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2.1. Arhitectura generalã a sistemelor electronice de calcul ........................................................... 6
&ODVHúLIDPLOLLGHFDOFXODWRDUH ................................................................................................. 7
2.3. Calculatoarele personale........................................................................................................... 8
3. SISTEME DE OPERARE ............................................................................................................. 14
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3.3. Sistemul de operare MS-DOS ................................................................................................ 16
3.3.1. Comenzi interne MS-DOS............................................................................................... 16
3.3.2. Comenzi externe MS-DOS .............................................................................................. 17
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3.4.4. Editorul de texte WordPad .............................................................................................. 22
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4. 5((/('(&$/&8/$72$RE................................................................................................. 26
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4.1.2. Modelul TCP/IP............................................................................................................... 27
4.2. Sistemul VSAT....................................................................................................................... 27
4.3. Modelul Client/Server ............................................................................................................ 27
5. 5(($8$,17(51(7 ................................................................................................................ 28
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5.2. Servicii Internet ...................................................................................................................... 28
1DYLJDUHDSHUH HDXD,QWHUQHW ................................................................................................. 29
BIBLIOGRAFIE ............................................................................................................................... 29

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cifre binare (16=24).
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úL VLVWHPXO ELQDU H[LVW R OHJWXU GLUHFW SULQ IDSWXO F XQXL FDUDFWHU RFWDO vL FRUHVSXQG WUHL FDUDFWHUH
binare.
În VLVWHPXO GH QXPHUD LH KH[D]HFLPDO sunt utilizate simbolurile 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B,
& ' ( ) FX DMXWRUXO FURUD VH UHSUH]LQW YDORULOH - 3ULQ FRQYHQ LH SHQWUX UHSUH]HQWDrea numerelor
cu valori cuprinse între 10- VH XWLOL]HD] OLWHUHOH $-F.
ÌQWUH VLVWHPXO GH QXPHUD LH KH[D]HFLPDO úL FHO ELQDU H[LVW GH DVHPHQHD R UHOD LH GH
FRUHVSRQGHQ  SULQ IDSWXO F XQ FDUDFWHU KH[D]HFLPDO SRDWH IL UHSUH]HQWDW SULQWU-un grup de 4 SR]L LL
binare.
Coduri de reprezentare
1HFHVLWDWHD UHSUH]HQWULL vQ FDOFXODWRU D XQXL QXPU PDUH GH FDUDFWHUH FLIUH OLWHUH FDUDFWHUH
VSHFLDOH D FRQGXV OD DSDUL LD úL XWLOL]DUHD XQRU FRGXUL 'HRDUHFH vQ FDOFXODWRUXO HOHFWURQLF RULFH
LQIRUPD LH HVWH UHSUH]HQWDW vQ VLVWHPXO ELQDU DSDUH QHFHVLWDWHD WUDQVODWULL LQIRUPD LHL H[WHUQH
DFFHVLELO RPXOXL vQ LQIRUPD LH LQWHUQ DFFHVLELO FDOFXODWRUXOXL úL LQYHUV $FHDVW WUDQVODWDUH VH
UHDOL]HD] SULQ RSHUD LD GH FRGLILFDUH

5
 Codurile în care sunt reprezentate numai numere se numesc coduri numerice. Codurile în care
VXQW UHSUH]HQWDWH QXPHUH OLWHUH úL DOWH VHPQH VSHFLDOH VH QXPHVF coduri alfanumerice.
'LQWUH FRGXULOH DOIDQXPHULFH FHOH PDL UHSUH]HQWDWLYH VXQW FRGXULOH $6&,, úL (%&',& ÌQ
ambele cazuri se folRVHúWH RFWHWXO RSW SR]L LL ELQDUH SHQWUX UHSUH]HQWDUHD XQXL FDUDFWHU
ASCII (American Standard Cod for Information IQWHUFKDQJH HVWH XQ FRG FH XWLOL]HD]  FLIUH
ELQDUH FX FDUH VH SRW UHDOL]D  GH FRPELQD LL 3HQWUX D DVLJXUD SURWHF LD LQIRUPD LHL vQ Srocesul de
WUDQVPLWHUH D DFHVWHLD VH DGDXJ VWUXFWXULL FRGXOXL GLQ  EL L R SR]L LH SHQWUX FRQWUROXO GH LPSDULWDWH
EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal IQWHUFKDQJH &RGH HVWH XQ FRG FH XWLOL]HD]  FLIUH
binare cu care se pot realiza 28  GH FRPELQD LL 2 SDUWH GLQ FRPELQD LL VXQW XWLOL]DWH SHQWUX
FRGLILFDUHD DQXPLWRU FRPHQ]L )LHFDUH FDUDFWHU VH UHSUH]LQW SULQ GRX VLPEROXUL GLQ VLVWHPXO GH
QXPHUD LH KH[D]HFLPDO

