fi flint( eM mJlifmC- 1(II.t1ti8~. \I'a CDt1~Un:l~ 75,-00C'~ din fllilprafilya padutR .Zotra d:~ re.raenerarn, t:I~ F:!fJ!.Uti e: l.ooUP.al fh Ju r d~ 5% din ~iulPp~f~r.3 pad U I'll i ~i e$'t"~ ak.>~'tt1lr,-Mi 't';n~ ter1~ffi~ltwrt:~,r~trn ZOfl';9 dr6 prllmU"e:: c~'t ~ri'n Zel:na p~rrtr!.l "Iim"'~l-e".

TI'I cooa a pr'v~~te .oap8laimt:.ea de primite, Eie coM6tatJi, ::;8. •• Dt}~i ~~, tlCOlo~ i, wrtrelUeri, pei~,g~fil't4,p:sihal~~~i-.au uMrt~-ortU'rlleii'il~c.o?ul kterm !Ilirl' "ce~wr raetorf, ma i a1'I~$ dIn mome;ntul 'l't'1 O.a ro con im'r~ [ l1[al"~fc MNi!l;Q~t'j~it,it': pard W'J t:or ~ Fo~i& 1'r1~l'"upt.. p:unill'ld tn' redoal Gni ar pt;renit'a;t;.e;a 8lintmLJllIi, t:otU~> pin~ -m p!"CW:.nt. rew~tcl" ~rUof" nu ~um;, defin Me''' (307,a), Cl~r utl'c~de rn6f.atJ,~!lI~ ,ca~o:ull 6-~ ut;il~zoaUi {3.(J'i4-),'PrilllDf'"6!"lfa,ctotii ,ca~ funt ImpllGg~r 1't1 o:apac::;lt;:art~ai ,~~ primfre; ~iJf'lt1 m~l1¥fot'lS!tj~ p~t1ta 'l'f ~poz;1viii,. hlWra ~jlJlu~, rt,p~rt;iu,rea paj~"tilpr ~I ~um!n,iif.l.tjIi"Uar (analizattf. .deja). compozf1:ls e.iV~l"f>ta ar'ro'retll1ur.. tMtamef\ltU~a:plicst. ~a. tn OOin'Zinuar-e f1~@m oc;~pa db ul1;.in'l~'e .cAou~ .~eia.tlv 1~r;QliI11!ptr4j,!>i~, t?iUl1t :pr~re:rate Eli ~~ljewl~iii m:~~te~ilI~ dctoa~ plldu Fi h~ ~:e t"~ fij t'l 02t€le; d.~!1;<r p~r:ttla nsnt: v-e:r.zr. 61.l1 t'ilt 'in 121·~mrsJ mCJnotc~ M~timpCCl celIe de foi~OO~ ~Je·IT5~l?itde. a.traotiiVti: mall ~Icstoamr!a~ d~vfn i"GX~ ~ ~atna. VAr~~ a,ri;rcre¢ului trel?uttJi: mruta fu vOO,{l;redooalreM fij~reGaU~OI'1t at;: ~rborl.Bm"o r'[;;tioa~*i'i at; c:m:~~r:e ~i d~vo:lt~re {"3.,075J,; o~l1d .'i:rtt~ti~l;aj ptmtru ~iml'l'aro e.e,te lm cC!td't~ Gel~ maf e?~L.ut~. A'C,n~:ereta ~;t;:I2;Hull:J~ 'i'.a'!"ora~II', c:lJnd GotIrul fflgutat: nu nul i ~are ramuri U5~ fa ilaz:a 1Iulplnii (ce imfl'fl~rGaiU

pli~ilrtfa), la~ ~a"p~truJ1da f.!i1:ze:le ~oa('elLJi r';'n~ I.a §ol~.a'~i~urN I'jI buna vizitviH±.aiM (3,016) o/~ d$"G)-i 'BigiUIMWrra" pr:'B,~upl.lrre,url O<9<trltrol ,~; (J ,dir~~lfe!LltJc traltijmerrt, ca re; 1tr c,:::,zlIl a ri iilor- d& t"ete; re:ar~ 6Pri~· ca:te.t.3orL~ C'!1ltlg. d iftc;,~ d& E5-t.r~,i:.ta'Cil,I~ (din ~uz.a.. t.!(:J!pitljHorJ"!ufl1e-r(')~e6:.;llI r-JlJ,g.!:Jrllon8 liF~e~ de vizl~lfjtate) d.;;lr flit'l"i LJI'1 rt:H1 oofu~iu pent.ru an~m£lte:!e''P~dLJr!t~r 'H~u.r~~ d6-f'1riln·;a.

Dre~l~ur .QJ,i, or.gaJ1i;Z.E;lr~/8mtm~Jarea unefpAdufi f:,pta fun~he d8.

G.~rte.~,0rr~ 'B~: pa-dlU M f):~tulra~a (cu cdJe ma I pLft;:iMB it'!~rve:t;1~i ij. pa:du re: tit pU rnbare;: (uMde ,~~. JilU 'in v~ent: lilI~l€lur~r~<?I i!lI.ooe~JZ!IOf ,~'i .'?.It;;~~iona.rfkin prB!.otiCalr~ u nor jeeu rl, !;';iervjai i de pri t1'1ha !'lIec:e~jtau;, I'ilBd~ p~~il'e:a~ u 1:18' de t1~t*rrn~xl me J¢i' 50 vizitiltorilhr1ll) ~i p~durtl'a-pi'lrG (ce pretinde; apr~apElill.cel.ai\f~j l'tlileer'~ril CliI E?p~i'tlll V:e.t:'l'.Zj fntl"tt.vfje.'fiti}" undeviec,lJIf ~t(:1F t,r.e:T i"Oi'1@ 'FUil1ctJO.I'l~le mMt-J('"~t~ (prj m r re. ... ,?,eder~. pHmb~r:elo h~tJC!Mffl"ZI re}. oes·.~ .~t:,,1 uat d ~ o comptlzi,\" ie d~ $I.r1C$~riI1l7rtJ. ~~€im~ I1kii:IAQ~ II"~ .p~rCL! hJ[ L.wl1~t1 . .D~ m6n~i on~ rB"1!i! c.~(;I{t:rtriG:om po l1ente I~ prrm.-.:~e dQua tipu,r:i' tie plldt.u"e' pr{l~I.!F~J'!'ie .G- ili1~JiMI a ra·r:.t.:a:I"!ler rnwre::a?a"t:\i (3.D71) ,

lltl C~ZJU~ r~dl)Jr'ikH"'. prilt'1"ectiJpamt:i,l1t .... ei,~lt1t-~I~@~ "tQt.aI it<flttffi ll,Jcl"li~ filor ~i :&ot.~ rJ1I.or d:& i i;l'Fra&tructu f~ G.,ire ~! perI1lf'clj. rliduri i in&e:pl:i n iti~;1lI pbn'lll r~ a. TuflqJi.io.r' re~re;.itiv~" (~,018). Lf.l p~aurr~a:~p~rc~ .€t<i1iiramlf:lnt;uJ f1®t~c~'1 mqli oomplex, .!'.iIpmpHt1d!Ui-~e die G':ei Nifl'Bt?ifii,iflF g:r.~eHn i~ori'j P'~rcL;H"UOI" inrrav,Hall4e.. F, N~ ru,!!ll!.l1:m parteech ip:t3lm~n't~le.1n do l!i1i. ttlt,~~ri i: d~ .b.~:d ;l1·$pec'i~H:zate.

Echi pa~lnetl~le: deS ~§tZ~

ill' Dh.J muriie d:tHi'lc~e~ §L! t'lIt ;dooi<[ntic(;;e C!~U laf;[Oii. oe:m;r,@~1a le:~ .1IlLitO,:; tlJrle:tfJ~I:Qr. ~h·U~rii v,z.it~'t;tl'ri~ar fi'pr~ ~n.e:J,;:;;~e iil1tel"~~ (fair pril"l lip~ lor. V)l;'itare-tl p§{;twu,t n td~ri i, 1m -ellOcto.arel,e 111 (;;u rt? del r~OBnCltf.:1J.r'e :2ailel ~L! pUM pret::eu1?i..::r tc;:mporare). rt.i i'l;~I"~tiH~ fiind ~:l!;;fel ~~tJiil:bi Itw;. 'in 6$t ~S"e aj LJ !'1t.ji th a'r-rD:~i.1!9t'";e:a. (Ia 10£1-100 rn) prit1Gipelle.!~t PUflict.l'l ,ciiI~ at;l'"a4~i.e; (pe!l'ionamCll, vt?g;tlig:i~ ~r~~tr'( va ~Qro~i em,). Tta'5eckn.tai" b.~t'1efIQ1.a d~ IIt1d:jG~t.o~re re:rrlW"u $~g.urafrl?a G~~GI.J I'&lt;i~i ~r mtu'c~J e. ... vpr p.irm.~t.a r~r1 i rea iRP I..H'hG:tulld~ p1ecZLrC1 '.10 r,.1live~ 'I~u I"f Q64ep.a~Jre ~i ~rcare tCi'mpQr.ar~. \ll"Glr' C-eJit::l'~Wr:t1~ "tiI't, ma~ p'1!?il'l d~11 ~urrarnrFl p~dul';1i (~.Of9) ~f nu ee vew ~~I pra pu Mpill~te. "fot%~.t:j~~'~~ ~crrJctl:idpi:fltr:LJ Cilt u ~&l'~J:i:3;

t.~.ri ~~trcK' .

• ~GI~t7 vOJ'" ·Ff.lG9 1~~Al1>Jtjr.a uM·"tr~'WM;!il de- pr(m[rec. pooctere de iMt'.e:'" I"e_$ tu rit*i~. ~i &~f~~t& d,>e; i nt.e1:t$fi m~j @.n 4~ i de (It;C~§ "~.;1! "" tit 1J'm U rl (cam ltt1Pll~, ~Q@.e~e); pa II'kJn~tH"i, oa ban-~~ °oo~,.1 "5r1\Ao~.a" E~e vor fr ineO'fiite- d~rt;:1~ rr.::,art;Qtj !,-e. :?i var fi ~ I UI1l~Jli m i ~ife rite ~entru ~ raeplJt1 d.:e diverg,e:~Qr ~bl i~rtar~ (oa:tegol"i t ~,e: v£lre+a, preeJt.:t:..tp~ I't}. 1i mBe!ci:.!~: prQrU~~ Vet urmlfrl: ~~ o0IM~~a zGM~e c u V§!g~~ t.;:;J;}ie v,u I nera'DU~ sa [jprtit',,$j~~lh~:a '9'1 teret\'lu ri Ii$ ce: MU ofer.:a ,~ec LJ rUtat.e c:iro 1.I1a~ !-jel (i l'i~blU¢'!; ~t"'.ill~tii1l.'!ii1$.~> au r~,p'e); ~ ~tng~ c~~ ma'im u tt,., pUif1~ $t~c:tlv~ (ptllt'lO;FJl me~ izvo.a~; oGhJ u riJ ·~.au c;.~ reil.J; ri de iI~~~ !5t:linc:a t"~; BpOO i r valor.Qat.se:; de lli! flori pilna la tlfbr'9:ri: vt;~t1g IT ~ai·.) a~r ~r lOCH ri d ~ L.:I ~~~e.d p,gt; a'~!iJ Ma' prqd ~$,"':: d e:~1 e ,paid 1.1 Fiji; ,~a "tI ~f.g u r;e;-10Q.urii pel1t1m ~i h H~ !)ii 8CClCl'B la n-::;fU,e H;~~ 11 U· .iil~b,a tM n ~G&lJ;1 ~pr~aJ 1Jf1'gJff1'ij'r;I:f§.lr~al"farrT13te ~;ii'<Ttt"""'O ~jni:a u ra e~rB',",I~ !iLa.

,!I! Pf~tel~! ret1tn..Jl.c~[~t"le, cu e ~a.~me. m J i mal ~ C~ $l j1Otecflqt'. n\.l- ~ \lor 'euptafpu M e- pe:e-u . .aC$a;1;.e~ (d,ar U Mee:r.! ~e Fe~ <ifFmoptli)~ tJI bI fie liCit f I1ter':l7U't;.a t.l~ ¢lr'ilmurHe -glU~ ~r p:Ot1ff pr.~tlpLl,t;~GU un~j~-.,Q~e.;U.C(lle ere-oified: hfpismu!lJr",

• LdG~ .. w~i6de- VJl~ roatr~ ee f:eCOI:11&i MJa a fi ampJae;:arte 111 zC!.nJCJ de primir~ .• I~ ~izler@~,a~l.lti['i'11 m~~! tlly€'ole ~~u Ghiarl't1 f!~~l.!re (¢~i1d voraV~ 'Cia~~-

58

!JI!iI'..;:It!'~..SI r~4uM I~ c.atevill ~pftl1). N u ~~ va.r a trle:t1 ai)a F~:a:tfeJir.m~' b~ilIw sa u lar c~t1d .%te:l pC'~j~il', Be' v@ ~d,opt&i ~l6'];.gmlJl M'lixt C:u ii~le 'irli~roarte. '1'ldt'19"'1MU-el~ crfr~~Grieril c!t; mtl~ fire.$l$.c:Ji,tri peie.aj .

• ' til ech i pa m~t:'Jt:eI~ pent..rud ~!ai,.tifld'&ro ~i @dihl'31I aci:<flv:i!i pL:rt.e>m ...... ..., ... r:x: (U:I:b<al'lifll ~pa't:-rL~m~fltail::a'l;;~ ret'ittu .c~mp~f"e: (.d r'eWla'~" fuih de- aL_:lI"~n~i 1n aprOplerea: lH1"G!r @1U1'I08,4.1 ap.iif)j ral4ltbnr. gt"opr p~t'iltrtJ depozrtare.a:: pl,q1,..form~ op:e,ntrtJ lJitIH~te.:afocu~L![ :$$lU l'il~I9't>!f'1U. pkmiIC .(Cl,i rn~~B ~.

fi:.w), t/B@r1uri.pehtn.l pt"~c.'trc:are:a! UMI" Joeurl e.a.

Echl pamel1t~ $ pt:c ia lizat~

A:p~r rlleu~a r~ Gt!i:1a pad u rea de rc:Cr6are: ~e a d r.6~eaza Cij pr~,C'a()~,nnt:il.iJcKiv~:pr.iiwt,je~rea UJr10~ 6r(}Jrt;,l .. H"~ cs pretind a 'mCl'najlI"! specJaile ~hlWti:.sm1 $ic;n~ut, maiJoot'ooul et;G.), \f~'I1~1t:(lIarta, 1;l..!ri~mul clJl,eC'[;,j\i' cu telbcwe

P'mmel'l~d~l«= :j:!?~ au 'lnce:putm'ile tno~ dll"1 ail11iichjtat~~ oh!aw d:aca ~ pra&u~ mad tftc~rl .~~rn\t1ifi~t,i\fe fi1 COM cept: ~i ~a~ i:i~ rea ~or. F'fomen.fu;i~t'ilt1 .su.ept:turirtS @t!lt1U:mp<!lf'cal1ia" VJ;ip:r'olif-::raii1aa l'n f1.U, X!X'(3",Q80). ~f.n re,;i11fzarilo:

. , .

.au.ropen~ It(;it'l'1 il1t:,t1t-fbM Ghiil~'flrs-E!y~g;$B (3.o8;f) iar .&jill ~~~r~ I1Qae.tra'v.@il1

.mrrtf ~t;l~MLla <Ki~~fmr (3.Qt'2). Copou! (3.083) tpi b~dul g~rH,tI~ fil:ld AfM:

P\oIUI'.;.[ (~.or304). in e-~GOie:~e anter:ioa.re~ c~l~ ,de p~im~aill"'e ~rnfo!"@lt.:.i£ 1n ~JSilJ til'hp de t-r~~ lJI rl, c~ t~ rCf?J ~ I pletOt'lt ,Ma i ~'pDi fil~ :f.aJGrJl 0; M~reg-.{;l re a ~l rc:u~~l. c.a[~ tr~6.u rr lor fll nt>l' 5ec:onaaJ:tl alee untl,,;dolJla bl"6'l!el.t:. Fe I"Itru piifft,on i. 0 dstj GU '~lf &cui rt'!:El' tr~:B't.J rllOf su iitlJt{iJtUIFi ~,mre:1>e, a:l.eUe pkIton ~ r a: f;ed:i ~tanf6:~za oie calM pri nC'l flSll.t( prl f1 r ~:rm~~i,ul;ll i,n i'ia mC.I1IU!or <I~,a rbdrl. r ~nd~ n'[t,;a ce I'll CBp~ eJ!?>S m;ijnif~~'f:t:,t ~~te<&a blulelt8i1dlul (;'!i.OBo) •. e'li d~vif1a,o,~:t.rada lar-ga~ p~at;rtr;~~ tJ pi! am!;tllal ~aturi". fn· tlmp ce prbma:Ffa~a sf.: va :erlj;$! 'lhtr-u:n eJ'toat:i:U n:um~r i'l~ pteton ilQf", mll rt, m~J <£1 e Mro~. prev:kut.. eu alveoJe de Qdihl~ll: (u Mtel~ aj I;J rI,gillf,la Mar l.!l tHmtl'1~ILJI:1M L,In'uf ~1!Jat') MlJ cu ~tlnc'ta de: ~Mtero® (amplt:: I,UDt\~~i dd' art§ riibv1ume:f1t.giI~i. 4~)1 cultu-alt;: sau cot11~;rClall~ s.a.), Def;ii rin~!U.1 vl~t'l:~z .ill fu¥.. fit1~JJ:uw In ell ~Q.l1a Jumllrt,arU iii elecoli:.J~u~ tr~lL':;;.!Jt ! e~ ae apro[ple rn mariil rnJ5Ur:lll~ pretewitrHe d:(i le, ~vel'\1 $!6t2tZ~ fa;.:i::i dYtl: a mbi~nt;LdI nOO'af'l:.~ r" ,,;t.;il~mba ri i

G01;rdJ~l1tt (5;.CfOOJ. .

3,2,17. ~E.ZEJ{VATIA

51)111'. ar-ii. rfl .gei1'@i'1?l.~ .1j'1L\'l 11'i,~~ al11P~omre. 68: p!"~Zilt'lt~ Ul1 ~Ji'Tttr~fi d~bft, ri~rOt'l~ I ,S~d i nt~n1sr~io..rlaJ. priviJ1d \!e~et;'elfia, fa u naeau formatJ.i j,je e~a~G!:'(,(j'llI1f\l;1,r 'fi 13 noi 681IB' .saf3t.ic~, cu .poe~t:~Hi. dm MUlTffi Apu§eni) ~I C$l,rt: fntraiub p~it:"l"ffl ul1~i It'it~.ri,~!:t:l~~f·~f 6orlt-rd.lu[ IWt'I·Or .in§tlt<Lft:H'in v-etijema COi1$a:rdrUIo,.

Dupili'fit;£lP ~j 6l1tecfi:-lve, e>l¢'.potfr (3,067}:

.. ~e;z:etN;at-ii FlBt1JMie, ,c';:'GlJ prine! su prafatc;t d-$ Urei'lf .~r&'i reI< d e,Gt:t~ Mf4-t:&MO\rya.ri[ unof. m~~1f ~e !,ifiif~ camcter]6trC6:f?r CiH"tr .~ fi d~ ~frtelrfe£.7 zoologl6. ~of£l n I c, fQ~!rr;i~r} -p~lt!af'l'to~ogli~~ .~'{Gk1{lrip~ $pet?~Qg i OJ . r j m t1:t1log~c (ca2'U1 laG uri lor)! rtlZlrit:1 aau mild"

II Riti;n.tI@i.iJ ~ti:irffJfi,c~,. ~.anl fi1qllld ~l.!pr8lfefe- de terel1 ~T2lp~,~6 ~nd~fi variate" ~~titl.at~ &@!"",aa'ri lor ~ti I rry.jfk~B<~e vpecia I !~te ~i G6iI:'il'~~rvanJ ti'l"lt;luluf ~fl!t'Ie!tfr;;·~I.It:Qh1f.o.r1',

• l~ezel"Vaf.11 pt:je.a,i!5ti~ 111 care 6 .... nt. cUiPrinse a.Sim;;ia~ii f1lari5tl"~ e;:a'U' fu('m~ ~e t"t:licf d~ mare ve!lo:ate es-tctica" ~'ril1 a camr cO'l'fflervare ae: unnJ· rtfY"~ i nt,.e;~Mt,in'li,a ITUI mu ~e~nor ,t1~iaj rlll tt.

• Monumel'iu'SlB: natlJrii rejllt"eZi'n'tl· aeoc:ja~1i '6,au apedl de; plantt ~l .an ~ma ls r:a t"e !:'J~ t.l p'G: ca IB tt~ dl !Bpi! r~i e. ,iwba,rr 1:&6cult<! fl. reHI o.m~nE: geolog:ice unrcc - pc=~wri. maf'"'tflri de m'OZlune, eh.ei. curiauri de apak aaec;a&~ !pI ~itote '$I !$~men e,.eI. prec;um ~r I QGU rl foe.mfe't"e! t?itlu.ate: 'i'M1 &lrlll ra sau fI1 ~t1 &erioru I perimt:r t,...e,jor parcl.Irilof' a;;Jcn8ille i7SU Jt'iaCurale, tezctva;piilor na"':lJral~ $t.jitJ1;ificc ssu p~i ~~ei6,tic6.

DLJpB' ecoF. r:ez81"V.i'!:'iUe: J'lereural,e (.3.0S8) po·~ fl de dQu~ C8'I;.t::gorii: defil1itc/G~nd ee urma~M'con6ervarflZ! au pr:easde:rea ~nUli obiect!v(b:Cltanlc. munietl!Q, geologic stc.), CLd c:al"alote:r gerJ,t::rallcif1,~ preacupaid!e vlz,ead t:.Dat'-e compol'I'dntele 1:'l'le,~iullJi natural. Daca ~e au 'in \t'Cdere fl ~~J!.IrlI6 apliGatc. 5e po.;ate fErce ma~, a difer13n~fe:re; "re'le~~11 Ml'lUrrate !nte~rall.,'·5j .,rezen!il~i naturale oontiuseMiT!fatd'_ Pr'lme:16 5unt .5Upu!&e u,riei protec~j totatt: ~l Sl'e inte~ice ~l1rtewe:n1_;Ja um.;;JMla'j (3.,089).. pe cjI nd 111 c~u~ ctdol" l!:iIirlist{l ~t1tJt ~topat.¢: au.,uml·~ ac·CJvlt-~\,1 {agricu~tlJra. pa5tarlt. v.1nfitc.n~rs) p~mt.rLl a prate js 6pecii de fiod'i oou fsunii 2i1f1'l6nitltate: cu ai~parit-i6, Lal I"C2eNa:-p ile am1rr'il.vte ;;-0 m.<ili pOllt~ t1~au9a ~I categol"la rez~rva'bil6GoJ1amiue, uhd~ e-ar includ6'oele .. fo~t.lei'e" •. "til6 v8;Mat.oaro" ~I ,,d,, p~GLljt". ReV~nhl,Ha rezBI'WIl1,!llle ,nat.urale. e'[e pot fi .;rf[ fzo~atB' SalU pat: ,Ill Gomr'Qrlle:r1t(S' ~Ie lmu[ pare na~r'OMI ~au natura', l7l:neficUnnl a6tf~.d 6,i de 0 ,.zona de p~tltf',

3.2.18. SCUARUL

Del"lval'1a din termernul 4l'ngtez .. eiquare" (3.090) ra l'1oi 1n larli ~'te cotat ca ~ mal mici uflitatB ~fllpat:-]U V~f"A611menaJat. (O~ ha-.3.0 hal oore rafl:tlct~ Q wmpazi1'ie de f'jine :Eit.a~toBro. ,,"Iar dlac~ c d6pflnde::nt.! 'in marc mjp~r~ deGon~lt:jG"ati ,~deoonU~ullJL D"aicl rezult$1 ~j c~ll!lc&t~a ,cate~orll:

&cua ful de tra nZitiB. E&te un 6pSiF,iu IiPM (Ipa~tmt tn 8numf'te f:$OOpurl es.u rezuJta,t; 'ih urma LJl'ilof'dSl11olsl"i ~:i miS,n'\,il1ut ntcotlo!~"tnrit p.iI1~: liiI ,00arifica,rea de5't1na-pi6i). 21m'SMja't flurna n cu pre:aomlnanta veeeta~6i florkiole sau arbuft"trool'e.

5cuan.JI~ de Gh"cubi'i\'f(;. 58 arm enaJ,e&l:2J in !nte:ro~fJ Ue GU tranc auto ?i pletotlsl major, dev~l11lill'1lt:1: «pa6't.il~ de g:ira,);if}"»: .. :u;:{;~@ lei mijroac.&e se tr.i,lMeporo eubten~:t1e 'MU la ~:r"'''ree ~QtAt,i (:5.09'1);. «refue1u ,d'e. pr0te>61>Je1l" p$.ntru pit:wni !?fl epa1:-ir I'sntru od1lhl'1ii de flGurtoili durata. Filnal ol7ligat 98 8e.i.gure ~tx,;urrt.ate:i!ill OIil;W2i1'iei; nu eel· Vt.l ro'IG§.i 0' ve€lli'!t,~~e trlalt~:5<@u ~c";ilMe (z1durl. t\1!lIU~8' etc.) care ~ obturnze viZft1Uitatea. Tn G~~ul unci mobilar, c'O 0 lucm~ c::I68rt.a. au pra Fa fa~ va t.r·el1u r ,~ crea!'llciii (3 . .092).1 rI c::-&!t~ul cdJorde mict dlmerwru n n, 'n U $;C' vor ores 1'1..JI1'1'Gte tlIi!l!: J n1icrea CZUIS 6~ ,ptra (3:i' u·t'j ItiI u mar m~.r6 ae per60ane;: tar iI.u 1il11,· n.i'Fea' va at:ingc Intenfi,itatea ~c. Ia "tr-arl1c iniUnfj-".

5clJ~~·,LJl ~rn zoruel~ rezid~nt·ia'il,!:. 5e ampliilaeau dtl' roe u rrai 'in ~o.in8:tatea Ul10r dotarill (~r~dfnlt;e. ~coliJ CDlTlplCl0 cQm8l"CiaIG. Gine:mut~raf8, ,,,jLJbU'r'i~,$I.) 'Bau chla.drr, p~jm:.a UiI'ICll" loculn,'I$e coleotiV'e. De;~tjt'lElrt t:1J fwecadlere opCfimor ~ 0610f' voirstnioi. va vebul S)a ofere )atJlt 6upraf* InOOI"i'te, cu .oohi,pamente: d'~jo.!ilciJj ,at "~j refugi·j lJm~ri·~e:. Ap'~ e brnevt:t'lrtJ fiiB~, bazln ,M mlc~ a{1at1CimB,fi6 em f1!lntin~. Di~~~t:a cea mai mare f~ de :tona re%:iden~jala n-artr--et;luE 68 "'~"afiea~d 40'0-,600 rn, Not'me~iil ",om.al1e¥~' ,0;;1111975 (3.093,) f'1'Comal1<.iau ca to:l ~tabdlin:::bl marimn!7.~ se pt~5UpUrl,~, ali ,207.l~ din Forura~~

60

_1I\a1~ sCJ.Jarului j~ar fr&Netft;a ~imult.an> revenitld fldrui vizitatol" 25*30 &.mnpl~ d;lh; ~r~: I,f)CElIi~j IBucu re~t.I: Gh. ~fa if I m ifiO.a ra; A 1~EiI r'ld:ru csl J1~I~a.

'5cLJiilil"U1 ~ecorati'll. E~P3 tilee-til1at puneril1t'1v3,IDarea uflui Clbi~t I Ulir;iU'!S' d'e ~ rta mtJ:t'i u m,H1'ta ~~ (.3.0BL4), monumet1t ~5totJ G sa u

... rnlf.t!fC&l~~, 1"6ti~t~ (:3.095).1n teste cazurile. compozi1:-ia ~e va 6ul;!or.... 1,t»XIII'r.t'J lJi pe care 'i1 &lJve~tB ial' ,.and £;uf1't. mai mult'-6'. ce1ui domil'l'ant CZI _1IftI"1~1".ll1! ~lf1;U ca·l,t'Qllum, 6GUoilirui :t!h, m~ A;:;f;lI1CiWlui ~rt'l ~lUcLlr~~t;IJ d1Jp~ 1njo~ erupu1ui ccloitt"f:l atl'''fr cu 5t:,at.uia lui Em.il<icflcu (calp"t.toperj'l a eoulpttJ-

Dlm~rtt Anghel). albat- pue<'i"r1.g,ituafiB' dea cr6a UIr1, caiG'J,rllJ, ~doc'll:at Is dJcn~a' alt: cul-rorii romAM~tj dar impaaul'a fast d6p'li~ii;:. (d~1 $~afofo!jt:& ax Im~ittJ.t.lIMI) pMn ar~ Ul'lar rapoarte ferldte ~a tlIfflplaeall:"'Ca fa ~~. A'tet:1tlU dsr ~iili ~drtll p~luzeI~ 'P0~tul avi,t1ti1ca ful1d~1 colol'lad~

.,.;c,ae. ~l nu frorrt..r.mull sau e:tlpoJ~ (&leas ~t~tU'ia <3," 'R fo~ ii'iitu,,;ll,;:,al pe e)<tFf;:tabdtJ.a ecuarutul pi pe LH'I eeclu m.all'rlalt). Tn 1::21211.11 i?Culpturii FiWnum.,li-fonirIe;le ~r crcmatlc~ vor fi foarte rtrfintJte C,al expr-e'5ic . .0 tratalre !ljJfmllarli l1lW:OmaMa ~i la mMumentclc: f5tQ;rI(;B-!ll'tae,af'httectur1i. fn c:rear'6a,C8..drulu,~

ns ?.f,·CU IJt161e ~~i (3.096), lOratarea l'DatB atlnge.cniar wts ~B

Mj~I~t,:ft (.prin numilr'U'1 de;of,j,r;(.iI!A:l'. il:!pecii. f-orme,;.culoare). ap:a :f'u'tl-Jnd pan-l-

~Irl pllt'1 ~ BepecUool", Di'll!:'~rtarM pOe:lte:. adlJce. ~i mob'Jli6ful url:1'ei,n, aQua~ dro'll7i'tl<m fiin.d oe!t rtltJli oaut.ate. fot fH cazul I'or. fun~.r-B dc COt1t~t. ID\~W ,;Ie~lulul poate oodfa tritt't'l 00 I?L '10%. l'I1i nerar u I a\l'~h1d pf'iorttate a~ .aCQkl unde srh It.&;tul dor:~'U: ~ ~e ·afi'nrr6 cau,gorlc ,i ptlntru ,,:fit. mult 'mp (veget~I'ul tlste con~jdt'.lr;at,. de ,ac~ta. cfemer ~I j,nGapa,t1l1 de MfttlI8m~r1ttnj.ofl~tjcate.,.J, 5cuarul o.1('U,;Qra1tiv poatefl ~I a cornponel'rt;~ a un(3] IVI~, t:i!it-tJ~:f1d,u~ ae p~ l;l~laHd il1 Itd .. u r'~~e ~c&6teitl '(5.097).

Nl1 c;on6iet:er~m utl,la a GI~I~lflGarB'8 5tU<'3t'uI'Wor ~ul'a f"rm~t Dupa 4k .. ilizara: ttlm pU'"~1 ,di6rtiH,ge pe atd6 dB lungll d urata (d in lnteriQ.r1.r1 i!lMlII.nr rezidMt.ialB aa j'" 'l ce!e- diM ca~ ru I UI1:0r 6p21f,1i publiC6fretvcntate ,:.'«;001 ,I t:tle c:I~ ~c ul"ta ,dlu r~ (9:T "ua ttl: d,c;:- a h.d tug U r Ul'lor tr:a!3ee import-a nTn '1c:l,il'iaj.a~' t.ir1or d,o.y~,i).

3,2.19. 'S,PAnU L DE JIOC PEINTRU corll

rl'lcqd~ diM ,dece,niullill 'Vil- rea. 0 d~ eu ,aparit:ia mlCf'oraioanelor f'~nlJanQ .ct! LJl'lfdyH~,ur~ani~tl,c;e comp'l~ pafl~ 'in j'959" ,,$p~yiil~ tilt'; joe pmtru GO pW'I5.J .C. i!lrn IJ obIJg23ilUI:dl ,;,iI, fl Bl{id$li'1~la,te 'il'i aadru I "c1et8IfUc r &te ~tIUfe" \?i 'fI1 bUa ~t.J i tBfjtorla ~ C;;¢1: raceljj, I'll rte d.un dCl:r::u..m611t-B1~I'Zl WIIIl_rr-..HI'l. E1tl '!pi-au e~ieit .::u'!'Iplaoomentul p81:1tru prima Oal"3 in footele cvar.. spoil inah'rt:a,_grupel'o,' de lacuit" aile compl6xelor ~j 111 ~il"'lirJil:1jle de csrtJcr.

6truGturarw lor e:~'flk:e.a pB'C:B~or~i de vj~ta:

-G.rupa 0 :3 anl "~n.efiCtilt ti'l' mici am~n~j.~ri a5eman,~min"~ cu cel6

de" on'~;', .

- Grupa 3~6 ,filIi'll!. tl"ebUi 18· fiJ tII~,p~ ~8 aiE'lPQ~tt;i8~ "alan!5~n!I, t:o'~a~aieagq '. ,platformc rotrtoare. ~pan"m de caJ<irat ~.a. d!£ipU66 lh 6pa~i se. Dar Glil ~l la prl~ gropli. ee reromandla.i{J ~i zene umbrite da untJe _llMi'lrl'-'lrOIl ~ II r~ree'scJ (W'italr:ea uflor a.cci~rtt..e"

- Gmpa 6-10 !ii'll pt~i5upul1i!)a rawarizareajocuri!or colective (GBtii• din ~~mente de 1.en1n; GClibJB: ~'.). ~'t.[mLllarea eu aJu.lLlI (ec,h!ifil'lmentc ate GlrJnltt. labirlrltur~i pIS"t.e d6 aar~f'om f.,a.), apalrtlte de elmna,tjc~~ GO,"uri

r,~mt.ru 10&'I!J~ t::!'c b,a'e'ic:,ha. &lG~tea C;:~ platlldU- 5C! d{:: rnuNt.:t ,on cu e-chi p~Hl1.!rtt8m de la ~ru~! ~ nMrio.;'lra 0in C~ zuf "Pc 1a.:tu:1 u r C;'Q P UleF'~/"Ca e;si pklt'l itri lor". au;;e 13te ofbrtthM~ pW!'t&.?iIU lilu"~r). Supt;ad:~v.e~'!l':c.,!lJ iO &le-tre;,1 de d~~tinBl'~ii:l. vilri2!u de 161 crraa 100 mp ~M~ I'Bl G~~ OOl:e Ole: nlcwJ pltn3ItJ. ~d5t,$I'J&j ~f rlormed.6 proJ,ectaru (3.098). lar ampl~t?ilih1f;ntul 6e recom1Jl1WJ 5a fit l'nde:part.at;, de: ~raula~a auto In.teruM! ,d'a r '«n ~propj8r8Q locufrl'f;:slor colBC't've' ~ 0 v~e--~~tl: ro:at "~at"!. din art7l.!~tL~j l!1wbnrl. tH~~u~.tI·pdSl"imCltt~~,a'vlt:i'1I mH3,rune~ d,e,a! p'i"ffl::eja'l?i d~Hmit,~. DJ:Jpa 19;89. rtll'llJnt4lrll:Ju~$~, ~\1:1 Gomr~~e;lede ~OGuJ,f':I~~ ~Gllest:ilt.e:. jacul 6QPH1or peate fi tmnlf:}fenrt; p~aM,t1ta unClr'W~i1Un 1II'1ir;al'ltl (ul1d e amel"1ajarl~ a: MU vor fi MAinitive).:;a Llnor 5CtIaruri· C!ill "U p.artlcipii J,a 6trlzl·cu tnafic jti~rR:!i ~i pt Mil ma gr1it.il~~lor ~~ p2lr.cW!r~~or ur~d6i ae r:'0t .. 61m~l1aja s;e'CWa~.1~ ultimele ;d.otJi Cl1ilZUlln. va r 31 ~r@ pij.6Ulle p~wtriU 'IUlt,.:rn e cu rotn~. p:e:Mtt"u a.k.slwbo:ard :;;;.ftJJ.l Fle,t:eleclJ a[,e.tarol.e peJ1tflu monttliilfl~~~ke, ~r ~J ~1'1~ta~a'Pill'i'lai 5OfiSi'J:.rcatfl c;:tl,~ aj e:t.arnM\l@G~ in!JC.f11\ivitaWa, OOl'ilFtti~ta !fit 11 u1l1 u ltimui r~. cur.aJut flll m S' '~~,iiljunr ~ ,~.;;I ni~~ul ofertelor UJ1H.li po'lllrG .,dl~traaf,iI. UI1 exemph.l' mal I7limplll p.o~rte fi ":]I~d;~a 3'P~I~Clr ("jFort;.Wt:lrt~1 W~t13J',r3~rdeM~!I'J ~il1 T~;:':;<:I0 ,@T' UIMlI! mai~mpHtFJcil\1t ~I mai e'Cl~~i~i B~tt3 ~~I r£'~lrll::$It 1I'n le96 r~ .\j~ Yct"l(il'1 ve,,~n~~tb~ f'aviHonlJ11.lll ~i~M~J (~,,;OO9). hll'lp~rt.ail1t. ,~.~~"~ aJel~m~l1ea .;:nt1C~najarl ~~ dda diQ\l:,s,da ,de mwta rmagins:1"Je (furm~. ,ctllcri .. m~niam~:). ~~ 1nd~frU1e, lacunOO!jit(i;ro ~ inventiWt;:;J~.fia:l'm ui;;:e nrc:~,d~ !!li¢ritul de "~l~pl§ !?,jl nt:al de oei timjzi, 5Olitiu"i.ln alGee.t Ul1j~lfs:1i 81 CDpil{!irileil ~t11bieMtLll~~enel'"al t:.rebu[e' Ell tnd~mMe 9;Qiar" rEli ~lJIl1i d,is,pozi~Et3 ~r (;01<51 bot';are;,

1.3 a, DISP'UNt'KEA SRA1H.LOR VERZI

J'

O;:]cSi nu ~vem 1'i1 Vtltl>ei(;Jj;!! G),.dep.a rtsj ,;lire la niv"l u t teritOT'i [J lu i ,,e] rei ~.[ii!je:lor ful94i,~ ~.~ ~men~Jart'. de de6tJI1,att:i~ lor,d!!: pozj~iiil!lorfn, tmdrul de,lj'~it~ri· ~Dr O§drnll'li~~rntlve. $It;llIilci.am p .. utsa \iQrb{ .. k .0 cont.inuttate a ~or otlL\'la ee Mu 8"'11' tllai potea eipunfl" cand pr~ul 'de u rl'7li1lnl:ure va aJunec:' la mega ~i ooumt-' nopoii&. 5pre-dtQubi:~~·i1!.i:i &e d~~.'§urar:e~' aomp.aQJ 6 p'era~~'t..!lui re~~oli'l!i,i~, 'jIn cadrulloc,aHtJ"t-i[c)f;;!iCeBM. $ir~ 0 preul'l~' g,ps~ia1<i ~,"e:rr'r1J~ta 'd~mai ITNJ~ f,ac-t.orl din 6~I~a mlh1tJim;Fo~l~la qJ~ra!fici!i, ~.B'1moi~ofae iatBfflif1U lul. m ~d ul ~e d~iVQltare ~I h:;lC8Iit,?l~il. prtlAlul ,d.f1b2JJI1.dlt d~ tloc:a!6ta tn t.imp (il1dufirial. ball1oo-cH'l'iilaurrc" UIi1i\l6J'~ttar., a~mi niBtmt-wlo ponti" ~.,a.) r mj,rim~' eI. De5ig.ut c~, t<n!;iur~ ~~n'lr.I~IJ,Q;tffi ~,~ 'tltit.tJ'4r~i'1'~'€I "8l1Q~'Wi d~ omf.a·~~'.aiB nartur~ (drd I~ ad or.a~lre, ~,r ~iU pu M Mep~ I'I~ ia !fFlt;lh1lre;,"~i d jirin;:riIJ~M8~ u Itimal:ia ft'lct.t;fi~l'1d mt! ~ .a~c~ !U.:c.Q!u~ il10:5ttU)~,CJlJ mc\m"t'ilt~ ,(ie {J~f~ ,~In ~~. ~(II:I/,:fl1toarQer~.!ii ta 1'18ttW~'\ din sec, XOO."QI:ilI~I~-gra~itia·'" ~.Wtot mai de;e;6 ~eml'Ulrc: (~tudii, ",uniuru ~tHt'1rpiflc~. CO!'>l:gJrt'J:se rn'DFiid'ra~e~ t1iOGi~,?i iii ,chia r parl;Jde pDlitiGe j ale .. ver.d,ror'? p~Mtr!.l ,.prei'rrt81 m p4na rsa dit:1z~c.~ iii libcl"lJ 11ul ¢lOOr!O~,~~". D~-a' I u t'I~ IJ.I'~ "l;rm:p:k.J' u r. p~2;rtl~ epa}:iitorver;zrDh O~~l.l,.~:ClJMo~al!Jt;m~[ ttlU~ ~itui~~it rc:e:pec:t.iv;~e ~&I m~,ajiUt-tea ,aleatGrr" (aproape:,gCI11'e:r:~lJ ~ni;l loa ~fjr~ft1J~ "vulul m1&f!iu), r~ loc.al:tzsre.;), :in uncle din ora ;leTc !~~ Ie: ,~Jlle mna~~iT'H ",I la ~~pta~ ea 0 wrJilpo"en~. Th ~j tl&i ~rea, ~1Qb\8f~ aora~u ~ul. ?ncepuu.d fa,ci n~U-5e I~ Bfa,., Jtu ~a:evolu ~I.d "trocllt, (~;100)~ Q d·~tJ au §1F.:lrit;ltI GonQeptului~~ "Qra!p~.gr~d.jn~". In 19:33, prfn Chart@ ~e rllll, A:~~a, 8~il1flul de. r~'G,rcsre va n&l pa"tr:.a COIttpO,t'iI,!!lfl':Uj url1ail1~ ~;a'~t,urr de S'pa~iI~,d6$tir\<ate iocuirrj, acth>fJt.a~II:or prr"~ucl:i~,,,e:. t;in::;ula~ei1 iar ~.aW'Di!Jr va ~nl f.;at mal olar ~I ~eml'1lifl.rz;artw ditre ~Mrl?itu~ veacujui Moat:ru, liIstari1::d iltjtU~lin~i eiJO~CU1Ilioe.,. G""oh,J~ r-IG:l5tr'U ~'a GOn e~ml'lillil ~i 0' gerie de preQQuFiri '9~ experier:lte prrvfnd rmod\ellitlr~,Ue de dt~puner;e:. Amjt1tJm: ¥eslJtul j,nt1~rtrl~r:rt; (Ia

5.3.1. DI5,PUNEREA fN PETE

lftMoraOO·~f;~ina); b'and~ carrtl"I'lLlei (:5.101); in pieptAm'e (3.102); eu peru;t1jtr tsdl8le {3.10B)~ ~Ci' dc:imcJcc: v:erzr em cj12.JLd .,uni~Hor tle( vech'1st.ert6"'}: OkJ r~ r~.104); cu fA~fi (3.105): it'il g,fiIli' {5.106} '?i.a. Ac%te 11'la~<!iIUt;atl ~I ~ 0 mot~ie ~j In roncertlJl adQpta't pentru ~c.zvoft.tirca Oro~UlllJ. in luI' I ~in~~rl1't1 "zone, COfic;errtrlce"t (3.l07), t)cnturileffftelii:::le ·ray,orlzauru.il IJ:1 acc.-:tl;1l ~c,njtabil pet:rtt:'LJ ta(:oi locuirtodi t<i&lf p~rmlteBllJ ~i .delfmitarr runGIt 9~U ,.0 'i'hgr-~'~il"c" ,acrefuri ("azul Mar-i;i Lot1d.re). La (J extrlnel.6fe rlini·ara Ii l(.i pel'ltnJ MaarIQ, iloli'ltka), !:;Janda, piept;el1ele. ~unt oolu¥ii adc:c-vatB, Ut1S !3taritil-!"tu;lial~, tt~~PIJMrc:frea ou pcne.trarMi'n p'anl~t ee ip'iaza m~1 bit1e' poe ~rt. 1.21 dRvtrltll rB.:<lI poHa~ntrlC:~ !iii U GU !iat:ell'(;.:f. 0 at.ruct.u r~ ~ r n t1uc:l.t}i:/ ee mcomatl.dJs~IUbl[t'1 t1'l~,l mutte PiJM'otB: de 'i.l'edc:r,s. Nil n'e propunBm1n&~, 'MjlMli::l1i'm tq,at:e ~11h;J!.;l16 eemnalate ci "8 vorn rezuma Dloar 181 patru mal .'1'r pg"{.06ltw.o'~, il1 pa'Mle/patrlJI1d~Mi, 11'111 f!'!,(iJ ~i ~tt"lJCturil~ com~in2t-

pQj1~ fl tnt.tllnlta ~I eh.!~ dc::r1umir~a ({ill' IP~L',!i de l.J11C'l1'», r~6p.e:G:tiv IrJ8pe:."f.deM.te, de: marj:'l1l~ ~I eli'w4bLJ~llli1eLl~ifurm''',. Ea pOiliU .f! dstQra'tl k\'.I1 11 aCGhWtrvat. unei attz.vDttalrl dezotdonate sa u prin 3!'Jlutlnar"6 (a tJ pi ro mal lJltor IOQillIn~~i=I1nveulnau), unui aplas·amerrt. ole;o~eb,jt (OIJ n'lultitudlne l'IaluQY ell mJJlt~ II'1~lilt; 6S 5toc1::hQ~m) sau a w'lel pOIi'CioJ ui"b,ane urm~rlR

d co pl!l,'1iMrflfl~~ Cfao~ndu~ ae U Ii1 iffOlf't GOI1t.inu U Fan::trll d~1ti j,a.r~a UrlOl'" rll;ii ttlHlsformarea 1000fu .. jn.eu~e V6rzi'''. Din ultima ~or'ie oil m!ntjm Ptll'itJoocova. f)jJ IpJimu! caz: e prima adj:.fune de amploard; e:5tt: CeJi .tHln t.impul emul de--alill imper1u. oS;nd bal"ol'luf Ge:OnJBfl-l:;lI~~ne: Heeamann ",jLJi"1~e prof! ~t II f'srl6 h,l~ (U}53..:1870) ·Illi'~ l't<lntll 'ih p:.il.rnl1161 CiIiJ d!eS'chiaerea marl lor buhw~rde £Ie:

I (W11lUa1a ~i ~~ gtlaini pubJn ~ (Montavurh;. Moo~u. BiIl.Jt.te~~Chil u mont untkamenaj~ri dfli1 6oi~ de B~lJ~oet'il,~). 1111677, Pa'ri60uI13Wa i'n ca~!"ur {·ndurul

• crl'tula~le irrterl'1 (pe looll] furtjflca~mor diM 5'6C IX) circa 254 hill apat;:Ju ven:h! _r.aja& ls care 9C ael1auea Lh lin am r;a· lui. Ci~!8 d'oua pam1!J H, .. Bou!; elerVrcennea".

Iii) Ia e5t ~i .~ BeJ'S de BuufO€Jirl.tf (825 Nil) ~a veat. f Mtre 1Wn ~ 1985 @eI \fa dlJcel' ~ CI' porit-l~ 6ou!?l'!linutJJ~ .armpriflca'~ iii Bce6ter Z:'hstne va.rzr, rMI'ldndu-~~ 102 IInjt~ll'lOi: parcuri. !1Ir~dr"i. ~cuaruri (5.108). 9~ lana~a'.zadc ;[lrSlcmenes vdr&e" al zensl de ee'i'. dit1I' cart) ~ ~etta~ea:zli F'ar-c;ul .,La Vil:lmc", bill" poUtica m aceam.a di recyie vizeaUi ~i 1nceplJ'tul Im~lenlul u i m. Un a1t ~mpllJ n'lttritbrlu ~i!5t~ a~i 3~ ml~ulur prlttcfpat Monaco, dupa 19501 t.it1de 6Xrsta obHga~ tla 'eq81~ cfl!l e res re d8 .,aradtn'" ~e dlte ori ~~ 8,tac~ 0 &u:;piUhB imQJillililra P'riv.a,~ t1 f..fi21 a-a ajUi160 oa?til 00.2 ~paf.I!II" verz1i6a DCUpO IG% din 9ul'rors'J:a ,rinGipa~ tutul (:" 09) 1st" pe5te M.OOO mp df:' peluze ,lplanQ¢ii .k: talie m&di6 ,~H'ilIU l!;tIliza,fi fW da'l~ (1:.a'l"h~3· ~ro£lfme~ 9tratului de p~m;;i"l'r,;tro1lit.1ij1t adGlcvat, ajuf1e~

IaO,7~~Q ). RBltH!ltl"CSlbil v~·fi ~ort.lJl ~Iruel"nc:;i cu ocaz~ QItrt1lpls,del din 1,992 (3 to}.

Di5:putlerea 'in ;pete a'C avantajul !!J,nei pOal~lle ~pec:iallzaJi 1fun~oNlIt:. rr'l ~sL.rra tn ~re agrB!f1,eMrtu' OotJ'liii.&Hl srt'; 0' dh:¢ni"Lr[:.le echili!bratlt 111 arHle ~c:mtiala. 0 tHapurLers OmBCWl1 uMiform:a" 'in .calre poi1d~re.a, plli1nt.~r~~lor 5a '~K'~·,:ftrCr~ 30-:381.", potlte a~i~ura microclimate Slgn:ab-Ue. tn mi'Sura in Gars maJ mjjl~ dfn .,pete" 00 alPfopie ca mJrime dl'3 dh110'15iu",il~ gralili,nilar (3.~20 ha) eatJ aTe pali'CurTlor (p~ata20 h:~). ~'tLJrI:Gi .olT'~li'li2a!re;£i fUlt1Ct-iClM~lli BE.?ta m.el~ ~~MtJ lat"tntre~ine-Ii'(l:a 'med FiI;!~'t'i costte.itoare. La (') IJI'~ d~n 1!.m1tJi1fi mici ~i

ne,unlform dli5trlb>u~ ~, Itflci.til1fa In meta~~o_il6imu~ !,ll'il;an e rOtlrl;e fiG:~ZlJt;i fm tntre1'rt'l~a oneroae..lt Dencibll1(,eJeP:'lC: ir,HnLJI~$c dao1ii Glr.a~ul e~u o..c 'cilmple ~. a-reprofil iflch.I~trjal,

3~3.2 •. ,D'ISPU N EREA TN P)\N,A!P.A.N'E

E9:t.e'in genera Ii cazul or,a~e.l.ar sJtu.ate 'in zon,fl ~t: de,;;!1 $,;l1:J rnunte, c~nd de.,.a liul'1gul unei vai,paate patronde in or'a~ veg;~tat-i~ d~ iUrlca (3.111}j de~l. m'tJriW. $.?llJ,·c:~.flc::j ora¥ul ~te g:ituat. ?ntreculmrtmpil~urltt: cs YQrfiinglo"ate 'in ft1t~a:w'iblit1 pe. m~ fJlt!rj. ce:- Clra~ ul gEl ext:inal e (3.112).

O~[tUlfJ~ie ~tmil~rl plJt.tlm in~lnl 'i'n c.azu~ dpzvolt~r'ii lJt'10i"' "t';a~,!} 'in [urul eJutii d~ v~r!Balre a unei ape curgaltoare1n mare, ExiiliUl f:n~ ~i siltu.a'l'ii cand Q pana 58 poat;e na:;:;-te Tn· ttmp, cvae:i lrrtampl~tor eau Il1tBrr~jonat- (3.113). A;"rantajete lH1d~$t'fel de: nJ)ia1'i! or~i?~zDne yeni ar f 'Urmit'(;a~rele: 0 prezei':rr! COr! ~i!?tenta !?i com:p·acta a 'ilegC"lt.a~f aI l~mf1 O;l:l~B" ceea c:e f.a)/,o.rtz~aza &lfi rma rsa aitri b-utellor i-g Ie n i CQ~ folia nltare: conti i1 LJ i~a aerei11ent<ull u I if'l ~ravi Ir.;;l"t'l: p09ibn1~ tatea unei organi'zari palifunct:ionalc: at pane! (pam. pa.dur't'l:-paf1::). r:e:dlucindu· '~6-@ ~i n\.lmarlUl Dazl!:lQr g~gpod~r'f}~·W.de 1ntrcrpinere',de ~e ter'iiWl"iul ora~r:.,Jlul; aGu~rea ~t'}dfjr:;;ul.u:i orn~ulllJi. Evidt:"l'1t ,~, frlnlu~rrsa ac~,e;'wr patlf1mdc:ri 4e ca6,lru 'l1a·turall ~llUl ac;l"au\~~r~ ~l a unor L!nh~lfl m,!,:h:;.pen;dcMU"ln rOOt.ullnt.r2lvilanulul, pot: I'r1mLJI~! ~~l1taJ~i.~, D<ilr ateam:~ ~:Gt.ributi~ p~te ave~ ~i,aezaYal1t?l~ je: 6&1ti5f.acB~e.ii il1echttabila,a PQPu'la~r6[ ora~lJrui ~i c:oma!5.area ·~utu.ror atri!71.It.~1or p~ 0' ;3jneJ.lJr;?ii. ~Ll"pr:a.f81t:~ tlxce:n'tr:iclJ, i(cind e 0: I!?lf:!~w'''a p'~l'1il); ui'1ele'digfunc:~ ~ii 111 cjrc.ura~ia. $l,w...o (:6~rvi~ uiI'lOr EEl t4l.let"~, re:a,lizartw ~.nturllor;; e.c.LIpr'alir.i'l~2lirea u t1l'3r a ~r~ "6 fac~ l~a"t,1J ra cu p~ rcul) ',aii G'&-an~ ma rl .de I'JiJI"CllM pentru !ocuitorif Ge-~i au re~iderrt;.a fu p.artea 0pu.!lila.1n Sichimr, ~atrul'1d8rllt: d'e. ~l1verfjW"&I p,er-mi:t. olillteraretl 1M mai mid, n:'I~5ur"~ a peit;;ajului e;i r~liz-atea uno", C~111 PQzi"(;U ma i a m~is (u nd ~\~U pr.a1J~~~f~~littt;J:I clt~lJ I ~1'i~i 'pQ~rt:.o; 1'1 d Imi t1 u atll) , Dirj ex:pC!irl~~1"va it1tet"'n&r~j@rmi~~ am putea amft1tl ptap.uMrilB din 197'1 pell11;.rtJ !7i5tematizare.a M060DVei {LJl'lde'Pat1I~'I,e/paaAJrite ee cemVin<llu Cl1 nueleele vcrzi ce aJuMt!'eiillJ piilin2'f In .vecinl~1ii ZQnBi m~dlev~lill. C~uri 2lp2.lrte pot. fi 6ra~il!~ (fon~a~ 1m 1:957) l.J f\1Je L L1oio Co~ta .& ill1'troou e;.. ma~~c lac afttfic la I (In jLU"UlI aiirut.8l, IPC ~)lIlul de I~ Mard, ~'ut'1t iii!met4~j.ate ~()iI18 d~a'frre'm811t1 ~u G"i\lilt'lberra, W1.d.:: 0 '6l!.!rtaf d~ lacuri Imp~.rt:. capit.BlJ2I AV6tl:'~liej 1'M ~oiJa, C;;Qn$"tlt!l,ilfidu~.e;;~ fn I'Flncipailul ~tJport ~I a,.gromit:;t'lt;..ylul:!p1 al mai rnultor a~ ae compozlt.Je .

. C.Gl1a. I1C rete-rim numal Ia: aUnlame.mtB: sau fili?ii verzl (mal rnulte ~iJ1Jf'i de .8 r.l7orr) pUtet111 \forbi de "0 di$PEJn.~re I'ngl'i I,a (cu 0 ch i u rl a~ d,iv~r6e;: forme ~i r::Iimen~[uni). r.a~I,~la,Gan.c~ntric~ ~@!J r.a,dial GO Mce-ntric.a.1M ~@'t1e'rn~ ~t5~me~ r1e:a schems ih~amn';, 1r1 meljodtcate&i cru;:u rl lor, 'fn.eQi"ires utJei t-riiLJme rMjQrc GLJ aroori, ceoea eel nu pO:&jte cDnduce kl un .. 5ietl!:lm dB ~'PziJ"~rl VG:t;;r. Ifpslndu-i eficlcnt.21, Q !l5trucWri! f;vldet1t~ 'in f.a@ii ne oft:r'J planul1'ntocmit (~i f'n mars partee real!iH'ttt1c~pil:l1d GIJ 1950)) ~ntnl Cha.l'h~~al·h (GaipltaLa Ert..atului Pi.U1j11li? din lr1di~) de eJi-t-rc 18 Corl?u~iet. l~1 fH~~rot c.az,ora~ul ~ f05;llt.9truGjjllJt<l1t pe~gcto".iwe drept<l.lIt1_ghlullare (c-irca 800/1200 m), ce sunt, Bt:r,!li17a."tut" median (p.a alX.a lutl9ai) de Qf9i~is w~rd,e I~·~~.de 150w200 m'in C;:$ll"e e;Ul1t amplae-att:: .t'l!Dtarile de e.duC-ayle. in af.';'m,'::ta'G~~tor f.af?1i (ari611'tate NE~51t'), IS-,fil propua !?I un npare

""

3 . .0.4. Dh5PUNEREA MIXf A

c:mtrar. (;(,1 'i!!r.e'8f@i Df'iMUI1li, c« u nc~,u CZliIpitoUU I (puu:re~' po~itioo-atlmini6- tdtN~) eu c.tntru I mm~rc!aJ, 'itl~nd cu r$U I u n~j ilJpi.

~ fi o combina~le pete+pElnfi (Cluj- Na POC;gj" Bucure!?i.!'. ;fanel), 0 pi:tiH·f§~rl r~1 c::i3Je mili!~ mru~te Ct:izwri) :;,7~U t-o,.j't;.1!;': GJ~e;p,un,"rll~ mer11"jc~ lY-.l)tirm!i'Itc. 1£1 un IOG •. £,a!'1d fl!ficic:$1 atinge oote maxims (G.ilzun rrmi rare). de dic:i&fq;a~epiMd~ nu num~ I &$ m~d!l:l ~ d~ d i5'P1M't''1 eire ,oi ~i di:il ca f'ltita~ ~ rr~fa~ verd~~,m~n:aj2lrta p~ Gel P .~ ~ IDe ~ L1;Qr (ll.11.:J·) - ~i rrll~·jihf~rr'roa.t"a .1i eu ,~~ ~ltua. sub 15 mp - Gilt 9i de cali~.~ 4l i dh/er!3itatiltll amet'llajl:ri- 1 ~r.'r~msl>1te'or {;g e~, v~?ea ~lJ~ciSp~Wlu! \0.5). 1r~l1'LJre f.i!lcut~, 1h~a' Qt~$~r~ c;j "~hxl:cie+'"~tt:a iB!it-c con~ti6nt,ilatl' de twt;e6itaU:~ mcrearU'i'ntr-un ru {) prez~r1?El d~ ma~ Vij'U!H"Ma v~et:-a,i IJ II.! j, I1U 'i1r. ,a"ee~~1 m ~t!!ura il!~ ~ _1&U1~1j fnu"u t'I beta!r activ tl" prortlovjll"t a !-p~iij'or' vef:Z" rpyet.!nUind clezidern't :fPi ~minh~1.ir:a}~,el. ,De: ~ce~a t-i\~biulre fmpU!3a to ~~ontTcj ~f s ~~Ie PrJ: ~rl71enllJ rt,g. ee t;r;e1:rui~ urm2JirJtl;i ~.~ ad~ pt$t2J; lis dW,fi:rnelfl conjlJfnc:re.apar.

Ut'I G,aZ ;:;ie m ~:rr'~ a;j 'A ;Ill mint~t eete eel de la MOl1traa I (~i 11.5) u nde 'in ~ fit UlIrwsadi praiutui .«Arch~pej»- ae urm!ltM amel'lajare.a fluvlului&aint:

LaurMt. (~i a laGurlkw) p~~~u ~1JpHmern;:~re.a produC"l'lel d~ '~lIIel"aj~ ~1'ec:t:.1'1rc:a. LlJr u.MJ I'1d consumull fl dle'op~lrjntd ~,~ ~lIroa d~ 'fJrl,tl f1~ rt (pl311-tru produvt-1ca ~t1~~~ ~i amena j~ r if ~ h Idmtehnloe), ;~rt~'I1t.!8I, prh1crp~:fJle'-ilI on~l'1t.a-t

~ ur ~mS'I"i~j ill I utHlUil.li ¢u q.I~I-e.;!l~~Jul·'~r ~6tfell s-a M,ec;u:t rcdcC'a~proief.t de prtmcNJWtW u nuf .. ,f-WrQ ~a;iQl1al·· tij c,a r~ ill foo:t arrtrefla.t ~j guvernul de fa ~o, ~~r.!llr d~oAi' pdrft:ru 1frGepl.rt- i'1IJii"l fo~ da'rifi'cat mc)r~ul d~ .g~~ttlti,ne al unuJ e,itTl8 rJr par.; 6.aU. va ria ntaa ~h~l~. Jill unorparou rl (e~ ~".a Ke ae.ociat[vc. <9r!1ijpclalf3l1J!ui",. '!j? 1:11 ~un&il a.6tfe'l 'ilI1 fnten1=-ial ponti~' de rsa 'izatea S urI'Iei ::j, parGiJli"1 r'Q~',oM~te"" il1ter~sul[ t!CG~11 ·t.;r~c~nd;, 'in il::azul MontMal,lrJIllul, ... 'i'I.ltlif' ... .:I titdui <WIll1omis. SU"Ucturilt pr::; trr~ .• w,..eJ~". w~1Ia Gtm:~l,ira de a~

(fbMu. lac urI) ~I I",er~'e.a!~ ,:Q'\t&~, meMtJii:3t1 ~@ ~Iti 11'1 in~ &ilPel~i ~Ie rreaiau$!,je, ~~ irr~rointf- ~.m 6i9tem pan::urn~ ,~5~11t;e ff'1 celt\ noi f?~ !!Sa .cmtwe i1limpla~amente

Gat IMt fJlyombile: ,pantl"tJ lo.cui,n'lfe, rt'H11trtufH.ecf':JrF.am-el1tet~ht'ili.oo-.~illt;@ilrt: ~j ~pa}li pubi tee. Un ~~t.~l de prolCCt fJrnge~mna un demt'.lfii impof"'t.atlt~ 0 ~·C~~ \lll~e mr!=iorrU\l'!a''', C!iU;l(.Mrl' marn~; Oi:'a~ rarr1~l'Ile~t! ~h~u 'PUle? 0- mfd ~e prebl~rn~ la ~~61br'i'far&l F'tanulbUl IJrb21n[~'~i" gel1Cl";ij tPoU,GJ U '0"'03 •• ttWAr·-.lt-iI'I !l.tr~)nii ;2-a8ni?

Orlee m odairfi;31U ;jj ~~i1lI~' ptntr,u tAl i 6pun~res ~pal'ji[Qr v6rzJ m G§Jd rul .:."~",!~\lII.>"I'IU ptJ.iil:t(,e ne~IU~ oblig~!s oore~iil"\ii 6U ~ua a'ez:Q,It1('l de ,:a~llllmant tJ~n fll""urOOtl ~L din j'L!r.:t~ ~:i~ m<!l~ mult. ide all Gonvuna~ ZlIdmfI1:iE;i'rt::ffll'!J1 '] oca la llitl; nece_.,.._....,...ceDp~rarU cu ct';I'eI2l1Itc-celrlltr.tl I!Jr~~ll1dhtnv6oti1~~rlt;rUJ, tl:l'lai7o~ma unul .o..fl' fri&.r;fiere .il tutu mr GO:m.pQJ'H~l!'lU_IQr flxr~t.Qnte~1 'pG:!lli~ill e r'htr .. un ~.Ii.eJa'L:4rn ve~e: r~iotlal'fl G~ ar; d~mJt1a' it1tc..I"IfentUle agree-hie, ar'i'n4pf.ed~lU1 ~Uplr~~i!lr~ I'lf1!OratU d~-aitrt.u:;Pit;. a~ b,Veri~ coope~re.t firmncj'iilra ~j ~pizareat _tiT·lj'~r. $II'" da conti n u i~ amei1raj.ti rHor J I'rtralvlbilne, (g.c~.'ZEl nd. p re ~~Llnea de ."~~11!l P.,:it:ie Gapa.ci+..;atea porba~ a a.c~tora) l?lar Jfte'.I11Ine abt? control nM~ urni!l'riullJ i.

.. Grad Ina otll11plex[J~ul de !~I:lIt>'1 M ~ ocaM:!l0rie .:frm~[Jtii ~n ,d~Gffl1r!,j I VJII @ "ti~ eu l'A'e;c.o!\lma·t!e f$m;rl.Jo::~ur .. rC;a rtliZiden~raJurui·p.6 microraioarlol ~ l';e~ Ve Uinl~i ut:t>a· nii?ti,ze GOrnpl~, ftil r~r1t ei n.LJ m~1 ~~ It~Mtt'1id de(J~t; "iI1 L1f11~lt; ~in marlk ~fI§;amif;i~ulr.1 'f-iAe iilG;~~ 61 mal fu\:lt m~M'r.Vn ut.M'M .::t;~~W1(:a re, Dih.tmf.>ru'i1'~e d defi~eil~. d$ f1um~rul robuit:tlriloi(aoo~@ndlJ~~tl B.2 m:p/lqcuitQr) i.i'lr m COfl1l'PGMI'f~:'lI $1 intr.'l'i.l r?lZil!lIi~~:-i Jae; ~f1 tru ''10pii (pti 9ti1t~~,oril GI~ 1t~:rf},1f~), f~u i"i qe: ~i;Hhnil per, tru ~du l1(i lljii

u t1~~ri o~·lfrtii'\~¢ ap~, . .

;,Gr~airi..§l .~e'~Oirtlt:r a p&lIr-~'tH ~,d~W§l JUI1'1&i~'~ ,., 4eCl',ti~u.J 1I1Y111, tn d~nJ u! pnt.:al"lor ;'I;ltllln'" ~~t1wml~,!i!>~f ,.gr$.ipiJ'i~ .:,:W miorb'raiQtt, OrMnlr~re:lgl "-'la· dS\I'ihlii J1tllll o!'Qmpl~"t

fin~1 ~I~ in rt1~rl~tj: ~f~t~rt blfC:IJr'e~~M~ u nde ca ~il.lpra'i'~~ ce:te Ei:C; hlviil~ntJl ;CIJ mu!tt :d,ln ',>\ilr~0Jf"liI6 pu ~lk'6" ~!f (.IW~Bklr .de .:;lrc;:.a, Q I!iotJ~ ds mif ,;1116 IQGurtQri ·~lrl' t¢lJl!'l t'lQ~~trli. ~6'1~t:MI1l1trt: J:HO hfl" CJ a'~mt!I'IIM grnd~M ~a~Ll!a .Bp"'rt:nllft ~I mUk;a~1f;1e nectt[:>are di!l~jn~~rii. ~grot<ti!'!e:tttu!loI! (ifiG~U~~nd c;l1klr I~c.url r~t1CI"U fu!~I~ ijmb~~a· rtunHor'j ?i prtlot:]cin1@r.ort;ulul. Ele rute~u,prlml N dQ~ri de ~~nul {jll'l~mtlw'll,rtlf, olld:>; tea't!n.i ~ ~ej' lilt&:

(."3,00.'3) 5pa:p~IIl!l:J;~r-:zit,ato1~m&ll~~tr'l ~frull11le .l?;";'llnM-clfmauri~1j!, rll;I ~unt.o a$~~~!"le-aparU< dar ffl~:1l~.Qtm5tftMIt'~u n' "t.i:lil: !J,l1lfUii'~ ce6:;'1~5 :intiliit11m W rr..t':tar~ ~u I ora~i!;~ tOr. Aic~ f'lill tpei5iljuil §{l l!r§Cj"jill tr ~t:rovtu ra u r-b.\.i'IfI.a ~i it1;'!/e'f'!5~ !;J til iiOhd &O~~Iil~Tl,lit) '1M ge::n"r-a[ affln<lt" e$'~c\bm~S't t1~ M- §ultJt.1one:w Un 11l carlru naWra l.,;Itll(i)~ebi:t;, u !"m.~rklcJ u - ~~. p~ittla:nent ~rtt1~lk~r'\§l rtJ'&1 6.~·~tlr u Wrzv-~flt,]r, Un ~dhLl ~FrofuMar~, pi !'l~fnd diBla',a;ilf:r~r~rrl!!': ~l'eclall!~llllif f~'~u pr't)filw~ ~tat-ru M Ii, V.;f5M, li:t ~o1iIZGl orlGaIrtJI a6\'11tlr~ d~ pJ'bie'Cit4'l r~J il,mWletrWt <wii!1d a m~r'.fl·m~~ ~ Ur'o\'l pc1'ufiica (d~ ~ ~.

me!'rtul de fizrQ10flffl. c5lr0lvlo~ i6~. ?~hilli 1:,!;1 c~1 ttl!;: ~:£?ihi&lnil:). .

(3:004) Def-aIr;;Slrt;.§I kf-6t'iUl'1i.1Q, ~~ ~rvft,1P1S MI't~tirnf~c.fi partfl '~frr i,ln,:;li~ii~~ ~~6hlu[ul VIII, C,at~~!Qrlai. ~~ r~~~.q1 ii'I, crl'lE)lf1ca.r~. drI1)ll~lpJ_j:;io( motlv71: GGi ~lltt 9!ilZlI r~ Ie: i\~lf~ rJ~re,

(3 .. 005) M6';$tB ~t:e<3orih1U 'IOt"l'ltf>alt.t]M Jf~tJt1Ic:t ffi ~ulrtaF1t'..o!ul urfrl?it-dr, deC'are~ "'um~l ~n; anumlte i!:a1lurl (~um ,ilr fj !:?"l~le.d~ Ctlg':$bft':) C3lel !':'um:. lua1;.:::l ~ CDt'is.lrlIf;t'iiH"-e?!1 ~E>t.t::mlJ'1 !'!rplii~ ;;III ~r.Qt:i~·ll,or v«a1. $e v.GF J:aoe:'7h~,fj, uncli!i rn~l1fl.lj"r 1M con'tlnlJact, 1$1

NOTE (BD01)

""N:~L'I,

(3.00e) NiG,1 .;;![!!S~tc;: Ci;'f~~Qril t1ti. 1f,Q-, 11 t,~t<\\i'1'fIr:;.ad ru lau.~u IcaJ~ lltOll'ra,tl:l rtl d~ ~ pu,~ t'i-

ztl't'e ~~~nd.!,1ft1~Jj &[:~ItI;plJe: r'Si'];r.ru :almBj1~j;§ln:~ ~radi'rI!IQf':pnv~_ .

(iJ-007): Hu 110m d~2.'J,!GIt.a oa:;;;ur,ik ~pec:f3Ie cAnd Uti! g;p~iu ('l%~d~ril,tin~t unei 5j'¥.liLJro!: ep\llcli ",I] l'11.e>lJ nt: ~OZSi.ium" 1;11, ftilmairlum~ur ?,&I.

(B.'OOg) GIa'@Il'!6area,.d up~. amrI1l§&!11'!~11P 5~a tb'Jt;.,d'OGI r ptl'ltru'l;l !!J t1@rJ M &ij:%lr...;l:lh IJrehJ't;1"lr ra d& ~ri:l\$ia It~bi ~ Menl'ioil~m Ql..pt:II'im~ru Il;JOf1~trul!bil~ MmnTfli';;;i 'i!'h~it'1t;~ d!l 198'9- 1h1t\r:a"'II~l'r'lli.d, Aii ~ fo~o~tiB ,,,pt'lrlmttrhl~~n~tn~W' P'Brltru ilirl~ ~tJ.p'~ ~..:. c6n~fi!'L!Cf;ir ~i ~m~I'i.<1JfirJ t~bnl~. ,,~ki!r,l'lvillllM1Ji" {;,Ul'rind~,,-wr:ltmiu I ijdn~inI5tf.!lit;iy"a~ Pt'ii!~'IJ~U ~ ~LQ al'i~ pdft1'1&t~~fJ de, ii~,uel~. cu " Ul~tli1fi ti'fl 20·30 nw:, Notllu nUt:! ee

rdtr'1i doa.rt'Jl1f.lilr-a nQJj~tr~. ' .

(3.009) .. Gel~j,u ~ vej'J~'" ~ fQ~t:., pt.!~, 111 ~jh;·IJf[:. d~ ,.Gl~fi~lc;'; ~t:~pii'1 gJ". F'ritrJ;a, !tiiii!~l"bU~~ m Cf'r'!::<n ·;:1Iu:~l un prqt~ct;. a fu5b '~.'i! tnC'eru~ tn 1.90.2 pt'mtru ,orn~ul"g rJ.:;ifl'lili' LiSJ:;dhwort.M' .{afhitu~fI E:. 1-rD.W~I"d ~ I Un~f~}. E~t:t: P"F6IEJtl~ \!lpGI rd ~a tn pJl;lIe;c:~u I 1'>Irn 1944~! lur~~ff" F'!'i!trlctAt1i!(r,:;romHI;l.f'f}]1~f"\iJ JMi!ll~a LCfJldr4i'~, L.fiI n.of m ;pita tl t?r:@~.u. p~ r~ ma~ i;:.ill'!1 id~ a fbet GB:a.)!l· 1 ul Eo ~e?iQr!t .dO{ 1;;1. Cr:<'iit:Na LJiI1,g6 ~ 'fnG.f:f'Ctlt, fn plaltl!lIJ I -\:l~n~t1iIl G"Ii Qr:a~u lut. It']WQ~Cl''ir~,.,ul)lIJr it1~1 ~bukw,;lmo1j; pL~l'IL.i'it&".

(~\'~;,010) IM'lf1d ml're:;J 4e: .. c.ampl~x 41'3 ~gremetl-t"'~ n.u e~te oon!!!ar;;rat~ dar ~a .MC!p6r1:iW't];~i Q: mu:l:ijit>ud:lrl6.de M~H~ri ~: at:c-t:£li!\lrn~ t:l11l joe pent:."U r:opli: ~farr.:Ulr~lG: ~t<!e d:l~bra.q;il;

~Cl;laJ- p.lilrou rrle, Dil:>n~-Ia rrd-l:irUt:. .

(3,011:) 1.P'irn:ol nil1lu ~rl'lu 'ta·I1~r1iSff{:rt!l.tl6 1;' pr&un;L;a're 'ttlai .t;;I8t.\;1llat~d~i£laMo:t: aG~U $e,;U o ~wi,;ll't'ittl, I<l' .. rem:;w:luIJ n\!r~1~1tl~1~ 1tl Olll'ti e&?e;~l'l1ul &laLrfe;rit tl InUn.l~Js mal li:'1tJ~t'i'~4!lI 01t1WlLIi. ~i'Gft6f.a M~rLIPi1u fl dcfftw~~Qa ]Jin tMltoriu r-tlaliviil1tfl:1:g;, rerttafc'c~b~llwi!1l~'n,mnJl~tlt:ea ~ armol1ia pel:li.OlJtl'OI", d:eo~"bin~u-k ,&t;! parctJl M~1~~ prlrt f',!;Iiptul a Ifl u ~a~r;atl1Ut. dint,· tl natuf"i5 a~nti~ salbatlcJj., EI FO~ f nGi ubi,!: p:§1'r¥~411l'l '::ilJpr:lillftl~<r 5a~ cJmpllrl: ~riC4l~. ~~,clllri e;<)F']dat0't~. !;7.;i1~., h;;lr!Uri, r~uint~ !2QI:at;e, Cffl"'i" mit>l in?lU$t;.rir ~~. EI rerldidazll dr) 0 ~n. [1e: .!i1fle:mJi na."t1arv c I.iI Cf.$;!;1 futJl d'(: r~~I\I~I.

11 Cir.l ~ r ap.sr]1otwr1il. r.rin tiI!rt'l~~llfGI1t '.lie. t'n~~~e PW!"!'14H'f'"fll Uri u I ~tn~1IJ r ~II" .~~ aJ·b,ori. r,,~r. f'fI~cm ~OI~ M,W b rqr~trul 'nf~rjor d !l"~al~:4,ll a~ ai"bL1~tl. F' ~ql;f,I p~LJp IJri!'; min mu~ Mtt~ rh!hll{~\!:i arbon. ;dti?ifUrl ~rM p.IUllI'1d ap"'~ ~j 10£1 un rim ~I d1~!;gn ~klr Nil £II p~~ilinrOF;

Din ;au"'''& ,:I", 'll&:tsri!l .<'ll.g;~unl!r! ~I G~rCul~e;! ~f I:mifDr'l:uluf Qptle if;~ re~1r1i!l p~I~~I; t,ii~'1 ~1.iI~rij di":mnUIQl' ~~FiJ dtI· crr<;U~~; Pcartlc'~iP;lJ~" !,1l. crfeJ'ltill'L'lB ~~~r wr .!lute (~~ 1.<11 d[~~ 11pi:l,fn condlyl] c;lef~i;otIr~ bile: !1q.@~~. pi". c:e~l. ~ plo..<ltfi. lIiil ., 11 ~l~ ~ Imr'iltJOiI~" mli;!1 <l ~U~,fIre.s! ~c;t.u!uJ d!!:! orb-ire;. mt'll1th'it:f~ tr~ .!'I8U.M~~ eor-Jllckmuh.JJ t'J1!l. v&hrcu.l (mal alf:~ aTid !ilu e-c r~}llr.x:e.C allhf~rl1"tlld,e fotlrf.C h.meidll1 ~~t!ill~i li>pe>;t;;It»= l~nJir0:;'4' vchl~NlellOr ~ pbI:iOm1~ dnRl1U~urtn G:.!!I:;;:ul ur:10r&f'waFajt:: pro~~te'lmFotrtvil vAntu'li'llor ptr~nk:e" z1'Ip-ezO. d~l'lIt)rd~ i=1!m:nz ~m.ll nl'un~cllirU"Or de plma.tt 'il1 Jrepwl 'Ljf!O.r" Vcf.!~ant<! Y'W"..;.OJ'iao:ib t.f;, fI:w~ ta1UZBlor ~i ram~t~r

~,.!I •

• rrlll.a: GJai~i1'tel.,r

Pin [iiml\lD ar.mifr1::r=.lor" f.:rc.lparte ,~~ul. rjnli.1~. tal"l~:;I; ~I,iT:tli; mlO1i1::1ur {ta ~rt;ral"il •. w'l!lll1l t'l~1'I 1!J1i!:! ruM1'W fl u {;I~I~ Golli pi~2:' "m~i1um~M t::~I{l" ~1:B''I»ritli fortWlf t;lil'l1{fi'1GriJl1~I~r. ~~~ (ciJtI'lswwre-al"'~truilSJi!'1I Wl~iea~rnthi).

NEGlWfJ lJ FIl~l;l'1 ,.5~ "l.lrn"'/~. O'irJa~{)1:I ~. r .... !'it~(lg~dj, j980.I"'" L14-l!I6 L,,~~:tIn.!!TIu IiltG'r-{t'I,r. :3:'F1'1916) e ~~Wlc~lblta tnF,;i'~ru 'trt;~·a;orli,

ire ~n frl pn~~, C9t4. G61l:11l~~'~r8~ p.r1iVll;onJtul hlr'il'l ram~. c..>ln~ ud. a1iJ.:l~E1E r Dilll. ~O!'4IF'AC!U $~1;Iti;~tlsM: ,,~lijcur¢\?1il. !1l!'trd W.rf~r.lCl" ffiil. 5pcJt- fUl1!1m. 1.fm~. ~, :'l17 ·21 ~

il"l p;r'\Z&I'It. '~tal~U. FQ~.fio~l'.I'I!f;li $1 .:hlm" cr-~oc:~", ~~ta arept mad .~pu.tWrJ ,~!ir tV:lieli ~t:loc;~hm,

~N('lllf'air:t'! r~~~d~ tlmp!a~'fG~ oimr~rroloi"ld 3.0 km ,.,:j~,Zi2I:'1:a' r~zfd~r,[:4I'li,.

AIU'ntJm; Cl~1 PMprii IC!mit;irul b ~ud .lIl 5t9Gklwhnut:uj (1940. Ern: GurnunA~pllirl~); ftm:::lUJ ~j ,tl'i'l:ltil"l.ll 1<1I~1!iI1oW~. E!isroelt1.i'la! (1001, '11.iUr.aI'r;s 'i P"ino0}: Ci'mitin.d l!>riat'ldin San Vlt('h~'A1trMI~; ~~~J~ (,g~e.C!lriQ St:aJrp.~).

nl,"'irtJ, in ordflw cronol'ogIcli :aparitol(il IJmtlf~I'tIGr 61'l1~inl N~~lJC~; Pl~ - ItSilia (1546,; Amn.lu~z- ~,p~nf~ (f:955 p~ntrlJ[;lLJ i'l1<t7~C. ,; 'Bdlo~ 11~- ~t~lIl!a; (15e~); Lo!:l6I ~l'I - OIaM.§!' (l~)l Up~j.~t.a, - St!~t~ (1'62:t),: CIlo:fur.4 - M1srea 1F3,t'lum~ (tOOl): PaM~ - Fn"l"ta {~ (llJOOrnlti~ pt:!'Irt'nii pWllc-Th '1050): MlID'M - 5pa:nw (1721): ~flkt fi.l:t.1lir- 511W~ • RiJElla t1~)i jP,'1lr!lrn - G6i1"m!1nJ~ .(1725); B,r.w~~c:lll~& - B~t~l~ (1810)~ Ce'I'i~. PoI"n~. ~b 1h ~ewIJJIl(~. 111 ~Qmari f'~: 11e1~1 (1866): ~lJ61o.1'r{f$,tf {1'86Q: IBM nmpWEiarm!l1't(lI~wal),C1UJ (1ell'et~5;la~plOli1am~ntuI8lctual): GrafD:.ts (dec" \T'l)~nm1~'

r:1I(f~t ..

Ctlt'lElLJ~i\rEANU FA$.CI filmllii~8; ..Gr.J.~lIrwltc ~I p8rtulrH~ T~l'm;i" lEtt AI!t1.s1trtl~ '984-. F .:M '!fi urmJ:t.c'4'!rekl. Dinl ,grll.dIni~ ~l'rofi1ab!:~ !!I.e pot ,IU'I1rrtl;if (th ultimclc dgr=t'lll): 6.

dl~ t/.ot"J.Sl:Q (rl~ !l1J~uIMU)~ G, lI~n In~:uJi5lfl C;llt1'art, N~v M~co, S$l1e~1 (,,@e-ttl~);(,7.~lIri KJI'I'~UlIl'!,.1ir!Sll1it1 (Qrhld~.

~) wtm pt;t. 3,024. tn p:ri-vII'II~ ~:~fc~moc4Jpi!iltc " me:l'I<p!atle:a,.,;!, G.d In MPl1i3w :(" "~Jj $, "in _puJ (14 n~'; G"",Hn raj?f ('10:5 hal; G. ~I'n Kew- L~I'ld.ro'll {"20+1;r,71~}; G. ,din hiQ~~. {~5D n!ilJ~ G. din ~g~~ (500 h~): G .. drll Mt:.drnJ: (700 haJ- G . ..:II .... Niki,~, - .!pIta (1000 b~).

taOZe) I~m. pi;;~, 3,024.Gr~.cllfl115 ~1ni~o!< londcrr~$ (K~w lT20 h!ii·~Wtlk~hLlrG"t~ 1187 h~) ~oru" a.$>Uiilt"~ pe 0 ~r8~i <I, fl!Jtl'Ii5U:l. ki:ffl'Idtclllld a~ un reiiGf ii!tillmat. (maJ~ il1fl"i1t:IOI"ffii'lt:J tlrtli1Cis!is). 1}1~ hiCurl !ll! (;{lI'i£>tm(;1f{1 dive~~ (~t11r:l", on1Q!iOllri, a~~ale: dl loc:;uifl ~i!:t..: '~tUoF ~1Ii p-.!;] ti'I'l,t::I~l1itt·ac;um ee.i:1illc: i..:rb,;jl;\l[wJ, Elol b~loUc:J I, l-§~m- 1'.Mr;c;1or; M~~[!h.Jllt<mflui~t Ce~Jh.if ~(l ~pdltiflr.lJwal'·c;h~t;6.). G~d1nn a.re y~. ::onr¢l1':'~Mtti8.t~ G, t~iil~~lot'! G. rOzl1fiumullvr, G, at: ~dnr;l, G, &1J:~,~1 ('tlI!,l;snt,~ ;lllr'l Otl"I1i.,tll~. Mekf4. ZQ.I1;;i! ~sdJluri.rW). G. Yi,~r C.llimt>rldol1~, G. As'O'u~ G. ·d~· pftl!'l E;c IItl~ Opt &~ ie. cC-natlwkt Ia rZlli<&1J1lorfn Jmp::lrt..@n tlI 'Pun~ de at;.raG~.

(3.027) 1~~ff1 ~(:t, a,o'M l$trimQ~I~ ,sflr(!:lr1rdr:::':lzi 1l!.ill .~~ Qr.'<1I rtlel'UIti. LJ ndili tii':.'!lJ tlnu te ~m~. h'Sr,f, 1n"ijl2l~. ~~c;I~I~~n:;lirl;i~18 ~a·G~rIGFI~'tt~mSlI. PO~VOC'IU, mand'-'H'I!'iiI) • .::1'~ u~~ I~ r J1r;J ~ (I!!IM:~ (fr. iQroIi:I,ga:r =~.:;.al). iar Ipriill1tl!~ apal'i;!l pot 6ili fl ~-m ~ilI ,~ntl~ ,1t 1n ~III" ~1 ~~ WI~II. i'h para,lel C1J Ql'<i!ntlr}rlile: DIit1~n'lfli'l'teaht:)O'~~tl""$ {ll~l1d'lzl~ '~~). Btl a!"l~r~ ~r!l'~ 'i'lJ!r.(;~la11'a~~. Oll r'~~:hl'l ~rm!c ~i hldrlc CQttt;rol<3~;, ,Itl ~r"(il I'lt.l r.Llmm ~VS d~r ~ BGGI~ri~'LII ~ n din et~a

ra~m r~ . .3D24 jgere~~ ~ u,,"£u lui t">:Iati¢MI dill: ltat;qri-t N#"r.u .a~,~(l I&I'C he.vr~lqiJP· - Y'rl1;"<lin~~;"$lJtrt'~n n!.Jm~~J:li lilOir .con'i"itwotiaIJor .(i! ir.qepJJ t 1n m&4, Qi;;llp;iit1d.o'~uiprafa:rii -dc' cit"Cf'l20Dq r~p (t)o~ipa~ su jn~~~i~ f'!p~,.;fgk~.pl8-CO]1:$~i"'!'WG{i1 g,.;m1.IrC[!). tllt: ;§Id~P'Dgl~" 00.0:00 ~~t1~, rf!r~ttrtjnJ 12,000 ~Pt'(lf~" mult.e·lnt~l~e,;n "C<'l~~4: ro~~" (~-C~!Qr p~ca.!.'(i d>t' ~~~rrific).

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pulj ~~i,45 tie; pllie21ui ..

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L &I fa r't~ :1jr.MditMl ,,(;:l':tatlilT de; Ma rJ'a deve:r;i1: U 1'1 Ion. ~r1it;h;Jn~1 rel'ltru expoz.i:l:U, ~lJm ;EI re6tC;M § 1·t1i111·~'tJrlel, .Gr:a,an I~t@ tla DJn:~tlmll:t lEI iM1'l an~,tl.LJ pl ttVl':lbj11~ JiEI'I1700.

M{)~c-oV,;'!l.iire ~~ acu m ;aF'~dina ~~1 "M~ rilt: rB;a,I[:z;l1\rirl.·' 4e: p-ew~",.e~~~~!:rlpeij U~58; ul1o·I, pl'ima exFoziy.il t'l;l'flQrwtl dll11900 j tottd~!3ta fiin~lrz~~;\lI!"!~~rMordil'l Paraw! Car9lf~h;ul LI f)~'I'tJiit;i i. tt"l' _p r6'zt'n~ axPQii¥lilili ~ I ~-r&u !'ij~ IIitf.lf'h~fJ£)n:a[9 (primul iH 1970) •. ~~ .or@;!lrtiri~31;::al r~ af1'1j';'Ia:$;';lI'ili!~~~ '11!I'rWMJat 1'n <i!~e!it r;>top 7h veiin,!rui't.eOl

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!~~m p.iJt.. 3.0391 p, '10

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Grli'JilliJ WQ~lcl1!·J'llcndr.ll (&fLl.l8t.a la nord 6l~ ~~C'nt'li Pl!rk) DnI p~..tJ;VI ha fI d~~tC~'i~ aJ.;rc..a OOQQ a.p:ct:ll,

11I'i~111 ~t. ;5,Oo5l/p. 25

Unll L1UI;:OrI folOlil~ !pI te:1"R1st1ul do ~parc:"p~dLJrl;':~ aar (OQflcfJdell'lH'I'l ,,~ aC·!!Gt~ nu se IU~1:o1~c~, d~r(l.~ 11, i'ta Ifta ce iiG~~~ c..;rt;earori'c;; f"-ZU 1M. ft1 g('ll'1~r~1. ;::Ii" ~:;.;t;inJ':UM or liJu'UI -\'ii (;a~re Q pJduro ~ifte r'acofad fIni Inliratii n ,I aupLl!i~ amsrtaJi\irilor pcMlro.1 ~111 iIi1, nlWiL Ulil p~ (&liar nml P\I~in 8~rJ.ajat) @i 1'11.1 a Cil S'~:re·(;<jIzullirrui p.lltO" aF,~~e1l'Ii d~.va pJt:;I'um. ..