2. ARHITECTURA SISTEMELOR ELECTRONICE DE CALCUL

2.1. Arhitectura generalã a sistemelor electronice de calcul

7RWDOLWDWHD HFKLSDPHQWHORU GH FDOFXO úL D VLVWHPHORU GH SURJUDPH FDUH UHDOL]HD] SUHOXFUDUHD

DXWRPDW D GDWHORU FRQVWLWXLH XQ sistem electronic de calcul 6LVWHPXO HOHFWURQLF GH FDOFXO HVWH DOFWXLW
din sistemul de echipamente - hardware DGLF WRWDOLWDWHD FRPSRQHQWHORU IL]LFH IRORVLWH vQ FXOHJHUHD
PHPRUDUHD SUHOXFUDUHD GDWHORU úL WUDQVPLWHUHD UH]XOWDWHORU úL GLQ VLVWHPXO GH SURJUDPH GH ED] -
software UHVSHFWLY DQVDPEOXO SURJUDPHORU FDUH DVLJXU FRQGXFHUHD VXSUDYHJKHUHD úL FRQtrolul
procesului de prelucrare.
Componenta hardware UHDOL]HD] XUPWRDUHOH IXQF LL SULQFLSDOH
• PHPRUDUHD GDWHORU úL D SURJUDPHORU
• FRQWUROXO SHUPDQHQW DO SURFHVXOXL GH SUHOXFUDUH DXWRPDW D GDWHORU
• HIHFWXDUHD RSHUD LLORU DULWPHWLFH úL ORJLFH DVXSUD GDWHORU VWRFDWH vQ PHPRULD LQWHUQ
• LQWURGXFHUHD GDWHORU úL D SURJUDPHORU vQ PHPRULD LQWHUQ SUHFXP úL UHGDUHD UH]XOWDWHORU SUHOXFUULL
pe hârtie sau stocarea acestora pe suporturi tehnice de date.
3HQWUX UHDOL]DUHD DFHVWRU IXQF LL VLVWHPHOH HOHFWURQLFH GH FDOFXO DX IRVW FRQFHSXWH FX XUPWRDUHOH
FRPSRQHQWH XQLWDWHD FHQWUDO XQLW L SHULIHULFH úL XQLW L GH PHPRUDUH
8QLWDWHD FHQWUDO HVWH FRPSRQHQWD FDUH UHDOL]HD] HIHFWLY PHPRUDUHD úL SUHOXFUDUHD GDWHORU úL

FDUH FRQWUROHD] vQWUHJXO VLVWHP GH HFKLSDPHQWH (D HVWH DOFWXLW GLQ XQLWDWHD GH FRPDQG-FRQWURO úL
unitatea aritmetico-ORJLF 8QLWDWHD GH FRPDQG-control UHSUH]LQW FRPSRQHQWD FDUH XUPUHúWH
H[HFXWDUHD SURJUDPHORU FRPDQG XQLW LOH GH PHPRULH úL DQXPLWH SHULIHULFH DVLJXU GHFL]LD vQ FD]XO
DSDUL LHL XQRU vQWUHUXSHUL $FHDVW XQLWDWH HVWH FRPSXV GLQ
• XQLWDWHD GH FRQWURO FHQWUDO FDUH FRPDQG H[HFX LD LQVWUXF LXQLORU GLQ SURJUDP
• XQLWDWHD GH FRPDQG D PHPRULHL SULQ FDUH VH UHDOL]HD] DFFHVXO OD PHPRULH
• unitatea de control a întreruperilor, care asigur JHVWLRQDUHD úL PHPRUDUHD VHPQDOHORU GH vQWUHUXSHUH
• XQLWDWHD GH FRQWURO SHQWUX LQWUDUH  LHúLUH FDUH IDFLOLWHD] FRQWUROXO OHJWXULL XQLWDWH FHQWUDO -
periferice;
• RURORJLXO LQWHUQ FRPSXV GLQ FHDVXO VLVWHPXOXL úL GLQ FLUFXLWHOH GH FRQWURO DIHUHQWH
PenWUX FD XQ SURJUDP V SRDW IL H[HFXWDW WUHEXLH V ILH LQWURGXV vQ PHPRULD LQWHUQ GXS FDUH
XQLWDWHD GH FRPDQG-FRQWURO DQDOL]HD] ILHFDUH LQVWUXF LXQH vQ SDUWH
Unitatea aritmetico-ORJLF HVWH FRPSRQHQWD FDUH UHDOL]HD] HIHFWLY LQVWUXF LXQLOH DULWPHWLFH úL
ORJLFH (D UHSUH]LQW XQ DQVDPEOX DOFWXLW GLQ UHJLVWUH FDUH VWRFKHD] WHPSRUDU RSHUDQ]LL úL UH]XOWDWHOH
RSHUD LHL úL GLQ FLUFXLWH FDUH GHWHUPLQ VXFFHVLXQHD RSHUD LLORU QHFHVDUH HIHFWXULL XQHL RSHUD LL
aritmetice complexe.
0HPRULD LQWHUQ este resuUVD SULQFLSDO D XQXL VLVWHP HOHFWURQLF GH FDOFXO FDUH FRQ LQH

LQIRUPD LL FH UHSUH]LQW LQVWUXF LXQLOH GH H[HFXWDUH D SURJUDPHORU GDWHOH QHFHVDUH HIHFWXULL RSHUD LLORU
úL UH]XOWDWHOH FH XUPHD] D IL H[WUDVH 8QLWDWHD HOHPHQWDU GH PHPRULH VH QXPHúWH celuO ELQDU úL HVWH
FDSDELO V UH LQ YDORULOH QXPHULFH  úL  DOH XQHL YDULDELOH ELQDUH

6
 0HPRULD HVWH DOFWXLW GLQ PDL PXOWH SU L GH GLPHQVLXQL HJDOH GHQXPLWH ORFD LL GH PHPRULH.
Acestea sunt „etichetate” începând cu valoarea „0´ úL FRUHVSXQ]kQG ILHFUHL ORFD LL VH YRU GHILQL
adresele de memorie.
Accesul la memorie UHSUH]LQW UHDOL]DUHD OHJWXULL FX PHPRULD vQ YHGHUHD XQXL VFKLPE GH
LQIRUPD LL 3HQWUX D VHOHFWD LQIRUPD LD GRULW HVWH QHFHVDU R LQIRUPD LH GH FRQWURO FDUH YD SHUPLWH
DFFHVXO OD ORFD LD GH PHPRULH FRUHVSXQ]WRDUH DFHVW SURFHV ILLQG QXPLW adresare de memorie.
,QIRUPD LLOH HOHPHQWDUH VH PVRDU vQ EL L LDU  EL L UHSUH]LQW 1 byte. Byte-ul constituie unitatea
HOHPHQWDU FDUH SRDWH IL DGUHVDW LQGLYLGXDO vQ FDGUXO PHPRULHL LQWHUQH &RQ LQXWXO LQIRUPD LRQDO DO XQHL
ORFD LL GH PHPRULH SRDWH IL 1 byte DWXQFL FkQG ORFD LD FRQ LQH XQ JUXS GH  EL L VDX XQ FXYkQW DWXQFL
FkQG ORFD LD FRQ LQH XQ JUXS PDL PDUH GH EL L
Caracteristicile comune dispozitivelor de memorare sunt capacitatea de memorare (unitatea de
PVXU SXWkQG IL byte-ul sau cuvântul úL durata ciclului de memorie DGLF LQWHUYDOXO GH WLPS GLQWUH
GRX RSHUD LL VXFFHVLYH GH VFULHUH  FLWLUH GLQ PHPRULH 0HGLXO GH PHPRUDUH VHUYHúWH FD VXSRUW SHQWUX
VWRFDUHD LQIRUPD LLORU GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH DO XWLOL]DWRULORU PHPRULD HVWH VWUXFWXUDW vQ memoria
GHVWLQDW SURJUDPHORU GH VHUYLFLX FDUH HVWH LQDFFHVLELO XWLOL]DWRULORU úL PHPRULD GHVWLQDW GDWHORU

úL SURJUDPHORU .
ÌQ FDGUXO PHPRULHL LQWHUQH GDWHOH VXQW UHSUH]HQWDWH vQ IXQF LH GH QDWXUD DFHVWRra (alfabetice,
DOIDQXPHULFH úL QXPHULFH $FHDVW UHSUH]HQWDUH D GDWHORU HVWH FRQYHQ LD SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO FUHLD ILHFUXL
FDUDFWHU L VH DVRFLD] R YDORDUH ELQDU SURSULH Datele alfabetice úL alfanumerice sunt reprezentate în
memorie prin succesiuni de carDFWHUH ILHFUXL FDUDFWHU FRUHVSXQ]kGX-i câte un octet (byte). Acest lucru
VH UHDOL]HD] SULQ IRORVLUHD FRGXOXL EBCDIC sau ASCII ÌQ FHHD FH SULYHúWH datele numerice, sunt
XWLOL]DWH GRX PRGXUL GH UHSUH]HQWDUH UHSUH]HQWDUHD ]HFLPDO úL UHSUH]HQWDUHD ELQDU
8QLW LOH SHULIHULFH UHDOL]HD] OHJWXUD FX PHGLXO H[WHULRU HOH SHUPL kQG VFKLPEXO GH LQIRUPD LL