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J~Cl1SLE~ Ma'F.o: Carin: "Nt:'IlI Yort'" lE:dftiorf!i, Je~lT1~Cral.ftJCl trtt.e~ F,r\ili'tc8, '982, tiN York rlu .a,v~ ~ ~D~lIl 'tr~u~ d"c!t: 0 riil'J<3.u~ !'iroml'J'ilD~~ rtl;llJl'lr1:Ji h:btaYl". ~~1 lUI' P.llmil CM'!tc:el,'l'}u::i1n IUGI'Ll,.c:m loour ~ prGml::~a"3 p6'IIII:tU ",ICll~f"'1'n ffli!!Wtarti:, ,mneih '~p"urj 5.lILI clblJre dar ~I pcntru DafM!1l1 de: it1Jf~. in SJ8O&:wr'irrtrel1rill· k 1IUlf'l IUGrnri db r>.A'Jtli'ia1'C diM:nlrnl ~ntl1J' de:; ~ravI()au din Manh~ttalNI.I de 1100;1 ( n'li.l!t dt; 1:!J-20 1iI1~lioa~6 (:It: ~ft..Lori).lt! 1965 1.:1 fu6c9i: J~ja d'cdt!nlIt ..mm1UM~I't l,toriC .

• ~12) HOLDEN R,ot;.sf'r;: .IN~ !,81~ for. F\lri~.:" Jartlool dMl rGl'ifif4) "The i\rGk~y;;~ Jr>urfil<lr .,r. iSOmto7, ~

Dfn f.l~nl~l. t.;iin\l ~1.1 OOfIC::~pLJt. pe:ntnJ J;;i,uro DiGlTltY" l!l'tftIJ1tJm: Mi~hB'li!r Gr~v,tl!i IJ o~JlIr N!'I;' York", art dt£:o; Ro~rt &t~rl'! II,N.ewport N¥ Clu.t1". P05't. mod'f:f~r~m: . tolnc f\<ul'Ot;::k II--!oteful ~5antli'l Fa', ~tilti'l nOIiJ tll~ Mt,~i'f;; AlJtcfi~ Gf'lllmi:laGh lH'tIulull ~ttaJ1Ci l"·d~·r!'. am~ de Wrig'Iw~ Fmnlt Gelu~ ICc.ltlpimcJJI .. k8& ~~~~.

In t997. UI19t"IJP de m~tJtori d tt~ywood.!T'lOI ~..ntJit~ Ofc:rc 0 +lJtcrmatiiva ~prriII Dl:~oW!~"I1Jlu~ ..:HGI!/ Wmd"·ul. c:art; va iJIiGIu" ~r16 reUgl~ dIn Ge:Ie'OO oi'i~ ID SIb l!!Ii iar M ivkc:y MOIl&,. \'ll fl pcro(;mi'ljlUl pnt1c;ll'al.

MAKC[}S '~ir,J,; .,Pat'Gu i$'lertlenni 1h R(mf,$J'llliliI~ lEd. Tl%hniG.i'l, 100e., p, r72-97. LLJIi(;a, tri!d<J&.for1:t1S1~ 'In p'at'G (p'~ 'I~n~J 1J1i, 'CJlm~o) ~ primrt prJrn(\ll" 'Spa-oil ~t:la~'J c-a,~t.a n Ii, ~ 1.!1I'!'1YfOG~1 ~~. XIX: oa GipGI iI1l1;r~ ai'll! ,e70-1980!ii~ e3 ~t;;llmat;~zl!.llJ~ ""peQii din CI1It1~ 11 Jt:1<p"CJJ1II:t"1, [Jar ntJ to.;'lU ~i!ie 500 5.p~11 .!¥;JiU $ic!lrtl'S.firZEl'~ of r!IU 1Th;;1!1 un nw.lY,i.ir ml~ lIi1h I9@O :iitl1nt""","Elfff~ Gult.liJrlJ Cl>l'Ctr:Si!ilolr.

khfIUlli'C .. ~,G55Ip. £56. rJd~retJ d~1D e.;~ (:LJ.()I&Upn:h~ d~ !;1rt'a10 hi!t,illflH~tiritI s~~tu 6i:tC,. XIX, d~~h fli pbmWlri ~ ~:lte ~it:(l. foart.!:" mu~ ~ I'f 0'4M A~"icil dt! NOI'd ial''i'n tn: 1910-1915 6-8 ~Ilxa I; ak;:i .IJ ,CD!ecpir; \~loroa9J tk r.~nu?J;Ii~. Mimin ~QtU rllJ emst.aft.Ulll proJ.xtG8~dfi(!; ~lrm~rn.;m tim", ~ic.i Mil rt?U!iI a-;r,~tD. r.srol'u.ltltul re II nr~'ror p<'l rt;;Ui'Ylot: ~ I:Cd~ m ~i l'Ia.i acoot plan.

Idr;mpct. 3.01e/p. 161 .

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docof1ilMrval!f6 tl(;(llq.gii!:,i, ·61IllJ,ung! 1B-2:5·1. d:~r1 !lilJprofr~ ro~ll.
(3.06ijl, 2. G:oirot::61, plt:d'ntld~ Ila. mi~rl'6n~ t:tlr'O~I'i:a'. MGO"ll.JI'1dW ?l!IrtCn.! $i~~m.;ittwt"(;J
pllill'Oui"I,lor t'lapi.lll'lt,de dIn 't:ar;!'l "'oa:r.;r~, trsi zon&. 11 IPc:nftlr'Ia.i1"'pf'6:parilre-: 2J'tam",,":
131 ti rSCifV:GII9mor J ~~mlil:i. Dar CI '&.l!!l~'D1~nl:a 'Orl1l~I'I[~r~ t1 u lllF '1\1 CCi.!il ""~[ ~rrv~,,~, d~
c)('c;mplu. p$nh-u Dt:lt.a ()u11'1,l1lrU.
(.3.054) i~~m :P"'t. 3.0I6Jp. 167
(3.000) MITR;:A V.oo:i I~ .;Ruidcii! til;!ltA.d Gl:uj=1l pin.;$, in aruJ~ 2_OOC6i" fT~ d~' doc;,'rlr,'lfflt. 005'~"
rtutJ 1h i99@ Ia Uitlilmroir.a~ i1e: Arhitectlu·1 ~I Ul'to.llnl9rr: din etrc;ur~iiti. 'Palli\ll «lull"
H8fi~l"LlJIc» -5-.!I ~utGu. unL'i~ Ineli):rm\teltti;frih~t;ll1n 19a2~40kProit!(;:kdtlu"ocmit
d~ 1M'S. l:ulllUl r;::,~~, ·.:Iura 1"eC0li'I'I'lI ~d~rff,; prof. illlW. ~uliLl I1D~~ln u pr-o~nl!!a: rr;alulari-
Uroe Som~u!u i (.i:idl.l!c~t1t j:!tI rc:ulu I) pM til'll ~t:t'6tl8jart:1J UMI pis ~I!! de .Garwbj; dQu~
MmdiQ~"u:, i1a~n 'd~ 1~o'b; :Ullti ~c 'Iillt1'11~~,tlCi~:' popi~rit1 ~oll;;l'r;J\I1 6ft: t.lr: \;j'cooaljl ~e
(;ducat:i" fi~~ cu lnti'wn<llf-:: 't!Swel1url . al1tru ocuri !Lor'l,wCll p;uI.-E1 Vii . 'rlrtli Itl8r:lall$li 6l~ . , J P p

l:'rol'l?l~ lr.lXpa . .:1f[1011 (;U prtl1~ idoe: ~iI'~[aJl~~,d·~~;(ii OIlmpl:Q~D ~c Is ~trlln, '9~6, CI'I~ 10~ J I," plilOpW'l60 !t-SIJ rgl\ll~dar Sill aplrut dup,~, U:aSO r'llod Ifl'c~ri ~i ablflctildl rto!.

(3006) hn:''''-lJrl 9t:udili Ip~~d I'C6ful'lM I'a~' so propUi1if cs Ia !'Iivcl ~!cmal. d~!! e~'\ligtin: 100: Inp'padlln:;~~ ~0Ilil' lJ'IlI!IootJitor. di;; ca:.re 76';4 tl'.iS ~aaieura;i de pJ'h,II"~ forC6t. ere, ~roun16 r~D=lfsk: fiJ rCZl5~ii Iar R:5::ul dt: 25'1. •. dc' parturilc ~i p&i ~ ~ 8Jm1nsjstc pflI'H;nI'w,~-e:~"'.

(3,007) fAt;fI1 pc~ ~,016;r .. 141

(5008) 'clem pe!;, 3.016/". 1.33. ~Ame"l jIlrcO"l i-Irhi~t(jraIJ 11 pJdurllor, C.ilr~ I~ wnfto.rll Ol!IrB~'CtrlJl d~ pa.m-r$id.lJrt: lIloau p~~loIre"'POlro. nu ClCv" de ~>SIt3 rcc;el1d,~ In Front:D

7.0

a'i.lti'(;."l1'lil1tttepat1tlrj.i~pli.'!lrc FOl1tainbte:al1. Marly, Vo!:=re,ailfi!i~ (sec. XVn-XYlII), ill ,I\ngrd, t:~J(lJliI RJcnlilOHd (~,XVIIf).

P~'iclu~ HtlulO\Jr1e: (So~Cw:ltt.li 1tl ',;.s6tul Pilr16i.1lui. intr.c ,,~r;m ~~~ !)'1i ~l1'a, ~f"..JJMI &1iri;\l~ dCriCJ! ir,ru;; de Rouvre, ,apol de M::mut.:) ~r'" cJroa 900 hi! (dt]cl de 4 orf tl11!~ purtri 013 1(1) ~L~I 1treoUui) ~i ofierit trr M-a rii at'! 1"I"PlmnaGlIl: diOo1\ If! IpMroa 11F1~" mai n1l.1lh gglil'1,zi clot: .!iIP'~" p~0110.rl1'lrt. re~t~ult'an~., un rip~XC ai;1 att~.!.'l~Yfl'Tih l;;kut "qr:j.:;lll'1il ~01i~'lmstJz.w~~'). CIUDU,Fi ~.a.

1~l:m ,pt;t_. 3,ol,6IV: 143~ .. Part~Oi lM~Qar~:.!1 ~r:e;antulul pJirne~~ ra~l~ ~mlr~lul a ~l'la",JJ l'l1ult mal scurtii' d6C;&t ,~e-~ ~ureHoadl; datoriU tlrer1ZijUlui m<.'ll f?W~ £II .'u:r'ulu ,lit$a~t~ p~lll fLap~rem~i ~ ~i m.1ili umflda, Tr~irrlle~ ilillperioa.rl a ~'~rfJi!t1" r,lf,Qr, trrrt<elJ~~.izJ aBle mOil I'I1ii!r[ e.)(t;r~l11e dot: tl~l1'If1Cratur~" (ZiLl:§l !1!ilf1 (i,aU:la itldl'llul'l- 8,awr r:xpl.lt1C')ri la, ~Q$I'iG (.,.. ),. i10~ptlS~. din c;;auza ~iilr;~1 <::lltltlrll {-Jr. lot t.l't:ftl'u!s E!1Jpr;:rfullr.!\·~!;'l,tec;~a mal expLl!~.I'i vanltlllilJ~ ~I C&11'11a,1 U~(:;It~.

p, nr.ru fn~ ~~ r~c~.<ill1d,* C;<iI apa ~a lUI -'liv~ wmptlrliltura eu bi 12iJ; ~ nu fie 'ale-etati¥ie; ~ 5unoa ~ polu.:lTj} far 21rrar.<il.sectlnatZi aClJEltu i mod. dG:·d>$~ttt1d.::~· d a'ihl 0 cat ll"j;jl lu.~~dur;.!'ld&!lexp1.1r1,~,"t1I.a ~l;Jm~J'fa$o~di, rr:~erl§lndu-~ C!x~rt~e.util:ic~.

Id(l:~ ~ 3.C16/p. 140

I~cm pet:. 3'.0161f'. 147

f&;r;'tru lr1ful'-m~M M POilU GOitiIe;wt.il tl<1p. 4 din lucrarez; ~Bparli li'i'ltziU J~ Fil6rt.-6ia N~~u. deja me"Myiona:ta,

aJllt'rl'lr.;\ ~11 :;~ul pilril-lrlkwde: mollol. ~ i!H'Ul'lt.fu0full1:f~t~umbarltdu,,§4D all! and p~rt&1 inr6- rfoiltrl;J ar,it'on:tului §~ d~~c&~ d&c.re'l"l~i.lumih~ plitrun"e raj[l:~ ls ~ol f~vl)riz~nd. ~~~i.§ mirl':wa far .. r"orif t::apa~ ptlr.'f1ol'l.>lllltel£4:: lill p~lJrilG M c .... ~~$ih~ il.~.c11 i' ~trca p~n!ro pl~mlla~ee v~ftlGe dup~ pf'iM1;ll t.t"6Im~ ai.'pdlIiMd£:l dtlIN·od!..lctA~ (0-120

a.~J}.drtd, ca rf 1-1 c;$I(l: iI:le 'nt'lDlld, ~!r:>p'.a rc ~e~'i'!JII'.di!i5iWlr~or, _ .

........... ,,", lil'l r;;ot,ilrl.ltdm.iM atrJ~iiit.or ~t1'd f~I~f' lf1f~ri~ra t:'l'~U c;urafat;J,.~e. 'r~t:I~l. num&irl.ll ~~ lI\K\m1pl:a rei nu ~!;l~I!lW~ WO~5aQ buc/ha'. [$LI' iliLlPa r:~tln,;itu I i6:E!ts. pyr,ln rtl:i!i.pBln~tt. 1p;14..9

-t»Jn) () ~jm21t$'I!'l sU~t'.!!&:!t,;¢~ot' r~ rnnctJ!J I'll (propwt1li!J;r~' .R8.vt:'~t."l). in CElzui 1 .... 1 fl[ fltduri d, 250 h'Ol ctlre ;OIr Um').!lI il\.l!i prit'nf:,a B-G)i $Irmu ~ 1'1 un . \l m~I' dl05 4000 v.il!;ltoat;(J'ri (160v.ildtat~il~a); 25 na F'aJj$t~ d 5 ·J.l!'l'l~n~iu 11 I divers.::}, pn::zell'l Ul' ma'i a,l~ 111 uma c:l~ primir'e~

00 ha pedu re 1,lp!;i lta',de ill vortr.i; 55 ha ~Gi?perict6 ell ar~otCU a~ dikrii..e compOID--plt ~t v81}lot&:10 hiil dc:Stil'18tifl t";lrofl1lJrifor ~~ pMGatifGr~ mfnlmum 18 ha destTI"l!;lt;.t) r~encril· ri~JB aC~~t.ea ee a~~ufja 'tet~l'1lnil~ DC.t1pau; dI!5 ap6, eoluri cu ~,e. dilll.lfl1!dttDte, m ~:l1~ltll. §iku:;f ~, 13.oT6; r- 15().

(!.07f» IJrrr, pet. 3,016/11" 15£

~1 Id1;itn pd, 3.016/p.1.fm. ~ r'e~D~lUlnd~ M!U'!,at:e.a: f..! fit.! m:l;ii 1tiIt'J'lt dt: 3% ;d,n :I1i:Up. pJiJurii' ~u LHO ~mI'lOO h.el.

~) 5$cQlu'l XiX ~J! ~~ c~i!l ;!Il'fl:o&rio8rt:. 9 :r'J:m~e 1M ~Oil1eh 11I1 !lp.4lflor ~~tJi'W'te rtl(.:relrll. !:;;l Gsl c[] .!:If:'~(i"'td{lr:fi ~ea'. Mar gen&ro.;;;)il;!i catm I'iHlr,il:f.tJ: pul7lk~ o.r6fit9cl eele mal mul<:;e i'tJr~.:I1 hi ~! ;m~1J rl (mu I ~ ,d'il'l' e:1~ fiindtFaiht{l p!"Opri~tat:l prim;:jllrli ~l!ttl r~", 1~).

(3.oa1) Ctl,!imp-~~Et1!i\etalt'>i. ;a .. ttm,:;~p(;ltLJlfu ~c,XVII Ga'~radl!i' t:1i: ~e: ,va M~~ dii'! f$ fo~t;,JluI f.alar. T!.illl')n~,. ~at" 8mploar~ ~5 alJl D va &lp~t;J hum .. 1 i'1"j l!i:tl~. xr~ (ZOM '/5~ i'l':e(llliat~ Mar.::l!:lc 6L MI~Lllui Pal.at::;e,v.;1 lI'il1E1illzafujunil ~u11:90D).

'{5.08L} ~tl'~~ KJ~~~i ~rt:.1n~rlLltUl ~ ~ptQn]e:'i'>ada" 1n 18~e (pl&l'nt:a'r~ ~I rav~f'(}a primulul W.oI'1~m-l d,,· ~a E>Udr. lnau.j,'furat 1:":1 1,844) dar ~me;tt,§lj~rlk: ~u wn.tll':1Uoll' ?l-I'l ~QllIl' tIloot;JIJ.

atJ~) J.d:MlFt,_~iOOO/p<:.G1, Gr~dJn.!l CQpou {Clil~~ud.dGja1l1 prlmaji.:lm~IM!'a ~uolu· Ikll treQ,it),vi:! n' c-on.th'luat&l ~pte ot'a\', 11'118052. p1'l o IHr~'lm& d~ p.t-ili'1;6 l) iU~flat.ate d~ . <Iometru d rl';"'S 11IMtlui ar't6rel, C u d(J!;I1Hil~li pf.atrCiatfl, lalbtl de 50 ftd'l~ ri!, p'rev~ut1:

CIJ a1i!:i ~i":.I'purt<D~re. ioctJrltl~ od.ihn~. p!~tl'~~1 ~i florL

(5.0&4) DLllo§Wi!n::IuI GlIrl' (ali rlorf:lr;:l-I;i Sud) fie,~ F1:a~~ dup~' 1871 (c~nd ota~ull'Jcailc;ordat la MIl:s rf:!'$t;l), p~ un 10(; vira t'llluGr~rite: '[.t)rmlnll,l,d u-ee 1M r;(MI1 mal f11a F~ ~ar-tn5, In 1088. Di(] r"" [)Zi;I .'l!Ci8:;'}t~i 1rrti.lrziiS'j'i, pf~li1a tftli mtl tJiJ"lr.1l pn;: t:;-e;ntro ee 11 .. mo~if.~t" a tFat:U.l:lI"" ~j f'lumsl Urt!t11fl~·m ale I?lJlcv"m:iwlub1e vat" r~llz~'~uc$iu= I] fa~[s rabl:F?ll~ praht~rta. tiI~tf,"i'I~ :p.limbS!irll,,,,,i·od illn!::f,

71

(3DB..~) M u rte: J[n i::'1J1~",.!ZI r'l!tl:k:r::u~penc- ~;::.c::,u ff6!l!t:~ t:. p~ 9fJ$! 111£l d£:Jl'1al,;hirfu~"Ullpr"'ot1;fflctttr11 d1.!p~ 'cer;lIa~a-Iti' i;ij...,au del.'l'.Ql"t;tlt drt1cdki~8 ~ca~tt: !llo:fJllWri. EI~ ,,;or ~W\!ll ·.mt:.t'ol$-~U Insll'lt' dar {!'is/i apoi vaq:J:rim~ &lCe.~6 tli d ~r1 U mlrfq:ll~r~zi I~ mill r In J1l i ~ pl<Jnt:a r,e.

{3.o8G) .. Ril'l\Ji.il" din V'ienil {fii1~d!1.:'<It:'i't'l mar:r It! Iii>f3lr~tJ;.JI e.ecotubJi "trew[;.j ~fi,'t;~ 1'n rcallt;.au o elui~ f:'!~ ~c,u.a i"u.ri t:,;';l pu r1CUi1:U1 p~rrt-iJ nor ImpQr~l'fte i f.tttLJ:ipll (pri'lltra car(; I'l mlntlm iMctrpollnd ~~ I~ !Jq.t'l@ ~J K$t:l@!~ ro;~t?t Ope;rll. NDur Fal<;l~, l"-Iofuurg. M lJ:Z~~~ ~a ;,r-i i tIIf.fl N"#t-l.J:rtllc ~i de AI'"IJI. ral~tLJ~ JustJ1:lel, ~Itltu 1 PrlmJiItI~j.I!;'~ Vt>tlvj,5(;u~ r'LJIJ"Ile £>Unt lU1it~ priMI troware la,re i ~l ~I~j b~at ~ta I1t.i!1'W ({;w m.a I mulfe ~ilruj-i d~ 2.wbod) d~ JJl1dt pO:ji! aJul'l{le, la m~!3a;;rlll~.4~ lux, f~luri ale 4Jimll;(I i;.af1~1 puwlk~. t:xpmij;II, mLlz~ Ctc. Tat ali!1 Ring$eroat:e at'olSdt fu St8t:i1tpalrt. EhU'qg<.lrt:;:n \?i Va!~ilI r [;en.

(:0.007) Dflftft'1r~rHB.JRttl ,::Hv,tllf"'@f"Jo;r cali:e~orl! de rour~tli 'in GOl1"tinUttrt:. ruJt'lt. rr"ILli.lte air, «Sp.!:1ll-1 i 'I,;\'t~l» Ifllaft1"l:ra N'l'7glJ'·u~iLL. p. ·168_

(3.058) Dup~ Win "pC:Gi&ilj~ti! pr'it'1 nrC:Zl:;tY.;iI~1f na:tl!JrtI,If,l~ §1!l1t'it,cr~ ~,telltorll eau ~iul1i. la fiilJfmafai;a ~olulul ~I! in profui<lzlm~ gll~t.i<ltlI. Gar'" df1'1 .motive JB orilln &tlint:1flc. ,~C~MI'1'I[C S?au l:~u:tla I1re.~uptm !iil;l~tt-:aa.erni!l ~f.": ~1Jb. ~tltlW1ea on'lufui ~l -punerea Io.r fliUt;. cOtttrolul u i'1 LIt OJ:";@.<111i~m Iu ri6iir;. IF'e'5p9i1sJlbii. tn f"':e.Jer~a· 1I f'I~i G:t;nHilernri flau il UMi pr"Ol;et:;;;fi afJt;~c~/ (H~rl~l'Jt'I, Po R:Dlein), Lil nm-rn J;:.adl p~&~la p1'.!!Itrlm1.mlUIIJ[ thaeur~l, ~l~i/; in 5aro[na ~.Jinl~n.l~ul AptllqJi. f'itliunlor ~I Pr,:;J~l~i M!i:~il.lli.iJlM.Ar:P.M. I~F a~£:§t:~.,iGa ;--<lut.orit.at~ ,r:.~ntl·~~~" li1iI pnorl.ln~~~ 1\G.§!,(li5mi81 fWm.;."'~. pmw dOlJI!I'lt:<'l rlol ~o ~i~ f'Clntl1J e:xtirt.dtlJ'tl.~ re-~e:f8i t1~11t1l\11~ ;::le:-anl pr~~IBz.e $;i m QnLl'tTlj!:n~ Ell!: l'IiJlt.l1" rli,fuc.§l@r!ll1'du~le f!lr.j:;~Qrll. TQt M.AJ':.P1yol. art;r8tiM,!~~~I.a~QJ'~u. ~~I~;j;(;l "r(';.~ t-it'J8 ~;§I :!rI«t~ lo.glu~ "a,rfi1or p~j.a-t;B ~i $r mot1uttl!:nUlor ~at!JI"Jf», (GQlIf. IA~II Mr. i~7t29,12.19aL\ ,;~iJe;Oi p're~tkllt1¢"ldiLllu[". oe: o ThIOQ1rj,e~tl pc ce~ din ie73) .. fr. afura .. ~!!Iii r.ot$c;~le i mull!JllIi "'1~7119~;. fj!Gl;-lot:1ea U ~i .. LeBe:.a.8 ~Ior~ 107/1 S96.

{3.0a9) Idem ret, :3.0"161p, 170. 1n caclr:ul l"6utv.a-PiilQt" l'1a;r~.mal~ il1l~gra'l~j .; ... f;C;I'IDm~i1 s 11l naw ral~ Be dlasf,a~a,a-rll' ri b..e:r,. .. '" iar SCCclt::;u I 'ee< ~e 'JWrmi~ t'!Um .. f (:;~ffi6~torJ lot; 111' c"I;w1 unei padurl. d¢'l ~\'l!lnpJu"".,.'&'l~rii.ajO!fl~r Ia Iltnit,a 'lot;1!l1tWlw~1i fi2io[Q!3I~fI nu !;IUt1i: wcol" Ul1i[ 1M ceii doboo~~ i1u ~iHl't 1"11:Hca:yr;. ti)"\;U I·devine::' F~da i1ii:Jtrl~rO.'.Mjel() r orll~mt~'m~ par!1zit61pl sa profitt! ,];I diror biQlo~i~~i de lu 6 nt ~rudla.-te. Ale i n US!! fIlI(~ nie i 0 tJilt;rt!: de r~8rTerare:, 8Gea!!!ta rt-*llizal1~u-oo mlm~i pe "ale ~$tur.all. [)tg~;stl1tmea.fau!"lijl con~titlJl6 obl~c;"~~JllJh~f rrotr;ct-ii t~tal·~ .;. nlprw~re-15 ~~l;atl'l[W)rt!M'f1q~ GMSe:tVi!1:1fl Ga ~L eptGme cot1;~id,~n2rt.e·qa v~n~ llt.lt Tt:!tu~1 in 3i:'1umitrJ &mlllr-i.·t'Ji 1lJi'!mn~ 'WI II P$1O) O,;'lrJ1a~le~lor, 'i'ns(;Qp.!;l1 ..wi~rlli !.li'l,61pMliflidri ~Gei'j!Ivt;. ~tl P'(:Jt 7m;puF?~a arbi v cll'l::la. tl\~ L!1'It\~,-e v eifo!:"t!ll"~I~t..~

(3.000) In cng.ltld w!?qiJ,!'lro:;" = rAltr~t; pla1;Ji Pblbli'~ C8mlJ; G:v~rt~~ eu latlwi dr:e~ (adj.) ttc.

In fl'<'iIrlpm I.~qu<'!r~~ -_.gd!idirt~ PIJ.l?li~ Th'~fl,r1araI1nQ'''''l'ijur8tfJ d.!.l·r.t.gr:iI~lde>rgrat4i (Oi.! p ;e.'?~r.~, ,,1J .... il,j;]t;,en€l!eJ, ~e1"tl1.H ifiG; n~ pffl"!;i'!J ,,~I;r-&tJi~. Tt'1 t:rm p, ~1!,""Ll~ ~ c-.5If!~'[;aj;: ·dir6rlt:8foti11e1'.

0.o~m A I.OMZO Eric:: "C6d£z 18 ·Wi3'§a.gfJ·" I <lIn rrSVi5'ta "U rb"'f11~1l1t:'·f1;r. 308/09. 10. ~99B, P. 37-39. ,§&LMH:I,JI oa p~tI1.l'.l d~ 9ir~.jiJ.. fost prCpl..lfl tit; ~rh,ELI!36n~ H~lia.rd iti 1906-. prp;e;ot-~ndu-I-c~ 'ufl-di~p.o~itlV", 1M ~~I ul'lor II'lt;(:ir~O'ltli"u fialit~l~ .. ~~'u ~r~ ,~e.nerala'~. ;.5:1mpm~. ~J "e::I~~].~ltt:ll~ .. MtilJ alf'Qi tlL!i?:a.r~!'Ip~ntilit. Coil una dclj1:;;ahJit;jile; ufib"ll(;B p;B~'t!"Li rozolvI1lhla i nt;en;;elG~ioik'l~f o.oi 'ih tit t;fmu I tlmp ~a'n:e r;::Ql1,t('laWr..d_a IlII"J?ani~'t1 pentnr?r.ezenr-a lul.<lpuzlrval,

(3DEJo2) Exe.mple dt: 50utlrUI'i fulflflite pe,rltiru t:l!irlJill"-ea cfrc:lllarif<k Tr.aft>lfil~r 5qutil"(:/loMI'&I; F'i<:rf,G:! Bp.anleifMfl:v1i1!1:; P'ia}.i.l Ch. oIe-G~ulle i Parle; Unlrli. (p~ b-diul) c.an~lllBu~L1r$~tl ~!lL

(3.o93) flln~t,n.(ct-tunl de pr(;lfec·t&!re;;,j :;:)pavii;lorvB~i" IG,P;C:.A.S., 19?'3

(3,084) 9cU}.lrurl ee au d~c;"lltit ~mpl;;l~i!lIm~tr~ p"i!l'i1tru ~t:;ltul: ~.£;~JI £inn fat:a Pa!atulu! 64ki .g,am pE'I'lQru !1nupJ,J1 atllltuanl1 regll'1eJ Victoria Iwni;b'8~'~Clllilil"ul TrOilf~rgar peittnJ E7tatur~ <i!mi.~,llJllIi Ne8i1f>oi'l1I.,;mc;l:ra; !'>cuarul'pis:(;li, Y~n!'.lome (;U criID;l'l~;e ~i e>t:at:uta lui N~rQls[)n t: tiGUat'1!J I ~p~Jl! r(Jrn~!11!; au !;ttarl:uLa ~ul En~cw IBucu ~tl, seua fU I co ; i!i!t-.<ltu fa, lu r M~~' Vi:J;t\l"'"::nIl;Oli.Ij ~.~.

(0 .. 095) S"'l.i81n.i1 ~i~T &r~ IPalatu!UI Ch~I"ot (G."On~t'rlAit 'Il» 'm~1/f8rf~ 5QI,.urrui <iI'djr:'lcerr~ ~JattJlfcl! UNESCO/f'liIrl~;~u~r-I.li'lle Pi!llo$ului CUl(";IJril N.li~avW; %LJa,'ul AUMii wi /Bl..clIre~tt, ~o.l.l;a ru I Pal a twui CF Rt BLiCIcI'I~;;tI;. ~G 1.I~!1JIIIB.ll;;?ttJ l;u; CiJltLJrll/lii!~l: ~u.an.tl f?reret;!:'uFii /6r~~!{ ~~.

72

SoJ r'tlfl su 8rw.- W 6tnru~i'io f' ~ 15 .. :~n fr.:l~Gl5CO; Forte Wor~ WaW Gur';~n:!> rrt'/)IJ'~~ FUJIOMln PUtGIfl-lDalr.sf:l., Tffxa:@.

Ma; 1T...lIt:&.11 :;!i~~l(;1" IJrbsn~ au adl.."lcenr. p6 W'l~, Wiu. ~JJ~ tatur~. un e~u, amt.naj2lt k f'ililott'-urtilldtlu1 sCl.lw:~a!J pr~;as(l:,oonfunditli aUf:l'ou<i>nlll,

lkm pc!!. 5.093.

anO(C'~r\ti reprmlll:.atlvc pUf>6ti1 valotl~ at'! 11111 ~j .. ta inti,": Gllr,erM flBpcmaIJ t.i1t1 LDIldm CTmfat~l'J!' 5glJ3r'e}: F\'Irl~m~t'1t'l.!1 Jln Ltmdr.!! (Vlcwrhil r~r Gardt'l~s';, ~rcO'l ~'otlvii ~I~ Vi,,"a (6f0m.. Frlo!u4 Park), ~co8b !I11~tam. Tumul E!ffd ~i Palawl CM~~ (Champ Qe Mare}; Atcnl'll.ll ~rl1 BlIc:ure?'tl (Sc;'u.a I'l.!~ Au,nc:ulul)= Pnf8tlJ~ Guh:url ,:;jIM Ilt~1 (~tJarul ?te:Fat'l "illl Mars) ~a.

'~a .Qm?cdaf' I}lrJliI1~" AI fo~ lafl~atii 1fi1 1t}9t} & arhitut!l.ll 811.e1ttZ El:¢t1I~. Hawi1r,d. tti JUjul Uttullllw:tltu ;1)1 €ierVIOJilclF, Llrm.a 11'1~lu' IC~t'ltum 'IlClrd~. B,pal rn~llIl rezld$!lt:iol ~i sprg m.rMtl~ n~rll w!'1c;6 'bru. ap~r68 i r1~ul industrial. !)EAUJElJ-GN1!r-t!ER J.aCGtl.Jf!ill!'R~; "Geog'rafia urVtlna" IEd.,~;lll'1flflc~. le71, p, 213, £ltnDlttmc Ii.nlart'Vln t;.'!Ul~~: ~ MlI'eiJ'Ui <1\",~rJ) Soria 'in 1,894-): b!l ~d: 10l l..otilIll':.

~1iI1 pcr-. 3.101 iF;, 2.l4-.e'O'en DoiIlhJ (5uc.:lla) 'I'M' prorUI'I~r6'a aa rld:rl tru un ~m ~ Irt"tkir 11.I11(l! d~ 10 Ilmi (J'!:~U1,; cirGJ:i 20J)(){) l!)Clifton). alUnHl am;;arn~ n11!: Jt 1(:lQllt (t~~1 ~rep~1)1il~rL.J!a~t r~rp6lndlalJhutl ell ~.,;Itul~a lL1n0!3~ pe 0 tli<~ d,1ll jn~ntj\,~ c::lr;Gu[tlf,re) CU M~II 'CIZi

t" t'lI1MIJ1 d~ ~1~llml1marCi 'i'r1tocmlt p~ntrU MMC:;OI,'~ tn 1971, ptlhe: ~rzl (~t Ttll.fltos oglill:li .:;It:apAl) \lrlWlu ~a ... jul1'fl,&i, ~li'I~1rIInii'lrla Qnlipuluj"

A ~rtl.lt. de:: I ~a d~ s:r'X~1J ~I t:fe: ~re~u:~~ CD:l1tlIUj,lj ,!hl'l~lorn:cmfla;' tollbdor1~. Sir f\1r,ri'~. AI:f.::.rortitn!Jlc ~ el8il:7ora plBI'IYrjl~ t)tJ Jezv,,!taro dljl 194;,1, l&1"h ,cotlurbatl;;'! ~ m-rnittd a fI lI~ckulUi dtn comf1;atul l..nt1tI~ (.de: ur!de ul1nau 9 n 6f.'illGtlat(:

Girc 1.125.000 pei'~a"l~), o ,.aIJ~Qltl" r.onet;Jt.,ult~7nt.re ~Jt dCuJ r]:zf1oais i'!'\oni:t1&iltJ U 1I!T11811 fI mt:r:Ilinu:~ caa&anr. OG"nl;urli 'IIC~ aa"e;·l:iP.:ltJtlia d ~O~tM!: ~IMt:roa ~I u f.!i~I" pol'!r1I1'i~I~, (;Cn~ntrl'cl ("jl!me~~ la 50·200 k1t, rJe (!~trl,Jr Of'tli-Ull1l" uiUlt L>~ a ~~ f3(j~ ca;:Z;trtlS ~Ior' ~~b!IDIiJ din c:omr~a·b. ~f ctl rswlt.1~r dIn !.iptol"~l rUttural !ay (lin mre.nMf-lf'. Q 6"fiwri "Mel.!:' CICCisiriOlillii s-a pn;:(;onizalt (j'f:l'njiurul orn~Lllul·dm-tJ1~~l;wJ~p(;lnt';,7. !Sel1ri ('~hl' \(~~fnaL.at~~ m~tro[Xl!~i C1~;!':lJEl). doet[t'lBt Ii; t:l PQP.urll~I" de

2lJ().000 ~l!(tOfi ~i mcluUlhc:l .:;1"'1l 1300 ha (.6flG;3mf1. IJrb3mi'~ 1l9n, p. ~5),

Gii:wl[ Cl1£Indigarh.

La ~~1!it1Pe (A~ra Cl5;rltratJi). CH e clfmi r'O~'iu1;c Lr~oa~ ,~i ,cO remp~P'1if&uri rl"'lslJt:c. !ltrJ.zIIs- !iil111'1t.'iI;~ftt;.de c.!iI.r'lnll!: Oll .:apa ~ d(;l pL~II"fIID1,:ii oJca~llllaJm~'nt:. care dlrnh1llcazJJi tr.l8'~l'iI!:.!i'l ~i ,.:l5~UrJ u mwa liittJlt rivrl~,

I&n' pc&. 3.101!", .284 twrl~ dezl/Olt;.&iti~ 1nl 2iQl'ltJ oon~~'trf[,01 e$'~' tn;l(;uUl1n COrl tw,1 Iu1 E. iN, 6ure~!'J, Tn ed;zul [j~ulw Ctllcago (1925). Ea a fOl'it (;Iriti~tA p~tru rieidi~J mlil<:ll" III d~vtifirt 01 prcmf.?l f~tI'Ln ase ti'e:O£l 1~ UIt1B mSJi eu pill'!. C~ I'il~ i<'ill ~ ''''''"1'1 brita.

EN Ro~rt: .JNsw pa~s fer ra~i6' - It,um~,~ 811: wqd ~he §$8to1i'l" III! «T'r'~ Art.hl1i6at:i5 Jourl'iral» !'If, 190112.D7J91Bf.!'. 01 :c;~IiItJU~ NV6rLi" de dup~ 1977 !ole pOl~ crlbtJ"ille'ill: PSn: Cit.~'1 ~ ~nr6~ Pall:: de pj,%y. Pan:; df.1 ~ V111~~. Jan::,jih tic 'c~ H!lI~Ei, flin:. at! 6eroy. Pti J'"(j ,"~ B~'ICotIll~ ~i %LMinlril", G<'iIrc Bt, Umare:. G~ t>t; de l'l:&t. Gar" clt LJi'e:m. Gil re::' d'l"I.J.'~t't:rlltz, @nJ'~ Me n t;parn;il~~.

O,;J ~ .. tJr1fanl6mi!l~ nt', ~a9/1982 p. B6~l:, 1" 19,902 ,CXl6tau :c;il"Cs 100.000 ITip at; ~ptrl;ju vordtJ tltr,<,;'c;i ~aeeaJpi'l FU~llclJJlili \,!1153.o0Cl ~p.rlt: ~p8f.ILI v.:roila fimei18ja-t'1M ~r.Mt 11 "'),.~ tJ119ae Um1J!'I &11 ee mal aaaLlBtl' 1 mp/!o.cuitor. aJurqitltilu-'5/!: 19 cIrca 13 ro'p/lc:lG. Cot'51 oe d(lrll'~ileplra~lnGi Fr<'ltl~l,tt1 ~,Q~5tdornet1il.J.

~ojtrlJ (fhd1l11'1!:a joGm11or (llimp,~ "il'l i992. f!al1Gti1oi18 a fJwl;. un Mort d~.x:tir. d~ m~l:lilli~, ~'fipect:1I;1"o 'pol~t.i(dJ I!J l'fMn~ de; {1 r~r~ ~iltil.ttl, ttl G,ilf'6 ;9Imen6JJ~rlll)l IrB1~~~e'l~ aufuc6pl1Vd~ lill trotoort::, 6tr,lzi {\liD Jullai} tr:iJ!'ee v~rn (en eel de J!t; Vflf&a tlJll Torre B.1ro) ~1 au COJ1ttriIll8t- CUI d.sllle~ in ~bst8lcl5' ,jl, sner 1'l)lI'i1U~e:f. lo1ti~zi. 'hu::er:.ilnd dim

pert (UI'I.::.i.f.l Sf: I~rnard 'Faroul rl'ldmlf.rh::l spt:ll'lldJe). .

..,; r~ ~ ?Ira tliI'Ill1rIm: ~I~ Ctmalla {Milt! Hm-wl8ru:-~ ¥'Bkll6i~tori(tA b;I. VaI:l'a Domf;~ vlIlC<iI 5!aflict:ilJlla SI!,.,I, Mr>ldCl'o'a ~8.

73,

(lY.112} In taf'$' nQ8g,tr~~ f'i.atl~a Naallfl; (lIl:lt;!llJJ'fI~ Cozja, f'ietrir;;ic,... C~m~Bur a )" er,!j~I,

" (Umpa, M 6W lfell') la ~illJl CI,J ~.er~ ?illptB ~oli ne, 5li~~I/.!l. Slr3h I~as~, ~~, '

(3,115) ~<'I !,It:run.:il~rl vei;!ltn truplil or8i~l;Ilui r.w.::am fi.!l:ml'l;;Jfa:!3,;;ilb.a d~ f6 bt!;_uri, p~ D IUr1~rl'1'lf ~"e;lo;1iI'55 km'ir1~(]~iu;,r.1\S' gr.adlr1l~u P'$lrlluri d~n no'(~ul BUC'l.dre~tlului {1p~I!'I_amll;l1,1J' Ja:rila: htcll:j§lIJIic;e '"tl~"wt~ pe pJirhul Co!~l1tinil): UZi2ir;;!t;:.de ~rom~i'n; Fflaln:at6 p~ fTIalu' ~il~ aJiil!1~lltJlilIj Eltr.ga 101 nmJ~oal".;'!I~ ,~pal'i.a" re;zu~w.tJj det~tl Il.IrlfjLlI SCJi'i1~~u:II;,H Mil:; ,~ C.1ul-Wap'tl'Ga prirlEl!p;.arfpia!brJd~t1li plj~liG,c" (1e.-.$;',-1~97), a ~r"l;Il!ii SrQ~v W'ilvf3'rer· tar' (1a.~":~5) II ~Wld,lol(lu~tli (f.,U l\imQt'~1e6J'l!e:j ~It;irl Moitlaa (lM9:; 1$58-59) ~I .a lilmt:najgrltordn ptl Cel~:tJie{1964-05),

74

itolul4

INII ·TIMPULUI

4.1. CA'lEVA ,oESER VATH

. - . - - - ~.

1n 'ta~r:h1ea tfthJ ~ul ac~tui capitol am pendulat. il1tre .. uma nt~reila 15II!1U1U1 r.le~a ~U~'1l~'U1 t,Jmpuluf' ~r,~rta '!l¥rad/fi,ii 1'h t.lmp '~i ~~f.ju", Tn AI'iI~~ am f'~nTiruart,g @rad:lnH r~f1ltrt..J d prJm2l1 fOlr'mulare ar fi :1n.Glue; trrt;re:ag:a Bij'.!m,i~t~ Il'"rte're,~e~or' umat1.~ ~i a:eip8ct.;u,1 ut.~lit;!lr liI,r 1'1 dlOm~F1at c~J~Jalte _~~~!Cf ~'~e a~tui6p:a1'111lI llrt:J!tnaja't. oWe.o:t"t'oIe atudiu mat ,SI16$taiCJj 1IC.if!I'l1llM ell 5eC. XV111) GSt. ~i ar fi~~ofiel ('i1n tfmpul ,dVlil{zafieJ JCh~n~~. 'tn' '!Joo.