úL GLDORJXO XWLOL]DWRU-VLVWHP HOHFWURQLF GH FDOFXO SUHFXP úL VWRFDUHD XQHL FDQWLW L GH LQIRUPD LL PXOW PDL
PDUL GHFkW FHD SHUPLV GH PHPRULD LQWHUQ 'LDORJXO VH PDWHULDOL]HD] vQ LQWURGXFHUHD SURJUDPXOXL D
GDWHORU SUREOHPHL úL UHVSHFWLY DILúDUHD ORU 'DWHOH GH LQWUDUH GDWHOH GH LHúLUH UH]XOWDWHOH SUHFXP úL
SURJUDPHOH SRW IL LQWURGXVH úL H[HFXWDWH LPHGLDW GH OD WDVWDWXU VDX SRW IL LQWURGXVH úL SVWUDte pe
VXSRUWXUL WHKQLFH GH GDWH SHQWUX SUHOXFUDUHD ORU XOWHULRDU
'LQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH DO IXQF LHL UHDOL]DWH XQLW LOH SHULIHULFH VH vPSDUW vQ XQLW L SHULIHULFH GH

LQWUDUH XQLW L SHULIHULFH GH LHúLUH úL XQLW L SHULIHULFH GH PHPRUDUH 8QLW LOH SHULIHrice de intrare
SHUPLW LQWURGXFHUHD GH FWUH RSHUDWRU D SURJUDPHORU úL D GDWHORU SUREOHPHL LDU FHO PDL UHSUH]HQWDWLY
HFKLSDPHQW HVWH WDVWDWXUD 3H OkQJ DFHDVWD PDL SXWHP DPLQWL FUHLRQXO RSWLF PRXVH-ul, scaner-ul,
tabletele grafice. 8QLW LOH SHULIHULFH GH LHúLUH SHUPLW DILúDUHD UH]XOWDWHORU SUHOXFUULL GDU úL D XQRU
mesaje utilizator-calculator, incluzând display-urile, imprimantele, mesele de desenat 8QLW LOH
periferice de memorare QXPLWH úL HFKLSDPHQWH GH PHPRULH H[WHUQ VXQW XQLW LOH driver) de discuri
PDJQHWLFH GH EDQG VDX FDVHW PDJQHWLF $FHVWH XQLW L SHUPLW vQUHJLVWUDUHD úL XOWHULRU FRQVXOWDUHD
LQIRUPD LLORU

 &ODVH úL IDPLOLL GH FDOFXODWRDUH

Din punct de vedere al caracteristicilor constructive, calculatoarele electronice se clasifLF vQ

PLFURFDOFXODWRDUH PLQLFDOFXODWRDUH úL FDOFXODWRDUH PHGLL úL PDUL
Microcalculatoarele VXQW UHDOL]DWH DYkQG FD HOHPHQW FHQWUDO XQ PLFURSURFHVRU vQ MXUXO FUXLD V-
D GH]YROWDW R DUKLWHFWXU OD vQFHSXW PDL VLPSO DSRL GLQ FH vQ FH PDL SHUIRUPDQW SH PVXU FH V-a
WUHFXW GH OD XWLOL]DUHD XQXL PLFURSURFHVRU FX OXQJLPHD FXYkQWXOXL GH  EL L OD - EL L LDU vQ SUH]HQW GH
32- EL L
3XWHP vPSU L PLFURFDOFXODWRDUHOH vQ PLFURFDOFXODWRDUH IDPLOLDOH PLFURFDOFXODWRDUH
VHPLSURIHVLRQDOH úL FDOFXODWRDUH SHUVonale.
Microcalculatoarele familiale GLQ FDUH DPLQWLP UHDOL]ULOH ILUPHORU SINCLAIRE úL
COMMODORE VXQW FRQVWUXLWH SH ED]D XQXL PLFURSURFHVRU GH  EL L INTEL 8080 sau Z80 sau 6502,
FX R PHPRULH GH SkQ OD  .2
Elementul specific al acestor microcalculaWRDUH HVWH IDSWXO F WDVWDWXUD LQFOXGH DWkW XQLWDWHD
FHQWUDO FkW úL FLUFXLWHOH GH LQWHUID  FX HFKLSDPHQWHOH SHULIHULFH $FHVWH SHULIHULFH VXQW GH RELFHL