Kant, 9Gl1op~~ h~ LmT itir 1'"~9~tfit. 'i'i1 o,pe:ra ~ UI i Ra.§:i!llr~o A!);!fi u I'1to), ld~~ I J:lh1 nul I v!':'c~ r ti mpuri., ea trrt;J:"i1Jch~ pa r,a ill rslul td i. p!ilL'"~,dr ~uJ [J i! ~a' n u POlllte. evJ'ta "Fru tr.Ohultd~'1n, defi"irea'~. iar acCf.lM ~, rii ndul ~>U eeee, 1M C~:Z:lJ ~ el, Ul'TII""_:il' ~11i~'FUor ~~atlilI16 naturfi!jlii ate: ,amenaJarji I 8116 {n~rve~~ Wi implics r:e ;;I "uh~!I1rli r lin l'eI~ 1~1'la zu M aturs pracoou ~ Gm<il'[;le i lhd orne-

~~rll p~I5'ZlJuJul ! P.8r,s~lu~ui C:UitUr&!ll, de Ifl1n@.tJ~.id~ial rrQrl'leiQrf5~mfl~fiC:21- ~n:J I8iJ fin~lli:zaro:a Ilui. ca&e. ~puner;,o~a:~~o Ae:fiunFto;, ~ub inGfatH1¥a tar troi1 &miterea mt:=saj 1I1uf dwine: proocuparea fl'loatlfi:!l'i i1i rtel" 1" tim p. J\'!ztJitaw~ urwiald~v:~rate oji3Nenturi tll1twpp,QI06ice:" ~i Q ,ogJ:frh!ila ~,,'vHiD~ lll¢et.,21 As~u rite pretJI'1~~ cae up IJ·I'II~nd -o "een'f:.l a:ll,. e;9J nu u ita rn r;;i dB

DXl2IlI1~il:rl: $p,;r~iu ~l timp. La tI~'6:tif1o~put de ~21,p~tpi.I,~~ aor:lE;~~[e:{~iUQr Ir,DI~ Ii:barre iuna:1i aiV&lna fit \IUIerc c3i'6e pan;u~, 0. perioadAi de pe:e.u (dupl U~rr ;autut~ chiar opt) mn,~nil. M~ ~m oprllil1!6ti num:l3,i 181 ejuva

1iIIoiot._ .. ,i' cf.iIn~.d Cll)(pHcC ,0 .<i,n·t.Htlltit motrCQdol1Qg:ie fO~Qfl~'O:~ 'i'I1 ~Yfu l1e:r~~i t1for~

,,1n priMl!.I1 r~lTla. fcntru,aceas-iJ, p~~,,~ OUI'6,.llul, \fOrti -roIQ$i nllmai gradlrnli (~l nu 'o/i pe' csl tJg :p8If'G. de ~mplu) p~t1t4'u fiimp~i'lloat't. d 1'1!.! -m tC¢~ 'Q~ztJ ri'l e SllJeWl'l d~uiO'!.'l n e~ooa.t'1e pen tr!.ll 0 depa rt8jar~ ,1;l :81.ft1il"t'lli'rlf~! ~entrWl ~ eterm~wlul Qurllrlt,fQ~Q:ajt4t;:drv!5r~! &iut@ri •

• ' De ee t'I!J ~,.<J'l filicurl; Q preze.nta,!,;f} pe frlari I~ etape ilIl.e f£;wrlei, _r;tfJ .'3rttlGh~. tW me41iu. epocJ rnQ~~m~:f1 P611f'ti.'1.I tiJ ~~ etape nU-G tJG. !~ un ccmt.Tnent. la ill Itt:l I.. de la 0- t'i811'lune. ij:;;ll a Ita iar memel'ltel~ t":!heie IIlGlRV!lHrarll dilce6te:l..~tt(3 (c" n],J 'Iiz,~zZil t'lurm~~ e~pr'~~~ e6~r~ el ~! ~t<i'lrt~ , 5,1,1 t'I't tn'6-$tra,rlia/j depel1~BIi~ de .n1Qmentele' clr'Ucia!6 ajfl· evool u ~ MIOOIIBIt}. politics. eco!J:1omrGe. ~ttit4ifiCie '~U cuttur.llt~ (~IJ fO:!7t, pal1'l'leliGme aU1ll~ri eau e1uWjr~). ~j 0 p.~nure ~t:1~cripI11~. vizavl d~ cehs~a~w at-te, d inc i la. maia lea aa mWoillo~le de "com uFi ~o;al>l~!' cu r'f;cepto I"U leu Met In~J1l%ll1d~~ne mod!1llit~~je ptit'il care s-au de'CliljMi¥~t f!it~r~w $'ufl'~~ jm~lir.aI"RR a~5tora 1"tl fjtlructlJll1llrsiil unui Sift d~af. eau un ul CQl"ltt .... af.;c!Jt. {:ii

UGlIMiI"·.~ U~Gr I1\ari c:d.!l%tJvlUil! OmQ.ge't16 ~ZillVI d~ pciflsj" am opt.n Ipent:ru 0 F'~ ~n~il ~tlrt 1'1:~:il! p~fmJ~ ~~ fH3tt1n:i'lli~m flp:OrI4u,l soe!jt.Qr61 ~~ pn~l>t:;,t:j9a iIlfIIIlI'ifioljljjla.18 "Orlti.lr.:lllret~ u!"Iar ~tillu.r:h~<llr ,\?I ~.a ob~eW2im cum alb! a~mi,liI:&~Xp6'(MeC.1lIlt'I iam~e recBptJ rll, f16mna IZl t'ltJ ~i :pr~o:c:upari f~ 'WOrt;!;!«e). ~i all apJrur. f,li 5U ~p~le ea .t.iIr:atUnHe: .eUroP$titl m~ i~I,ff" M U • .eradlni-

~~ l!iBwl.uiui n, XiX~ "XX'. F'rimu I caz f,?-Ii dZioott]t f~ptlJlUi cll1'n celi pe~te 0 tr!~e d~ 81'11. nu 8 a~Brut nimh;; doo~bit rore ~~ n:pr&ZLnu (I oo!1tri~Lrl'ie a unor pQpoa!t iiSlLJ ,a In:.te'~n EWU:'Oipi!3, I.~I evoh,r~ta l.lt1iv6.r·~elja.a art-ell gjr~dlr'iii, 5eQQ'IJ~ XlX ~rO~1> ut'lul de c;ri:ili. dUpa at 'Sf; aJIUi'f§oo.e la ,,5t1luri". sa acap~&erti\i conwpte !ar e:..ofettIst11ul ~~re~ .. 1mprumuturne" de··WF~~I:.IL C.;I, ~J ve:2l~(';ul prr:~diS~t, :5ec'CIhJ~ XX t1·lJ va cfCFl 1M iprim'J url15tste;~erlm~l1te,d~ e~ptii~ ~J rlbl v,~ .&'liVtl.2l cCMltrJ bu- 11f "re:val ~~OM£lIf:tl" nici '\11 :pl~an tcrrrot;ic, E:! ~,C va: impune at~ritjdi mJ,l ~ mu It 'l'I1 a II ~s ju~ta~, pri'!<lJ G.~u~rlf:e~ril~, pe C;~~ fu~~ I~VOO1 preunt.a 1n capitolul 7, Reveflhild Iii contri];lu ?iii ptllpoarrtllor. N,,;~ am ooup8t ~{.I prua(;fem de cele cea.tl 6'i,tut u t'1 IIpot1;. mtH ·d seu I?e"WII1tJ!, ila concap'to~i I B, eu i"6lpeJ1~ prhtll1 ~ ill r.a,d:irr.a (.p~nUlrea celor f1'Qm~t1e!?ti fiind 0 ne~itate li~ iln6Grfere fu economia t;l.Ir~t!~ui'i p'6I1'yCru.o@ nu mai, Intfcze!uw tin t10U t;~piW!/ A6'Cal.I1U 1t1$eilmr1~ '.di Slit:e popoarB ItU au produe cn~$!~i~ ~rJwr"li (4.0,01) 6aJU ~i'ied,ite, C.;lI ,:;;lC6I~ «~r~dil'ir ph.rtWaallr&» £Ire ~mcnor tle p~ $l'ctuZlltull tetit:oriu all Me.i<tGnJllur (4.002) ~ti1IU ."C~ ccie d~n lndiia, (Wi€: pG!"tU'\3heze: p..rjvaU: ~JI1I f5f;O. X1Ilj (<<aiogr~»1 ~~a,m.~. L~ une.l:e pClpO&lI"&,~$ asw,,~~ 6'r1nt GO~5'E:1tujt;e:'i'n ~t:ate r1at:fona1", (Ea1ptuL Grnc;ia).8 mbuit: sa p:r6cizam ~I rcrio,~d.~ ~·rld au ;il,VlJt Ut'1 ~."ort anUl'l1c 1M. mo~el~rta ~IMJufIJJ (Gum n -a rna Ifu~t;.MZU! Is m.arlle cd'Bc:tM~~i .dlj~pJrute ilzI caiJ.airo-c2!ld.aenli" rOm.iH1Iii, i~iz:antlll'llii). tn: c.alul cetbrl61lte popoarw europC:rle citK~ (reali6111"WatllJQe:ziI, gefl1la'l1i. aue;Ul~ol. e'tlI6Iwl). 6f'JdliI111e: lor (oei6 6U 0 5el11nifiC$r 1=;i'~ t3l"1umeli), au fo~t:. p;r~enUlr~draGr011k? l"allM:~ Ih ai6C, XVIII fl'l'GtueiTv!jl,1 aGcld~ntat 1M 6eco16~ XIX ~I XX:dnd au SVul't 0 ·contrib'u~e.

" Deoar~oe multe dh'l et.udilil~ ~8CGluJul J10,~t.ro&l1W ,~cmCH'Ig,t,r.at.~a eN'ul m&;:liLi r:J1U' .s foot ,mar un mnenr~: 81 .:mtune~fOU lui ctditur:ai itllr GU~ M a urmat, un momcfllt ful mi t'i1ant:. rerhafit:~rea !l;: LI ~IJ rl i ie"umpen e, am a pl'ec,[at c:aoti 9CrtCW, '!1l~Qire tpct;::a OI.I Htere marl" ori~· eu liiUlft'C l11iCI, Am ~t. pe:ntru ultima.

4. 2~ GRADfNILE MESOP,fiJTAM1EI

in epa~:t;lu~ dirrtre lig,nlll ~i :E1urrat, de un~d 'ilnoo'P·e .. M'~tori,a m,ar~ lor cJyJhzarl?i~". 21:paJr' cu oiros 6000 jif:1li 1M Utm~', ~r.1ll,Ut1llle· ~n.ll'l1ao"~ai;lr'anl'eli1mlor !?+ ;!:lll~ .m·eine'FlHor. ce au lfJ:t~·uch ipat in' felull ~Qr Ed~nUII (p;~ rsdiau I) ~rl;iiic, .Dt~1 ~ C~5U gr'~~ll'Ir. cea calr,e:a ~SV'~nlt t~ m.s,j rn~utf'1tti ~japOi 0 I~~"da. a ros.'t ceapuall p~ ~Mma. r&g:lf1e~1 5hiSmmurilm1itth (4.00:~i) ,r C:-tah'3~e' l.a H".rotilot. m.cQiiGe ~ gi'wi1bitut ~etarlal aub- d~umil"e.ii! tie ,..9rll!idlni:le '~LIi~pen.aal.::ie alit 5ernir:a,mld,er'. D&fI 1'1 !.I!exi"Gt..1I ni 6[ 6 ml~.~r\ie.d1n elcea vt'eime, ~"'p'~re G~ ~ae:~te a ~'~inT ~'pc I~ u ta pmctlGa- consuua;.iil:O r zi~ur~'t., t~ t1efuJ;m1~i'ld v"ra$~re.a In t;.repte~ 1H Pt~UI1 m I:.J II'1te--~:radrt1~ il,f tn acel:~'~i· tfrn~ 11'I'tr-ut1 e..rmb"o~ oi'llfpuurJi" D6' scee~:. a,~~m~i1e'a g~dini vbr fi foa-t'in mal mulwora~-r~!i'~i''1'fJ ;aUH.rnat,.iJor dTnaria rn~apo~,mf~n~ :;;1 I"IU l1l.it1'1taf f.eI' Ba~non (4.004). Din «GecgJ,~f:la}]l i6-torlQului ro,mm'l ~bot.1 (e.~c. It ,d" II-t) &e: p2lt"e C"! a'c,1!;ete"0ra~H'1 Hl:~g LJr&l.t .. ' .. , .emu 1'1 ~~ts to:ra:s, p~afr!4'llte (;6 ESe rfdia~IU .~. 0 I:<a.za OU l:i:tur'~ ~ '1:20 m .. Sa-p!tu1nle din 5iecolul M~l:Wl.l au dov(;.l:Ut a f1 a ~~~r~re. !$liW-l:JrHe baze!linl"ld dOlalt" &Ie 40 11'1," T!'!:m!H~!~ ..... @-<§Irfi 9U5lil1L¢ flo8 ni~ ,i!lI~dt fiJrijinit6 de c;oloane eGIf~a:, umf'lutern ~n-u~ dew ~I;J ~am~nt fii i:i;V~J1d.: un aroQr'd11h Itari. Mafrrrr hftlraulk;;~ flpec'fe.al!" ri~io.al.l' apa la ~t::'lt!: ~UlpcrlQ;'1r6 ~i irig-;au ~~iU ce (i..I;~~ din a I:t.u"d~n;£i .. ,~"'te:r.ac~'lt te8~te 'lht~ elf: prftl' ~61l:rr~, i'"n$iI ult~m? ta 0 'i'n~~frri~ de 50' piGii:oaro, ~ GOmp:unM din m~l ~11UIIM e-tr'"arc.u.rJ dh, f,~.atr-~It ili:e;fa~t, ip.aa60, fol d~ pll umb ~J ~m.$lMlt ferCH. Ipe C';H'~ ;::;re~twu fl.Or~ i?f arbU~:I'~i de tot telul) tatul t'r~j.9t de

8d~ol1'I"Jj\"~Mtt.~ Ge--~i irtfl,geau ~d~oinile:l'fj colOJ:lnele 1.II'i'iIpluw cu 'pi!Jlmam:~ multt ooliditat6 urilfiefor. f'aimierull (se~GtrI"tizat). ge cr6ded a foot prete-rat dil1 C:aI.l7.iil (:.redirri:B'r C3 "fzvoar-c!e vie~ll ve7nice' r;C;1 afli1la rad~K"· .... &O....:'1 ~utemicfi (4.005). 5ap>aturi maT 11.0i au $6l1'ln.alzrt 01 ",'" ta !ji,ub._e;.ol Utl I"~ de a"~rr (;mt~ re' QUlllpa~r 'mcJpeti Ipcmt.ru OOJihn.i ;1'i ra:coare"i ca. 1''' ce:r.ag,a s:uperlDBI·ai: ee .aa,e;.~.aI un ~2lr1,,,tU()lr" (acolo u¥l..de: ~rul e:;e;' p!intlJl ~11 Ull1dc 58 put,,;a OOil'l1!'.JMliClil CU z~1i C(; prefe:rau orice riclic.;:atUpaa~ un ob§ervator-a~trClnotllic". R.apClrtatelsl cl~IIi7-81i<ll re.spectr~rsdlt'li filLliS't71U lH'I mimeol ~i s-a ;aptecI..at.cli! e .... i!:~e: 5tl; itic<il,dr'~u 5!-Hul ~rhittctur~lj' 'il, roH~a !ji 11'1 modul ~e vi~ al 2il~irD-b~j,;IlitH"ieMr~

"'~'''''''=). Mall'l1utt. cees fie noi am tI"OOUt in cate0on81 calQr .. ~apt.' miMUin: sr fl "ro~t ,d LlP'~' uni i ~n:,et:artot'i. aoa r UI1 grilll1.ar d~ghiL:at pen-t;fl..1 a fi Gle ev~ntu,a I ii ouGt::ritorl alii u!.. p~nti"'u. eei ,c:e. V('l Flea u d fn d~fjierC, U n " ce <lIp~ma ca ?ntrllchfpiiH'ca tuturor' &f~ranve~'cw; It'I1t;Wrertll1t .~.e: , 1Mtt: ce-o acaraam sau nu .8CCl&tor gradlit1Ldln ASia Mica, ele nu au

din mem0rl.a omel1lrli o datli cu c;lviliza~ia. ce ie-a dart !f1.i;1I~te'!"e cf ~l-au ~e1te'tr!;.,a, s atAevlrat'i'n lumea Ims~i"t1aruh.Ji c.er m;3f mult (i'n secorele

la gr-eci. ?til primal!!:: ~~16 d. H. la romani ~i poat.~; ca u n ,~U; 1M t;.,lrar::i~ni le EJ Ie t'cl'1a't7urci itslte'nt j 4.001/ S8 U ~1.U"or"l~lrI tilc.U din eieo. XI'X),

4 .. 3'. CRADlNILl5"EGlPTENE/ AN11Ch'

Nicrtn ;[Iaee.t G.tltZ fr'il'arturHic nu ~unt. sati5rncat-oar::e. ea in'forma1=ii. 'inN e:.Ji tl'ltCW~~t'ld dll1 m~i,eJ'lh:.J~ 41'. d. H.~ ~ilPtemH au lrl'C<::'put &irrnenaj8rf"..a IIiUli1nh Nalizal1(:1 caMlc ~i lnialne &" ret:"t'n~l~ pentru a benefi6ia de rl'3V'lrSla'" _'~lmJf.jI""1 (sduGito~r" fi'i d~ mil~ fert;,I). ActMIsta rotca de c:al'lalie avca 0.8 tu;r~tere-a L.IIl1or ,,,pa~re" cujth"'a!liil.~: (c.u I.BglJ me .. roo1ir-ruat.lre rl, vt\lil, a6

!!!lllIII"'PnJI! r flori) ~i ~ itlf'kJ ".ti~ c.ategG'rJe t'I1odu~ «lie .8l gf1 tidi ~lild:1 rI ilt:' ~e ~,g t"'e~ p~f(l: M f'rirtl1!ele ~Im'dini r-mfvatd:' ·616 acoot ~en din tlmpul Vechjulul' (.31W/-Z065). aveau 1'h cetltruj '(;ompozi\,:le,1 ,.tin canal f)au !.JIM l:!azlMI de tIIrrzptun~nlu!.sH·a" '?n(:;oMjurst de ~il"url ~e copacJ~ c:urrrtali. palmieri. ~~aoBprGpiem 6~ aDa &If! obic~.I. un ,mtc pavinon UM~t'l ... s't~pill'1ul ,grJdil'1n ~r ~tl-a..s:~U ,Mt fie l?LI'~aJ.rt= d's riicoa,t'e fi;>i rnti mitate: tot aiel ma i era £I ~i1! vi~ de: .).l'le, ul'1o:J;orl u.~, mf" o.l1io~t ... " (4.006}. Gdiditi8 din cum,

IUIIImIUILlI1Wea tot ,0 fo","} ~oom6'tric&i. 1h ~erl,e:ral pa't~'"ata. lI!'11oe ~~ c:ultiviau Pk1dIClnale- ~&lU nan;::ot[z·.~~mte. foIG!J~ pL'!lntru lcacurl 5:aU rltua IUrf rallg,i• Am ~'&Ifi f:}~.t'1 uri, d:e eI !3rem'.t;II'1t ·~u £lll;c·re:. fnc.;orpar:llnd :gil Q motl'!t.a~1 e; utlltnu Ui~81.l nl,,1 ~'! vi~1iai.de ,du~ mD'~,rtf:) ciind fie pr~$UPLJIi"lBa r.l ee VIlI putea

1 pentru iii tc pute21 I::oucura de I.1inefu~ti'e .:l'O:}5ui8J. Daca

~'I1lIU mai mlu~ un protl,u~ :a111Uc.;r~r'Jlol" hidmtehi'llce (~I nu 0 corr.dia ol,11l&:tull.ll d~ i!irf1i1:,~c:tut~ - klcul'n?'l); i!lvidi!irt;iinq .a~Qm~rir;mLJ~ ~,J ~amZi'll101lll8a (pt.:riO~BI 3-400-2478 t ,d. H.).1n utma GOMtact~lor '"u Orientu' a~r~.~I·Ctnta~j8 pt::t1trLl 0 alll'h~tealJrs Imai -aflnaU'i ~I p'6i1rtrU .am8Iia-

m ,;ompl~ (dup~ 1!i5BO 1. H.). r:li epooa con5truc~lcf piril-ml,defor (cJi ··tiI t&~1'1 se ilrJ1'PlmetnZOl1J) eri~hin.~ ." .... 'ihG~r ea fie 1mb.oaa1'tte cu plan- 1IGW!lt:-i'iIllrl alt.!! reglUrB tl M -rnmu~te num~ rul ctm~nH~r.ii lor ca re dctQrea~tiui ~r;adlf1.jj" ('i'ntre 14Cl~'~f3'72 i. d. H.). Idem t1umarul 6uprafet;e:lor de f~r! a ~' oajul'l!1lC 1i1s.i la ~ msr~ aiv8reltate, A,bia ~uR? lnflu6n~ ara~i r5e ~1.11 d,e' 11" .. oa~enare 11Jl(" cJlnd apaf g~dlfiiJ'g-~ti,D,: 0 tl!oomt.Wlea ~,radirna ~!ditl.l~tJj tHrf mal rn u ~ l:e spa;~j !m-Ptejmll.dte, fiecelre.o:u .c.Qte un ~az ,n n1'c:;an-

d~ ~Ier~e~lli ~r ,rH.lmer:aae-~ ~\~ vTlioa ne. 1~.2l$~ ri dtlcorative ·~i p lant,e ra re

77

dldeau .... e no"tl ~e $ertz.ui!lUt~t8 ~i JU'I(JurJal'il~a oritllW1il" (4.009) d.~1'1 o a~emfl'i'i~ w.t:Dtv~re. va fi trelcato~re' rev\'i:nir'ildu"M ~a a.ueunt3tea Elnter1Qar~ Nrci g.rltelinilt.: urs~a,te ale regil'lCJl H.atG.l<tep5ut. (4D10) ,rill vor devllni 0 praGtlcJ c!.Irel1tO.1h echimb ee pa~ cAl \till cr~f/!ta tn tlmp,'3J.u:;tul p",ntt'lJ' bo~a1-ia flori.1+~ (4,011). D~ '~il1l1t.ca daliitre aruDn. au fo&tfo~a6itj c.:ut1llalil, enux:nln'ii. esiCQmor'il (cDl1eJdel'st a rbotel4: v,i'~ i 'Jlj til iubirii). palmieril eau "I at-a n Ii,. Se J,oau re~ine ~ eglptCflir a!.J tml<19mi& criY'lHz~r!-iilor I,Ir'mStoalre. ord[n621 gelll"f'l6trlcl ~i poatt, ca :pi etr~~Ue 5ta.t. dh1tre ngrjJJ ~i Elifr.ait. 0 ar1umitJi c.onata~ie rcll43,raa!!o~ (4.012) .. 5-aforrnuiat. ~I o17eerva'~ia o~ .. Gr~&ina"-plat~, ~81 Gum 0 impuM'~ terenul. mool1junl'Ita af: zldurl, a:zi.I ai vl~i1 priva'l;.c~ pallillioanelt: &a16 .,5Crn!iI1aUM il'IptQj.1iind vJzi:M.torii de Mt1..wJ, !.7ubQ'rdo n.i nd @ridi:M G,8~"l (I)~ ~u r11l tot. t:lt~ta fome care 1.101" reapal"~ ?n:~an8 (om'ana ,i d~ alGi vor eumft,a "tlmp de !SeD(! fJ Il1fluen'fa lor'" (4.,013).

4.4. CRAnIAllLE PERSANEIPRElSLAMlCE (4.014)

Din timpu! diMae'Uilor proi~d<illmll:e (El.:1!i?Sanida I £iCC. Vir tel. H. ~i .ahem~Jri1ida I 550-330 ttl. H.) • .au ramas. de ssemensa put;ln~ InfoYm8it-ii .d.fif ,.6e ~tre ci exi'~tau parcurl fl1trl1i58 ~i 1td!i:d!ni mal retlu@t1-, ilncol'ljllr.llte t<lt zrau !, eli se nurne.s u pairidfjJe~a (4.Q15) ~i ca a:vaau 5LJ pra~a~ itnpJlrtitJ B,txmletriC. de aoua ca 118. rep rl n elps tel cat"f!, ~~?titt'l!lotJJ i el u; 111 mUloe, It! ?tlcrl"~,,,,i ~~ rMel ~er IQ r ~ m.i§relnBau oan~diSilt;i. eel aHa un pavilisn. () ffll'fCa,"§. un Ghio:~ esu () alta ,[;l)iI1~trl.ilo~l'e. ArborH d_egtiw.atJvl ,iilime5t~~ CLI pa,ml lfuGtlf6ri 6r~1l.J ~i6p!J'~~ ardona,!>. in ~irurr ,H~fn"tl~~ RQrfl~ r1LJm8!rOill~~ ,1 bO~!!lr; CGI~r.!:l'ter" ;ilminf:;~au ~!:l pal;~tilrt= 'i'nflorite ale, mun't:il'or ae'unde lIlmea.u mezii~ cle: c,"&~u I'ntr-o d8Z~rdl~ Me t'1atu raJ~f.,:' d,alr ptt ~pa"f.ii ,;feU t111~ate ,~;., 5tdot. ee'H'lwtric. u f'I .~~~ t;ils ~tl";atLl 1"'1 ~i platl;!i;1Me, pt6h.u~te aF'oi (prin ar-abi) de e'nlidrnile ~umpene"'. Gra'djniht ft,.tiM~ aV6aU ~j 0 at1~~. Ufl"p.a.ra de '9n&ito.are" (4.,oI6). Ora~e bag~te(;a Per60~poll~J 5,uaa" 52rdB.~ P£I~ell"~iClaj, t..rnJe ~~~ . &(vea !.I Ft:~&'Jirrt.i1il~iJiv&r.!ill1i fo~ne b,o~tFi'A'!.i probabil ca aveau ~i eraolil'll pe m.i6uraaceet:tli' ~ujlsn~. FIBGsna dB la ~naUZi\l l1'I!ltimuriloi", ee ~jLmg$ ~~, .con.c1 uzitt o~ "exiet;,au mal mu.ltCi t;Jp.uri de graall'11: r:.i~ ~Bre, 06 m&lita~(: dB vilnitaaro,tlpl1rl Gare; vor !5:UIn-avi4U1~. dup~' cum r.eteve dl,rJ mlfJiatJJrHe:t.iJrZiJ ... ",chl~r IpAna ... m ~O,~t:;:l6XIH:('1I'l". ,5e perf! Ga' LJriI plu~ de: fa,~t 111<1'1' tiiQl7.il1dl ~r~dlinQ perMl'1i1dulp1!i "'!.IeSfirM mus,ulman; cil'l~ figur-.atlvol fitomorr tie va 1'nt.!ltli QUI a.b6tra~JIJI1~ ~eometnc~ n1u~ulmal1a. in fit:calul VI'! d. 1'-'1.. mal ~1,t'E;jJtn al""i~ djl'iltnl:: Ti,g,ru ~i Ellfr:at.;.p r~i~(:I'r~l"tl .:II ~~tLJrui p~r@.at'1l V,;iI &I\oi'M oa rez;ultaJ' un ~It calitativ nu nurt'lai tll1 ,aJ'hrte01:ura, t;i. prolJal.?l#, '~, in .:'lm~n.:1ljlil,reai gradlntlor ~f1t:1e ,6 tehi'lica hJdrtlul'lqa jr:~al1s~ta (pr"h,Ja~ ac; Iii! biiZIa t'1,t! MI) p,rmrt;ea ~,I O~M~ re'~~ IJ Mor ~cte, s;;p~i:a16 ca t.a,~MI rea piG~ttlrillor "*t! ploaie. ffJ.tIU chiar proaocefM unor tunete-(4.01'7}. Cucerjrea .trak7a a ferlljel I1U Yi.! .ilfec'Uli geom8·~tI:'QClftlpozlpiiti., 'lri i1iohimiJ o ViS l'ml1agf~~i ell nol mot~ decDMtW6 ~I va ihmLilfJ ilumarulcanak:dor ~J b:azln'6Ior care H'.' nu a~1.! mar~rnlle fI1Jl¥'lttl. ta§t;ful c;l tr:ecerl!!'ad~]a ve~etr.;s1'l,ta p.aj;~tcl ~apa ~ fa~21 di~c.'t". in ,plu~ rundul ~i ~ii Ci:ma'~or ~,i ~a.zln6'or se VClr' s~operi GU azulejOti (0 ceiJt'aml~ ~lazu~_ in ~lllil!l$ dIS! ,at~ I?ae;trcu " •... 6pDriM~u~ ~.c: afitfcl intcneitatBa olu~arjl ~i impresla de fa!)t,el' ~~drnil'r.w pcr6~'n'd" (4.08).111 E:rfara florilor. ';'m;'r-o pal~ de ~pecil fo-arte ~rgJ. ~Mdlnarii :pt.:roani mai apelau I~ ~rlwd frl.Jct:ifeli. ca ,i la pl~!t1'i~ lui lmi, D h rp~ ro~l. 's,@e ~ IF;s@l noS~1 OB 'i'rl't;.ruohu p4lum ~tlJ t til rl:P.orfll'!1 u i vier-J i. Be a\i fi rl1"l1i ca' V(lIl1srare-a1 c:opaoi!or.era ret1U mlt.li lac ace&t popor.

78

4.5. GRADf1VILE:GRE'CES1~IA1VT}CE

•

De~[ ro~ur·~Oti al unul ttltitoriu pU'!?jn ~.el18m& l:r1 plf'jvin~' ilC/8,et;.ilf\,[ei. I itlWlari 1'1'" vOr' {;b:),Jc.;;:lr.o ~c;~e. deoe;~1?it!i pentru amenajarca er~dl~ (4,019) Is carl!oterullo' raYioM.a!ie-t ~d praam&lt:ic. 1'l1J va fi recertliv d.euirt

rJrzlJ..!. tr. 6pPCa "1e:i11li~tica (322i-1461. H.)" fa reaUzlldle ol'i6rtMllt in amcnag,radlnllc,r. S~ Iparo ca ~r';dlni!G: .!ljm;e.rro<'ln, ouc:erirrifer rill AI~»ndru (Ii~rI Or]((j:l1tul M~iociu (~':36-323,t H,),·6F8t.i1, de miQi dl,mt;ne,tuni ~l ~trict {m~i mult 'Iv~). Pentru ei, .,natura apiritualiZQtll. era loc.ul tid: m'1.Jn,fa d Iv!l1u i LIt till r tn. 1'I1U1 00 LJ I el, ~Ita.rtlle: pag~ Me VOl" d61J~m! t~rl1 pie. IJir fn

lor;~tf6radire ~i'i'nariJi~. vor ~part.: ~r:adinilt: G:SCre, undG la inceput ae: cul1:ifloo, planu ode rffsre. viyJ de vfe, De:.@ Itf~i[ ,-liei 111 sec, it I t. d. H, ~re"i i t'U.J vcr t,.,d IISI ideal ulnar 61'afjJ ,d~ a~FlJ:mel1l;, IlulXoae~. deqi 'in Ei:eC. \;'1 t H .• . C2I rr; V8ZWM C~ Th ~emNl, un .. pa r~t:ilacEl);)l" lin c:~U'tea pe.:r51ana Sa r:&oleG. ~Grit. ccmce.t-ai~tMlilor ~I. Ut1 model d.e: 8rad~na ori"nta!~ (amt'naJat£l P"

pr~16k~~ 5.1) tndemn~ndu-r $J iubea!!Ga wl'tfcrtul ,I ~wwl, no" s,a cum I!fJr.fJl~·r-.!!I'" QJiL'al1t.11l8 fnv.i!i~t;':llrZi"Ll murt. '1M{ii1rl'lw", D~mocr,a~jal flreaQ.~ pr~fera \l1a~ .. ~e porl:;.c:~. GU dl~l4me fllv,zofice pun:;are i'I1qliidlnilc gjmna2'iilor.

....,""c·"'..... 1il:~tre1 eradirll'ie fUC)zaff.'or ;;!~ 0 ~'l;1Itii a1,:l fD,ndiarea nAC9:d~mk~r la

, va iilptll".e:. g-ar I'uua s;pun8. ~j prjmul p2irc pubUc. l'ot ~n ~ce.astl ca,t~Q.'1) ,"~ra (in uc:_ VlIII'i. H.) ~I g,r~dina Olimpt,sli ,din f'e!opoh'le~ Ul'ltolt lie vcr d~liwrite ol!mpice (4.020). 5Qvrietatea ~.I alJ6t"rli1mlitea VOr' f141lP8I'laOil'liillt~ IJ'l,tl~"'" C1.J epoca el6ni5tidt c$M cultura Orie.nttdLl'i va I"'s'trunde1i1 EUi"Opa tar ~Ienf~tiaa (s_e:o. Iv~n t H.) VII CUtlOiii?UO ~(!:056I1rtilii dezvo1t<llrB moilli ~!e-& SI~UF.1t ~i Aala MiG8. SUn"t ~mJll1tlt3- ca remarrUilbJlB ~raQll1a lul Gelo" ain O:m;:;rn:'::1:1 (~efi u mit.J p~ntrultog~i6l va:gBlf.a~lci ~i .,oomtll Ama Itn,igef,). pa rcu I in per5.aI'J·dels ,Reel"" sau er~[dhlil~ Alcxalne.iriei. un~e fcapare. oreal I'Iidr,au!fca Jntfl-O Cjra'~~l1a InChirlatlii utt:ei Vef1ua) (4.021). FaZ9 ~i~i ~t.~ 'i'~i ~l'l ma I11fe5ta p~GifI;;itatea 7'n 9r~dfflaij-pa.tio !~~a,tj eli pall~a .d~ r,lli6iJre' 'ilI1 utlUzaret.!, 'ZIn:::r...ei . rill ruitlsili un~t se ~alaa Artet'ni~ thCllH Ju rata dB 11 i mfe") 1l1a1 U foto~re.a

. Ij(wlif ~.ooo"at;:;v:~ rep.re~eMt'§lnd dt; O.PiCilii ~11,m~I'c ~a!J 'nimfe, celc cu CiochilTie ~rdlJ~t.:"$m eee, XVllla V~r6ai,lJ6g) ..

4.6. GRADlNILE R01\1Al-lE

PHmelte· preDCUp31l"i'j'jn Laiti I!J m vor f dcdacaMfle 0'~djl1 II GU ~CBum~~i fu.'Cte (<<llOrUJ5-ul»). fit ITvezli, fie «lucuIU~-IJIIUIf» (.t.3rlid~M~ ,Un jllJJ'rul S.MU1GW@ru" lu] lJ rllJ: zsu, 81 mormilntlJllull fi,t;r~mQ@'ijlor). 0 ~~ t;.AI, eu r.bboDill hale d~ C LIce rf,re (t';.r~ !;ac. V t H.). a,p'~re cls6a 5oc:.;;ar~ a rOJ11i;lni .or u04l8fL alrora nu Ie va ,r,iJ1'('enI6~ IOQ,ulea;.Qs·'t'i1.Ft:.crmal (~~alta1"<i ds M:Gii V'enr~1 C-B a.duce.au ne5[gur';Sl.flM~ ~i ti~6eOO 'mutt. fo'tal1dartlullocuinl) ~I se mr r~rag:e: In vcclnilttat&! tlcooteia., 'r.1ill'~~j vcr l'ot1lfitrul «vUI.a. !:.%lll:¥'url1.ii1lna"h G~ ,~ve:a~l una sau m~i rnulte BI'~din[ '4,m2). CDfl·t;actllll CUI el'~ltHirnLlI, VB rid,lea pnt6n~me ~i: «vIHa» va sduce: In 'fara COOfutWI ~h1eJ!. "A!?aJ !i'6 e:xplid~. aparr~a, 'i'l1 'arlidi:l'li1e vHelor eul1l1rWane: a partic.tlltm C:O'IOt'lo'lMleklr; ~tatuHor:. fint~nilor etc." Te~$ia ~p'rei lu){ v~ ca"'e:r?'te prfn

paG"tU GU Orientul mijlociu (4.0Z3) ei 600ul gl"adlnilor pBrf>ane ~ va refjim~i My l'iums1i 'h1 «vlHlm 19ubu'!"'ba'nt:r» eol !?i 'fn ~r~d.iI111e: Frivat~ ~s IJ pul1'Uce ale 'Romei. UIt-irn~l" vor Gun~tt: ()I p(Qltfefare 11'1 mutte var fl illtl'lfinaj.au pentru ,aill ~6nti ;l\Mumit.e 'l'l'1;l~tWitJ~i al6 or~~ulur: terrrlL.,le .. ~.imt1.~zm~, p~~te5t.rele; t;m:ttrlf'l$. h:ipo~ JrQaitJlIle etc. Primul , .. pa,rc" pl!~!f~ va fl Gel 81 lUll Pomp~1 (aruul 55 t H.). Ac;Clf;ote ?rif1l1i pu l;,JUCB: vor ~ewnr 'toirr;sj tllUmeraa 5-e 'in RO:l1let: !mperl~la; at*turJ nd L:.Ii-.se

79

cefor ale umplelor e;,a ale vi <'Iar f'riV~t.e. oon!Gtl:ptifa <ilt.il1g.€lt'l61 apo.g:eul oM ~far"!?itul ~ec."l a1 ers! noa!'litr~. Dil'rtm parourile mpe:riai~! ,all rti21i t"~l'I'1ae. d!()ar c:~1 allui Hadrian (nu depar'"1.8 de nvolf). care va cauta ~l materiai1uu 1tl P8ro 1 g;Ju r.:-ee~ ce 1-.111 nnd1 t1'tart ~ In ~ 'l,"illzar;r~' ~Iptean~ I ere~G~ "I crientallJ (4.024), RevClMi,nd. la inC:C1I.putu~ ':'3Ir21,~ii1H r',L")I11,mle. J!(;e~s.·.t.a' nu i~J'e.d",(;:~t 0 bv!S'at,Sj ~Jh n1lt:u· r~ (rltliftil:d tlpmclat.i penuu uulitat<e.a 9.!l11). bub jn-FJuen~ eje:ril,i6tiM (-prln £!'~c. II t d, H.). dj I'Id p~ periBt6ls din ru 110 ,1; I FQi"ticul I 'ihtal n rt la «villa 5ubuwa na» apoat"e pict.ul"~ cu '~em'!lI'l1'ai ~If)e aHn' t1ImJ .. :wa (h&l'tura fit d dtvrnizata dar nu c:h!ar ca ita ~reGi). pictura d.'~ P~$.a_ ( .. Iflarea t'lDutat6" a rCltrr'l~milor) (4.025)Ctl,pat~ impcrl\;'lI1.'Y~. fnd!t:mnilln& I'a f~etlHz.grea p"i~<ttlI.!'IUf ~I Chwr la 0 aJrtificlaHzare a lui. A?>a 1}! fau apari-pi<l doril1fa de pmlucrare a vegtltJ]'lulul, «'&.m~ tori.J1r'i.ae:J.'l (4.o26} ,,,arc. de la r~dar&il fOl'mci un.or dMil1itSi\:-[ (CSlt-e. cf:~es.u romal1i.i. popu~ lau c~m pr,~ .din LOltium). aJUH~!~' la trarl'~putte'J~ (l'n tufe de PlJ(l(tJ a. dafin) c:hiar ol! urlQr ilCt;: rJtr m itol og ice: ~,e"t''itl:"L-l ca, e.1pre afE! r!?itu I I'mp-ari u I u I~ l10bj I i I ~.i 1I"11pa ~ fCli058au pBi~aJul gr~"Uniu cadecor pe:-ntru·tr'loo~,Jri mitioe fi1cat'c jUCil1U 1II11100rJ chiar t:dln~.~1 (fiin.d msri at:!18.tori tie <ileemCfltMI"epe~coTe numiu ~hia:liae») ,(04-,027). Ploo§I'1Qi ~~ riSl"c~ie rt:1~rtBl~ I?~na jl[t::!pl'iC' pOalte'..evid,;!lI11'ia c~ r'Qtt1r,ani:i au foot precIJ1'5orli ~r.a~ilt1ilor publlce. ,ca aUI tmbo.g~~t .,arta ,aradirdi" prl'liI elamMte "oj (el"'Dta. mo4mare:'a'1te~etaILiluQ fi.au proliferalr&1l unora ca £itatuJle~ pvrtl· c~l:e ~,~" tf'ai1smlt;:3nc;l teme ali!' artsl lor 'in m.aJari:tatea zon~!orctlaerltc;:_ ~Ll,i~!e lor1~ wr !3aei «:Du'iI1 re.o'il'lid~itle ren,a,,,,urii fu i3r.i_dini~traecolujui XVUi €ii'" h i,g r ~HI1 tpOCa'l IMliIMemal in multe ~I"i ttl n lume,

4. 7~ GRADINlLE Bll.ANTlNE

~i Brzan~ul (.385--145B) se afirm~1 sa putcre: imperial;i fn evul .mf',J,lu, el r.ep~i~?n cOl'ltit1L.1ars cultura ~r mentalft.aua lIt1tic~, crevtit1ien \.II l1eavAnd aiel fol1a ..m8dii6\/;ei,jlzarii §pirituale a ace.e.tu~a" (4.028). AiGi. loc.:ul zei!or ~i al eyollor !1r.xo-romanl. oou h.la:t de eiil1T-1i cf6Vtini. pe care. I1U-' \tom 111ai 1iMt.1bi ~lJliforl[rta de; fJUi.tlultn gn'ii~i'na Ci 'ilrt b~'%iII'Gi ~J aetfe11 "t'1atu~ 'in !3rEial~ nile b;zantfnB a 'tiItir-e ~,pre ,3rtrficiu.e.pro deoDmt<l'v'! jar ..... 1M ~rjdin,ile jar ~8 aflau cop8cl de <ll'ur ~i prst.re pr~"t:lDa~6, ra~rn a utoma'u !Care cbli'lw!!J 103 adi611J:8 v£ll'3tu!u(. oglll1zi ,~j eupraf~te me!tilll'!c.~" ..• r'tfJ1sctarrt:,~" fioIj' Glbiu~ OHM "':t~c;I~ ,de: oI"':en'tc forme ~ eulerr! (CiumpJlr:ate. c:l'~ lat ~1'jt;tJ~nt, rncl'JpAna cu ~cw,luj XIV). AI"ta autcmate.lor de tot fel ul ca !?:i arta hid~uliGi (~aJUl'lee~B wrGa ~in ~6CO~ lul VI 12.1 'mare r~flFlament) (4.028). au c~eieJat ci'J.[e~rltat" 111 epcc~" .1?r din Orientart::.a ~rlarnitor I?izantin~ (m:a,rcat3 p'ut;.sl1'1ic de luxol ~j 0IPuleM'\'a limrMr!alal). Wli patrul'lt;le'in Europa me~ieva~ ~!inci til"ll f16:oolul XIII 'lOr apare tJr~dln.'Cl~ e:plgon. La Can®tarrtiMOpol, 0 .glr~4ina .e;lI'ilrln ~et1-e:ral d~'form~ patrata.1ncoI1Jura-wi de Uti Zfr;l a6'corat 6a u acop~rit ~c 0' v:eg~a~!e. a bundCll"lcli. tn aoeelt ~pat:;1 u 'i'I1c;hi 9 dar nu p~ mare (die V"l"Cms C~5t ~ p.e:la I's G41i~rZj rn:ntf'U ampli ficare.a di men !:l!iunl~Qr F!St:'SPB:ot.h{el or)~ pn.lteau fij ft.rt~.~n ItB fii ntElI"! i (4.0:30)j b!&zl n ep canaie~ pnl'tic;~. flon ~i aruoM iJ'! dUp!1 liJl1eie ~crierr~ chlar p,;{e,aril ~'i imhna~e. &m1irl-Ul1'du~Me a6tr~1 tie ~,radlna per'fianA. irU::Ju6il!/ prhl faptul cl ace~te gfa.~,jnj eraLlJ'n6otfi...e UI"I&Jri ~i ae .. pare-uri de v~rJ.itoare",

rtliim~nlli1d 1'111 urnss ~t11;jchjt~~r~ ~e c:ol1eidera cJl civfli.z~1-fa ~abflQ5 i1ialtW. e.gipte,aria. pe:r!iat1~ ~i rornl~fI~ $lU fu$t p~cUrr.6orli a c~ea Ctl ee va reail7.a uU::.trioP' fn Europa. 'iI1 thnp ce cl'eni~m!J! ~i Cl.JGer'rU!'J f"ClmE:1 Me vorfavoriUI elm !;iioza Orie rrt- O&~Jdent.. ~ r I" ~ &p~,l1dliroa.

80

4.8~ CRiillINILEARABE

Ell;: vorfi l"nT...allnit.e pee;ta tot. unde s-a e;'AtiM ,il'l1p'::::t"iu~~r~b (India. femia, Asia Mic,a. Aa;ia CcntraJa, Egipt. f'eninl7ula 111cr'icffi) dar tnfluerrta lOt· Vii ~u~e gii fu An1erica de Su~ pr'in int~rm~diul cQf'ichi!?t.ad.orilor '$pani61J. Dei'il pt'pGF i10trlald ~i pOirnit P(ll ou ('.;ewl t-", el rI uau di6,tnii.5 G[vrjlzcr~me, 1ntilltiite ci. i11mpOttiv,1t .... , ~u ae.igur41"t L?Dn~r'luit.ate31 ai'l'!;'.jchit&1"\1Ji oriel1t:ille i7lgreco-rom~(lein evuJ medlu {?i au I.~~a:"t; F',~mtru~t.dt:auj1<l1 Or[6}1tul .:.19 Occident: {4.051). In ~me:naJ~t"ae tor, au pre:lua;;. tit:: la peq;i (ptwio.alaa e;a~,!?a!1rda din ~~olul VI) mirajul a,ii~iti,jlo~' - pAi"~dJ$.. de I~ chiMezi - t')1odul do¥ a e,'LJgUtl imenf!iuwa ,1.H1lvC!'rBului, a~ la romalHi i ri(;,ill ntl·n j - ~nta-[:.itil pet1truartjfi~i~tJ~ re .• ill JUri q ~ nd u-se .~~~ ~;Jft1.~ remarG&.l EliB faurt:. la W" un vis fBrmecat. In car<e s~,a CDtTwpIt pentru 0 c:.ipa:.21 r.l.atpa.~ .ooI1ZU~ liita:t~ tI fnd iei .. m~1'iI i,er'i!Srt1ul P~rsre: i •. ;;;ttJnta . rlikd~w~ re aOlfnei". Da~r1mpru.mutul' a fo~ ImenSi .~i aivers:i (4..032). arabi[ au 61du'6 ,?,I ei Cl:'rrt;rtby ~t;:a la pen:rbni'lli:.ta~a par!ijt;:)'~Lliluj e,ie::nLiStk:;... fu1bo0~tire<\'l el.n1,am,;!lrn,iQiI, Il1rrQt:iiucerM parteruluJ bn:;)!dat (reIUiliIi'1; de flra~inlil6 ~'aroce ~i c,!a~i'c:e.); rafinarea !tlv\JzLIrilo" re.2llt.za'rea ambtan'vei d-e nnedimfic \?i ext~z- ,..gr.adina poezfei" ~I nu tn ,JI':.irnul rand. o ~rmot1r~ p6rf.:;:c~ ?Mitra gra~ina r;;J alrh~~Qtur.~. DeQ~re:ce; rt:1.l.g,ia m&lMomedan~ rnterz[c,e:a reprt:z~frt4ilre:$i. ic,ontc.a. rolul d.eoorstjv al ~tlJilclF

fo~ pCI"Blw~rt~; ablJft"ld~lt;~ motive lor drecor.atlve" ara,be~Gi.Jrile. Ut1e!e: :ar~dini au iiiut iH \lecJt1~tateu 11 hi ptMt rom sa u U 11 pan; de v~natoa re.