7
WHOHYL]RUXO SHQWUX DILúDUHD UH]XOWDWHORU úL FDVHWRIRQXO SHQWUX PHPRUDUHD SURJUDPHORU D ILúLHUHORU de date
úL D MRFXULORU
Microcalculatoarele semiprofesionale VXQW UHDOL]DWH FX PLFURSURFHVRDUH GH  EL L GDU FX
HFKLSDPHQWH SHULIHULFH SHUIRUPDQWH XQLW L GH IORSS\-disc-XUL LPSULPDQWH HYHQWXDO úL FXSORDUH SHQWUX
teletransmisia datelor, conectate împUHXQ OD R PDJLVWUDO FRPXQ ÌQ DFHDVW FDWHJRULH VH LQFOXG GH
exemplu, calculatoarele CUB-Z, M-18, M-118, COMMODORE-64 etc.
Floppy-GLVFXULOH XWLOL]DUHD XQLW LORU GH EDQG PDJQHWLF D IDFLOLW LORU GH FXOHJHUH úL
WHOHWUDQVPLVLH D GDWHORU DX IFXW GLQ DFHVWH PLFURFDOFXODWRDUH SHQWUX R DQXPLW HWDS QLúWH LQVWUXPHQWH
de calcul mono-XVHU HILFLHQWH úL SHUIRUPDQWH
Calculatoarele personale (Personal Computers sau PC DX FXFHULW VXSUHPD LD vQ OXPHD
PLFURFDOFXODWRDUHORU SULQ XWLOL]DUHD DOWXUL GH IORSS\-discurilor a discurilor Winchester (hard-discuri),
SUHFXP úL D PLFURSURFHVRDUHORU SH  EL L ,17(/ 
Firme de prestigiu au creat familii de calculatoare personale, multe compatibile între ele, dintre
care amintim, în primul rând, IBM PC-urile echipate cX PLFURSURFHVRDUH GLQ FH vQ FH PDL SXWHUQLFH úL
mai rapide: INTEL 80286, INTEL 80386, INTEL 80486, INTEL 80586 úL PENTIUM.
'HRVHELW GH ILDELOH úL SHUIRUPDQWH VXQW SURGXVHOH ILUPHORU &203$4 $7$5, +(:/(77-
3$&.$5' 0$&,1726+ HWF 3UH XO DFFHVLELO HFKLSDPHQtele periferice performante, gama de
SURGXVH VRIWZDUH LPSUHVLRQDQW FRPSLODWRDUH 6*%'-uri, procesoare de texte, pachetele de programe
VSHFLDOL]DWH SHQWUX SURLHFWDUH úL FDOFXOH LQJLQHUHúWL PHGLFLQ VDX ELURWLF úL vQF PXOWH DOWHOH DX IFXW
din PC-urL FHOH PDL UVSkQGLWH FDOFXODWRDUH OD RUD DFWXDO
Minicalculatoarele DX DSUXW GDWRULW SXWHUQLFXOXL SURFHV GH PLQLDWXUL]DUH D JHQHUD LHL YHFKL GH
FDOFXODWRDUH SULQ XWLOL]DUHD PDVLY D FLUFXLWHORU LQWHJUDWH LSI (Large Scale of IQWHJUDWLRQ úL VLSI
(Very Large Scale of Integration).
(FKLSDPHQWHOH SHULIHULFH VXQW LQWHUFRQHFWDWH OD R PDJLVWUDO FRPXQ LDU XQLW LOH GH GLVFXUL
magnetice prin componenta DMA (Direct Memory AFFHVV VSRUHVF PXOW SHUIRUPDQ HOH DFHVWRUD
1XPHURDVH WHUPLQDOH YLGHR úL DOWH HFKLSDPHQWH SHULIHULFH SRW IL FRQHFWDWH LPSULPDQWH XQLW L GH EDQG
PDJQHWLF XQLW L GH GLVFXUL PDJQHWLFH SORWWHUH HWF 'LQ DFHDVW FODV DX IFXW SDUWH PLQLFDOFXODORDUHOH
URPkQHúWL INDEPENDENT seria 100, CORAL, cu versiunile CORAL-4030 úL CORAL-4021.
CalculaWRDUHOH PHGLL úL PDUL ÌQ SUH]HQW DFHVWH FDOFXODWRDUH PDL VXQW GHQXPLWH úL VLVWHPH
„main-frame”-XUL 3ULQ GLPHQVLXQHD ORU UHGXV QX PDL VHDPQ FX FHHD FH DX IRVW SULQ DQLL µ-’80.
$VHPHQHD FDOFXODWRDUH DX IRVW FDOFXODWRDUHOH URPkQHúWL FELIX C-256, FELIX C-512, FELIX C-1024.
$FHDVW IDPLOLH GH FDOFXODWRDUH QX IRDUWH ILDELOH HUDX SHUIRUPDQWH FD YLWH] GH OXFUX FX R FDSDFLWDWH GH
PHPRUDUH vQWUH  .% úL  0%
În prezent, firma IMB a lansat un „main-frame´ FX SHUIRUPDQ H VSHFWDFXORDVH (VWH YRUED GH
familia de calculatoare AS/400 $FHDVW IDPLOLH HVWH PRGXODU SHUPL kQGX-VH R GH]YROWDUH UDSLG
WUHSWDW vQFHSkQG FX PRGHOXO CO5 úL DMXQJkQG OD PRGHOXO B70.
Modelul IBM AS/400-CO5 DUH R PHPRULH LQWHUQ GH - 0% úL VXSRUW  WHUPLQDOH YLGHR
pentru utilizarea VLPXOWDQ 8QLWDWHD FHQWUDO D ,%0  FX FLUFXLWH 9/6, SH  GH EL L DVLJXU R JDP
GLYHUV GH IDFLOLW L GH SUHOXFUDUH DWkW vQ UHJLP GH OXFUX LQGHSHQGHQW FkW úL vQ FDGUXO XQHL UH HOH GH
calculatoare.
Modelul AS/400-B70 poate ajunge la 192 MB memorie iQWHUQ  *% PHPRULH H[WHUQ SH
GLVFXUL PDJQHWLFH úL  GH WHUPLQDOH YLGHR FD SRVWXUL GH OXFUX SHQWUX XWLOL]DWRUL 6LVWHPXO GH RSHUDUH
HVWH VLVWHPXO $6 FDUH SHUPLWH úL FXSODUHD XQRU 3&-uri din familia IBM-PS/2. Gama echipamentelor
periferice este divHUV LQFOX]kQG WHUPLQDOH YLGHR LPSULPDQWH XQLW L GH EDQG PDJQHWLF GLVFXUL GH OD
 OD  0% VXEVLVWHPH GH FRPXQLFD LH
Supercalculatoarele HOHFWURQLFH FX YLWH] GH FDOFXO úL PHPRULH LQWHUQ IRDUWH PDUH VXQW
GHVWLQDWH FHUFHWULORU VSD LDOH DSOLFD LLORU PLOLWDUH HWF