[)i'M mu!tele reali~ri. au ... .ama~ oa renumtte ,grll,ainlle diM IDama6c" ~AAd". 5Jlmarrah 'fj~U AI,~~rt:,aj (de: lil~ii 5gtpt, ,,6epGle.r~~ IX, .x), D~~J t}KiSrt~ i?i opf:nta oa g.r~dln~le-p'at:'adie; .. al Dj8I'lrl,a;h'; iilr fi 6x:ie:.tat 11Ljma~ ~4 .. 1,001 de no~i~ ~woa). s;e Run e fn ore ba r~a .• ".. cu m ~ u putut "~~i a'pa r~ grad j nHe- $<1 l-azu'~1J r. aamlllrttlr1dulul. Bliharci, YemooullJi. MaWblGului (?i maf ,alE!~ gr~,r1jnill~ mu~U'lm~n(Jr~p.anio'~ (Cotrt:1oba. AlhZlmbrJl. Gcrtuaiife 1"1.11.) •. t5inijll.lre.le cars &11.1 a-vut.9at19a .~~ 5U pr~vt~uiaf:iGa ,.-;?"

tl1 Andal,uzia .(4.034)

CUGer,ire.a ~l,.Id;u!ILJf 5p,al1iei .are loa lt1tr~ 7ei6 ~i 78.B t!,@r.ap0I!3eu,1 ~&m[flSfie r~ i~!7e eat-e <iI"t[fl,>6 tM' ~ecol u I X. c~ I1d d evilt'le; r~t1LHtlit c.&I1 bfatui de wrdQua (4.0.35), fHma gdll,di:t1I~ ae. "tt'lUl(J~ftf'1 ,ap~re 1<,'1 m~it;LI11 e>ecolu~u~ YW dar tllJlr.lal doua ~eco!e mal t~rzlw f;.c;: poo1tel vClrbide; ~l\'adit1ile andaltrze (fe vor f!ll~reJ1umeIB oomple}(ului rezr~'n~iall d~ll~ Ea~l1vi!il, d,e~fa~lJrat petrei I1fv~rlJJ1 dl3: 1'era~ep ut1d~ pe ter~6'a -medlf.il,a (pMima ffiindl oc.lIpat~ de felrn!li<ll calfulu') ~r;au aml\'lt'ltlj.a.1;C: livezJle ~i ,g'rad1nHe. De6crftri,Ie vorb.e~c de 0 .. V!6.t_3eU1fie ItJ~Llrrafl,;a'<j;, tar [iii1 foe de ~in60te; ~e: ~fl~ pa,lmiarul (c~· ~r in ,gdl&iniie amfrttitt~ deja. ~r~ OMt1ttJILlr). Oealurile t6ra~ate pentru liv~i. pn;;Z~f1r-$l vi¥i de vle, ~radil1ilB

llrt1c,l1tau ~~ iLll"1 eie.t..tsm Qe Irrgtr~·H. Cill !?r tlrhtte:Gt-u~ Lu~oa6a~f 1naltul nl'l.~1 Q:l..ltwr&ill (4.036), ver face drn Gordoba ... podloaba ~UI'l1rnaa®:a lumW' dar e~ va dd~ ::?lib j,rlva.idal ~6rbern,,'r (eec, XII), f' at;rufl:derea noulu i' valli ~Irab. ~ I $Ii mof1azi ~ ior'ln !fr8C. Xl, ~~ &'uc~ la t1aJ~tere,;il1 calui de-all H$ti1 c2llhf&¢, qe:5evilla,. iarln ,r;lom,.e~ f'lllil er~dlnlfo,r.eB-va miJl~lrllGal 'rl'iQd:elul GU patio. Dac~ If a 'inceputaceet lartmat.iv ~I gd~&iniioran,bdu;?elm~Wl"e er~ gancli'!; ~ir'npl!J, Ciii un sp.!il'tiu "fnchi5 d.e oonethJap:h ~ i CoW' bin h'a~uz 1M mU IG'It; jo- 'i'r1 epoc:a ea de: il1fio!i r.e (1h u lti mu I cai iT'aJt. ,c.e:1 3IG:r~Moler. '238~1492), va d.~1/t'i.di multa ima~iMYIc.:.In-aMtli9ta im~imit.:at.e (fa &ire- ~t'le>a rtlllit fOeltul l1omad)" pr(;!z{:n~1 rrirlcfpaL~ e{~te atpS c~.rr. ~il!?l1ind "i~{:;ret. cade: "'In b,.iZil1 111 b'~zrFl.pr'-oducgt1d 0 ,,6Jonoritatecu efecr.:.e narootizan= tdcm'rt'-tr povr'llrte firti fnGI:it1:at~ ~p'r¢J ml$~ltJl.1--le.al arsbulul (4.037), lar ,difl ultJ-

8l

mul b~zin, ajvflge 11'1 C~lla~,ej~ ~r~ple 6~1.JI 'iml:i'r,1\cat~ II1 ~uii;,~Oollora cer',al'tllt~ zlh~jyul:rJ1 ru:u~ejQ~. U i1 eori f~'f!t.aM poa~ fij -miccuit~ C1U LIM ~a ~i'rII. CI J 0 fornl~ ~w~rica I1'lai mult.eau ma' pUf.in ~im~a.lI'1 care-es aglrnd6!ie a:roadelfl b,~a: tflfl'C:Clr~te ale unui ijp;a·~h.:llde 'trectlin: dtrrt.,"'o.curte1n af~. 1iS2liL.I baico~t1elt Cill,!, ficr ~Je· ntvellJlul ckt p.~~te P.ilrt""...er, 1M jurul f~tn;.~nir ~t;lu b~zlnU!LJf, fi¢l' Gel rllm$lnt'~ -G1..jrt,e psvatl cu marmura 6~1.J ceraftrdc.i coiQrst's (4D3B).pul'lctat-a de cittwr arlxui §.,a LI V2J~ c..uflorl~ fie ca' se face 0 oomp8mmc:nt,ar'6 cu a!ei: ~j ~c,'t~~~J faOOnl!at~l. 6t:atuH~' Hpgiesc Co'll oblec:I;;s- ·dBr.;orat~ve. lot;ul 10 r nina lu~ t. die fl'orr, ,<lIrbu~1-r gEilt-1 $r!-;l,w~ Cip,;illm~et~ul, parwt~lul. ~1Jc~lIp;;'ul '~:iI.) :.?Jar ou Q prilz~'i11t ~11~o:r~ De~] ~eomctf'lalrkla de,ril'litA ~ fCIr,melar ~[ t:lpa1;.llor ctI ,I l1l.i1't'f1~rul r'el<Iu~ tie: e:I'~menu u'ti IiUlt.e"in 'CDm poz~t at' COI'I~ uce, tre.aMt.ic~ cst~o 3 m't7iru1- t8 putint.entattta., fotal·6:<=l 616 eld;<g~., mQ! ~II&S P~"tru arabll int,'O",;e~1.rt:i, dI:. d~ dod e>(:l:r:!zlt1<"llli:t.arttla arhi'tetGturiJ 1nve'-cjn.~t~ (~ eieve:de~ Dpu!ewrf.a! mooflts.IQr ,~ec:oro$l"tlved irlJ El.all ~ ri j:le l.,cl".:t1t1 dore:'s"'l I i mitl"~fe: Ratlo-ul u r <2a'IJ 01 i 11 Mlel:ah;~. Spiilfii t!~~Cj:lJ1te-). ~e ~ra UMtlrlal?i intlm~t1li'tt%l ~iit"'\!~lror, de ~Gewiogf;alt~ ~btil~1 111 artit:ulama c.f'I.r-a rh itdctura~apI-Yt'~~rj;£t~i~'6au de' <1Il.'!i.':8i ",g.lmfoi1f~'';j, kim i f, H al'ii~~·te" (ex:~triClr-li i'iItL'il rr"r).. ~un1 l"e:m.i'rQI Ii.!'Mli i a utorl. Dad .gH-ic;lin:;; J,;Jipom:~dcmdtlmt1a loa filowfiG 'IPipoezie, t'!:e'a mau Fa va of~r[ ·rj~«.erni!i:l "tih n~" c.:lf' dro.c,[ig idere,8 a'p.t-titu lu~ pt1:11'tn.11 med~t-~ ~e r.aHiiCl~~ ~j UrlSSm. f'ent:ru pljsteldttl· te ri.imln G.a mwmplare remareab'ile celt:: din pa~;';It:de Qe I~ A~lha.mbra: CUrtN rni'l1i1or (4.059'), ClIJrteil 181101". lie (.)i V©Mf1 ~~«r1~ i'n OOf/l"tlt')u.!fre !?' Ant,etS-1!'I.rr ·Uqnului. Curte"~ ~el:lot" /'lpartiodelo(li leones''! eete D'~i1i'C:lntJ, pava1,'i, Aaf1cmta de

do,LJ,lr pa'ioI"ljI[oarJ~ ~r deJlimitati; de wn portic~~ a!rei9'1~ntat1.i c.u Gurmalli • .bO.flf;~(7 ~,. flr::irl tiJ iarvtl. in mUloc, fucaUzcadl $!wn~a;, f~nt§lna GU " wJOa1n~ tiil1 t.;,re ~a~ntfi::r?'t6; apa" C6 aJU(IQct ilJpol fntr-o cUjpa fut~fte ~w~, r~matl. pc 1:2 't!\ ca.rt!: IIJ 1"~l1du' lot va.i"9.a apt! U'n &;!azrn. D,e ~a b~~F&in~l'Iii. '2Lpii' t~, Ct1rrt.itlU~ ~It-'um u I ~,r~'I"I1n~:l-l!6\te o.1l!Ina,le, frrt.a! n ind.bI~6<~ CI:.JQe;a pr-Gfllefl iti de ,Ia n,t'1tj n ~ I ~ altar ouryt rotil1l.txi~Jtatc.a GMl1f .. uifej" 'ihtitinim CII al~ reli.mre rema'l'l,;,,aI7J1ii iii dornna+ier t'l851"idic:;:; (,12.37-1492) - ca ~T Alha:ltlbr.a; CGlmpl~ul - f~~Bdrl1tai EI G~l"Wra Hf~,. fOfl1itrt: ~Hn ~~ rtJ ~r ~pa'J'~H de ·k1'~UPt ~,i ~'pu,e~ 'irrtr-o. GUGnl:~i U'PI~ ~e trei nivelUJ"j pe- 0 cOllitl~. Prlm,;illncinclhari4d:!f1~, CUIfl"t~~ chi,pl!r"O'Eljlor I~t'.a'j;iio de: foo d,p~9 "[, 00 i.lfl~, bi P r'irrd M~vej. dura .~[.lrl;..es de priffiire, fiit1~ !j fa f)p.at;Jlf"1nCQ",l1- ju rat de ziduri ~i ocupat de; ·arbori.flori !iii apa. Din a!C~t patio. itpBl.i n:cl fa t.7 . '~cafa ere ajtIMl~e-c 1n Grl!l~rt1~ 1n~ ItJ / ... 1E1 jard'~t'I alto"", llr'!de ~U~ a®p~rl m:~ Mtur ITlIi'lze-lor:de d,afin. €1usura apa dil'1 b,~in8Ie ~~ell:;rcefM trep&~, A~'aflt~ dr.;z1fl1Il;·are 21 !apa\1lilor' ~ t:f~r~ p.d"~'i!'l"I'iu 0 .~r.;adl<ilre 8 i!1l1fM~~"eiUII u i pen"'W"u p~ i"!lOr'21 rnt:le ~prn Granada~ Alha ml?ra ~i rl'~U t1'J:l! Gj~tTa N~.a. 5U.ipiMI rca ar-atl.l va fi climl' rraMI "'rtr~l:td in Spa ri fa (1236-1492) tla r '!'ijraain UB lor. tlJl'l'li t1ti ntl d~ ~iPara6li ~.lJr ori'fl'l1t.a l, VO>f ra mane ptt'1lia~t.i:Zi Q m~rturl til ~'B1!lxc;~P1:-i~,

4. 9~ IGRAnfJVllE CFIIAlEZE

F.~G@t1d 0 t~mfpa.r~f~i;t,!;Jrd modu! de a privl ~um§~11 inde~eulroperfilor ?[ C~ I $1.1 ~:n ~iI'I8zHor;; E lIe FJi!ure r~m:a rca 'U rrr1~t.o&!~<'fl eleo~~'~ll"~; "E~·L.d" WGI'b'~ alei (1n Cl1in:a n, n .• ) ae Q 'metoJ~ C:el r"c: 11 u ectil pa ~pMtI pre totaIl. d~ lm pu n ct ,d~ pJ~IM!l care ntl6at.e a~ 'no8'tru. de un ~oop cam' flU 5,p.am~i18 cu ii11 f1~etru. de .1r impule. wta~ wre n-~r:B nier "Elcela~r ae.pect.. n roi fl.'IceJ2ilpi aenc~ ,eu a~ M:q~tnJ Chln~ul tintf:e.~al ~l 1'101, ~~r.l1i1'l4of",lJ:., ~a ~~!iZfl~~ UFrr~~ ~:p~r[tului. ~'F 61 t1!J 'caLJt~ 1lj,[::~i!lIe;ta Ul1ft,8rre p.e dt'lJmL1ri!~ p~ ca.re (;I C~L!1IJm nol" (4.040). A f~ n~l"a Il'lfluen~ bud~hf!~muluf (dupEi eBC. V) :attu1prs tao~m<l.!!lu~. (4~O4'1~ pentru a ~~ 'ih~I~c pti rlci p~ul c;are atlvm1'lM~ nl1lltura.C'ool11icfttlc'U;J ~r

f&~i" .JJGt!1 tao carc'il16l:lClt ha prinU8 multe altdJe ~i vnitate', fara (ice care: ilL. ~ pagtr; ajut1l,ge ~BII .1ilCe~ IrrtenG~ «trililre a Flst.urill,» a romOlIVatJ d~ at..l(>ie! ct~tori 1'll,I ~i""liiUl~i~i c:hi~til~ (b.u~dhi~mul a p:lt:.nllW in Chh1tl 'i'I'1 t:<~c. I d. H., ~ooll in C'-Itt: -r;aJoj,13mul devlnB mli~la aGe$tui papiDr). De ~Itrd ,.n~mLlrirafoi 'In ~i9m1 era tot ,0 ~rad.ln!i. una de caffFl,. ~prB deo:$-ebh~ de, Ceil but:!d.,je,t! care ~Ul ui1~ ,~e lotu!?i" (4.0ilf!). lata de: (;e elrl~itil1lJ devine rfH~~6t OriCI'I11, "ihtltlf.lsrtat, UI'I ail11bo:lllj co~mo!jurui!pl r.le: Ctl4a .aUun~B 0 l1i~irlteza iii tuturor ele:mtl,ntt;.!or ~nj (tips, pamantu/, W-lifJ~i,a ~j ceF'ul - reRe(;t.at.)~ en medtu -t.alO In can ~ti ~~mt'li8it ItlI fllj;)zofio ~ u pall"tlGip ~ ~8I' Gtl.re,rllOrl ui. 0ra~:;Hna dB'V'a11 intd, 00 .,artdi 81 Jlrt.mr-" (a aJ1;.tlllor ,:ul1iI.,). ..~; es.u ftlozaRe. art:8. r-e:ligic. ih nW6lJrl J'n care lia:':lwa il1!il'~i eS&e. o,in:e;o10 ~e ,aipal1Ol1toti'.! ei. 0 Fr1e'taftzh::~" (4.043). Dupa imp,acrul C\iI tlIr.Jc.I~hr6mul. jQ.e:i~~i,Jt \1&1 d'e'\{:l?u;1 pent.t'u chiru.:.z ;-;1.11"1 iM6t.rUmf.'l'l't.de elf!Jcrnre ~ID'.e cuce:rJre'" iiil't' .. " •• $uH~1 pu4iie;"t 4Si-a 21fJat'iln sf. lM2I,cel ltlof'l1e:nt.. ~)(pnJ6i61 sa eta rl'1ai 6enln1i" (4.044). Un mare pae inaffl1;.e 'in Chlnal l-a can5tituit aparft;,t:il ntJI'Ji~tAril"r budcJhitite. 1M jurul c.arora (~a ~~ 'fin Bgip!. aau Gre,cla'l. In Jlwul tel"l1p!~lcr) ~-,au amenajat er)jdiil'l:r~ . nele lJ'tIJIn;are. alte1le «fiJo:wfiG8».1noepand C:U ~et:. VI, ejr' .. ~d'll'1a dcviil'1" ."., I.J n mlafOoD6fI1o~ 1~;!i1lizat QU toad 2l r~ de U!1 popQr pr'~GleputJ In~PLJi~bH in id~i l';ojure1 maeetru tal al,rtlFiGlu!ui *i al f~;'i;iU:z:at"~1 w,z~ilor. Marc pat'&e. din ceea oe est<:: ~etJt;ial 'in. erl'idln.il e-nlneUi. S)e r'i%llllWzlcu aC8lea~i, elemel'u.e com pozit-ICiln~lI~ ceea CIJ dlfedi aeJ la 0 6e!n~. Ia alUl. di!llfll. 0 ~rlil~~l1a: I~ :alta.f:&te «atmOt7m'M» pc; care 0 ,Ore6t1za;". Prln prlCirt'1Ia'! e;$U:~ tiCji f}.l:JrQ'p'''MO • .a'l!'lilJrl'l1lJ Cnil1Bza Il9tn~ 'in cattl~(;)rja r:;tilullui pe!s.ager~ dB t4p baroc" ~'rt''''~ I'm predamil an~.;a Iinillor ("..u-r'~S;.l! «e;erp,e."ft~f1t6~ billrore (c2karl ~.erpu~taa~e. cop-aGi (;(l .... tor£)iQn~i), Ot~ll':l'ni2.area Cilu1tra6'ttlntJ .a e~ementtllQr n.a,turil: a~·p.lmil1t. v..aIs-aeaI. o aOI1UMua deaublarc ~i qel!tldire pB ~upmfs ~ heitl'i?te~lo,,{;arGl aevln a Imal,~ine !i"intetTca <it r"alittiti'll1umai ap.ar~n"t'$Ul'tlQa, _ei~t'3za'ifia dt: fllM bOfltinuu ... " (4.0.40). E!3tetlt:<tl !lOO~tej er~dlt1i t'"'o§lzultii dtt1: aJ1.aii;za "1''' ~Ge(r~ ~I. adaugtl Viorioo S. Cone>'taln~ln~lJ. aCeEtl!e !lec~iun'i tr!!purc ~a fie ~ Etrac;iat (00 .(J pict.ut4i st.r.iMe;a in:trmun aul pt care-I, t:lefSfac;j inca,. de9wpe~ nd imaglrle~tir8ptat"). pS1nti'1.J: oa 0 a~If!i!'t'1ea compozj~h!!) .. nu If'oatefi ... ~zu~ taatli din ac~Javl punct", 0 Slr1ul11it.~ rflpet.a"-ilh::ate: a cl'i'$eIQil~ a IJl'lur 'mo~IU~il'n 111 t.W~r:.J~i!1: ,t\:,&te pL:!~ii pe ~~EH11Ia une:1 tl"m~r1:-ii ci'L!re;; a Ut'10r Gat1~t7e ~rv6'tuate tirnp de 6'6coie, care ;$IUJ itrtBrziis "t;.4;a 6pirffiu ~ui" ~i driBptu ~ ~r~ iIlSndui chil'1ez ae: a c2ilUtli .lorm~.de-t%hillbru cUfcriti.l' oe ctUc pe; Gat"e :;t"amo~.ul lUI te-s reaUut 6;pre Imifo~~i\j", afkma Elie Faulre:. Sa C(;ln~ik.r~m ;'J1r-eS91'[;,a 0 explilcalil~ a @pirll'ului frrtroYe;rti"t a! oh~tle'zLJ lui !?i a acelei tlp.arent;e d~ cah1'16iJ pare &l 9ar~c-eert2.l!1 8r,~oifla chjn~r

Cotn ptJnem:ele majore ale un~ ~ra4inl $I.Jlttt rVGjle. apa. veettatla,. ~em~ntcle ai"hft6Gturalt fi ... fPSPiIJI •...... c{'.lmplics~e'perptt'.,,;ou "I artleo:tului ah net' (4.046].. :5H:~ Q~netatat~ ,lion c::slc;: rna.i IJecl'1l tf:mpurf. roc.rle.J.a~uJ, snetalc:l,e. n:atural,e aV~:lal.l mtlr:e tnf:cem la chiin~zi pentro 2ilep,oc:t:ul dar ~i tJ.,lclillor; EI'e;o~I'::au 8aeit un ~oc; i~~17I1 gir~tlili1i1e Irrl:V;;lIt~ !liiS!IL!: pLi,bnc~ (eEl pie6e 90ll,tatrc. ca Jt1Ul1~ a~lflci81i cu gr-ote fnI'U wnt1Uri~ ca imjul~i ea poti~ etc.) ca apw ~.l a]UrhB~·?n ,piaturn ~i dit1 nOli il1 ~r~d,i~. ~e dt\ta a6U1II'~tMI[jzate (miii-lli alBS durA $t%;oIul XI:I). d~venrtt~ in l.JI1e~~ CZlZUrl obi&:.;,tt; de prMt ~l,n ~pavn,l<onlUl 8dQr~rii pfetrelor» (Pal~hH1). Apa Is ral\1du! ei ~te !pi eJlil oml1ipre2:13l1ta (I.ilc Ifmp~c, rr.eleftelJ .acopt:rjt~lJl ~,ctaf.~ t de Q~ ieer lotu 5?i~ rca t.l'ri t8rpuito~re. cll.r'l81t! pa.vattl ce ~rJJ I'1d 1M interi.orul pa:~lioan6Io~ c;i~mele. eta r nioiodata fib1,t!ni ta.~niW~rc). " $ Ilinil?'tttl ~i luminoa$'s.;it 19,o.U[ui e;xprlJl'l1a,1''t~a~i pe,~iune.a t.<i:io: f;:;hml:rru, :I1~ut.raHtatu,· aalm, lip~~ ds' act-h.ilne:,," MI.!it1t'$Ii!:, roca. (lXprjm~lIU "yrtlu-

83

fie-a e~reerOtl~~t&r" aeupra t1sttJrH f,2i ~r.;qu m,al flh9~ofrcd', I'l1tii'mpc,e ~p~ air conduce ca:tre .. ~mpre6f0t1i'''rnOj ~i pr.ollfiQll&.aZ~ llrlsmul prln pO!jj'ib~lit~:yJle ealg po&t;.fce (4.047), \!eget~t-ta.dovad~ a unui cui ... ~tlJr<Gt:;ic deo~t:l;Jit, ~-8 ""mar' c~t m~1 .1:Ife~ pdn: arbori (pltlr6Icul. pnmul. marLll ~t~ib.Elti~, bMtH1161"ul, pH1UI. bil'J m I7LJ~'u I. chuF".i!l rceu l, i enu ~rIJ I ch i f1ew~c ~.t1 ,) ~i a rb1LI,~tl ~i ma ~ pu~jn pri" fltlfl laira,c~ !Bub forma, ~e.pete (~r MIU ca p..arterClJ pl~:tpal'l,r;;jtl eau rabate), Dinm fl6rl, Cieel mill 'Frevurt~' era lotU6UII (4.048) iar dil'1tre arborl, prunul 1i4florit (4.049). t5peciile, 6Cl: g'rrup8llJ 1M «6cCl1e». cam urm~reiil!.l I1U nllmar riecte ~e fncl ntare:1n fa~ frurnoeu III I ci ~i de ~upri:z~ ~l de U1ecHtafi e ("A privi r,;:lzeJe d~ IUM~ ptirrtre I1'Irnurille UI1U[ ~opaoftilflSrit '5'~LJI flQ~ne 5fi9a~\':'; de ~tltue [egai:'l~~:ciu· m6e re!8up'rafa~a helesteulul, tn~eml1a1 ate: pstrul1d8: de ;a rmr.UiiiJ, c~$mrcil"'), C'8 ele:m~m;e de ~rnitecturl, ~u fost folooite pavilio&ln~le. (.nc8pilnd GtI ftf~l-vitul i;li!1t1ertf.ei Mine I e>ec. XVI'I) -'~OC!.l rieacre 1\'5,1 pl'afan~- ce;vor cl,ip~ta l11uld IrnpOt-~ Uin~ (de-i:e-rminan& chtar denL:Urrliroo' unor<an~;dlf1~ cum ar fi . .et"';dfn~ p.'$Ivil!O~iU· lui de 211..1f"), ClII d~@'t..ina~U prod~e ~I ell 6;pa!-ilJl "tt,cMr~ flj,'aLll deechl$.p.agodele, lacurl e;acre; ge va Impune malaiee; prltr-acopri~lJllai,oo,pg:i"j~lJrn~ fOl1lrte decorat.lve (care. eu cot-pul"tle .OF rld:-ic$lt'e: ca ~i la pa~ilie;al'l~. par a fi ,gat..a ea-~i ia zboru t). 0 ptooa foa,rt~ 'frecv~n't~ r:Wa ~q~u l (d ~n :~a rn ~ u $, I elm t'I 9al,J pjaJ'tr~), de.a5u.pra uner ape. rsale rB'aliJ ima!gihal~; C:U eau tara e, d:e@tina~fe,. fo;;:;~rt.e-9impJ~ eau bogat ornamelrltat£. fa ra I'etele: (ae pod. p~vlli()\:ilne:. g.a.1 erl i ea u de' at!: limit;1lreo aeten~ontlre) erau Ult alit element dJe:corativ. Gradina era1'htoU1dsu .~ rnc,m· Jurata ~e un zid eau zidw'i~ ou f:ertl6t.re (t!8~ch~dcri ep~ fjl",ardinil) ~r lPVrfi., roart.a aWil'tlL~ 0 fltr:portai'Tt;.a &lr~rte (;;t:ait1P.1 t,ar~'elot' ~W' pbarta. pfciM: care rnir~~9IjJ aprllro"; cum Be poate obeerva mal elte~ ILa «or~vul ir.t5rz:lg,*, din BeUlng).

V.zavi de gradli'lat chi,1eza, ~ur0p'~al1ur a t-r~it Ertat ~llrltjl1:1etttu milt'.1terulul (prlmele mar-turf! 'fiil101, als lul ~n::;o F'o~odiM !gec.. XIII). oA-C ~i cc;:I,:;if ~zu j l.J [ em ftil'fa PQ,ga'yie[ 'aeim,9,t31ni, ,d,&~ i:l'led it. de e)(r!a-'Jt~ re a .d8duM~ Ii i pril'! 8f·a. do' 'prOV'Ocare: ~(tn~vrf@!,m ~.iI.). c'e v:?l f"t'ltlp.are ~Itn fa~a g'l"adiT1Hor ~<ilraa, ModellJl chine:i,1; va pa1PrL.Il1a~1'n 6tilIJI peizage:r e.~ro:p~&n (4.060) O~ co\1tinuafi '~,zl, 1M -r;frl'lp ce fj,arocLJI ,Burolpe,<!Itt ratrlltizant-l'ln Chfftii\l la ~fil~ltul 6tH;. XVIII, va' rMm.iilne -un cat jzotett (Ia CI_JFte~ rmpe:r~aL~ ~irl Yl.:l~m Mlng YLl~n) ~I 0' ~xpl:l,f"ren~ r1t:'a~im rl.11~ u ItC'lrior de p:rac't'ic$lc'h i i1,Bz1!i,

4.10. GRADIlVlU.JAPONEZE

p.aM. lar'il1ceputllI 6t",co1ului xu I. dl'ld e-a produs in\~Lia 'ohit1m, gr~dfM jap0rlezf1 c:a proJu!l:i -de . .art;.@'~, nu ~e f~G,IJ£;~'1UM.Oe:c'Jt~ de~:i nriflu611( chi neUi ~cep Ul6i!9 pdf! i rrterm&di ul coreenllm"; Reven ~nd 1n ti m p. p~e;-'tt; tJ.1MWt,~rnJ:Jj jal'0nez, (4.05'1); 0 rei ~g!i6 carE:"id~l"ltifica divif1ita~i! eLI futrfMIga natura (pa!I1~' ,i~m). va ratrut1d~ aOG,i t·~ore;mLJI chinez r?l mar tarz.iu l1uMhiatfioul (df:JIp~ 552 d. HJ IDe ~a taoj~tii chintzi ~~ Vel ~:ine ,:i!ce! tAdtai Gni (unh:alte~ ,diMtre cele dou.i contra -ij Y"H1~ f?i Yin, ;;lmlnt.ite,&eJa)L' lar dfl WJ i.?uddh~~tH ·r;hiM~Z~C, 1ntrec~tlr;iiJ-1 chiar, eeV31 aJuM0f: la oanume «:oraire a naf;uruli». a unit~n cl'(prin exercJ1{Ji 6pbl· t.uple. m~dita1"ie, t.actre 'il1d~IUi1g~), F~Q~nd 0 oompwzr~le ell ~riidrMa chine' W (&I:supr:a Gar~la am'it1B-iet-at mal mutt ~ct 'i'n tlCt'llfi'Ce-aoPl, ee poate-.:ilfirms c~~: ,sa: pronmJ .... eaz;a ~:11'rI .)a"~cil1r&l.1nFriih'1L platt, ~tlt~i"'a ~Pi'r-itu<lilf~ ~j t.riiitree! 1'1.a:tI~rU; g,tr[;;i~,f2lCfl:Z. ee.:wtk-iil ~e O~i118 pr~t1 armonlmreqi c;orrtrarMer~ ~~ foH:)el~6'" earn a:GCll6arpi eie.tn:mte lPentnJ materf&lli22'lrea C;OI11P(}2iitiei. Inolu6ir; tra6Cult1<la e>rnuCl..!2 i5il altHo!', dar daca ~r~.dina chil4ltz$l prih t,1i.zar;Br~e lmutti'tLJoh1ca fM1af1,tnitori; 5Ce:nelor '~i- tr.li6eeJe curI,6' ':!X:l pOa1lcfncadra m eitilul «peJ~,ij0or». de factl>lrl ~~~'ooa 'iM~a .. ,cea j£llpbr1le,zili v;a intra rot 'In -aoel~l?i ~-t:I~.~~.r de, farC1:ur~ eJa-elcJ u ,

84

pl'1ln \Jw.tn~, prrn CUr:rlva:rea uli10r f-orme eiml::tol:ice (4.062), prin unitat'.-t:. prll"l 1'I:1'EtoM llern. 1 n tHVf~ u,~ lijtav&l va t"r,:"lZIjJ It~ n1U f1 u ma hdtn maMiera&i,e oS ctnrrpu r1 ~ tUn ~p~~I:u1 faarte re5-tr~;n~ f~k·l£li;. pern;.ru am:t.iri.<ii]are sau dil1tr~(} anume ~il1en:; rata 'dt: ~et\]ztJ~:l oj ~i diM il'lten1?i.a aco(d~d, !i'! a~OClete.a. de;',e:l.em~nte. nl!l'f1i~re;lor 3,5-~i1. tHrrtraine~ < m~r muit ffI9,~6fj~~ ~ p~.£jEljlJllui·, L'llil1 wnd1n'~o;i ~p're "iIb$'t(@lGIilZ:iiite, Gra.d.i!'1$I. v-~d~ve;ni Q ev-adam dtl'l miurla! cotiaial:1u.iui, un ic.o undet~ :1')0$1

- ... . ~ ~

:ntmt'fi ci, frun1b~ul ~r eu ordMtra. morala$I' IJInd:&l. pefBa~,ul ta fnVii't;a ~adFaIG\~ul'1n rJce,-:e, ~aJr ;gr1idJne:l 'fl;;i :pom p@ire01 OBI 0 ,Ji~n~ meltl)1ioolrc~·. il1'ti"~i.Jt1 a6~m~l'1ea '9'pW?Ju rm1J:rih;~it ta!?[ ~a okfrJt!-ZO.lunUe ca~~r'ldari6t!Ce' aevH1 lunl ·ate -Aof'iror (4.lfti5). L;:1 J~ pqf1tzr vll'm md I n(tlriSidl rfr1n vet; inat;~rtt¢a rtfiii·rll. g r,~tj rn~ de c~mplCl ~ m un:l'itl, d~ ailnci:. d~ r'gjurl ~i 1ri 'lioate cazu rile' piat:ra .. p~ m.~ rrtul, vegdt~t4a. ~'HS~'~U ~a 'fie ~U~ Iqt UI ~ re~'Rettii~ 'l1?!ug~r:~ nl:Ju ~5e al6tf$1 '~I ~ ~veifse't-ri1 utl.Wr ?il ~ jfi r. frl t\l r'iidlnl, fu nc'tlie de d~~tj r11fJtJ.~ lor Cd BUA'fMli t'ilata f$l t"!h~lJ I ei d~ ro III I ai!lordat; r~V'~~h5it1ull1,!i - p&ntr'UI CEre Val ~xrfjta Uri adt:v~ra1t vult),. p~' ~~li~~ 6Iel11i:tn~r~Iil1tJ:If1lte :I.a Bhlt1~_zi~ \;I',;'iJ m~r 8rarBl~1lt.t:mJa d$ p~~trJ'.i (fu_nrCi'"Plonali.ti •. ~robabil, 1ll,1!-,oopwt. i!lllt a pol l'iU m!@l r 'aI~c;:ora¢;rvlr)! ~ rdLlrrl~ J?f umbrel e,lede l.7am Due, vera ndl!; c~'$ti ~6 ~d;m n jfic~ .:tre6.Gl'rt%l'·!Spr~~: I tl ~Hor. treQ'e't'i'! ,ce 'ero?lpr~Jittta de: r'f!f11!.11 Pletr6~Or dB ,~,~ It; Ctl 'f!i'C~!.I ieg~tlJJra fr1tr~ PQ~~ ~r GOn~~I1.Ii"t.J~ Ma<>lul de:utillzare al ·~utiL!rGr el~mtnt~Jor' lM1t;:-j GOmpozi~iJ depirld~a 1rr p'r~mul f'Jirhd de ~p~luMf'lp~nt.ru u!1a dir!1 c;e~ e c:;jQuJiidp.o-trine- e'!;'tet,tre O~1l.!~; re~p:ett:lv ~,'~' Ch.t1 NQ Yu, &are p,1"06~~~ in ~Firjt xSrJ bud~hJ(i;t: ~rmplit.atM.Gi1l n:orm~ eetetrclij, :?Ii ~hlbt:llll1l, C~r6i a~mpotriya. Pl'1gF;iUh~~ 11lJ!}tlJl ~,i mfiflgff1.e:l1tlU~"; ~:e &lilioi rctult.$rid ce:[e ~U@ c;.at~@ori'iI; aU5t:sre. ~1'Itl bagi1t ort1r~me;nt.atf'. De:plt'ldndde ce:ltt ~GtJa ~triM,de forme:lre dt1 m~t1if~~ta'i'.~ (~i1i~/SQ. +nt~fimedl.arIGyl@~i m.a'r-trt:.f -5n~u) d~ lhAw~n~~le' ~in iflt~rrol' ~i~H:~ afa.ra Japdn[~'i. 'ca ~i dtrtwQlu.~~ gr~dlr:1i:l, ~alJf'lrisuU2' •. :;rt c>£t~IV-il1 trpw·r de f'lr6id:rli1~ Ja;p~t1iez6c {J11~dina' templu'lui, gradil'1<1l w~moni~1 ce"iuJuT (4..o~4). 6r)~~~a~atmT6hIlJur (a .~riet~c.r~tu"LJj f~u.d~tI)'i gr~dilUl mrl1i~t.t:Jr~1a, ~r~aHntl KaJ'~ eau 5uilde nr@ip (4:0·5.5). grJi~[l'la BQ.n~ey f4.Q5G). .DiYI Gr~11~ o;;?p.~~W1 ~f din veot1erarcl-a t1$lWii. aap~rut tsi eultul araliJ'liImatTtela.r 'Aor<1ll ~~-Ibh~na. T n'tr-iJ ~cur-.Ji' t.;roc&rcifl rovi~t~ ~ +n21'i pot QQrrs:.e~r-a: muH;,1tudlrr~al gr1adifn.llor impui~~e: f)e d~tlwa f.aptu~Ui c~d_up:a r:tr6ltlllr'Wl1lI f~,P~rulfrn'p~'f:~t) cu Ftta rm:perrn Ia. s~.l11 Lf'"W'i!, m ai It: ioc~pri:rrd pare. 3ip.;il reo fn~~Q. 1/I1I1~ Ihtr~ r~6~13~5. ,~lrtt~ ~rJjdi!"il~j" \fa intra '!!iol.J.b dOG:tlin.a ,'.l':er:d71.jd.dhi~m. rrol:nc...:gjit'.l'tf·giYh1p~ft.$i~ ptil"l 'P:f'i~:ma rlfll!t31ei sau f~·lozof1er.: tn-c:r~ i3B!CH519 ae Of¢tMii5 ~$l'1vrLJ m?ln1$ra mai CH'Mamerl'tJr!;lt ,art.j~t1r .grJldfnJrd rui11nd rowl preQ.~ ~10'f' aJJin,ari (4.061); in '~e..:X'I/ apare .:~r'a&ih&K·de 'tip Kara5au Bul (pm~J'llUI 4Mi ~~C:irtilt) dar ~jqt~d i1'l j ~e d e-a'bli'li!U ptill/iHoai n,el6r pe:I1"t.:n.! ce:remoh ~_<iiI ce'&li ulu i~ ?"11t'r~iv~I.tI1 100~~fB-67. rev1ni~11 rW.!J in .alm~na.j~ri profe~I:O!1i~'[;;fi. ~al~ vor 8ct:~riItl!a_ ~:r:~,c~en.l ~ pM&l'Jn ;pr chiEi r ut·j liit,a r .;1;11 g)~.dj nUor" d a tJ r-- JaM' (4.035), 5;R: ~~ r~~;lMu-:t t:>i ~a~ 'm 6eo:ll ul 'XVHl, ';;<perie:n'lF;fJ. "htn e;~ va ff I~ ori~ut1~a .ilf\lilrj~i er ~til ulu i ptl:i~a.gBt· '111 EUrG pa (de?I._a. me't !pi G -Te$lC~1Bfur!:.l tb~- ~aala frJmt~)~ ~r~atoN i epoqH mQde:fJ'l8 vor fi t1Vra!~~ ,~.:;: 'experk;;fnta j~po'tiez~ aUt ~ntru ~xot~~1'11 u lei!' d.sr, p"(MI~ maT are!:h pe:ltTr:nJ oferta gel'lema@!8 odesi m boi u ri. «sttt1~ tJi F~2!A I' p~i!6'aJut u ~ at'f,ijfiC:ia t u!tt"'~u rbalt1iwt. .

.J

4 .. 11 .. , GRAIJlNlIE'EUROPENE l\4EDJEVALE

rncepa<l1id (:U ~&Q, ~ un i1Iilentu aQrt i·~tori21 Europe:rv;:rfi COfl!:!Uimait dt:l ep~ f;Vl!.JhJi I11MtlJ. p:e C:JlIt:e LEl1ii'1"1 c.onBiaera uri re.gre;~ rar'a'~'li " t.reaptJI ell Im~$, ~i 111 eV~~lJl'l>ie. N~v!mrile popoars!01r nom.~de·(~ec, v..:xm1 VGr~UrgcL 1'nml.llt4'zone' urmele .gr~iilf1ilar e~e:t'1!GtiC:6 i?1 romat'T"Cl gtlli'nefl't1grUindu-II~, .e:feotu~

va fi aC£;'Ji~ pri'n rei ntrare:a: naturi i in tlirept;!JrI'~ eat6 fit'!':'f'tl. Primel6 .;?Ir~d ~ni oa~ val'" ap.i!lF"e'J VOl" 8ive,'l'l, d(!l:5-~glUf un ca~a-~r ;o;trri~ prod)JGt:[v !ilcr ~ ma~lJrJi G~ w~r ~rvJ ~~ ~ti:~tlnderii, ia ce~ oe 1,j,V'B'aut.kl1pli,ill disponibll perrtnJ il;l~ c.ev&l- fuljJ,dolillii~k: vorTI 8,UtJ,1W(jl; dup'~ zliIul ~B lt1cintEi. 0 pa ji:~w, c.!~iva a rl?orl !pIAo~i. pll re G'l fi fQ~tA~~tr:ea,ac~tarer&Hl'1'J (chia:re;H:1~SQ., IX),: Ideml'l'lol~u6trul m~l'1a5tfrif~, un& ethc,ep ~~ ocu.p.e lac ~l pl£iu1te;!s medjfii ria:I~, 0 erj! ~Jt'!l ~ror~ IJ, tvt~~nt ~e'" mit-ittl_de :tJdUi"1, ~neTicia ~co ~luzJ" Hon, ijjl1r ~dnel zlauri. o pr(,ft1tl:if1a~ ,;i1Capt$ritB'tW ve'0e;t~~e.!n mijloe ew'a un I,O'e d~~e&ere. lar altrtt.lri oMntihl~ s:f<llui vj un pavjllforl, f"Olb~ft mal al~,$o dec ~~Ub~i1~~i Gilirt\jl'tiljlull ~.rh.i, un ~iSe'men$ c,8dru putarh',;I a&O(!llli ~i () "grLilna tI iul;tjrl~". ir para!t1. i1I~"';§~jna mc;i1'l8Btlcl nu e tI~UI'1~ un r-eper ~rti!f;ltfc: (4.059'), 1n ~ch:ifrl'~ Boa a tr~'rr~mTEl 3r~v'1r1'H ~t1ic;e cu~tUti1 t(t! lUja'firJUl U i «roz~,I'ili i~~"i {4.(60)., uma 'p~J Ul:m~ elp.c:i in ar't;a grlldl M illof e:u ro,P4- Ine. AU!3Uri t,a:tcaamet1.ap! Mlor va inup~ ~~ fie ,i'llbanoot"l.a'tJi 0 d~tl ou r;&:;. Xi II Ga U T"!'!1<;1m a iMflu Ifln~Bi s.iCmB~ i tJ:;i VJlI ra~rN~o 1$~Jft.1;.i rae u ci~inZ&l:~ft~ ~.f'~tQc" remanti. ,da r ;f:IJ da toll'ii~' pa rt.k:J par:J:~Hor ~~ cru oJa~ ~ ('1nc~pA:nd '"w 10.96). CC \/.Or ,atiluGe imQl'imn~ii., semiFl~'. d'iZlr ~ dot'i"~ ,de a ma[iza oeva a~manitcr~u ~ 'I(:t}ZLl~r~ fI10rirt~tul AprO'piat. Primul porr; mCM"~Ql'iat; va rl WH~!i~~in» tnn Artpi~ ('il1Clepm. 111,255). La 'inGBpU'C un p~m rl3i~a'fle:'r, C.ilI ~J apOL $~ tmpr'umuw &Ju ctIVS din mod6!e!~ lm.antitl~,~U mu~uhnan!f! (4.001). lar primet~ trata~ m6dij~~I'e da grlidinlktt, VJ:)C' .al.paro '~ot. tn5ec. XHI (4,062.). fl'"a~.I::.i<,;arBa troutufliJi M :fjerG 616'1 Cree:ceYlZil vtt p,~rmi:t8 ,camod8lI'1lC)il~r gr~d,lt'1i - rl~jJ'$l1af.hvCI'iit.1ete i1:.iil1i~· fit - ~ ~Jun~ in :au4ul Fr&lnf,e;i ~i Germal1~J ,alractel'i~tlc~ fljrid t108~tif

,CQmpon,ent!Skw. a~~mJ.11l m BrltekH" el [ a 9tlrtJrnBtllta lor '!J~~8t.e~e ..

4.12. ORA1J:JN/LE nltUENE~

r rad~iSl ~ re;cQ~o:Qm~t1:f1, ?ncJ v~ i'M1'Wilitm >tWILl ~ ui m8~ ~u. dar ~! r'!!'l:H "ful, ve~&ta"PiaI8.u F,Br.ri1 r~lta He n i lor $!i; d~;p~~c.afi~ fI'rlaJntd13. 2l1;IJor M~):.J,u rri ~I!l) ~ fJ,e:ro'~ de d~ml" ale €N'UhJI meditl ~i ~ dud'! ~r:lId{ti'iliritull la nilvel deart;;S. ~, fal'l:(?i'I1en '~Ire ,~ pu~ G~p'elt: peni;;t"l.!1 rna f murtdl 'BeQ r'e 'tl.Jlt~~~~ 6pi r'ltulu i orfeMt~! aeupti1!il Eu rop~t "4,OSZS), !Red£~1d ~ t~d:rt.ar~ d~pl,l nil, ~Q o~ i~¥1 f um'~Jne. O~Q' iului a~"I" ~l onoorelJ• rer1a.~wea va ~ tit'llftnltatD "1 h8turri. dar pet'ltru omlJll Mil

~pPCi~ nl~tllJr~ pr9duce 'lficJl'1tarf;,,;:I[~lJ!i1c:Jt c~ndl e org~,"iz~~ ~T ~uGr~, f)~ t:;,al'l(j frlJm~M~a e~ e9t~'lohcm~d lat or:d~,r:lrl' Cchi~r tlac~ ij,t"II P~rc;21'Irl.€i Pi 1'Hc:all'lta'~ o ImpotM!la de n.atu rs w,tlJatlci1). A,@aapa're «gr;~~:nM~ alml~ulr'3I~~ ,12 ~ClIin~ t.l &temQI'l~ra:l<r~f!p~ct8(;:a,i dl'em.au(laHzare ,l!iI1 unlJ1 ~GI!ti"~pt fi'~U ,,, •• Ut'l' o~I~tr'~ ~rti~tic;;. deea\v~!r'i;;it., creJilt,·~ Icut~t.. 'in Bare, m;a~f'l'1~iGil ~e 'irrt.a!r:I;'~~ cu pocz!a,. ~iifl~ su fantc~a1. i~,itatea eu ~'i~$rtaltea". in cazul rOr. flif(;.um;~!WinE Op8~~ d~ ar;ilii jar~lr.1!l~Ina, Ur'll ~rit~J ptll'¥trur l::ol1tl!;:mFratt9 e!'·U'ticli (~i rr1ai pUff r. wn ~pz~[ua'l ro~tI){~rii 6~~ .sl c~lJt,~rHar sprri'~,Vil!:) !jlii "h,i~r '''421rt~~ .dl,~ vJ,~i'~'~ Mniarutlll 61". Dar a~@,'C2i .aurvirt: ,S tlat~rji nu c'I'M i3ene:t:"al tat.at~. grll~~~ C,Qnt~nl!<lrldu-~~, d,~ muitt Dr~ c.1J n~'to.Jm virgirl~. M~ul de er glll:'l~1 6tr~.d~"a ,it; CfeffCQrilOlr dll'1 Wfl~$1:$t'8~ t't8illleln:~l. ne-a r~mtl'~ vJl.I nu flum81i prjn 1"e:~HiJrlle a 5e pg~reszJ -ci ~] prh1t.1~ataU:le e,L:a,l;!l:wate pe'aceagtlj uma' (4;Q,(04). T~ui~ ~rr:rarGtrtci:i 'i'I1 nar~'tClma; il'lGB,I5tor ~p$re. \l.of'fi ~mplraS\'of nl(ilri tllI"hj~i ~'i ~~cd (.4.065) ~i c:~n u e'd,i!l' m i !"are dom [n~ rsa ~l,at;.iu III i ~rjo I'" d~ cAtr:e oMectu I at arl1ita;to,·Ai. cc impuMc re-or~rea l1a'b!lni 11''UrtGI~ p$l:na Ia..a f~!;e a prillu"gf~ Ell ~1'1 t:erh:h"ulluJ r::e~&d[n~~' (pri" elxe:. Ufill~, p!$lft.~ae, oolt?tl,ad,e./.lrdW!r! JyllDr~e~ ~i fl.a~"telr~Jd vtl.@.~I;t:. C~ re:r21u din motlvel'~ dec::o~~tiv;~ ale f1p:a!eiikw ~rf1it~CVl,lfo' It. W;;aii mult. .,unoori apar con1partlm~ntl1l"i c:a coole&! diM ci~,dire" (cal;ilnete d~ ...,:~r~e~ ,a,a~Qa;ne' .,' a l~ovlJlri, 6au ehi2li'l" ~fJ~e) !rr' "timlp G?~ ve~,e'Ca ~ul i'natt e~~ I

'~!Jp!JEi' IJd"lei Blde\,l'~relU i'ni~lficarl fcrrnale (.GIs I~ Gorpurr gt.lomt'c"t.rlce, p~t"1a' la r se art'lltooturalc. fig,uri UmiU'I1858u anlmalier-;B). I\-(;t;aat.a 9Cl:flotrafle foarte OOfi5tJC;il;P"..Ji in ~1iutare;a unul "l'l3l~~Ji!iIbsollJt,j. ~ rrof[~t"in c~'Ii! mai multe ~rL d.~ re!igfIJl d~ui de.al1llmar: (un €ioupmt ~de.al pent.rujocul ~g t.&'l:HSS ~I tie ru ~t pGntru a &e: ~ta ouprltlaerea In'&r-o 5iIMe)ln;a pr[vire .a ~,b>undel"'!~r de ~i..;jjaoel'le) ~a'r fantezla El8". <ill reflcc'Ctlt ?~ mruLJI 1t2ll'li,anullll ~e .a triti ell :ca~ £i1mt-ul1le". TOri ul in r~ana~reagrg aUnilor 'iI ~ t:ia Flor611~ cu grndln8' .de !a Quar&:Gh! (oiroa "1~O) i?i csa a luf Lorenz" MoSl·~,rficlJl (1485-89) (4.066). SlJIltdtNlI'i'nifftit ,apj'Ji~"r&:!lna-priM'fIiJlui AI Fofi50 de Araaon,;de: 'Ia Napoli: ,grldh~ rapili II.Hlll alIH&l de!a B,~I~~~re~Vath,:;an (1Mc~p&t1t1 -, dln 1510). care pt"il1.a~uCa;~ (e3 eml'tt8nte:Jor ~ arhlteoturll trl prim p!an (~arl. b.alufitrade" piiia'!iJ1iri, ni~6 ~ ~,). va tlfJ:V~Mi un rt?t:l"',a/ (preluat de glr'~c.ij,t1UtJ vllel Sorghese/CaprarolEl. vllei Lan.t.eJ &,gM<;I ia:, vilt:li ~!Eatt:.JTjvoli eauM Sfti1d liniln eli" alt~ '5'W1,tc),: a rid ina vUef Mad.arua din ,~oma (1halt'lU ~e 1519) ~a. Uti madel aero1at den-anCtezi, va fi "Gi~rdlt1~ BGl?oli" d~ Ibil1g,a Florel1~1 ~i 1.l~riPil'j81l1d p'~la~ului Pij;tl (®tJc. XV).

'me!1ajJatal:pe pants unu} ilea I. ea Vil dmr.e n ~ " 9uol:ieai une de t6ra!$-B ee ee ihgu~tau £ipl'S v~rful r.t('i\allului. I.lt'ld~ t'-ra attl'pl'l;!I$at,a Q b~lve:6l$re tie lll'lde .ge PlJt~a .admi~ tnttea!ja GOmpozJ~~e 00 aVC8l Ia baza dealuhd. palatul. 0 al&! oorl"traJa 1~a U 1"~6e16 fnwe .eh:~ sa re li<i1I r"ndu ller ~t.lrrt p~ l"fiot'!ai r:l!:ar~ ~ ~ a~t:1 :ioounds~, ~l •. Mzi'le au a paz .I1itatul ill 0 v~eta1Je forl11!Elt.a ,din iii't6j6lf'J I lauri, ~r"ufti pre4l!Gratl1n forme georn.etrict: (~~m 4.004)\p. 217:'2~,l3),. Trecand tl'l a ~QU~ J~ rr~tet& a sec. xv, se CO'f1~t&!til 0,1 cX:ftrlenta itfllJanlli 111 ,..".:ll-ta .g_lfa:.d ~1'I.1 or" ~'fit~ mu!t;,ilprBGiao,l !?i a. s:: alte natluni eurt>pCti'e.

Du'P~' 15:30, puttll"m YDI'b-il deja, da faZl'll "2It'oc.i. c-.in&l C;~IJ ~,rl!lel .pf~L.I}rilorj; 616'Vine ma~ a5iduij ('fnmulrpinQu"~e ~~ ef"«.ul6-5uprid ,I aapirstJa e;pre e;pe:Gt:acof). c~n,d rafinamchuul ~B r:;on~tltuie: 1'ntr-o component~ tl 1:!ls2a~ nulyi proprWtarUllul, C:~,I"I~ ~culptum e tot mi.li omnipl"8"..o!t:nt.a ~i clnd v"'El,etail"la e pl"fl,ot-;:J. ca un orn~m~wC. Mlirt-urii ale lih::;~~e:! etape: fiunt .~I':Jdil'lilc vUelor Ca5tello/Floret1,~i;i! (4.Q67) , vifei ·d·'E~ulTlvolr (4.068). vlIIB[ Gamberala.i 5~~tier'1anol vUei Gar:zoi1i/(;:QIIQdI •. vllar AI,r;labrelt'h.IUni/Frascwti: palatului ~rfJ~g,B/C.a1pr~ rcdac:, vi 1,,1 Borg heool'Roma: fll rnu Ite a Its lis de pc. C li'prtl1g; U I ~t;.alljej, D't.t re.t:jhut .. I1"IS I 5ulZint, eli 'i"n grJOlln1ile: PaJrDCc it~~lf::I'rI~ V:BgttSrf;a eXtlberat1'tllJ aarff1J!;"t4lta -dB apoFtU'! plllrt;..,l~or flCH"illc, ~tB dominata de pril1tfpl1l~ a1rhrtcr.-tu~lfj; oa apa ~ foart.e' Ourt.:il-ta .dB" cDmpo~~~ie pe ntru 1:'11 u ~ltu~,itle2l1 mant~ fcW'~'rilt)r'eli~Je (G~'inl.~! j~rl, ,cal5;t;alrA~, "O'l~~ njmph@6I.H1I1pufl). pent.ru p05ibmt:.;;l~ .de a readl;lce in adldinr.11 mf1;o1,~ta a.Gva~ica (eiren~. tllmre .. t Itol1,i)~i psnti"lJ, ~Z'a d.e a diwil"5if1'ca r::~t mal mult fut'tha bla~~!1t'llot:: eli !5culptura mBi ales ~i eJem.ent"laarhit!il{;t.uraI6 (t"riJ~, ~c~rlj 1b8Iueit;rjJ~~;. C&IOMde! nl~e. vaecet:c.) '10" aplt ,I'i bul 9u(?swrnt;ia'!illa. den nlrea pel"5ona liulfiili .flr'~llii l1ii; Gilll ,~I!J r. t '!"!WzMhJ,5e in ate!1f.le ercij;,a, f)urp'riz~1e~,B. A.e;tft;! riP~aJutige I~ ~r8~i'ha-~pgCft..acol oe miuazl p~ d-oc.ts tar.i (Ga 'fi't aC61<l11 d.etca~ .. 61B flxemplu) ~i p€- antrefl.m'ea t;.ut.Ulrcr 5Jmyurl'9r. VI1 CS~ -a1P,Slrtc?l1 fiuit~, "e ro~lifzari i~ljerie/ii viii con::;titlJi el"~dll'ila ~,~ ~·BQmiSlrm. ~9U "f-adure~ g,f]l(;l"a" /,;5adro &6cd"/,;;! ipri,t'fC~pe·l:u~Om~rjj. r~i:di:la,UI 0,530-1570) 1t1 apropiero de 'FWmaJ 13 VrUrPo, es pare do-autorul c60!~Jkitte ',cele~ri~t-i (1I1l.el- d·E~~). re~:pe~lv fil"rCl Ug,orio, Gr~ait1a i')5tro GOM'eittera:~e LHl11'1ceput. 'in .. ma rderie;mul orani"" un exMI'iI plu de .;lcOOwfi:e ~I 1m itologle;" .. I i'ft.6rooarrt 5tCl cij ~d~i oom~1tJot'l~'1 ~eridln':haI'O£ilZ~'" ft'.lep6ctS logi~ ~radilnih'r 'ita;lli~M oontempDra!1:t.: 6i {~j chiar lrtwcinat.6I). tatu-~i 'U.ltul c gindlt deformf.l$ (a'''!-JitaGturs. £I lei. ~ta~Ui) OS rod ~J LIot~ei "m~btlnil .zl8lIou·lsw{' care rl'1J UI"fl1~ro!;5te ddrt provocare:a: .. $U c;lllI re l"itiGelI~tJ pri t1 I U tl'ld (text: 1n$cri 6i t;d e QrsiNI p8 un

pi:la~tru .ell erJdiMU}, c,~u-t&!t1d ,man !?T Ultrl!1:::'Oi!liFe minUrlt vino .'ai,cl ulnde. 6u!ilt: f.I',1~:?t.r1:l'i1g.rLlZrt.QI.H·~j ~!.r.;f~:n·pi, fel. c~I~C~!;Jlr1i ~iiI drnr2JOnf'. Refdt"'il'il.::lu-~c: la e;e~6a~ g~djrla, D~'11 GriBor,,~cu f~c:" urmA'ltomr'ca ol'~erl{~1rie" .,~pi$rl'il.ll e dleirM~ rMtr"O I~r@.a ~pir.~liJIll: decl un~ie pUltCte:. rh;e ~Ie it! t1f.lnllruiui, e;:;culrtur'n~'t pot -FI' cupri!ri66 ~F~orir1vir'l!l (de,rtl:w~ul ,i§jUa!c'G:ltlsnt-"irj;,'n,l'I:),_C~f:I'a: B">B J,Bm9f1:a.tr~z~ rfji fnw.-ni02i1>a.tt'·Mr~! precedsnt a foloe'irii pere;F~~1f6i'~fu timtJ' (;& pt:i~f,ljlJ~ .65De In~r' pletQt l1u ", ... ,aa 0 CEltegaf'fe.~ re.alulu' cj cal un elflmeht ~I fabulooulur". f n reali);,a~ 5!U('wife (u!'!'ele= a~ociitid--z~1'J au OOltinlfi(;01.ltfi ~iferite) aunt: I'iUlf my~~ :6imbolurI (d'~'P·en~.ell1te· ~I df: a~trola~!~) .ce u..i!;l:I,B-fWriltii a I~ ,~~sc,i~rn ~i peat.t,? la ~lrbBrartM~ de alt"lI.llt'11~ te1itl~ri.TMit1ttl,fltd tn boa.roc. m af-ars ~;lI"~'rt~tl~t-liClldt Mrnna!~:te '-"'/81 mal tntlirrt~ .. ar mal ~ ~ r~:im.J:t pmdllect-Llil pe'rrti"U tl7illi6del.::. '~um~ eau in <5e,tpe!Mtina. rentt~lJI infooulroa; eubtU~ ~r:e~lulur au lIu:ZI&l~ !7~l'1itru lhBinu~ ~~fa l1t-s6tlc;1I..! ~u~ ~ r peHtr-u ~OOiilif'i!Mlpenl1a nel1fQlll ;a' pnY,f'~GI rul:ui. [;Jar fn"ror:cant>iu- rJI~ la baraeul Jta Iran ~,e:n~m,l, r;roau:: cae ~rootl.tjl:l ~ prlncipa ~ 811 <ll~ t.or .1i1'idlnf.-!llPpectaool nu () "'Iic::t vegetal u I ultrilMluD,~ti\il'. 11101 Qmn ipre:zc.-rf~ ~f...at!!,larulu.~ (.::;:u It'Iulto d'lwrflificatt=Ic-] tiubieote-) cl apa. 'pe:ntru C~I a e OO$j ~rc ..1dute mi~r;;:.aro. mlull,trpl~Gal'e,. ~~u:z.de, mu:ziaa (d~ :~t.1 ~UI~lW 'pall'l~1 ~lomatt:J" C)~j,l0f ~e ~p:l'). fYt.a:rea al~ v~~ (privtnd ,t~ M~ \tlezl :pe~tr ~l?~ral1~ :Frifltr~ cop,ao], p@~~rJ ears '1'hQ.@It~, • .i!rhrte'l:Gt.!!Jr.a! C~~·'$e, mi,~ca' ~>~.) c:.~el "R'BflB~ 'l"M ~Iitif~ e1pe~ e t:"a~ltM:a ~p1lll'r'e ntd twtlti,l'fl r~~at"..a t'lB:. eu r~~ta~M'. c. OJ '@au Jj ['61Jll"ft c:~rnr~ Lit" ~~dr:ptwform~H'~ ~_ prrm~ !lt~o!.elI1 S~Ha ~Un la~(l M:,a~9rQre. 0 ilng)u'~e~iirfi eJIl!1:dVa tIb:l1r' OJ\I~:, ~I.~p:a 16.32~ dmrii'h' 0' G.sooa~a c;!e zea:: ;;ersBB Cpa uit.lrna fiiilD eI!?.ezat. pslatul prin~ lui C1I 1"10 (3.orn::llfleo. au un parnr' v~l1n f~l' pun~i; ,de pal mien ~.; I~ 0' pe!ud 'i'n -5p;lU. rit-matl dlfl .c;h ip:ara~Q. ~padob-ite de' oe\~ mal o~~r:al't~v:~ e",cc!fdeflor] ~l ~1~'1?Qri, UMI ~devarnt ~:amdil&a'l fiorTlar1'h:aonJUfi'llt ,~a.atP~·

,4.13. GRA"n{/!,lILE j-f'RA1VCEZE

in .. Arta ~~di r1 ii'" IlS'§l:2" p. 1 8.'3. ~(3i r-ealn1a ft7~ 'farttl:j~i cl " ... 13,~cllnlU: it.alft;M ale Reha,ut'i [, n~ au reu{.'ift. ~.- ,I imput'll!! de ~ 'iMteput a.t.u ullor ftiJ J~tlll Eum~i (de\?i JHJ £Itimft admi~la tut.uror ~I~r:c~ Ie-au va:zlft. 11.11.). tr;:;a n611"· ~lt"!Id l'iI~ei(li.~ .aQ8H·uMele d~:mente ·oag~ au 'fa!1t t--r~pt.at. iHi%U::!roce'in c(';lm'p~ t.1~ Q~~ig:i-rJiailti'" FraU1~al. m.eptand pilllrcul ~" fa H~~in (i7a1c. ~UI)~ al 'r1h'l'ila-e. mult tlmp m t! rms 1'r'£It;t-iGii ~"t.alje::ne! e'lt!imente~e ut.fl iza.'e;05 rH nd, fO\iil roe lirlOt::l~tt (p;a Jj~:tl wU fla'r~! ~SI.rd u rJ v~jd:e, d6WtHtare, 'I;u M~'url a:e vefaell'~a' i,s.' ,,ome'O~ilii~ gimpfiim'll (4 .069), c;~lb~w .~acll V,a' a'pc.a I~ ~IP~ (ffl1ntJt'l r, ea rrlS Ie', BrGlII1r>t ~~j 6a a labh'iftt • .o primli ~ li'din~ ce1nrpro mU'tJ ptr~rfl d ~n ~tal;a 1'Hvedrr;at:~,. v:a fl oe<ll a r ui ClIrol'~1 VIII-lea de lilI Am"'oise (t:lup,jll494) un~e apar~ ~ll'rl~ ar<!mJ:are'~I1~ ~, ea 1UIina lJrmaitJ '~i tic afu",~r,~h:~~"I.1h Ina n lera oo.mprQlm~'ftUiIIU I, tc.aUzaM- ,. c~llJ.girr rr~He·m. [Jh1 ·rac~a e6W &~' ~,mirFiltlt cea. d~i~ B!ol» (a Ilui LudGViC ~f XH-I~$,.ra:mtll1i1~~ ~ II) , • .9ne::di a c~'I;;e:~ull.!i" dar fok:n:iin&i peirJtru pr~lrI'1a ~al':t 'btlro~ (f!.um~ i i)!1 ce~e t~t ·tera,!S<·~ 111.1 !S I .. H1t ~e€l0ltej a M;;i Ci LJWrt~ prj Ii1 trB'~}. Trnpruti;,o dati CIJ :fitlc;. >Wt<l'ipa:r ~r'Ottlj~, tem<tte'.!ffcr";LJJui. fantezla in ur.UJta~ ,a:peIGr (bain~l~te nlMld prt~l,i1IG-.ll1 aiM a H"SlJumat~rt:e-a'ooG. X\f). pl"om~~&ld6l~ dB~ropc:f'ite ('i'ntOC!I.J,ifh:;iU ~'ldrp6-c.e:I~ i£ U l1dtlIM"8rzi" t:fln £iCC. XV), p,!in,rj1i6atu:dt:: ~!~a rrte ~a.. (4.070). urJdinEi oefebra m epncli (aura 1548) val 61evanl ~ a Dian~d ~L:

Pofti~r6d~ Is At'l5t, u nt-le- Ph imnnt D:e:lcwn"h~ Mal ll,peJa' ~t~t.la Wrost5tC (sa-cele 'Wi"". V6t;:inatOllt~ ft'lt.r.lrH eau CM ~prlJrrrjtj pe '!oH1 Criptoportic:.de W'1~e ~e admir-a '1P~ r-Mru I'; d'G f1m .. r) dar- m:a i ,al ee ~al Oiil hllie, IC:~ 1fl~e'iJlLJ a jgrlc (fDlOEir~d ~i 'l:a dirtngtea! ap~Jor) f~ tlmp ce; IJfLa I'~ $$lil'JtliI 1'MOOll1jur-a cail7ulul ~I ~1t'~alrl'Jler,. fy,o~,~n~u-

88

~ all ptll'GIJ'1 m~bHerr. co pavH1o.timej Or21!1jel"li!, voliere: ~ .. a, Pr,it1 re.<l'lidril~ d~la ~''Ia~, ~e I!!I vat.ery ~J Gallion, (untie cgln8l~e:Je: cu .ap,a, capar.a 0 va~oare t"u,r e~ter:..i-

" ns] ales c:ea ae Ia Vemeuil. I'" Of5S (4.071), se qonGI~tlra cJ .. s-a .aJul1e; ~1J]3la o eompartibilrtata lntrn practlca frallr1ct-z~ ~~ ,,,eEl roJilfan:a. c~ a-a f~cl.Jt un plt,'; f.'ipre 6idil'1i :eta Jnu:i ;til autQ.ntOi1 ~I chiar di oar fj .;". dej,;:; Ua6ate lil1iiils " tl'tam fWDllf\;iI aaridlnii olt'EiiGB "SneEZe" (4.G04/p. 10.7), La acoot Ipa~ mait'ltva contribui (prin t$Xt, de~ene) ~i lucral"ea .Le livre: d'arohiucWnc" (15B2) tI Jr_.qoos I, Andronet ~ Cercea;u. ttutonJlllll"'art:ulllJli tie: la VenwulL De re'tJnun::.

:.atu~ ca i'r1 ee.c. XVi, 'in pam !t!'1 cu dd'Tnlretl qJ,1'1I LI i IimbaJ p.ropriu In scrirtura ,grradi~ I, Vllr rna! ptwei6tll a,menajarile ,,1:J~oarf' (trei2lj,c, umbFSlte). psluzele far~ Jrron, naidlttlite\a 'in "tt:rn ~ rc, mire'&! preocuparlr p~ntru faMt18rea vegm illluh~1 c l!if o Frsze}ntli !1iI~r;;at}~ a unor e:lel11~nte 'd~ t:mn:z~~je, a~,I'a C$I~rul C;OI'1#4"uit la ",I vq~1 ~, ,portl cale •. cDI ClM.ad~le. z!d u rtl t.l~ ~cari!e. i 11 tre~ero.1ll de ill ~(Wluj XVI

WlI,,98 remar~ rig.oa r:&l manifes;tad pCil'itru or18an iza.rM :spa~iilor ~i dr5pul1el1~ ~lementel()r'ljM oompQZli'r~ LH1S1 ~rtidini (4.072}1 preferiln}a pentr-u ).ateHe rd~atti"largi eLY pe:repeGtive dlr~ ('in !IOGul promengr.d$I(irt"~i"aditB) de~chlde~

catro orl:zon:t (IJIn"~ urma pcleaju: n6J1mm'l8jat), mobilarea G'U PUtlcte etc Int:.c:r%.@' rt1t.¢l;r.e~~il~Glr o;;;r capeu:lor de penspect!va (p.i~villoarw, ed[cule. ~t..at.tJi, (1!trrJ"l. b'szfne). ap.a·rt~ra (iUlitului tPJrouior (4.073) l?l pmliferfln~a eUltuHor {4074}\ 1M tlmp ce am'~nSJl!n'ile. acvatjce ~i parner8leflot:.a!~ &twin n~ipaite (4.,075).

D'fUi'l1'i,l1 !iprs oapDdop(3ra c~s£iGGiamuiur 'WaI'lGez. 'paroui tie i8 '~iIIB.l? @ trece printr-.o ,~t.1SlPa ~eCGl1t,i't1IJJ all';lJmular:(3 ,~:" 1l1va'Wlm1nc" ~I tcme, l'I1et'1yiCll1at~ deJ:aI. OB ~i prin dep'~i"rrea unor epere: (;.Q .gr~ail'1~ 6oboU (apreciatJi pantlru u n t~a~a e.£iI rezultiitii dintr-o rlil'{;lonala sooci'cre a pa~ilor dt:~wl ~e peroonaJ6, luau $~palr:at) eau aa piiirGul caGte,lului contelui [kI Foucnet (au p~i"~l;et'1dent 21,1 cun;! i I u ~ l ud GVr c .eI 1 XIV-I,,,;a) d~ ta Va ux Ie Vi combe! ,""",un. unae ~J)Uh;i Ls Vau (au co'la:btora.rea lui le Not.r~) va profi .... a de tm'enul ~r )'ndllmrt. FelMtl'lU a prot;ll'1ae conct:p~e'i ,g'tDmfitrl,ce:rrall1C;:w'£ 60S co~'l7it..eu feth::it 00 ram;e.~fa b(ilWClCulul, it;~lil., (076). IParci.J11 diet 1211 VereaJiJes va CUI100~te 1'IkIit8 metamorfoze (paat6 C6ie mal multe chlatr?n timpul dO'ntf1i~j lui ~lujO\l'i" al ~IV-I(}~ (1~~17t4) dl1l'I"'iM mlllr~va rsrrl'~nB fi~BI oonc~p~~1 il1i1'fare: a I,ut Le Notre, oare va re.ufl Cil, ~111tr-uM' SPtJ~iul mla?tb1os. ~"~' un curs dtr apl (4.077) ~l Il'JkUl& (4:078). g~ rBliJ'lizeze o oper-~ tn care tottll (,a1rnitectulra, V~~8!tf6, ~8tu~r) Iii ftcfi'~~ufl~it dB api§ Tar unlt.ate.a d~ et.il 'i&.J r[,~ aproape irepro?abil2L ~tu.rapa~~t (eimetrlc)-parc.-orlZOI'iJIt." () fac~ tI(l(JJ long~tHdlit'l2li181 ( .. ,ffialrM ,t:!,xJ") ~..-v~5i; C~-ti1 a~ 'i'nceputul 'in Avenue c:le F'ari5 (mediana tri61e:nttJ' ui). tn%~ prin Cur~!1 d(3 onolJl"t.: (.(;lI~~lrl (;8! ad~pOet.M1J 1n fiSC, XVH ca.dirrl1r1.s, ~raJdurilc" 5trelel ~l dup~1 C~ trsvt:r9ieazl paiapul. con~lnua (;1.1 pa~rull Lat9nci, aleea rt'lpJ~, b~i illl J,ul Apo'o ~I Mar-eJe Ga1'ial. Cd' reia motfvul lin cruce; ~I tntr'egii

"

9Qmpozli"it 1M tlmp. unete r:FOl'r1'POi1lelt1lte \lor tll&parc~ C~I Gro"'Wli Uifdi Thatiogt. G~ a

ficut oonUJ~16 ill t:impul md5teJ'Tfel (1671-1685). lsbJrintulll!.!i Eoop (~.07S), Tl'ialWmJ'1 d~ p",rte~tln. multe~in trfli?lj6 (~t de fotG~~te. de; fmnce_zi) ~,8. t~,1" din 11t{ll'v'en1'liIe .nMvute Tn vede·re:- de: Le Not!"e, 6emll1'allim .... f'81rcu:1 el1eJ1,e,ZCEJC" din vcclt?j~ Miculut Trl~nDn, tvti3'itre"uie remarca-tc:J'ihcl din alJ-aJtlmitate 81 eee, XVII. ell cit. te tndep~rt-al mal m.lIlt de ,,~Iat." 11goama. or-gal1l?:~rii 5'('; dihJta iar t1l.nrf~n.Jl~ /!:J1~mtlnii~ior'B6 re~u:c~a. Vtlr$aWeGo~IU~ va dllma,t1e I"jna .8zl; un etalon ~riGit. afHlirml?iozl intre rl~Darea uno! oomp.o2it;:ii arhi~w.rafc 1lfte.qral wlfrtrolate ~i ,,9cn:zualr!lmul.laC:0fl1I8 de forme, multlpHclt1irt:;Qa, c;aprlcilJl ~1 ext.l"t;lva~Iltil·,. care eUI'i.t eluibutU ale batilcului 71 dI~ aloMa al~· ~~ fo~t etrch~t c.a

89

.. b;arD-C: r~:~icH"alizat" s-au un "baFfle a'l c;l3eiGiSim~ilL.Ji·'. De a !:rf'ei , gr:lildJnile bll'll'oc6- eIJr6~ni!l.' \.'or :<a,Pil1lro $i 1f1ail'l~ ~1 dUpB! na!?t~I'"Iilil! $Jil .. Bdlrocf;l-' Mte ~I Ii'!rai~TiUl (fb~tuILJr hotel) Lux.embOl;Jpgi dif1 .~ri!~j mult !"6d~e;.f.i ,a~tti~i ~ .. €-uprafaya d~r

pa'B'{::rand jwn"qept-r ~ dJ n ~tfc;. 'XV'I r. .

4.14 .. GRADlNILE GERlVlJUvE

Gridjnf~e re~ IliiUi[te i1tl~ !nt8 de t"!6:CiQ'1 u I Xvt:m Eu ro~pa n U iI u hmeffcl:at de un lt1tc:re~' a p.~ ree nlci cli n parr~.aI propa"-leMdlor, rJltcia OO~OI'" cele-eu vi ziUitl:'S.ecpl u I klntl~tor i»~, v~:. f r~G~pt.iv ta ce a--a fnti1lm pl.1lit la 6llJd de ·A, p[ 7[, f1G& pre:fedt'1'f4 ~e Y9rre$~mvi1'l1 mJlimult;.l3-zone al~ G$rm~nr'~i. Pii'l !5,l.!~d,8 ~T~d!tJj ap~ f7ute 'O<!i! H€~de!berg, 1\ lfg'!BbD rg., N tkn &e!ig, Fm i'I kfLJrt, Erfu rt ~a, ). &B rs !'l1aroo Q&I !"I'unatiric I'C}1~l~C~:nti~t.~Ftl;!"H~t'll~J..pM a primarulrui alfn Fr,llf:lkfurt ~m Mei·n":

Pri 11 ~ cceu ~.ratcd in.i eoe: d:orttti I]1U n um~ j 0 et,,a r2H"~ a .'poBi [>Ii I it&1ri!OY rMii i;erlt,l:le.{)l ifll Q i'i1di:vidu~~II'wml.~:) ell~tul!..Ji" ~ .. c;~rpii tie vizr~" (4.oRi-Q), "Dar. §loU~tm~ V!orltf~ CQn ~art1tlneBfu. FP;POti re.IB ~erman ipt: tS'IJ:.I c~m~~, '66 g·t<je; CJJ wtzo!):l ul l or CrI~6jC 1- xant, manifefBt.at;mai Cilrlt'lE>1t11 rodB~COre<l"'iroa.art~i EladeJ, tl~e,l"It-la! «dlo:raiBia:ee;v, !;:l.<:l rQce>. m.a fl~tlrii3te~ 1f1tr-uh cUV'~ht"l1ie:cIJ;l~h::;06 ft1-1;.ot. ce iW r~n.i.~t" $d fu- ~of,i6.ajul i,d~~l~"cuat~t mal mult,·· (4.bBlj~ j{'.c;;zul-ti c~ !3tc. XV11. va fl UMltl ~r1mpr.umutiJrl·

r or~r tl(; GOl'1tUft\l!fS ~ :!J t1lC'ii r~nfili?t~ ri g~rm~f1 ~ 'ir1 ~ rta .fj rjl~IJiH, n U u,?rQ(!' d& rea Ijzm. ~'bi~ a:p,t6!m,JrI vede.ro V~z:IUMtI for,de@pro: t1~t~ .. ir.a~ cu ... p$l&u~ ir~"';-l.ohal~.pUM ~f *anw~mc··. Gare tn::.~ljia a~ ~~ Mt'1rr.Unt.ed-iL! .,'" fruM-lIJ~a i.lI1ei 11£l1!".Url <~;l·a~Q· 1rl;a1f:z<:rIA;~»~ 6-GL~J·~,t::1!.J diV~ir'lirt~~t4 bend'ic~.J.> ~~ntr-~ .;;jl~· mJtol~a1e'!, rndifartlnt i},e m,otiva~k .grJj,dfnile prkv,:rte (pent:li'k.l J~U'cr.f!!pl~co,rl., panc;,heri. t1e~u~t£iri)j se '1inmul~eg:c) 01 ~,r ce.l® ~lJ,bliQ~j pfimehe filna ~J;el,s-'mai ap~1 doo~f'9i:fj~-pubH[;""lui" D~ e>e:c • .xv~l. CI:~H?ic p~ntrlJ fl"\'1rJ"c&zi. ·bamc pt<t1trU .';,litE t"l~ylLrt11 (de~,[ l\larof1.:·fri~rflitri ~~ m.~irl"te ~i .c!ljfai Verf>aI:il!6B). ~IJ V<.ai ramane'rnlrlh'lGOu in Gt'!rma!1iall la H.anllNl'a ~par;::: ,rrmul pare ~~~ [a fi'~l1yah~.a»: HERF;ENHAUSEN, Co~t:t.fput. ti(!} fr,;ijht:;~ul Martin Chari7.0nnier pentn;r du:cc:;:s.a 50(pihni9' a BaV:art.~r) el \fp dc.v~nj ut1lljl dln e~m~.~atteje b@lF'o1;e~ eel mal ?it'''~l f:C\rre-'$rv~.t.e ~:a~ttaf a~t;a'Zi, 9'Ctuotl!lr~ rrgyhtr~ .get?m~tr'icJl. CUi ~ ~e: ~,rm~'~·ds· t;r~c:~nd: ~rlt"1 CIE'tfitrlJ r p.lil I stu ! u r '( d:l f.1tri;J6 m ~I I l-lsa rli z.beli mQ:l"ldirllll). 10'$1 'rr movrl;ElitJ! c IJ 0 multltud.ine ~rB pa.ne t">9 d~C:lfatlvtl, ~-oi!ziij~j e.u,tuJ, 0 ~~rgr Cl(00)t, IJJ''fteatru Wf~ifir Hlit'l,r' (1~B9) ~'i un .j;'o.l;t" Q.loanidM (1:§96Y. U I'l·f'tat&a twld~nt.~ ,a_~r • a ftl~t atlne;i.:1' tn 16-99 f4,OB!Z). e~ n~ .$.§ f~t'itll ~ mintier~l?plieN~I'IIJ;d. rrin P21tru c,~ft.lL!rr M vot" rncluile 1000I'rIWoc Q ·p1af~ ah"oulad u.m~e .~.e afN~ m~1;~n~ qu cl'l m~ i 1rI ~Jt; jBt -6je Il'lrpJi ~i,fl E UfORtI~ 80 IT'! (4,.Q&i,3). Ufl aj'i;, pa,rc ce merIt-.ll!: III fi meM"pi,Si161t .. fJi6t.c t:HARLriffENBUFQGje~ln, ulI1de d'oi ~Ievl.al iur Le: Nctt:rp. I'"e~~gtctiv S.im~ori Gq'qcijll..!.. •. aJu"M:t deKerl~ DaJ1utorf~,I;fQr i;i13 \;ia~ u ne;r mc~ritorii r,-.:.8j lizari b,a roes .d,L,J pI :1 700" rC~ rs:;: fn~~ 1t1tnil'7Bp-·183~. va S'ufe:rit:rml1'Gf6i"111aril~ ni!:tc,,*,are !de;al_lJl~i ~retlg,~a» (4.084). 0 n~ aral .. t~ V~ faC:1p~rqul M15u>lului 5tHWET2JN6'E~! Corrt.ura'C 111 ~~G, XViii, 6)J lH1 Mucl't,U .conc~pL;!t 111. '6tl! ITa1MOez (1ntre· 17~h'a~ J. ell:?,~ va d~ttfiFli pBnMJ!'lallitatea prln lf1tmtk .. g'ert}~ j,fn~re~ur ~'rC" (4.,O8:5} dfl1 f?;lt:~ p:'111I<J1t..l,llul!, ca ar~i1¥1 1717 pat~~ al.~ 110r.:a ~il ,J@ ,c;:6t !Sa fj~ gHl1dluaJ~tJ Wi .. ~ti'l 6ngi(i:r::~ de Ludwi~ \tOM S{;hUI. ct'}/~ i't1UoduGe~i uN otm~ ~ pt?r[m~mA, Coa model de: q I~a~ fn~ Ii"VC~Q .a.~rm . .il!'n~. a pli'"kSm .a.min1i1 pe OOal, ~~ 1,.i:I: aurt;.e;eI VEfTSHOCHtlEIM t~L!pUl:)~ ~ urier .O'llm~rtijj8'fl ~ue:c~ive. frrtl"elt380,. 1'176) undg 114 B.~.MtcaDteru1 n U e d,,"1rt atilt ;rd,~ @t-nJctl!r:.j!I :gt'.~~ln!:l (cu f) Qr'd~l1,iWt"t:l ~ cOmF'.:;;1;rt:lm~nte fut1cy'~onii,1Jt))" c:~t d,rfnumal"LJlfai;lrtZ'l mJarede f;lt~rui ~ar~e :ap~rijt1at]d lui fertilnah1d l':retz (4.000, ~'i 1n .~Mr~,it, nw puf..Bm ~C'lude. pf .,,C&.a mai ramantlc~ .dilt1tr-eg.radlrriie;: bard6uiui ~ermi8t1'~ C"BiIl"f B~t-?: aea"de [a UN Q:t:RH0F;. d~n veioinat.ate"a Alr-ilor. Ct'mcepBre,;1l ej ~a fi ine:ot\stlln-

iaUi dt."l Ll}~via al II -lsa a! 'BtP/jr~ef (4,087) lui G,BOl"g yon Da'llmarlM, cal"~ 'Ifill fi Viml5 in p~alabil ~~ i&tu:di~ mGd~iur de la Ver5a1 n6.S. in Z8CS ani (U6B-78) e.c '/;ll rta~u cee.a Qe ~B COI"l@'t.1~l'S aA ~D imita'r,kt a Ver~ail'I'f'l~'-lJIlui~ 1M ~tJl!.lI'ltiliirOCU~l.!i ~rtm". comli;1inalt cu ~~I onglc:,z pe,il@~fl!5t" (4.008). Rezum~l'ldu-nr~ m.Jm.i!i Is att;.~~ tQ(.empl,~. 'p'!JIum ro:n'!;I~ ~ Gern1~f1ia... ,fj;>¥c:epPli'l~~~!,;.deI6 XV-XV~, a ~nJJt; ,8 pcil p:~ eu I ~i!~!t;;u I ,de ~'l'rLlaFe cu ,Pt"~ctiG:a m;elJ av.a I'la;;;!~a: ill Europe!. chlar d~c~ nu soferit ;;j;j" m Qt::h::::!de-:-varf.