2.3. Calculatoarele personale

$FHDVW QR LXQH PC D DSUXW SULPD RDU vQ 68$ úL SULQ GHQXPLUH VXJHUHD] DFFHVXO XQHL ODUJL
FDWHJRULL GH SHUVRDQH OD XWLOL]DUHD ORU &HD PDL FXQRVFXW VXEJUXS D FDOFXODWRDUHORU SHUVRQDOH R
constituie calculatoarele personale compatibile IBM-PC &DOFXODWRUXO SHUVRQDO UHXQHúWH vQWU-un tot
XQLWDU úL IXQF LRQDO GRX SU L hardware-ul úL software-ul.
8
 Din punct de vedere structural FDOFXODWRUXO VH FRPSXQH GLQ PLFURSURFHVRU úL PHPRULH
Microprocesorul exHFXW SURJUDPHOH FDUH VH JVHVF vQ PHPRULH LDU SURJUDPHOH RSHUHD] DVXSUD GDWHORU
FDUH VH DIO WRW vQ PHPRULH
'LQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH IXQF LRQDO  FDOFXODWRUXO HVWH FRPSXV GLQ XQLWDWHD FHQWUDO úL HFKLSDPHQWH
periferice. În continuare se va trata fiecare compRQHQW PHQ LRQDW DQWHULRU
‰ 3ODFD GH ED] FXQRVFXW úL VXE GHQXPLUHD GH motherboard UHSUH]LQW IXQGDPHQWXO XQXL
FDOFXODWRU GHILQLQG SULQ FLUFXLWHOH SH FDUH OH FRQ LQH 3&-XO úL DFFHQWXkQG FDUDFWHULVWLFLOH
acestuia.
Construirea unui calculator cu ajutorul XQHL VLQJXUH SOFL GH ED] UHSUH]LQW FHD PDL HFRQRPLF
PHWRG IDEULFDQ LL GH DVHPHQHD FRPSRQHQWH VWUGXLQGX-VH V LQWHJUH]H FkW PDL PXOWH FRPSRQHQWH
3ODFD GH ED] FRQVWLWXLH VXSRUWXO SULQFLSDOHORU FRPSRQHQWH HOHFWURQLFH DOH FDOFXODWRUXOXL
microprocesoUXO PHPRULD LQWHUQ FRSURFHVRUXO PDWHPDWLF PDJLVWUDOHOH GH FRPXQLFD LH LQWHUIH HOH GH
FRQHFWDUH 7RDWH DFHVWH VXEDQVDPEOH VXQW DPSODVDWH SH SODF XWLOL]kQGX-VH ORFDúH GHGLFDWH
‰ Microprocesorul UHSUH]LQW R XQLWDWH GH SUHOXFUDUH PLQLDWXUL]DW D GDWHORU care sunt supuse
SUHOXFUULL ,VWRULD PLFURSURFHVRUXOXL vQFHSH vQ DQXO  FkQG FRPSDQLD INTEL a realizat
SHQWUX SULPD GDW DVDPEODUHD vQWU-XQ WRW XQLWDU D XQXL PDUH QXPU GH WUDQ]LVWRDUH GDU YRU PDL
WUHFH  DQL SkQ FkQG DFHDVW UHDOL]DUH VH YD FRQFUHtiza în primul calculator personal.
0LFURSURFHVRUXO SUHOXFUHD] GRX WLSXUL GH GDWH úL DQXPH LQVWUXF LXQLOH programului

FDUH FRQWUROHD] PRGXO GH SUHOXFUDUH DO LQIRUPD LLORU VRVLWH GLQ SDUWHD WDVWDWXULL PRXVH-ului sau altor
GLVSR]LWLYH GH LQWUDUH úL datele efective ale utilizatorului FDUH FRQVWDX vQ úLUXUL GH FDUDFWHUH LPDJLQL
sunete.
‰ &HD PDL LPSRUWDQW úL FRVWLVLWRDUH FRPSRQHQW IL]LF D XQXL FDOFXODWRU SHUVRQDO HVWH memoria
LQWHUQ SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO FUHLD YRP SXWHD DSUHFLD SHUIRUPDQ HOH XQXL FDOFXOator. Memoria se

împarte în trei grupe: PHPRULD GH ED] PHPRULD H[SDQGDW úL PHPRULD H[WLQV.

0HPRULD GH ED] HVWH FHD PDL LPSRUWDQW FRPSRQHQW D PHPRULHL LQWHUQH úL UHSUH]LQW

PHPRULD PD[LP GLVSRQLELO SHQWUX SURJUDPH ÌQ IDSW HD vQVXPHD] SULPLL  .% GH PHPRULH úL IU
HD FDOFXODWRDUHOH QX SRW IXQF LRQD
0HPRULD H[SDQGDW (EMS DSDUH FD XUPDUH D IDSWXOXL F vQ %,26 H[LVW ]RQH OLEHUH DFHVW

OXFUX RIHULQG SRVLELOLWDWHD LQVWDOULL SH FDOFXODWRU D XQHL PHPRULL LQWHUQH PDL PDUL
0HPRULD H[WLQV (XMS) rHSUH]LQW PHPRULD GH SHVWH  0% FDUH HVWH DGUHVDELO GLUHFW GH FWUH