4.15. GRADINILEAUSTRIECE

5cMI~te 'IN ~i XVI J'1:U n ~~~ u Ije-.at; II'llr~ rtu rii ell r,'ei 1M! ~eno,t~ pre~lt;u~ri ~~.tc1n amel'1i<.1jat'Ca grradln.ilof. Ecoul gr:.adinuar n::tla~ce~~te ~taiLtmS 5tl v;a rfi~Tm1'l1'M$a. m~i ·.ale_$" l'n ~r~€iit'il1.~e priy~te untSiee~ prnctrca.si~~nt~rlor Co GlmotWirt .oarool.iri'l cla§,ijchz;a"ntll, 0' reilii~ln1 ,,~ s.til tta~Fan" 'olaf! ce,a: d~ ~a INS'BR~CK. d~'lo1l~l'1~; pa!$¢ul Am~l"eh~., I:In~e t3r~t~In.~.ape:!~ad, I~ 0 i,I'1Gint2l danm['(iaF~~' ~t colpa,~e ~v.jr1~ !:jo." fflntilni eu jQO~'Fl dB ..af'~' eroU, un p2lvUiOi1 5.C!I!pei"it. GL1 """,tdell!~. piV:rlttJpe11U1! vi M uri ~i UM tem~t1 1ticin 6tG..a lui Bach U fii'·. 'iii~' .,DinGbl'o d~~r~drni. urma p<lIrGui 'ifflI~ib~t de i,..Q~!Jrl ow ~;rte. ',"I.Wfl cu ~,MHf1~I~,. IPjrl'.t:re elre,ptLJ"~hjuJ2l!re .. :" ~i un 1~"lrint,fn cen;, .. R~"fi'lBn,ajatJ, a~tJzl e~u una .dintr~ ~$r~'Mt~;li fr'un1QaEle ann Europa (4.o.89}..la me~l:.;~rj ft-sHeni e~' va ,gjp'e~~ GU owzia ~I~j .;:;a6'Uh.dul IHE1IlE3'~UN tit la S:.alzVure ~ ,ii! ~r.i!:iinU MlRA6E1L ~ ~ t!8 C<ll'r"acu!l'iiza pri t1 rn m u 1¥~."e81 flirau~Qr tlal r?,r pr1n n U mem~etl t'loo!.lpri Z~ eel ~pb~n, m«;an I'crtl- ac4iomte &ea1pB •. UM dr.m~on ce le~ "'in t3rota MI ~~a 8,ptJ f'1 apo.l ~,.'I'etra~". 'pr~mh~Giaa"B'~m~r1in~a ~ .~t: p~'abu~:aE)G?:l' Pt:~tB 'll'iz[ta1torr' $If m~f~, T~ 'i'i1 i1'cia&tS g~dii,nlt p~ un t:emi1 f;otJnCQ~ es V~· am6~~Js, o~Gi!n@ ce 6f; ool1~!dClira de Ul'li i a fi .. 'p'I"e!"ura~r~.al wt;fUlI ul &f~ V6r:~ga~. C8 va fi for Of1l1-; trl8i t,S t"ziu m ~r:JdIil'1li le baif:OOO'?i cla~'iccH (?). Un pom.m a I ,c;.~I!'1.I r 1i:1c~plr~ D.6t{: cor.~m,poran au Lu~OI.IiG .11 XIW-I~ (.U'l1 FI"i!H~~, ,~~ 50HONB:~UMN~fn Vi~~ ~ar a. clirui '~f~rr~a;re ~e ,azl ~ .datt;waa~ mo~ffra~ri I Qr ~"uted u p-a 1775 de A&rian ","on S'C.cthtlV~n (4.090). EI ill l-limat? tott!fl'i (l incercar8 life ill copia Ve:~~iUei5 {mGiI al~p m:!!1t,!J1 211e-66:tU.l.,a} prln Qrila'n~~rre~ gtQmet:ri6.~ ~. clrcU!ZI·Wie:J, ut;mUllf'&l part~l·td!or. i"&11IU8r6a,um'~i ortlnJeriel (alGI 0 ~r:.1!i de palm~rJI),. trlath,il de ~l~"1J r'l'Bt"1!l: !ll'.1 '1'1'11 ultitl:J,nM ~a ·e;~tuiicir. fSi 'an~ r~ COfO,2ll11 eJ ;Jl rbtl rllor. 0 ca raeun~a IUf e.fl~~ care IMel p.mart:ul cu f:g,J1W~ lui Nflpt.un.,5,i mal dcpEl!rte cu dCJ;1lul I'~ ca,re ~;e aUi gh:::!r:i eit.<'.I- portioj d~ utlde ~t Fp.a Mf.I~ mk:~ pal'!C[]f tf~ r '!il'i Aipll. tn p8illrt; maflhti.~nim 0 11.1~ rq~ rCJMfI~J'll u n Q1!'eH~~c~ 0 ~ ra1".Jj ,"U riimflo ~r~din8 wo!a,gicii (4.GB!). 0 &lltJi wl~u?it~ v~!'}11m $utvl< ~ r.l(.HnHe c"OmFI'IDl:ul~r .~I:l' pa!1 a'~ • '1a.~ELVEDEtE (4,092},~r~Oi'lialllu..ea ~r~d'ittH clflt1tr<llle rt1z11ltS, din ~ujt-.a alar tf1(.!l ~'rtere: (UI1I~ pr,r,n rnmpe:. 5Gai1. C6l~a~r:Jt) ot!!! lcae~ cme doM; FSlbJU:. Cd~ m~! mare - ~.~'U.p~ric:lf'''' (~i ~f1it. pe t.~M€I.fJ. ,CM m<1l,1 ,de ~~J9) d!~d 5e1'1~~1 ~ pr~~"f£, .cliI6~ v:l.izut de 1.1 lMJza ce'tor dOI!J~ (i,;!iI§c:ad~ (00.1 i'Mfe~ rlG;SIr~ - oetnc.f1td~ prima te;r.'1l~il d~jog. ~t ~a •. mare') c:e d,t:~Ghilde ultima 'te:r:a@a ~Ie 6.l!~), A~I maJorJ, ~intm wm~ ~te 'i'ntreclii,rtN de ~:.:e' tran5iVcrwll't ~i 11; ih:~~ta de parUire flomle:, \le~et.trf;lc t(JIi'1.!I~'. §t.2lctul. "Gr~dTnii mid;!"' (c~~o''M~Q~ f.tfU;. par1fial,. rn iun~. p~ ~: ma r-e) j,n~~u~6 printre 2l ~IB uti i?u'li i'l:g fin. piiVi~loane de a~r:c;:IlI1(il:nt. 0 vaHera ~ij ,,~e:r;;l m~~"', Gr~d~11.!l1 d~f1rtre cel~ ~pu~ p~~&I~"E!~~U cot'lt?i,,~h\tr.a c~, C-Bl;,O ... ,_ .1Ii&piffi'Pie a ~aroGLilI u i oatf'B (.1: 6Ert~ a edmtienu~or -arBidf- n;r~~ affl.l~~ijiG~ ~1 o1<lrtl51iJ,r:;:e J,lf~ ~dlidin~~" (4.092}. Ds~l A'!J'5tri~ 'I'IIA vt:l ~GCla i"nt.-lJiI1 nUl rn~r ~mpre9lonant d,e. r-a:al i~ rl aa LI oow-toe aa"rrlQdel" F,f: p'lra n _.ftlrQ~~tlj, e&l.arc:: m6ritu~ de a r~~'P.inI!;U ,~p€;'lii~n;:;a oed ~eJ1ltala in ~rile !1)UOOI'1.

don~~ il11periuluj, rrQrnd"'~ri fiil'ld.'familiile t10biillarti (f-enom~t'1 ,:tlli,dent, ~~'la nnl, m T ra n~llvahia),

4.16., CRADl1v1LE ENGLEZE

rrroc.;up~rw p~ntrtJ attu:::'n,;:lj~re.<l .gr~d,~l'll[or vor'exifjt~ mea ~i~1! ~vul mediu, fn~ist~ntiu-e8 ii'i16a·ma~ri1ult· p6Jatt~r8l utllt~a.rl·Rt3r~·~m~ eu GQMtif'i.ll'intl.li, '.f(J r .atra.ete: 1M (31il, <ater)~iat a~iHj pra pract;cii [ta ~je!1ie (r rin ~i'l"ter'me:d I ul Fr.an~i) ~ i d~ii8l!ir ?or .a!'5~rra O{l!Cl fr:anC:~(::'1 iHce,p~f1d CUI ~et.. xv; In @ ~ou~ jLlt11~t1llltea !llSGol u lui XIII, 111 pal:'ale I GU ,d!iV'~ mdC'i" ~ m (,}t1aJllri pri~ 'lin ~ 00 ·~,i!1 C~ I~ ao,t,L,t m~lnMr'C'~mit'1lit:e (4.094). va rfI~r pe,rti:i~ta ~I tnOdd~ ul If(] c;:'dfevZl,'1 al f I1Gi ntB f rng r.adiite'(4D9~5)J' eli spaocH vegt.tal:a loca,1e; dar ~~ c;u lH1el~2tc1imaltlzat~ (Ga ~mQ'o~iK!ul.'pc'rll:.oc,;alul. dafinlU~, ctJ l~aro~I.JI'~,~. dcd i:',"J.ai alcrfj &Un ZOM$! Medlt..Bt"atlBD, NiCol l1m::;'epwtul Mc;,X'V11 nu~dlJce ecl1ri m~~rl ra~H¢ale In ,Cl'p1;Jc:a t!ft1~ 1:!Szi,i(:;.1" rriili 11!:j. fmaglnea graulit1ii" deoamce un anurnlt oo!'1€ier.vatori.sm 1'1 l11en~lne:a ~J1G\Qt"aiF1 TI1 t.r'a~rYle. ador~l1011h' cpnti n Hal r~ pHmbar:ea f~r5i C:b'n~trBi,rt{;lerl (nu zu me ra "hi igartlvit;a te~ un or tm~8e Th 'stU u I ~,BClmel;.ri c.ri'tr1'lu I ,de , .. m'El.nu~" m ~iOI reu ~~~iia Veffi.Jlilleg-'!.Jd.u~ .• ~inuM .,de 6rect,~'eol" ~.,s.). preferahd p~ JilJei prL.Jndf~.ul fh JOGII.II 1dJi't;H um~4;~ •. "e~gri[$ind per-p~?~t.rverd c:~i1Jg~ar.J un4~ fI:~re rf1fif'1it eti;, Uh ~mplu dUn a .do ua ju matau .a eClC. XVII~ unde S6't>e ,mal i ev.h~jtli1t; rniflll el'l'li.a, r~ lijflM.~" eB1k~ Gel.ae loa HAM rm N OOURT. ~e la p Ll~ r.M LOrltl Fa. pe. m ~ tu I farl11~wL Dfn' componerft;;611~ ~9,e6~e~ ~l~adJnLBunrt d:~ ~mifiltit; pj~at!?~n~cJe~j pa~Te.le. he~e~t:;trele. Ul'1~ I e '.1ilU'!:o.Ol11gj'C& hjdt':~ LIII ice (4.096) ~i u t'l I1:itJ I"'It~c cfji1trar&i e;l:JIt~ 1Mce" I"onat t;,u u no for ~t.ir,

] ntro tfmp, pc: conti nent, nalt:ur~ I1'1U It- ~ r'tlfiaializat.~ th:l c:la~ ih;!5ri1 u I ITan~z ~au d~ ~(G(3Magraflai b&u<Ql;.~~ numal e$M pr.:: Ely.~t-iJl e'LJfo\~e:am.!lui, G,fIr~ ~~ll.t;l$ll r~Gqn~106re. rEI ~1'fa om-l1;iIt:u I"~ r~r 'fnG1~mtru Il LJ i J', J. ~OlJ 6~ ;;atu. ~ ina po~ 1li1 nat.ur~'! va ~~6~ t.at:; rna i rnu Ir-j ad,Bmntf. TI1'B,a~i Bti lu I o'C: vi8 ~l)i 6e dorl'!.;!?t-e rl1:ai: ei mp I U,' U Fm~ n~ L.J ~ §e' ~1 0 rtga~i re il'~ U glut a. e;;o[ltu{ff nt1. .!?~~J1aU r ,c;a 111ci [:1 ~!fI1 rn'iiEJrl1iul ~~(j;, )::Ym. t1 ioi cunOel ~ttWC'ia rna I 111,d~proii pe a ]'}1~trtJ.l~r~TI O..M('i:r1tia [~ (4.097), n~ci titrrterau I pre~-mm::a nltlcal ~torla ~te a rt,~ .• I1U e Lll1t15tra lne dB' noua artltudin6'. mrJi d~ i11.lllt<Llr~:oar~ nu fM· ma t dor:fi~te a.l'i d;omr u M ca m ~ de afjfm~ t'W ~: UFlOl' ptwG'OlI1:aiI~r G,F&Jlt6are 6&U '0 &t;a.[t~rtl:.ll or;g:oliului (i'l1itHvidl,..J~1 ~~LI.'Clftci.al) 01, m~i' G_UMamaj. u t1 .~pat-i um lJ ~ nt&l a prop..r~t:. d~ 6Int'i0J1 EaGlM i U ~ac: B~ ~~ p$~tt:iii. mal1lrest~ a~ "'trl'i~ a !1t1tu pi i'''. AO!s;6te pUatGt;@.~G. \tMero veil"' gileti UI1 te.r,tn fo~rt.~ fert I ~ 'i'n AI1~:1 [al. IJ rid r; tt'la'l1~pu [a1r~~ V\iz.itato"ru I u! (1'r1~ Ih'~ in @rii(;(jfiB! ar'~t~urnla ~t.arfaha, eau ~~ ~e@riI1~trjc-l fial'1~~)nl;J fi.J:$.~6e n~ciad';'t;.jc p'e d.epl ifl trnbr:~1'i?:atli. De alr;Pe'l ?Lpeis.aj U I (rrl~j .. pict;1J r"a-l.io dato~m ult.~tLJdil:'! i I n ua,rt~41.cfr v.et"Zi ~211 biJs"'tri I, at'r-u lu I u mcGl~ lou !'tiT n if 1'i ltra~) ,~I ftra.a, e~!'~lll LJ f c( !1'1:<i11 ~i n ud,. rna j p,!;t;:in cd orni:cli d ~ m ul-ptme, rna i m~d~tativ:(m a i. rezetVatJl fat;,a .de' cram,at! cal t<i pat:o<)ra) srau .ctlfdri~ ,a.e Q~ I~' de loa '''01.1 d tie Ciii! rlil:llJ i M~ netU. 1n ~I,u e •. grad1r'1.e1 Cihiln~ ~Ut1M-e, :;!la"fie tflt m2l! CiUil'lOOOut~, Iar g;p.~ri'tuJ ej ilr~ mult;;n1~i ;apf'Qp.fat de 'pr&F~rirrt::eI6 tn~ul~3ritor:. ofen.l'hl uti. cath'u t'Ir1Jl.~ pl"o·,ric.5 manifee~l"ii g~n ii?4W1Ht$"tJ l, SCotgrMI~ fJ r;~iH ri/f.l Q,ti ~wib' tlr'@l'lr . .a rOOIJd eJorf :~n~+ez;w i ~ va f.act, ~ redev~Mla' a par.te drn tlatu.t"Jl. Dar .e.rl:dina W.' Gar~ trc:bU;o1lI e;~ expdlt18 ~rDre:dhJl ~t1uul'al", 11-~ ~M> autpll~ 4~ t.aJr,~ lui La: Notn-:~ c<&;~ mar m~~r :cHf1rtr&'UiJr:~tir;'~t1ii g~~dlnari~. 'PHnd d~ fapt-drl&ta'rlfiTh mat'~rie eta grlJln~rit: paevj, p~C(til:Wr, f1k;~fL, JiLiltr1alf$'tt rag,p6Gt;ill glt'~~ilf1.ari 'i"rltfm:pulli~er. E] f?f Imagineaza~t11;;!i mult CLlh1 a:t t:re1?k.!i ,e;~ fit:) gjtdld[n~tl'le.rlt.IIY a fJin acor<d c;u r1nul e:l..H'~t1t rtatut'i.ptrca~$~t4i;Ji"i'Iel'Tm tar al e~ii .. :" Ei n-au 'iYr~@lea pre&! b~flB nicr Sil?ir'rtul aFter extrem-oritll'1tald', ooh~~ae:'r~n4 r~';;!i wrm~m Cha~n,v'6'rB,) ·c~ ,;gr;adina ch:imiz.$ ~6"~e ul1 compJ~ ~.~

;;,~r1e-~l·c~ nu are 1.H1 pl~I'l;; (4.098). Prima 1nc.eI"CJlre'ih defil'1i1<i;p 110uJui moejel,,.V~

• ~a ~r;nitorului A'lexantlc.r PdP6, parOlilllMCKENHAM (lu,rari!~1I1cepJtld

In 1118) de L~t'1~a ·~j'chtt10htJ. (4..08'9). lJJ1iAe ~$U. un amee't-era dB e:lemBi1:k claslu.l'1eroce:!p; pl1J-romarrt:lce. 0 ~Ita it1"'~n::~re va ft la CHI5WICK (autor:. romanCI"n I William Kent) ut1cde eteroae;niYa~ va f data die: adurtar(;aJ la LIn lOG de, Urp~llCll1t·, e'ft';m6n~ italien6'" un fel de t.e:a,trU .000M1:iic (a eli ui s;oe;h~ e oc;;upata k Lli'l templLi torund iar iooIJ rile ~I'ec,'t.llr&tornor. de V2If):e au caifiii ~.j ·port..ocali). un b~ie-t ~. ~, U t'1 ;Ell rc. eXf1) mrl1J va f1 pa rcul t>181i'1SrO'NElBu cklfil€l ham ~h j'I"e, la n or'd de;

Otd, AlGi. 'i'nGepAl1d din 171·5. tn jurul re~~ln~, lorelului Co~hsm, ~radinile amMBJi'iIte !jut! 'i'ndn.Jl11sr'eEI srhiftect.lJlui pal~saer Chelne!1to BrJ(ije~m~n; lIor cdllt.a91 cam:. ... reuVersaUle.G-ul (prin 1720) otlrfn aGdafi timp 1118 fi pnntrecdl ~ WJf orifll1ta Cllrt/l gti",HI'li,~or 6,t'1'ltl~~:u: .allt,i"fl iI'tricnaj61rtMi pt'!:tijaj,wluJ (4.100). Citre:·113O, l:1 Viii f 'in I Oc.uit de ~~nt ca're "va ~uprima prae~jv aI6ile. .. , de5el"ialt:t:dufMj r';9lJit" (4-.101). va introduce I,inme: cLI.rb.e:. [,.(8. con9trui ~B h.mgul cU'r6ulul M a.pl nlJmeroa~~ temple (,SIlli'}1[ t:11t1d de C~! i,III5il?iI,ei f'1a1lJ de morrnilnt;-ela rama-

l 581.f chlar 0 ruinJ!. fr-ecum fi;i pO~Llri (a la PaUadio. au port:ic ,acaeupra), va ilmp1aJ5a, ~IJ i. Va! 1'11 c;l u Ic:i ~ol1til.:jI'·bll btllzi n ~~o r 1;?Z,j. Tat ,illioi. in 1741, Ca.F,a bt'ility &Wwn vs aveliJ G'.OO.l1trH~iif~le d6Ci~ivli la .. Vak~agt~Ga," .. IoU1 vast pei5.a J eI~ pr.erie, ~b fo~~ IIle c!.w~teL .'~ ,nord de "C~mF!ille. Eltze<e". E~et1~.rJ ve!l~tal~ ~xotrc~. !lor lwta ~ ~Ic un ro ~n ambla,l1~ 1:1'~i'I~r:ala. "(1'1 pwn lioomlC,. Jooep Ad,U50n. 90rlitOr (C(l-,i va amelt1.aj~ pi t1 " ,,,aradin~ Ifr6-rtl'IJe;~G'lanj§t~"), fntt'-'utlt Gtudlu tliB~pre pdf;.ilj. va ;trt;re $on8 aeupra ,,~oul· Ic~·~tuii e.~utice" ~up.r~t(5t~mate mal tJr2IJ. ~8 e,;;tB;i<C1iI r-om.lllntj$mu~ui~ piroree;cul fi-i 6ul/!imul. EI V~, ~~e.d~ PCi1tru Q ar&lin; o.Elrn .:sa affll"e .. paaBa .~! Hnirj1lte.a'" fit '\\1 aceta!j'ii timp ~a nCl::·~ .,UI1 exerc;Tl=iu

< !!ipirltuluiH (4.102) La excm,pIB1t: c;.ita'C6. p~n2i scum ee mal pDt ad~.I!J(¥i gradjl1 lIe !TOlI~H'EADf\;Vj~tst1r~ ~1 BLEN'HE~'MjO:J<ford9hlrlt,. Prim", COt1c~)pud ~B ~~ Hea re fi ul, 7n tI 11- a jum~~tf: a 27CG. xvm, \-.;1 fl pril11ii1 reu~'~ in 6pOC1& de vat~!lpuMr:e S unel. vizilltir pictlcJralB (p61fStlje d,:;: Clal.MI" Lor ain) Thi eele 'i>1"ei .Ji,"6n~Junl ale er.lrJinlL Rcz.u'ltat" ,11 0 ae.a'f'ie reu~t~~.(;?j bii16 con§~l'VatJ:i IranI ~) de gradlin~ tmglez~: tJe rnctur~ ciaiSl6a ul11ae 'l'rltClinlm ItJM '.al'l;hSa~bC de "1'''' ,.,at'Ds ~i Il~rta~ iMdMttuala. (} 1~IO'riifi~ro mW!'i6e<llui!5ta a rJaturil 'fli un cult. al I1tflOl:lflliiiiMi£it'nl.!l~U! At1tjchlta~~i ... " (4.103). A daUB gra'dll1l" "e~ at; ~a .BI',Mheirrr (IJrT6Bi IU'Grl,t41e ft1:Gap' dupa l',]:64'l~s d/jltoreaza lui Latn,celot l[3ro\VfI «Cillp.a~lIit~) (4-.104)" prirrlld !!Ir~dlnar pei~a91!>t "" formarfie vi ~erie; ~rula I f.itl' dat'Il-ca~ clI nu 'm.ai pu1'in de- 2fi dt!l ar~dll'!i~1 pBj6-aj~ dln C~f1t!"UI'11@1 ®udul AII'I~ilfei. EI va f'l mai pt4:n int;eJr~t de .. FJ!taJul clagJo",. d6GIfa:ind'Lf-U rtlilIrilor "'oofa~ur:.Iri p-c:~~e:re, UJ1d~ gri~if1.a ~I ~j6~,ul fuziQl1ea~. Lwr~~ ,::::h'metlrtcl~ ;.!rhJtecturacl~ 51.Int rnloorte au ~aroMlfe laFcrroul~i~ aps,'eaz~ 1m tm~ee'1h Gul11e !$(\.IIU oorpcntt e. Q~'c!! ~n ,r.actica cnelB2~ er&tlna CASTLE HDWA!(D (ihG~l9ut de see, ;(\110 ii io9t 5BmnuilmBi rupturl 1htf'tl"baroG ~'i c!a~icf'$.I'I1lar 5TOVVE. C1RENCESlER. 5TU DtEY liWYAl ~l HOWARD. 1ru::::6rclh'j de fueiicrl'lf~ ,,1mrt:tr,it.l~ftllform8ilI'; de W 6.f..ar-~ltlul1:l&<olu lui ';(\/1' rpi ev.ohJl~Ja 'in 90ntl n UI !$Ir;d" (4.105).a ceBa C~ V:iSI Qe'V6ni Ufl &tI!. atonaf ~ra~ina CHATSWORTH/Der!;;yehiro:. va j'ndllde Q liltQrie de 4 ~~Qt~ ~F1c~p'£i:nd dil11570 pJna mi. La aceae.tJj evoluyic ~j-a,u adu.a contrrbu~18. Goo~e ~DnMGn ,~ HUllji wr"B (:dupJ 1,685) apo'j Lanrelot.l3ro-wn (ii lI-a jurn, a !l.'lC. XVH I) Je:se:p i'l Ps,xton (au pli 1~20) ~i ill J~i I. r ~n~ m 1685 ~ste r.::ma,rcabn~ tlRvrm~ rranGRa. inospt)nd au 1760. f3rQo'ln va ut'mtiJrl re;alizarea unJi "tabrou natu,ra1" itt 'c;;~re pl!r~1J1 Dat"\llierH~ @t:va b!.u::urEI de mul't: 1,l'1ttwee. (f~(.9Illl'h.clu~(!JB marl tliIifiidin O~ t6ren. jndlgu ri). La' uc~rnfl COI11p1:t'K~ l1'1o~te;nft:~. IP~:xto.l1 va a.dehl,e,SI Mi CLJi~urd M apa.Flhilit&ni. un ape'duct in fOt"trlii de rul~a. abH(l: amfh'1iaj~ri dB

reel, CD 6tW:ai. in 1970 ~t: I/~ 81d~h.J,ta.~ G nooo flt:r~ dee!"&lnata pl~'Mtalor~oti~ (4·.100), Un exemplli de grild'i'Ma pBrea,g~ra 'e5te :f1'1 csa de Ja poalatul rllg~ ~UCKINGHAM/Londr.el te~r'izatii tot1l'1 aBcol,ull;;recu;:'1fi1 p~!3trat21 cu mioi ma~~ flcarf p~nl6l6tatzi (4,101).

... ..

4.1' ,7. ,GIMDTt+lll£ R'OMANES'TI

,Proi:1a111~ cl ptJrneie preocUlpar·i fu aI11etlaJIIi,re-a pelBajul1.lJ au fo5t'G\\ii<:

D~re ,a:i!tI vizat locw~le &e:6tlnaj;;e cu!tIJlui [ZW' ma,] Eq?oi c~le ,oIH1 veciflJtsrte' r{l~~' dintel.ol'" feudtlls. D~e;prd dxrE)MYl1'a uncr g]radlnl CU 8ccee ptlf1tF:'!U pu.blIc, SS('}I'a vorbi 7n gee .. XV~. cSMa 1$11 ALBA IUliA funG~,j:ona un .,pard' ~~ o ,4r'.idiina" au UE'aat: (1567) ta r lia IF seara ~ ., .,ftr adinY. i" 5eC. XVII Siunt GontXlin nau graeli,nll~" la TARGOVI~TE. MOGO$OAI/l!. FIUPE?TII DE PADURE cane .,Brau pro:i'~~?I dup~ modelul.oolo.r ftslitlit16" (108). Oit1 a!ZtM;~1 t:poca (109) $ul1it aml,ntite vi c~'le~e I'a SNAGO\,; CU~TEA Dr: ARGE$. IA~L Irrt;;~~uJ1 p!~H elI9i[;;.[u'luf ",HM' '1~9b, Q .gr'adJI'!I,~ ain ·afsl".1liI furt11fiG.liI'tIrHo~, S31IVeMI tJ,nele t-reiG~t.lI('J . .61Ie- ~i!ulllJi ~~omet~c (110). W fTffl~rtul aCi"II,J~~15ec. XVU, arhitec.t:.urs brilt'lCOV6n&le.di p'r1'rI graClfilll'I pa'ateJar d.:e la POTLOGj (169&) ~i MOG~OAIA (1102), 118' Mmoli1:$~~zld se cUI'1'~~pertc~a europs8n~ '~I ~ !7tia pUt'l~lh valoare potef¢,ialul filiG' tlc al UIr1U r cadru 'nI.atu rail (>4-.111), ma~ .a,fes Ia. M~o¥i'c;laia und:6 lrritJ+l'1h'l1:t1 1.11 r'1 U rn~l rf gr}tj·dfM.3 .1n U:raee" ci ~~ un P&ilI"C pf;ie-a~et'. 019 ocupa 14'I.8lu,ril~-lacLJh.!..i (In nord ~I ptil~iall v:c!7t.).1t'i1 ambBIt: G~zlJr1. I06'elSl'6:&tC' ur.' pum:t ~alv&:lere-. E~te ~41II"~nut ,,I deG.o~·ie-r:~a '!!Ir~'dlnj~ CC 'i'nCOrllLJir.lill c~rala romtllrTCI-oatolJca de llil Alba Iw!.1l un~ pe 0 !5Ghe~ g:eam6trid.i, !i1e 'i'ntiUt1DaU ~~ ('i'm'potiabi·t;e cu tra,net"r.M. floarw ooartf u I ~,a ),. br.ul ai~i I1tlm ( .. ;tun~i 1:11 ror-In! de ·obe:lie.c"). e'I'U plrl J~ stBjan. La ctrccs 50 Jlni dupai Mogo~o2!li~. de data' ilI'!Jta la Ila~i. ::se . .ad,uc ial146 €jraclil1,ii ,de Il!I fRUMO!\S'IA, (4,112). 0 tlata au a-Upani~a .auetritlcA 1i'I Trarll"JUv21r1'la (aups 1-691), :p:iltrurtd fPl preteri'~lt:e'~ F$i'ltru a.ci~'IJrg!ar~a 1m r'e!?~dtfl~jt! r10~mare a ;g.r~dlinii die .a~relm~:Ylt &8'1,,1 cHwar ~ tiu,~~&t;u~Ujglraail"lj,~pa"", 5i.lJJ1t aprc.ciatt: ca mma roabll~. ·Pllln:;U~ Gilt; la AVR~G (1150-1760) de liin~~ 6i I1Ju fJii Gei d~ Ia BONU0,A (1750~j760) dB 1~1\1'~Q Cluj-NapoG3.F1rimul. fncepU& prl!1,tr~o er~di'l'lti Tn titll ~om'etll"h:;: 11r.ill"lte,z (4, 11 ~) !'Je Y'~ ~in~8 IJ ltc;nClr, P'~ tera$81 i n;f~f'l" aa;! r21 a; pr'oprJe,t.a1:c!ll (tn IUtlDa) GU G1 a m~1'I aJilI~ pel~~e:ra, AI dOl lea (ro21lli!z.&·c C>lI m in, <!u:::"I~a~r Intet"'fl;tl c:a la Avr~a) VllI ft dOOCfi:r:;·tn..fa2'a aa lnj~fata tr~a; "' ... dh1' partee· idle apu5 21 palatului. plJ,rne8C ca nil?u rau, t;rBi al1ei June! de aproapc: I.JM tiloll1'B' tN. ell plsnta~ii d~ tel d~-a lut'lgl!.lf lor. Ac;elij"te al~.i fie ut'lef1Cil1 areprol unCli il'Q~, de undCl pcrnd*,ite un la'lpatffiJtl~ .dl"Um apr'f! flam ... p;itcul al~ea W.<ite at-ril~u~,e uI1ui 'p~rcm ~ti~ fTanct"z: gl~orTdt:e, ·Clbtd'6curf. fll-t1dnf ~rt:;!fZ18nt'l,e?tatuiU (4,,'114) ~I' mar adau~,~m: 0 rBlz.ll!ln;erie,·Ut'i p&lvilJot1 d!fl v:inaWtlt'tJ, ~rote. Dar u.n plan ~rl'1 18.'31 arata ca ~i ac-e5t.a .,1 devefl,[t.1t1lJrrtn!2l urlor amtlmlljari. " compazi\iie per6fl·~:e:r~r Tat dlkil sec, ~IIII ~5t;e ~ra~;Hn~ GllI'!i-taluj1ui famaelrel TttletGr de la GORNIE!?1T (17.89-1792). untllc. a~oum ~e veef.e dlli1 p$an. avern de~afare cu {) com;eJYFie SrSt::m1e-'"w-r1cli ee 58 a,;lla ~z~ ~ bJ"l ~a 'OQtiI:~Ortllar,?ra tcrerlulUli, A ~t: remaliVS Ipel~Qnarlta'W'J'I cefolr" t-mr f'~rtere aar fil'l ~, Fogtukll ~al'l1" de ap.~raro (Ui" "ra~ al Mur~~u.I'LJji), ~eventt alee, cu un tr.a§eu ce e .... i'~~ ~f el rir1lidrta~, OL.lp~ 1360" ,g r-Al!d fn.a devine: dCl'alf 0 "Jn8url~ roms nti~'" :1t1 aI15.:l1rml~lul peli~'a~er all paroL! lui. ~aliz.area de g ra~ltd, parcuti", in JUf'ul m~'i$I"r nobmare din ·1 ra n &i Ivanilil. Veil GClntinua i;7i in 66GOlui urmllitor (4.115). ind de lit ear~ftul $6G. XVIII mcep ea ee manlfe6tt: prnocupliril P'BotriU ~U'l'1BrM1Jare uner vpa;'iI pu"lice d~ a~",mef1t, proDcUF'arl c'e~e vor mctsil~'ITz.-,<;j<'i'I1 multe r~8lizari dln 6800ful UI1'11.ilitot·: pr"mel'1~dle (4.116), ;,aradil'1r, p~rcuri, TM~ 1M71ncep lucdirilel d~ !;er':"2)I"'C a mta~tJMIHor dC!'l pt

94

ampla~amenttJl Urttl6 va apare gdidlna Cl'~MIGIU. ImH.l-gl.Jrata'fh 860 ,dar ,Jlld~ Ia proT tWtui h'l il'ial ~~ III i K M~ ee ~r ~d~'UtBI~ intcrvc~me dB dup.J 1910 a If:' lul F. Rabhul'i, C.GI~ miOltilmQ~ o;!!lracteru~ Il"1i~ral ptln~a'!J~1" in unul spropiaiO d~ c;61 mJxt (a &e ' .... WBa partes tie ve5t. a grilltJtinli). DIn ellemente~e call'21'cterl~tic::e. ecml'l'a- 11m: .. mo1:'ilmle parter (c:e: va fnlQVl,.i1 ~kul dB plopi) i'noaarat de' aliniame~dB.-tei RJ t"I~i (oate·dou~ ranauri pc flecaro part~). care la ri radull Jor !!;UMt 1"tt:m~ yf d'· 5 m 5. met.rl de tJsBIB 't.UM5e efsriG;, 'igfal~ifla de trrs I'lda'flfi " (de p~ la-tura I1Qrt::liclt c;u te~ISie ~i P4t':00J6}; .. rOt1'fihJII roman", un bu'iM~rlllJ cu diamctruj d~·cc.a ... 20 n1j ;eI cArui alee 'Perim~a li:i cin:::ularlll e l7On:Iata de' art 16 90cluri cu ~ua-turi ale unor !2Criitori ramiit11 ~1 -r;:hi!l'l tl.!l'i~e f;ulbfarl11~ ~tliQol'1n.Hi~ .. llacull'11sre" ,1 ... ~ac; I miG"; I,~rota".rn. "tTmp C:~ loa C~uJ ee fi~all.zeazAlucraFi:IB la GRAvINA PUBUCA (4.117), ta 6U(;Ur6~ti. incep8 rn:alIza,rea (dups 1894) a PARClJLUI CAROL (dc:.mrdt: tl1 r~ mul comuni&'& "Uberdr1':ilj, ce Ufi1"la !Sa g~7.;dui.a~ l'r11906 ot:Xpazi-r;ie M"f'.10"lal~, Pi'"oiecta ~.a ,[lJ mst. 7ncr"df!l1~:~' ".~Ta,.!ieli Btu lui partzl;;;ll1. E, RB'delnt (cleW ill lui E~. Afldl'c) care aI crtlat 10 m.!i!t"B a!xa 06 unea 0 pl.8t:-~ clrcularii (uHd,e ern il'lrl;mre21 pr~nC:;ipaJ~) (it.! Palat.ul af"l:;6ior, amplaaat p8- Ut'I promO"'r;.Oriu al Dealului FUa."let. La 0 .c:~ inferiaar .. ~. ~ub' P.al~l!l~ (dnt11co!o de oBnl1t::ia ll'aculul t,t7il~;at liber). d8r" J~ cap3tul a:Cr~:I.e:ja!?1 axs-, ae: ·afla ... grots", 'fn ·fi$lfa -o!i.I"e:la ..... pe ~l'\Jpuri a6·6tin.c1 ~e-~i 5COt (fa:Qt.e'JalU 1'1.1:1,) 4%lpeult;:: tii.n. apa, Ce-5~ aduri-81 din i'lot;ite gf'iO'l:.et ecu~ptorull ...... a r6-ailul't o pa'rt.fl "1M ~rupul de tre~ ~tstui~ dol ef'9l8~1 c;e'iinGh~pui~ h1un~~ Jt:pl cum ,prive!iic ta.o nlmfa - ~~e,uf" (4,115). ~,;afe.G1 axl ern .t30.JI:4lli1U .d(;· FtofntJre: flo.r.ale, litlrzint3" alff1llla'111e'l1te:: rneonatt;, De f~ctura rcmarrtiaa ma~ iSl"BloU .,Jutt1ul lul Vlad Tepe~'''J ... Gc~mfa"~ "fJihllt.€h18li Ga'n"U'lc,~z-;t"lo" eo.lit. mici paviltosne., ;;ArBneJa'" (azl ~ro' itl .aer fib&" ~u Gin;al 5000 IOGuM) I.?] ac&ualul .,Muu; all t.cnMIc;li"" comptrnsl!J otJmpu.z:ii\-il!il. 11M 196:3 a-au t.~rminat jliCt"~rll" petrtru ;,.Moml t1'1eMti.l~ ~r.QHor luptei pe.nt.r~ Ifb·~rt~tetl poporulul ~J .s p.a;t:.riBl. penttLl 6ocialt6rtl" (4 .. 11SJ. ,cees CB ,a duoS ~a: !?I16trU~'B.rt;a gratAI. tran&forma~'M ve;roontulul ~pre lacintr-D: lmvnM promel1aaa (din t:rnpt& ~I paUe1-e) WGQ"alu~~ la :f16miofQrlJ~ un~'" ~:mal.a(ll~elJJl; Intr,~uo"'F'S8 UM6i d,ar~~:~od pc:e;.-n:a ~~C ~,., oo."1"tlnu.are~ jI)(uluf dB' l.a intF.;u'a) $1 a!te irrte-N~'t1"[;fi. Tot E. Rt:d$nt'iS f auterut ,r Is un alt pare mprr(7llUntatti'll din ~ra n'C1a~tra: PA~CIJL l':3,IBE5CU ~c la Cr-a 1~at 00 rea IIza rs ptlioog'It:I:r~; >de marl drmrJnaiunl ('inGeputJI fI11SB8: ~I ""allu ~ d. 'In n'!~re, tn190.3) cs se va ttlczvo'lt.!i d~-a h.JI'I1~U'1 VaH Fdt~ !i$lv.a rofleata ~;:.;pe~ tiema h,ncC!lUi d8 la !1;Mr~ituI5~c:olullJl. F'Br5011']61Ht~!~ compoziviei, dl7,te da~ a"el mo&lul abU tI~ smlll1l·izara: Eli ForI11ClJo,rindulcftis. de n'j:11d"~1 ou reu lui. elnuoo al .ape}. eu CiJ ri1~le~contraourl:llcle ale'ilor ~i di$pun.tml:a ve-.get-alu lui (It] chJe;iv formele ai C;f'Qrrratica .!:1Ic-e~uia), dar~i de ele:merrte car "POdUlI elu~pel"ltJ~t", "ruina" {rezerVl?r de>af'~)' 'i~tOf'ia:I;aI~u "Tt:lrm;!l" ,J BI~ttlle. Pr-olr.=c.t.uI ntJr jfiI fc:r~"t, ii1r~,r21'1 i"e!.1"IIizat. il'l ~llhiml?.181nceput. de 6-tlG. XX, Craiova bcoof1afa (dtrr.Ori~ Bo~luta~j pti!7:agi5t) de: "un plall,d,~ .• ~:U1f;~mblu pt!fiirtru 'invtrzilrn-a orafuh!.d" ('~M20); lu.tln~~o nu rwm~l1ntli1"Jt~ii aitor maid ora~e al,e! ~m~ni'Bi of r.hi,<3If··?r 1niirMte~ Geiptta1@J.ln .pAl'raisl au re.aWrllcamint~~ p2ln~ scum, ew&r~ltlJrl !5ecQJuluI XIX ~i prime Ie d~li1ii dlin eel ormlJ,ter. VOl' GOl1eel11n.til apaITFlal ,I 1'n afte or'll~~ 2l unOt grLlini MU parouri .. Amintlm! fj?fiom~t1ade:r,6 de ~alaEPi (,!'1u~evil'i!~ul CoPOlJlJui), Moia:@ti (~ul~ar'du! G~~' C,ru~gai"HJ, CJmpulung (b-,duf "Psrdon"} ~t ~;u,ittl ·de e;pa~ji d~ aarerne:nt-de la TJml~ara. (de-a IUMt3U~ Can:adulul e""fJ"'); IJrll:dnn!H" Jrti 6rs'iljl[ ("LA MONUMENr'). Ramtln.!rlu~ Villcca (JAVOIUL "), Rol1Jan (ot6iMDJNA MARE")" Si'rlalpi ( •• PElE$n. Bra~ov (..GRADIINA PUBLICA"), parcurr!o din i3uzau (,yC1i:.ANG"i100 ha), SIbju ("ARINILOR"/30 ha) .. un p.arccc~r~ alre-Q ~emniftc:a~'(: (a'partd e6te PARCUl SPO~T1V UNiVERS,j,l'AR «luHu Ha1-iegal!1u», din

CluJ~Napooa.. caw~ 1;l;I Olirnpia,da,de 1m BerUn dll'i m:3J3~~ primit mtldalL.al d~ brQl1z percl'trLl pr'-rrie~tarea unui pare 'Bpe'!n:;Jv (~" t:21). 0 al~ ar;t.lur.Y&oo NU r~gj~~aipa din t:ffiY:;'eredl m' revrl~t~ a .jl'Hll fntrertli"l~~, ~fiU realizarea de G~ADINI BOTANICE·ft1 tara no.;t;!~tra, Crol'1ol:ogic, B~~Gure~iwl va fi F!9' prlmul Iloe (pr'irl1.J .g1f~d1f1~ (;)~ lJal ra,alrZa lJ1tre 1'e60-66~ ~ ~aJU.;:l ee va [fMu.J€jural-rJ1B85.tot: pe Datal ",I CottOCCI1i). urmart d~ C'!~j ( •• g~~~ma bot~n,i(;~ vt3qhc:"' ,r;;t= 8l1. fu.rl:~iGl1at trru:ro 1872-1925, a douaee va feaJiza l'tntt'e<1923,.1geS). la~i~ ur'arsva (trtcClputa 'in fS55) ~i 'irn a'i1[i "'50,dt Th'11r~(%H'a~ roa~ ·c,a nu tre:l'HJ.ic ne.glij.;ttl ni~i apElI"itl;a eeler JOIJ'~ url1t41i;t::~ n,umiu M UZEUl ,SATIJlUl de®c;~i6efu 19291a Cluj ladn l@BG

ra"'UI;:u~$'tl (iar 1'111 :f.il"][.j 70, .~.pjillr~ ",Mut$ultelllf'llc~:r popul,am'" ti1' Dumbr,ji1'v~ Bi&'iului). Nu i;.1'%l?uli~ UJiw:te n~~r ·P~~I.!~· d.e la BAZO~ (ttllf'1t;ll~ Trm~(Ja'rii)~ Ut'1~;.: s-au roaHUI,'t nlJlt'l1OCOi:'3SCl :a.d<flp'tari ale Ul'1or Bp?ICH ex~ic6\ f8f~:r.~~ttJl sec., X~X ~I 'ihc&,PLlt,1!~ ~&;;, XX) ~.~ mar ~I~.a, PARCUl OEMDROtO~GIC;: 51MERIA tJt1de .~tJ; VOl' ~d1millrtiza (1¥1Uf'l~l1d din ~,85Q ~~ OOf:lI1Jl'liJ.~,nd ~j dt;lp.~ 19'20) miJ.lt~e7pec;rj e::<attr:;t. irl anrJ 1$20-:30 t7.e fuFtDc;me% prlJie:cte {P~t'lli;lfd.H'6prI"'Ut1njentru t1Qul {WIre ~l .~b!cure~tl u luJ; HEAA~l~ U d.a r 11.1 eru ri Ie VOl" 11'1 c ep.Ba,b!ia in 1~ -,Zi§ p'P b,a'l8 :pn'I~1J lui imClomib tde iI rh" OeM\.{ Dok;~g,c([J :fJ~ub fudrumarta r~j·~a~ i~tul u i Fr. ~bhlJl4. t?upr2lfapa de· 1810 'f'la (GU 'tot ,"i! 11~c:ul ir1~lu:6J v!J fl atf1Fl1fidarta: dUp.:3 1956 pdll1 e;o..tt.l1derda .6 pt"e ~'lQJttd1 (4:1.2:2) i:a r 1rrf.ma,g&l DQ rtlI p'Qz 1~13 'Va ft ~G mpl~(1:~ cu K'of dOt$ri pentru a deven r ~p81 rt; 'de .(2 LJll.,;;.ut'lli ~j t.i~~hin~~, cetfl1 ce,. i lIa iI G~JW c~ta~.rlJll .;m~'.

Du p~ 19BD ~~ \/'a u n'r1~ ric') .,.p()l~tk:'~' a,e ~M.t" 1'n dom~niu I ;f6,ra~·'irIQr ver'.zt C~U¥£'I'Iru-~ '~1'hi!!li allei!.J ~l11p!~fk::ari:a su~n~fe~1 a10e~;'!;.~tf$l. fhtl"-UM F~'Dr't, drtl 1977 (4.1:2~). e'ie COlt'l6:eml'll.l eli 111 fn'te rioml I nt.r:avtl~ ne:loy LJ.rl:;lel ~ @ el(t5t:.afn aael. m.omel'rt Q BLlprafi!l1t~ t:otr-a!~ de "flpat-II verzi!'> tlle 15.700 ba La S:iMu, Ir2 ha

. .' . ft

till Cluj. ,5.15 ha ~~ B~Q~\J ~a.m.~. (4,1'2 4J fP11954 515 va f~ce, ..zorl~t"t'ta f'1J nq:;ron~-

1~ <"l1p2liduJ"ilor" ~i ~t~billl"'ea c~t'tgoriHor de:: rt'lMreil 6C)e;fal: r'AlodLJ~~aI 'Pilr'l), Fr1.h1ur.eat &~ ~g r:'~ment. U n 'ertu4i u ~ ki 1978 (4.1-25 J vo:;! tvrdal1 W~ eli din 1. 3Ei5.000 ~a p~~rj GU fu n~pi~;de p roteQ~e .. ~QGltil~a. e~t~tkdli\?i .fttri ntifi~ d 1:6& 000 ~a ~~iU Qr.;ruFlaf.e t;ic. •• p~durl fi .~:e ffJltere~ '$oola!l~u 6S1fi if_.alr l"~or:e.at.I'V'~ ~r 144 .000 ha~d "pfblurrt~~monum'I$~'lt:~1 n~tunlf" ?f ,~r¢t:erva'[;n". Dupa 1.96d, '~pgj'~;nle, de a~r:ttm~l:1t,~J 9.port'6fi.mt evidel'rl'i.<1'lte ca "r~~a dB. !';ipa",!! ver .. .;ti"l1\Qcadr'IJi~,:t;;~~ltt-aler'de ~w.tl!.tl'Jatolzgllrn" far t.iar.'lttterui ~.~ 1'1 ~$a FU II .Jnt;ra ,su~, COI1t;r'aluJ LJ r1corl r(~ k:~mtbri ~i vorff tlAdent·fa'f,e [11 .. ~ij I~ t1t;uJ hritor~Q ~ •• at: fn $~~ £ioh i~a. rr~ ~e&~ ce pr!vt5,2te. conGif~tzar&ia a6e:~tf1U "i'b~iUjf;l", tI ~a:<ilmii1t~m .oa·1t:11!8rt:~L.l1 ~-&i cCl'1oontratc p¢ Buou.re~t.i> ma1ril~ or.a,~f;.0!f~ l'l'ei& GU "fiJLIterl'l~t,Eri J~.:l:VO~'~;lIrd- irlilu!llt:r:i~l1li 6;;~If:lahdu .. ~@ pt:.BiW Gl61uazecl cGi'mpJexe ~i '(©Z'lrt..B II\11Ullte b;JU ~ror'!tiw tdar ~i fOelrt13. n u merd~~, p re~ecte .' d'~ lflarC'u rl d~n tajh~r!3~ 1lli l:Jr'eta'ltzm;. 1r16JapU t:4 ~) c:a. gf pe ~mr$I'l:aJJfilj"l d~ pe I~to~l {lt1lc.erlJ~ In 1954 da.r c(;)mJl1u~n,d cu un Gjd~ith"tl·t: .. b~s'l');j'· Jl.tpJ 19@O). Dili1 BJlAaPJffl~t~ 13miyrEfm (5t';1~ :3 :pfc::riect6: rM I t:Z:aiU' ttl v~eJl d.e~f~.Lll1"a'f'i i , ,F~~i'fl:aliullJi rnol'ild~ai,a! ti:rieref;LiI.ui'\~ln 1~53. r~~t:2 .. ·,e~i!1: F'A~:ur..

r • . ·r;- ~ ...

Sf.'ORnV2,3, AUGU5TJazi !"iLAI10NAlliI ,etil mi~ (4.126). ~A.DI.N.A NICOlAE

BA LCESGlJli'n ~t1' ,g~~mm~ f7 (pfB'-"tl·1fg jllrui ,,~rei<:l' .~~ o~arrli~~za; ~m p,ozil:-j~ fir nd t<ea:tru! i'1"1' aer U~:eF) fu SCLJA RlJL O'PE ~i):: I (1t1Qbr~aJ't ulurJor CiU . ~·t8lt.lJ r:B I [J I Et'iElYi:lQ.u). Arari1'~a CI:m.uJu[ :de ~Mt- (195iS-®1) va ~~~rmif1~ aff1~l1falaFru GRA[}I N~ I miN OLA iarf in ju ru I ?~l~~r..u r Ll.1 5'portUl"i[or ~1 GU l:tu ri I (1 S'74) .a PARCuLUI TI NER,ETUUJL Eit; 'ltr}r~f1 urrnate de aktel~, Gii p~r.~.IJl'il&pcH~LJ;mEi\iG~it c~rtJ;e're: 1ABEREJ. T~TAN. fE~ $.i;I. !n t~ra, g:,1:-l!idJt1f11t ef1!.l paf,"k,lrH~ I'lQi, vor a~~ 1')1 m~j@~ .cazurilon C~ prirn:CllpaL~ itlyeefJ~e, UI'] e;tadk~l'i '~U Uti GQmpt~.de

. . . . . .. ~

~~tl!in (B'~callJ.j.C.Qi1~j;.t!ltrt@hHurle.dQat"J.; Ga!~'Pj ~l alta or~~e), I'n ,<Jit"li[ '30 '§'e va

n,",i11IIUl ~r .t8r$1(.;ima bat~!1ioJ 'de I~ Tim~~ara: 0 -da.~~ cu roaUzar~&! mt:wllQI" ~jl.mbl u rj die ~§l peri'F~ri-slora'PtJo.~ 'in a6i:I1Ct"£1 j, (d Lira 1<960) ,. M p IcJ t'l4 ~i pro~I'~ rna jOOr' I~t:uri cu certn:J i Dm~'U Ilui ~j a marilor p~ml te. ~,pomenat.laie" (dupa 1965) care ", .. l~tJI;l1d mal n1UtU ~ !.IGfe~ de '1't1.:.en~t>, fOG.rill ~cl «I il1i il~.de fOrfJ.il'.l 8lfl" a:~mb'llJIluf (:i{Ulaij. ·af3Dm~n,~~ \!'fJChlfor @i'tirazr o..am(;1rci~I~," Ac"e.tca 'lor p~i'ml~ 'j'" mal rl'lultla intagJ!'~lrefunc·~lonaJ!aJi.lr 0 bUMl' 6!mb-iow vec!1Hloll' (4.127j.

4.18. :GRADmILESEcOLULVl XIX

,.5~QII.!~ ro:ttHlIll1tlc" fI1 ~:~6im :m2mir'e~t~l1du ... ~ :p:!~l'lif1lr ;ltit.l'n ntertl~ wr~" o$lt ~.I. -m~rtf.l~&. pli;i;t!C(~~i muzio6t. fi:lt'1~ Q·.eta.r~ bit7t: d~nlit~ lli ~~'v'l'!~ NlfitGt(.li'"o::l. N u Jm fe~ tn.gi.3 !7e VB ~mp'I'8 1?f fI1 ;8rti:;!'4 ,g rad IM~:I cr, u:ntde claa!c:~e mu ~,. rtltGlOOui, pa'FdSU qa.au tPlIJ:zart. ~ posl·t;j ~~nc. Cri:za tI p~rutal at' fi putut d~ la t1Ia~~ma unul I'1DU s;t<lL dar elem~J1~~t= de "ra6&urli rom~ntic~," 21 Dawu"te· ~trlJ prima oa dii toclm~rrf11 9 r li~,i M i (4.128) \1~C"Ga'inJi X'!ill n am fQ5C rrH~ufrC-I ~l'1te ~tru. i! d~lt'mrna ap~lIt"llla linor t1Cii Flrll1l(.)jp'~i dupa Cili~ ~~ gr,e ~An~~~~c,a ~r!Y't:l~l~ar~·tUJ1Jl. A!p.8i a~ 1'11. p;l::tn;.l.lei ~LJ pt:elutlteil 1~i'lQ;l· compot1tt,te .. 3 UI'lClJ:"' J:laene. ~~a ce '1;'8, dtJt£~1a ~c-Im;.iO'i;m. ·fi8 VOl" 1'I1~~ifoota ~i uMBle prat r'~n~ Gum ar' i1 OBit;; pentm I1"Ia i multlr naturlli oopreluoraU\. refu€1i I (foot6It=.pimd:ta§.~")~ intlmlt<t'"ve !?llwer"'lc; r~Gh.(i:m 3"l4f din tro-cu-& (nos-el.l·f\0.ii) .a U110:l" mCU11el1W ~&tta n ~oarGi (prll'i liIiemerrte .1limite:r:;·'~~ra,16 -.~ G~~~ romall1'h.Art~ fil:3,urai;ivit ambl~rrt,uri). ,,Fi,Jn.i!HmrF ·i~·[Hc". a~orlJli"~ orii!I'l't~~I~, vP!!J·e'&S~r6·,~xeti1S~. ~;i t~Jvr~sa. XIX are ~r rtWi'tu l' de .3 etJrn i LIItrmla i mil r~ i nt:f:t·~s; p~nt<ru pan::uri,le pubifc;C) (ca r~5pun~ till n:$;.t;e.. mc.e!'!iit:~ oocl.al~ !?lla aefici~i'J~aJe. u,.~a n Igm U lui) ~i pei1tru !fl rJdin lie lio~nioe,: .,0 Col ~atenflJ~"'ci a rO~l1tlfH11l!! lu~ 6Ste eli m ~ce:~·:;\jt8 ~pocilll d~ ~~iune: m~.'W6U «dilJ1c'o~QW 6pone~t&i'iitrtl\r"euj p@:flt .... U .ttat:l.lr2lJ ca a!71;r;Gt< ~tHrrf-r~ ~i f21f. '~W~difli:l~ b(}~n'l.~~ :iu.nti·o cGnflrmlSlr~· -, a 8IpeeU:i ~f,(.::llJIt1ittrj Ilumrn~s;te:' oil;coto ~e' §d(:olL.IIl 'Oi'lll ~!~Hee!l" (remaroa V~oric<1l ,5, CQn!lltantllne~RIJ). Plf'imehs gMdini O',f,I·1;I:aI1lc€ apar fI1 OOG. XYJ, in Ota p~:e itallenc Palermo, Vene¥ia" F'a~ (15A15. utl~e va fu~ct;ioJ1a 9"i " .. c~tetJra· de brot:an.fti".} d~,ia£Hma.ti,zljrnB iIn ~1Jr:?fa iri(;;;~pu~e!"~ ma:i "e mult f~!i"pl"~m6!le .. 9Ifwe; (~:tlyrU 6!p~H. DitriCf;, tmnda~ An) 616 GUMO~.o ~iM eVlrl rn~~ILI. 0 ·@f.l'ta au :mmlJ,itdr~a glradlnfilor P'ot,a.nlce (Lt;i~eI:; L~lptl~~ Mf)lr!tp81~i~r. 5tra5-~ur" ~Iri~. Chfi~~~~~ ht'~ N~kPtJt'1il6k1Criim!t':~a ~.tt), ,ell aparitia ~oci~ilar tie' profll(a- farmeq:Gi",Ullor!1M:3" a bot.ani~tilorJ1839. altl~~'iIi Ah!!JHa)~~i pG-pulariza:l'lCi! cUtTQJ?tint;elo-r din dQm~M1iul ~nic~ ~ ro]~"fia ~j fcltIt!Jr~, p~ Mlinga atiw~ Ine.a ~¢:ntim !~:H1'1:i;!l:181po.~tiro (ce::a m~dfiA!)G he J. (j_.;a f.i ~owfld (~I M eu i!U';IU~04a~it1te M::;l:i tnt1.e~.~~). a~~ e<~tgt.jcli (ailit;] ~~: XVII l) ::sa u SM rlatu,ri~ctliltralJe;5tW lJ~~t:A1, a P.~ ~J ce$l:;!!t:il~n:frfi.cJ, G~I~~~'rr6fiU r1ero.a ve,g'e:ta'! uiui are 'ffi: V'edt'!re~i un ~l1atihl tJot.ai'lic" (fsrl a devetl~ 0. reaul~l). B~fial at:: plante :ilJ'tJ1t118tlza~ va 8A tJu 1.11 O".,.pr-al iferare ~. ·«wJm.'lu·e~()"r' ~6 fl6ri» (gazonul :Cl'[;5~a:raM.d alpro~p~)ctm1p'et. dll"J aCrS£it~ pa~'tet:e de; :rn$ii mroi dtme:t1·s;iurli). lnelu~1Vtll1 AtlflIll~ .. ul'I:de, ,gt~lul p~i5i1~er, ~t;c,trt~ tot· m~lj mu~u tem~drl1 elrtldil1lr~ i"&illii$n:e. fra n~~ze ~r an far spalttfC4e .. , Dec.1 ~IUI yom p'U"I.'!~<1l mel1vfo~'Nll i1!r!?te «pilIn:;u ri rolM"ti~ f1liCi m AI1e1lna ~ ni"j 1M Europa! G0J1tit'!6ntalitl'n ~hi 1TTl1 00 poat,.,. 8 fi rtlUl~tl5tJlLlI p&laager. ~e:l1t: atamm majorlt:atea. rn:alfzilirilor dm irwa'6tl ,eriooda. -se 'Ita, 1m m::~~lGlll m u Iteh prumutUll"i. Etl~e,r:.'tia m ul va car~ct..BrJZill ma.1 a~~ «p:.at:r~'Ur'lla P'L!~~JO~)!, 4e:a:t~t'l~tt:! cB~or rnu!'~I, C:;:U !Jt'I 5tatu t culttJ~I'ne:fQrr11~t ~r ~ ~ dO'r'e'2ltL! 5~: :i5~ odlh r!G&I~ca. ~ ee ~·t2l11t1:~afjc:a !.?al:.!6~ C"Ql1tem;p 1·6'; Dl ntro p.1lro~,!rile epacU ~~ pot. m~rwfiO:l1a rei pu M ie de. la MiiJ1ch~niVOLK9GAm Hi ENGLIOCHEJ~. GAR,TEN. Q am:e::naj~I'i" pei92!'g:Brj ae-a lunaurl curn.1J,[ui natuMlal

r~dui leia,' (4.129), eel privat. (.1e: la MU.SK-AU (Utlde un t-> 'en rmBrl6 cu ape, dea,lurl. p~dw"';. ~tr.5jLHt la orizOfrtde mun~. prim,e~te in amena.JareEl ea pei:5a'" gtl'r~ un ;llItnat@am ad Beene .~~ ol.7i:ec+-c.d din care eunt; p.1e s~mtl,t;ll~t! ,0 l7~k;!, un o~!:ii·.e:rvator <3$'tml1Ofl1I c, lit" c,af:i.U I; in ru ina. f azan e rl i, t110ri cto,). U hd s ~,tl mateIrr~1 ~z.ecl un ur dIM COl1ct:lptele, pd l'1t-u,11..l1 ROGkh~ r- M u 5k.!;lU (1.30) (~~f'lir..wnia t: fjot;~ () imt;:igine- c;orlce;t'ltrat;;a • .;'.l t:'1~tllr'ii. un mjQ,rQ,c;D~mo~'~) p~agl6't affl$lt<Jr C~ val ~a afaturi ~r pentru 1.I1'1~1e:. r~alidr'i fil"arlc~ze ale epocii (dup.a 1880), in Wt1,clt.l21~. d~ca nu putern vol"lii ,de lJH (tr:;t:il romtl.~lc'» In area g.r~dfr.ii" c:;a un con:;:5ponde:nt 81 mi1?GlIrii CLI- acela!?1 num~ din c;;elr;:~alti5 srre, est'e p~!'ltru ca -!:i't:il1":8a roma ntid (refugiu. r)oa.t:a.1e16" vi6.;rre. Il1tQ~ffi,eJj"eilil 'in t;.recu'C, e!tjpirat-ia· ~pro pari'ldif,!t;~ra' rnul minut1.::1:t) a. fast ~intotd,~itUI181' urma'riUl''fn conc~pe'rea fireCt~:;allJjLJr vdr:dt,

...

4.,19. GRAD1JV11.1£ SECOLULUJ XX

Me;t1~iDIi1 . .!i m ca tlll nfl vom Oi'::upa ,.aid ~ I d,e ulr,ffne I e Sec.er'l r i care' t~1 VOl" ga 6 i 0 trat.a ret'i1a i ,generoa fj'.~1h (lap 1_

La 'ir1ccip!..rtlU~1 ~eoQ~l)ll.Ii h1~f;.;rLJI, Gonc.eptuI gl"aafnil :ea ,,§pat-1u de; !OCiUf't It1 aer liver" (4,131) cg~tlga teren, "f~c1Il1d furorl P6!?te rut" CU~ remilrca M&ll"l' luitle Gotl1!ein TIi1 1926 (11'1 .. Gg.5iChiCht:;;: d~r Gart-!ll1Rul'lfi:it"). In par.al:el, a • it.elo~ii ell ~e vor GO!1§tTrtui In mi:;?care moae:rnti. i~i vor ttducG: ~i ~i contribu"j;.r1ll nu I"lumaf l£l sfirmare . a GOriGflpt.ulul!75mna.lat. (4,132) C[ fi fa: rewnliliderarea rola1Jle~ COl'1$tructJe-i3r~d.ina, AGl.'lal5U1 Fl"1f~G~r~ .eub ~If.erite d~numiri {4.l3~;1 &rtr~g~aJ a~ren~ i>r ~e:u'pro tl;fl'c8l5ita;;.n WYler -6tr.£inM l~at:.LJl'i 'ihtre o.m~l'uiltt:wl.. uhnic-a" l.ttt!mul urmt;:l11 al t..r1~dei fiindvti~u to (dB W.<;jlter Bel1jHrrHn) Cilli "ultima i'nct')tCaro: d Ql~ a £iI~e'ltt la a rta ~D d.e. a 0 cob-at? ~ r M tl..lrn iJ rei· ';8 fi IdI~~". Pe;ntrlJ Wllfia:m Mod5 (a utorul jn 1892"·.!il1 tllctarii "Ne<LV$ from Nowh6re'~1 ~hiar 'Wi dup~ 1900, g ritt:ilrn~. tni~j @&lU rna fe trelb u i,~ "". fi~ & pt· depl i 11 ordo l'Ia'c.a. ~ :;~·a ~·a·t& !mea·ta", P!'3ntru el (;~ ~j r~t1tru al~if din ab"t)ea~ perloatla, glradfnlle: ~I jgelE5$1J",lli.ber, ~rou JOlL.ia lucruritt?tal diferite'rar ceei1l, ce !3:6f.iicea'lh o;ejr,ti'dinile de c~621'i" mul .. <llmplifl~te· (r~alizate: din aiel fntortoo.hiat~. strait rio roc.i. 0r-ote 6tG,), drau ~,precja:Ul c::a ~i .• c;.arlcat.u:r~" ale.l1!l1iP~l"ii, f-t: d.e a:l~ par-t.e,1'nrebOiafe.a-pI'1Vh'ld 1"61.<11- :i'ra. oIDH.,gato'rLe' MtJ nu, a grardill'iH GiU Cii'il6a; .p@orBl~:ttil.~~ ea (4..134)'. 1M, ~xp.oiZi~ia difl 1em d!'3·I~D6Irm.f't.adt, rocmrnt:eie rn:a~lzat.~ de JQ~ep}1 Marl~ Olir~'h !pJ '~eter Beh 1'~'I1I~ pe de~ ii~11 M.ath Illd6. \/Q,r -&It'rol.1lf: tJ;"tief11?~1I ·Jll5UP,1"&) g.'d~id:i rli i ca' .,&p~t-f u ~e 'o~u it ·&te rlor". 11'1 1907" Max Ui r1gai"ftrtoc.me~te praieybu I ,«La nar~r Gart6l1»: 'i'htr.-UI'1 ~tn geometric: plJr IBli" He:rmarn'i Mutne,tU!5 (4.135) fjU5~t'le Gl •• ~ marta aiv~rr.?itarUl. ~%te'iit1rtotdea!unel ee.ehtiilla -fotma 1nchi6a.-dB6f8!!Sl1r~~a .oriZQl1tiil- 18 it fieG~rei~lirr~i 6il1~ldare ~ii·Jt:gp~111reEl p.a~lo", u~a·de: ce~I.aIt~·~. E[ ~a recom&lnda pBf'l'tl"U .-6fadina mo.d!erHa"; cm1w>rdal'$a tilCe6'tet.ll CU t:/!)l1gtrucr.l~{ OOI1:1'trtJ~ii~~. po~Jrje 9ue'j:.rnt.rta .~! d_e Mari~ LUIf2C Gotheitl" d·iZltJ8 detenri n1~J ~rzilJ (4136). Amal'ldoli v.orf~ adep't-ri g;tiJuiu.i gearn-Clute (Ge-j;,tOm g.j!5i aflri:f1,M; ~ t~ exPQ:Zi;.ia,de:gdidjl1h:;Htl1904d~ f~ DD~$e;ld6rf'-4:~;37). Du·pi'prrmul r51zb.~1 t11'Ot1~ isl.· Ba u hauB-ulelc la Wei 11"J.1i1 r (1St9'-1' 925) pledA!l t1d pe·ntru "n%d:lz-a r~a U n~~ arhitec:turi motft:lr-nd ·care. precum l'i.tiltura tlmamai. !I-~ c:uprinda·ttrt:roa~3 vta:t.a~ ('Natwr GropIUc6), I1IU va uita nicr gri!~djrra-, dar fara ill aeveni a pr~QclYpare de baza .iii pro.gramu,ILJi de Gtudiu. Daca laJ Wlzjm~ r ".,. g"~dj II~ !5cl1~~ .a'Ie.91J ll1ca il1f1uenWnepGl.a!'lice. !pi il:xpre!?'ioMif.?te. pe!::ite can; '~e r:eCUt'lD~t&'lI tndrurnar6a !ul Pete,r f3chmm:;" (4.138)j dura rr.:ll!ltarea la De&f5.1:lu. ap~re' @ Jltva ((Jrient2wCl (f8:'25~33). natura r¢evenind un copt! rtlcl pant: cu p~roonajit-a~ In. sututul ~Jr~dr~ji (4,1r39), S.e pare. ca arhltectura ~i r~.l:a¥ial r10W~ GU 'il.ltul .a rQQuin1}~Qr p'enctru profeefofii die la Ba!uh.au~IDe~m;al:.l (W<ll'lte:rGropiuG -1926)~'Ll'ol"fi WI"! prfm

98

?8@ rn tf"eMr~ cle ta prooGiJ p(iSll~a p'tntru 'c(:}'n:t£lrtl;a ifr~a q]rr~d.j nil GIJ QaB.a I a ceca ~t- .... ti1WfdrBre;a compQZrrlei ~rrhrtec:·tohiee fn n:atHrif', La f6rm;ew r'~t-lol1afe :;.J fUi"lq>k'?il'la ~e, 1m ~rng,B 'ii1a i nte de pmarn$u1 wh!tl~c., €Ie v.;a cJ!i lJ~ LJ I'iI pa1rteMr "Gfhlllj?I.em'en~ r" tn~f1;;;lti ul1'f1t:o~j u r~tciif, tent-a nt in TI"l U Itt:. ca:zu ri prJn prin'litlvit.!llW lUi (4,140). Natl;lra 1't1oope:~a d,evuna 0 «i"'€pnOO:loi la opera ~rrhdtee;turala", ~.r I'ei~~tl iM~rior- ,,}&riat;,<cai p\l!lt~ 0 cOI1't;i rru itate' eft -aen putoga- e 'Ki u mi ",vi~0ta\, ·"~i¢~I'. Irl aGt~~;H~'If;~' lf1'l1u,i' otie,l1t?l~ t;iljn:t oit<3t1'3: mulw ~xemr[e dil1 c~re a,mIMtlm:~C.a~<lli L~l'IaC'1 dill Kr~~Jd (MieB van :de:- Roll,,), ,,vil:t:d::'al~rJ~w8it~r.f' din rat'lr1eylv~ni~ (Fraf1~ UOit! w.t'rgh~).; ~,Vi!a 5avby~:' tl:~ COI'~fJ\i~F} ",Loouln ~ Nft~Jtr-$l'n d;~ ~el P.Q~!~~el' murrselul San Jlildn1Jo - "ColQrado (Richard Neutr:a) B£lU "Loc:u~nt:a dJn5LJee~" (9ere~ Ghenmayeff'), 1:aIYIt.ima p~lii;aJul ~~b_atJG'fI.it'1d GtJltduSl pifn~ til veGin~t'Ba, rn~edit1ter. R~rl1rtfti'nd chetfl~ne-a din ~~Q, XV'll. ~'ii1toan;~rea Iall t1:at.ur~" I,~,tr'.airea 1't1l'latura"I,:apar pe csa dB tal '~f~r~it!:J1 sec.. XlX' ~~''at:ceJ*at''i &I nilturfi tnimJlf da.ca 0 ~lJPlHiem ()rdjri~ ~,i Ipreillbr~ni~. i~~i (1~ Fa !'11IUI.xuJ ~ec, :xx apa~:7n4~ft1t'1ul; i';.~a ne Lilt-am la ,BXemplt:l@ ai1"terio§ll"8. dar:' nu la ~.r!dinHe Re,Fla,!?"OOrdl ~l,ro~l'Ire. under prrtl~i ~i rBtSl .~ p~mlre~u. 'f"rin 611ir't~ rl.atiJril, ea $:i4, df{ZV'Gl rt~ m fQfmtr~ Im~riaa" d §~' fim.\i1$8n'WJ ~a 081~_d~Wla :gradi n r tI1 C~FCl ~mu I I?t natura "6,8 tr1'~el~ 7 i ODin ~uoreaz~ pt:: ral:1~ i'l'tu I dilf'l C.!il ro ~tra t3 ,~m~ndtJi' (4.14"1) ,. Afjt>~ fu ti mp tl~ f;:~[ar~i~ GiviHza~j6 i fila u~tri~ Ijzat~ ~ nj1Jf;,[.i! r-A ,elt: rndrtlpt~ ~pr:~ cZl$c'taJI"B c_flt1filctual!i. aflata .. iIn f~~'Mi'" la ._gfflr~r't6l1 2lltl'::,. XVHI. Dc,? I FfOljF8~illd ~mpl{il~, C!13iF'e Caut:a~lo.cuksa m l'iiatur~j. vecjt1:a~~,,~:artl.Jrii ~~h~f1,~r (~, da,~~e .. pOif;'ltt.:oi'i~r '6:ll!H'$1:~r,ce) 12frigli r~~edLI1~l1 (d~ c~·lemal tTl u Itt: orr' $U perte h nol~gizat~ ,. ,g.~ r'Rt:r-al tz.;ar-e<l'lac~§teit~nl6i1i rr~~ t1U va dl plea I;jm~tQaFt'l' din cauz~ ,z;:brtdi¥i6t1~lrl,lolI' 'e,co1t'lt)rni~i uribarl1e. tie!?.! ~tih1~~~ !?i t6hnica pf'Ort'lrtccJl ,,,,t®t.ul ~elte·,pooJbH". Ca: ya,~ptlIi1B.l~1 ef&Gt,ele t1Bg.a:tivB aile noli oivr1iza-J;;4i. <1pa'r lJn~l€ ilGffU!111 la I'live'l ,rra'[:.iClil1al ca'!nmu~tlrtl~ ~F3Iiveffiific~rE:c2li §p'\!1I:pnkw'd~ ;ll~ri::m~t1i'~i,dB pr:a!6tlq:~re.·::;1 ~P.l(JftuluT (i'rn~~lva ~treeulul :?l $e.el~t'1tBlti~it11lJILJi' ,?i d~(;j,ara rea uunt', zat':'k~' C3. ~rvilrt:" i natu ra Ie; (.pt::I'1"&1I!'l.l preirJ. ~arnpi na rea diBP,l;:f~ ri~iej uttar e,~dr dm Hoi! ~i fall,ina,). At1ii l?O. i'J.U o'lllduG N,ou¢i.1l1 practioa $i ~oria §,rldili1li. Tn .cit'l:r::;6t1iul IJ.Jrma,to~, r1l,V'Jn~' tl'lai pre~n.1itT~~ TM ddzbateri reJati~ tion!5tnI~J€~p~i!;iiaj d,l;'l~ri~, .<llt.&it ao~t~er,~rlj pro;ae~::J<urul de urb~Mt~ro Jar ~J <'Iftrtif;-'~h~ i,,~r h,f~"t;,,1Jiri OI'.'~aH1 leae e.~ u a r~cbl~k!l exhrionJ lul p r.i n Ii rrterm ~d iu I p'~re~ ~Ior oortvna. A:tittitliMi~gtn'ace.a9ta problern21.!1u M vBt:;;;itwiI 1.111 antip-l'lZi ci ver d.!!! e.ilO141t.iai d&D $Hlru m it,! c.o~verg:.e:I1~, riR?I:a~r~ ie. fn t.re- ~m ~j l'U1.ltu ra; 1fJ~rt't~&e.~tl p&r~~i a~hrte'9t!llrj. 6unt multiple ?j otJ dit3termh'll~li'i r~(3lproce:" lar poz1¥la <l1Irhlte·Gtljtu~ e~~ ,d~, g: ~J1,z;iliZB !?~ :c~ntalr;1 p[)t1:ct1er-i1 e (?i iIa' a pr-apu Nitl m~:§·u ri .ipe't\1tru c~e1~,~et'1ter~'6~ par de multe: tlr1 cD~tr.arn, .~~ ffoel-,po.,trtJi dezyol~ tn armOl1ieti (4.'142:) eu a'tk mEli mult.c=u ~it In tot!'l'laJ rnult,e Z@I'ie. reJ~ajllJll a, ajlJ~B: jil 0 ... iilt'I'Un'll~ fi1'/g.rktate, iarM'~ia tM' ria'tL,lr"a a omulul tofrbemporotl, eei'b"e t;,ot tlh;ii

~r~. F i Wf)~G,. Gara:ctewI"5t;:Jci r ~ Gad r'1I..! ~u~ Mit!; r~1, 'treltu ie .~ fle:-, determlorlau 111 dennima wp"1r~lulul c-Qhetruit.~,a!U. amt:najat ,de~trnat nec.r;:~i~~:iJDr .tJmane;. JI1'i?Iu:~r.v 111 c~ul f'lw@fli d.~ frumotJ.~ fn Gaplt:()I~l~ de~tlrwi't;,fiivalu'fi~j gfl'dl'nii'rntimp; ~~3'I!';~d~!1yi£Jrt at\[tu!Siift;eliI -f'2I~. Ide, cadrul nal:ural ~evpat'eun;lul (lI~tf~riWl()l"' e'Pcape dl'l' d~ZV'olr,.are a ch,~mza;~ii'!.J m~ Ho, Q.prinrdu~n~ la ell!'lOO I u! t1a~t.ru, - a m r4ij n e pen(tI'.bJ 1:nc~Pl!t. ru t"Ictu I 6lt:l v:ed ere comun rdv~nd rebil,tfil e rroi &?tafit~ natllJ r~, a: dol mawi ,~rhite:t?~i - Fta Fn k Uoyd. Wrr~:ht·~i Lt C6rb~.J'§ler ~ &~~i ttl' c F:e-,:'at1a de.~ rt1~tm:::tu t"~ ~u I"lt p~ '~itrj dliertt·e. Wli~ I:rt ,afin11e1; "Sa OQII1~·truj m oaBe QgH':e :1li.a Ii%it"jJLlC~ 'in·~re.aJm~omuIUi elem~fc'ltele rl~turij: d~tl:t;.·o~re' de vf..a.t~ ~l dMcnizat4a:ro ~~ 6rfz:dI'11;;~ri,A(j&<WUI, 'i1n9t}amrtal 19 arh:rt,~ct'Jrii'{;ar-e '6~ pOrrte;q)$C3 d,e 1Z'i Mtutl&l elIt:ului \?J i'lr;niwi:lle:atii 'C,U pl'imul pSil6 rmportant spre aer~ui'area unei

99

ami'teGturi demn~j clicil '\'lr~ 'Orlcoraiilnt-a lind !oondrrt:e cu tertmul e;l, fi!i~Lm 0 potr'lvirs p~ care 0 r1umlm frur:rM~~e" (4,143). jar Wrieht e! ~peat:.~t. flC:65~ lOre1Z'1'I «cllIe;a de· p~ c:!liG~ar» (K~ufrn~n) tie Ia BMr RlJ"lP~I'1My,lvaniiiil'. La ~"dlu~r Ilu:l. Le Corb~,r6iBr Vi! 5i1J6tine cl w,.OFl1u! rift'ltil UMI prQ4!Je. ill' nat-urn .," amltcGtura "tr:-ef;;ru[~'~~ Jl'1tre intr-lJJ'I anwmrt !'aport CI.I :;acea~t.a ia.r .. Nat.l,ll':;a. h!!!jHcJ i\itil'!6. p~incipl ul de ~ mk..a bila CI~alni7.are cu Cila~lficl~rt ~i grupe, eu infil.1~~ v:ari~· '[i;tr~~ ~1 t1'hat~m.qltiaJunit.&iiI:".ei:,.w.t irrlpril11t1Ie;:~t-I6l: ~a lin irHma tlr~[tsott;uh.J1 ~'f 'r1~u1n' ~!AurUt: d~ 'pe' pJaf1~etJ'" (dtn vol.wG!i.:Iaf1~ le(?) ,c;a;rih6tk~~JIS~ CUtittflr. ~Ial'lcihc~»,), Dac..! ~lidiri!~ ~Lli L~ Cor!nJ5ier MlJ \(,Or 4w<&T'lt atgu mtmte p~1ifI tru ~ ~mi~O, iH 6ohfmb:: !a, Alvar A.a~to,t;Ii'd-zul ~i nsaUzarile -e;altl (4.'144), tlili;l.$:'i1:in ~deel.i G~ o:pe'l"a um;alil~· ~ natura. tr-eb'uie. ,.J, fGr·m~u.o unl~te. A,ti~U~n~ ~LJI 'in c~:m ~ relJ ~it ~a i nt~,rt::ze areat:U I~ e-alf" 1\1 pt':~aJ. 5i8lfrr~ Gleglroftl afirm~ 'in i 964: .;,A~I't:o a ~~~[t lm 8!em~rr"t . .e"t:~mu,lato.rrutt'l cOf'l'L.lJcu,ll.<llou.r·Hor Ffl1hnd;atr, defp~I4.i!'.1,te. de MttJf~, dlntr-Q t:l:"a~itu 1:'1.1 uil11itar d~~upj,g, ","",I I~~t:.$i 'ilt1l'6l1ef~ ma e1a 1honie'i~ a padurH ,,",are preae.1lzJ ·ylirmLlI"Ue.dfn to~te par1pilc, ACJ!!'eJ.t e:arscot6r jz~~r ;all p~ !i:l8ijtJ,J~ IJ~ in ·cafl~ a rl;'J:ft eat·ull ~_liJ"Ji it. I,-~ C,Qndu~ ~ COrlu~l~ mrm."ra.r' ~i,1'1 UQill· ~. pu rtind Th eft: SnWd'aea ~re a F inlilndl':ri"". Tn MtUl'itI «"once af8p~nt.ie de orrj·Ge'» ~i r,!I u ~HJrravl~ltJI i,eec der...8'1io S5peoli I e!, lO'rme~€' CEl'r.e 'FC~pecd .i!,Ct'll stil oondl~e:rilar:a, ea at:are. Info! a rh it8Ctull"ta ~i t~ ra~ am~J1aj,arl ~e ,el S!ae.(l:.i"re:, n-ar tre17l1.Ji ~ .u ita <ace6!. 'f rincipi u~ .d8l62l eit! d:Qre~viabii it.atea unm ~reil~L GiUfffi Clemerrt,(4.145). pr!lia~~j;~t~r pi'nf~eor 18 ... EcQ!e, dLJ r~g~" ,d[t'l Ptlr[s. r,c}~c;~fC)· nand la 0 manifc~'t1i ~igidi.~ .a,rhite:etu~t..tJ i'ntilriiUli 'il"n 't~lttii:rlj·~ IPfll~2iltJ~re. d~ ,til LJ pa 1 BSD,.a!G1l.!.U EliEloternul d~ ~i rlQ Rr'e 0' ~ due, 121 -f!9rma ~'zare~ ~r'emM' a, m odurilo;r' 4~ c !"f!ttll'f ~ :i?~ ,,$I re .II re C-~ l'f'iIotiV1ill?] c util)o(prim,ill~;l au pn~:i11ii11'ter omu,1 u i" ~B; 6e ?n~ Ine~u 9i 1111 wn!X:l"'vare{1l eu orJCCI pr.st a tot;.. ce.a f.Mcut ~p6ci.a urnal'11 lj'l tlmp. EI cre~e c~· Sir iii C<l!llul iB~ ns aminetlm d~ !egne. biG~~~f~ C:aro ne va fI'IdtZ'mna ~a ,U M a1t rnod ,at; ~ 9~~t=lJ CC I1U· V:t1 piJ~ neg I ~i:lI ceM o~ num~il'W e~ «~inamio.a p,e:iMjll!J~ujli). «mi~ma» se c21l-acteriu-ad tultu~. rnA Jgnot3 aoeae.t8 mi7Garc. ~pul"1,a 61, frIiiS"at;l1MJ!l nu numati &I CQn~id~r$I I'lt:!I,fl~ C)II ebJaot fin~ c.i ~r 2 Q izola i~toric ,?i bioJ,o~.iG de contey;tUlI Gartr o faG6 U 6'i'iir!li't,e:". E l mu ~~ !1eGe~it.atea· .iI'.t"65Uf porf'lllrl, ~I ¢lmu~ui Grltttetl1Fol1ilitt. de- ,iii Giuf'unc ~rriOCl OiJcqt!. ~e ~i6aJ, irrt:.~r.(et11':1~i oolt.!:. 1::11 Groat;!! c, tot.(;~~a1 oe omul iljl_~t'ld@t'I~Jl:iil~ tfm,p:u~ur ;~i biio!ol:3i~ oului -c.are' t'U~t~ ~i G"~~·p'~rp8'WU ,- ofer.a ~l&ajului.(} ~an~ t:::I~ .3. m~'hli'n~ "bGl~~~llI ~ UI!JI LIlT ~T e.vlta re-El' M1e~aul u r 1S~i5Umat[c "6PF('3' pad IJ re", r::a. Uri' Cii~i1)g!U r tel. R~ L.I,besc teUl'l1J rl~e 1E1~,I'''''ati.6e ... A~J!JJo .6a'e)B~G mpll'~;Z;6nti!llte tQa~M.rat.u rilJt ~ei1~~~i: arbori, arl.?u~~, liaM .. , h,erb".<iIc«, bul~ eu .... "tecum ~i matel"ial ~dm~de u'l11pri ~f ~umil1a~". Pleejt1~ de ,fa .e!~~.6t I;;-onupt, d~ a-l r~ill f'~turiT d~'lept.ut ~~ 0 anrmllH'€: ple:ruara, eJ~2l, propuMe: «-gr~,afIi'Mli ~1iobl~l1) r~ ar h:rs-ra ~~ mltflcart;fl ~·t;li1ei1i'lra a !:1jol~ic;Ullur. fn fd'tul £lce5t:a. c(lflc.~la .a r itilterv~n~ dup,~, rn;:ani~~t.a:t"m! t'I'~ur,gr:8dld tI v~~et81lulul ~i nu 1'hall'l'te, ca:ltl cW£LlII .gr:~,dlfl.Hor de piin~ 8.G-'U m. Eyjp.t:iI'1iC, 1naOCl'ilt c.az Inter.r~ntJile ~r·ft ",ell Ii mllte" ~i 1M, Gun6~th1~' def~l.o{)Irli mI~~re !pi tJmp,

Qupa eu m ~ ve~e. Be;OQ~uIIM:Q~"tru n-a neg~ Wa.:t 1'1 iei g'.~d i n a ~la~ft:j ca 6Bl11r1,lfi6,sl't'1ef?:i chi8ror~~n~r-e. niG:Lcea pei~;agQ~. nk;l cea arhl~ra~ ~ t1I~l1'l1w~ro~J'Wil Ja 1'l:8'tur:aJ.,gr81dfnjl ~~ibatic.r' (tPl"'8oonfzatJ ~a: GIn~e. CJem~t4t). B.a m8i lI11ullt. t'h~!~a propu5 ii'l D ~d Inl re, Uh fremi~ra~ au fjr~df I'usr"iumiil de; ~pA '~8 nwl'llif&l.~ r" oaugol"'icJ\ afunOfiionalul ui .• j ud rcului. ce j~n!lread' tioti !.inca Gra~ ca· de peieoaj. Totice $t! .,v.adt:t (4.146) $~'U corrtraftia.ut, ~E)~ !J11 !"lOU, "Pto.c:ju~r ~:itilnat tl mpui u i Ii l.wr, 00"J161.:1 muiw (lli muju OAlZU Ii ..aOl!aGC3.1itru~" fUrM:i (l an~xl ,i!li ~uf.1erm'arbrt;-uhji). trr'l ~:qu~~.fJr1d'· lIJ1;ilU~ dO'm~nl ~mplacatJl!' de !;!I A I~ Z !HJI'i

~cnet.a ~6 .. t.~mplu al ~11~tJt-ir. ,rolax&lrill qi l;llH::urief"lilll" rOfer~8I nelimitat6i, r.a ~1 ih Ga21J ~ Dten~-tandurllor, (it:! 9tamltl8 a li~·ta:te taUl'~, e~te un caz de: oea mai 4lbil~ l1'1anl9ular8i tl.nd6" Oimul d1evjt'1djut:;~da propriilor' ~61k: ;t"Iv~l1t:iH

BAd~t. (',.8 i'ntr-un a!'{;8m~nes c(mtext, al ti<=;o~J1jjjQr VIJ,I ~i IX. C.a,rl~ pW!:!16tr.~tica g~ai!ilirlii a ~l1du!at ?ntre Bxt,;,reme. a arparn.{ ~I ihtr,t;a,rea: "ar cum va ~rl'Ul EWfidh1.J1 aGoo!.u'ui untjiPtorj C;:$IfS i;>at~ Ial 1J~~i' Un rafipUI1i5 la aceasUi intre~re ee v~ 'i'ncerca Is Pad£! pril1 inteF"n1Miul unei oomp-etj~ii de idei, t.a Vm~t,'3; pe l,aclJI unlJ~ fOf.)"t 1:;ir'~' de 'OI'I""IA: (4.147),ln zon~ de N-E:l?"f 'l'rtglob~n~ cana lu1 OU'13. se va propu Me amatlt1lja r~ un w pcaW'G (d lJ!p'~1 Go,n~tituire~ 'i'r11879 iii UI'IBi in~tftuyii publicc in SCC&"t5iCOp) care urma Ga pB',circa 55 ha,::58 rjgpund3 lBl.t.rel rlec;~~rUl~j~ r~iAHg~'r~a lJnui Pair-c. $I UI'H.Ji Mu:wu all !;tlirl'~~~or ~[ TB~",i~ilor ~i Ii unul ~Ora!? <!II mUzicii". Un concu,lf'~ Ilntc:I't1-at-ioMI Jansst. ttl 1982 .• va d~mna c;ala.ureat. pe: B~rn81rt;1 Tschl)i11i (4.148) 00 urma sa tlea vlsfa unul .. pil1rc pel'1UU eecoJ:uj XXI", ,;Campeti-yla dir!l 1982d .t1U numaj eJ ce;rM Inov.a;'.U dar ~! preclzs urrnet1li'i'l1 c.are 8CC5<US 5lii ~c prch.:iucl", Em un Pl'V0f:i1'lt1 tlee.chl~ ~ hlter,U;;ci~11"ar CB yj:za jOUr"'al:1itJ;rt'l. ~'alier€l ~r exp~l"lm~r1 t" ,t:iar ~r 1n~Crft:.lr~a "11 ,;!inamfca vi~ ~ m~t.rDpoB1;all1(: ~I a plJJ,ra~h~,mUlI u r O:Ulltud i u I",ba ne, I n e~eu I d~ pro,~.ntard· a proitwtu!ui pt.:nrtru wncure. r~chumr r~ prop-n.u1ea, 5ii tra;&ez6 ..... ara~ul Gill UI1 1trJJl"e0 ,., U pill rc 'trebu ie e.!i fj ~ 21 pt de 6ehi ITIbare a .dat~ c; U £jocn 1m Ila.rea oamen I~ IpJi care n folp.$eae: ... ,a~a i'r1c:&t ~pat;4 iie Oil Ituna Ie pu Mictl in, aer Illirert..re.b-u~e &a ff~ cOmptl,tlbne '"1..11 mQr;:IU'~ de: \Ii&l~.i urban fM, contff'lu~ tranMOr'ma~ ... ?n Gcmclu;de. stl"uctUI~ p.tlroUtlu~ t:rebuJc: .ea ,adapoeU2l57ca. !Sa Ihcut8Jjeze ~i ~a ~Lll!)fln1i UI'I nurnlr de aC$iylt;Q~ neprotra ma~". D~r ~ttl d.ezJt:t6r~ n-au ro&t ,0\1j;j 11 00 deGit ft; p~rte., Proiectul as va opul'le ideii d.e ~tp,tu·v is:$! 0 Tmaglne' a t1i&rturf[l ~r ~~(::f, wtodata, Id'~li de pare ca 0 ClI,t(~re ,dIn ora,~ f'rltr-un paradi$ .. ," (4,149) asu 0 fmallnire au rJlatUI".aI. EKis"r.l ~iOpil'1'~ ca La vmt¢"te nu oote un pare ci .~oin~iruire de f;lpa"):.I17'""tre COI:'1~t:I"U'~il, '~p~1r[i ee forme~21: Q 'C&I!;lla pSf1rtrlJ ~lljpunerea ult1ei ~i1'H de mol1m~ wadaJ modern. un albll!'f de: tlim!?re cu ~radij1i ". "goomt~'r[e eLI UNit f1ii copacL "O'~5em:f!'I'Iea c.ot'lElitatare C' det.,crminatJ d", 6i&-eemuf de altl~tc; (csle21 . fQW~1$;"/I1e:bu,nri),d'ive~_;e Du,prafr;te ~r lil1ii. De ;altfel. planu,1 ini~"al', fnGerGa, Iprin intermed lui LI nor 'Jri' e $tJ pro pU6!!. ~ de.a iIIa~ liTIi{"oarl i !?i' ea C'.,'OOe w'n ~hero~ f.al1U!$ti1c» &~r oontr-ol;illt.. cst':e ~,ai d,tlvtnEii UI'! ~parc CUI,t.tH"al d~ alflUUlmet'ilt pentru iODuitorii oofil?tIMi(:.j iiili mWDpolei". tM a doua fa~SI c:or1i2ptie:i • .;iIl<'e!c majol"e ,,'Or f doar SBmnii,(arte; de ct:l621 ntWunHI.5B Gchimbl!! ;rm~~e d~ ale r, et: md~ rfi oJJ, fcwmeTe. 51..1 prs,f~elor,!ili I'rt::erl O.~r" (~ipG.l rul eeoJr'll1&tric ~I.aoc~tora). ee Introdu '8 tra§cul 5in lice cu meaJ1iJre ( .. Promcl1a~e d6fi Jtilrdlne. 7htma'ti~(je!l\") t::fe-a lun~1L.!1 c;aruia '~i'nI~j .. .1i1 cel~ :zece eri!it:,unT (4..150). !'ice;:; ,;taront ~~ rm~!:j ill1,i"' dez!,>(OIU;lt. pe: jpa I'Cl,!niLl11 ce.lordau~ ~ le~ ($inu"a.~ "i ckGU larl,)~' a i'tIIloouit f()5tu~I.,t.If' 11'1 airs f7f.a~ To" la,IBBtI rltJiclware ,Un prill1~ varlar:t8. nw a ~Ll~ " 6.ucGpfS.1J1 .gCCll1t~t de B~rt1e1rdl T~c:huml ('in plsnul c:l[I'I' laBS)/c dooareGB gr:ildi'l'1IUe neaelli!~tEl ma~ muir. teron pentnJ ill S~ ajut1,~,e, 1.3 un amutent ~emniffic~tlv (4,15'0. f'~t,B' gnta ClLI Dchiulii dt:i1:20/120 m. modulTtol ae obi~le~wp~r (c,~rca5.~ me:tallce vOfaite: 'i'l1 rQ!?u~ cu ~a;I!J fa.r~ 0 fulnc1'i.une·6inum~. ",or i:1tel1l~ni c;ts:1t;. dClUB ."fiIierii" rttajore (5£- NV ~I ViS-EN). ale.ea GU n1danaire, eGa cll"nJlar.a .~f ce:l~ DOU} tm:s.ee 6.1C;2lIl1iU far lfl C8'dr"ul aC:~J!j,~~1 r~~(: ·68 Ira Fac!"jocul ell , • .cCljalc:l~ te.hntc:e. ,iillt.: Foe;tmod~.rnl!limu,IJtlil" $,au Go{;! va ilpela la ,;teor,ja ifr.tl.gm8rrtfirii'· 8i ~l1i~arii deron ~tructiviete. ParcUI"g6maJ $uoCd§]Llnllor de ~~a~iI ~r Im21~I'nl, ev·.it.len~iazll Q corrc~fF'ie l?i'l1e f,t~pjflita dar m:i'e;ta ~i ~e::;rmrf!a ca ceea ee '00 ~.e ",n u a ~evcrHt a~a CUI" 1'i-,a tilorit. T6c.hum~~ un wen a!. p,l.ac;erUQ!" ~'!1Z'TJl)iIlls'" ~f 1'QttJ:~i. flU FlU mal ~ vlzu" 6e?U tent.a't c;i~. a lIJ,Zul (mu:z.f",,a U tm,It~~ d~'

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