microprocesor.
'LQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH IXQF LRQDO PHPRULD LQWHUQ D XQXL FDOFXODWRU SHUVRQDO HVWH DOFWXLW GLQ
GRX FRPSRQHQWH PHPRULD RAM úL PHPRULD ROM.
Memoria RAM (Random Acces Memory) este memoria propriu-]LV OD FDUH QH UHIHULP vQ PRG
X]XDO úL FX FDUH RSHUHD] WRDWH SURJUDPHOH XWLOL]DWRULORU (D UHSUH]LQW XQ VSD LX WHPSRUDU GH OXFUX XQGH
VH SVWUHD] GDWHOH úL SURJUDPHOH SH WRDW GXUDWD H[HFX LHL ORU 3URJUDPHOH úL GDWHOH VH YRU Sierde din
PHPRULD 5$0 GXS FH FDOFXODWRUXO YD IL vQFKLV GHRDUHFH DFHDVWD HVWH YRODWLO SVWUkQG LQIRUPD LD
doar atâta timp cât calculatorul este sub tensiune.
Memoria ROM (Read Only MHPRU\ HVWH R PHPRULH GH WLS VSHFLDO FDUH SULQ FRQVWUXF LH QX
permite SURJUDPDWRULORU GHFkW FLWLUHD XQRU LQIRUPD LL vQVFULVH DLFL GH FRQVWUXFWRUXO FDOFXODWRUXOXL SULQ
WHKQLFL VSHFLDOH ([LVW R JDP GLYHUV GH WLSXUL GH PHPRULL 520 SHQWUX D DVLJXUD R PDL PDUH
flexibilitate de lucru, întâlnindu-se astfel:
♦ memorii PROM (Programabile ROM PHPRULL 520 SURJUDPDELOH FDUH SHUPLW R VLQJXU
rescriere de programe;
♦ memorii EPROM (Programabile Electric PROM FDUH SRW IL úWHUVH úL UHSURJUDPDWH GLQ QRX
de mai multe ori, utilizând tehnici electronice speciale.
‰ Magistrala UHSUH]LQW PXO LPHD FRQGXFWRDUHORU IRORVLWH vQ FRPXQ GH PDL PXOWH XQLW L
IXQF LRQDOH SHQWUX WUDQVPLWHUHD VHPQDOHORU FDUH FRGLILF UHSUH]LQW XQ YHFWRU ELQDU 'XS
VHPQLILFD LD VHPQDOHORU WUDQVPLVH SH PDJLVWUDO DFHVWHD SRW IL GH adrese, de date sau de control,
GXS FXP VHPQDOHOH UHVSHFWLYH UHSUH]LQW DGUHVH GDWH VDX FRPHQ]L úL LQIRUPD LL
'LQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH IL]LF PDJLVWUDOHOH UHSUH]LQW WUDVHH GH FXSUX UHDOL]DWH SH R SODF GH FLUFXLW
imprimat.

9
 3H PDJLVWUDOD GH FRPHQ]L FLUFXO FRPHQ]LOH LDU SH PDJLVWUDOD GH GDWH FLUFXO GDWHOH
WUDQVIHUDWH vQWUH FRPSRQHQWHOH FDOFXODWRUXOXL (FKLSDPHQWHOH SHULIHULFH VXQW FXSODWH OD PDJLVWUDO
SULQLQWHUPHGLXOXQHLFRPSRQHQWHIL]LFHQXPLWÄcontroller”. Controller-ulXUPUHúWHFRPDQGúL
FRQWUROHD]vQWUHJXOWUDILFGHLQIRUPD LLvQWUe perifericele rapide, unitatea de hard-GLVFúLXQLW LOHGH
floppy-GLVFúLPHPRULDLQWHUQ
‰ Tastatura UHSUH]LQW HOHPHQWXO GH OHJWXU GLUHFW vQWUH RP úL FDOFXODWRUXO SHUVRQDO vQ VHQVXO F
SHUPLWH LQWURGXFHUHD GDWHORU úL FRPHQ]LORU vQ FDOFXODWRU 7DVWDWXUD FDOFXODWRDUHORU HVWH vPSU LW
vQ FLQFL ]RQH GH WDVWH WDVWHOH PDúLQLL GH VFULV WDVWDWXUD QXPHULF UHGXV WDVWHOH SHQWUX
GHSODVDUHD FXUVRUXOXL WDVWHOH IXQF LRQDOH úL WDVWHOH GH FRQWURO VSHFLDOH
7DVWHOH PDúLQLL GH VFULV HVWH ]RQD FDUH FRQ LQH WDVWHOH RELúQXLWH OLWHUH FLIUH úL FDUDFWHUH
speciale. 7DVWDWXUD QXPHULF UHGXV HVWH UHSUH]HQWDW SULQWU-XQ JUXS GH  WDVWH FX GXEO
IXQF LRQDUH FDUH VH VHWHD] XWLOL]kQG WDVWHOH NUM LOCK sau SCROLL LOCK, pentru
LQWURGXFHUHDGHQXPHUHúLSHQWUXDF LRQDUHDXQRr comenzi de deplasare a cursorului. Tastele pentru
deplasarea cursoruluiVXQWWDVWHOHSHFDUHVXQWGHVHQDWHVJH LOHFDUHLQGLFVHQVXOGHGHSODVDUHDO
FXUVRUXOXL VXV MRV VWkQJD úL GUHDSWD 7DVWHOH IXQF LRQDOH sunt F1, F2 SkQ OD F12 având au o
semnifiFD LHGLIHULWvQIXQF LHGHSURJUDPXOFDUHVHH[HFXW
‰ Mouse-ulUHSUH]LQWXQGLVSR]LWLYGHRVHELWGHFRPRGúLHILFLHQWFRQVWLWXLWGLQWU-RFXWLX GH
SODVWLFFkWPDLHUJRQRPLFSURLHFWDWúLUHDOL]DWFX-EXWRDQHGHDVXSUDúLFRQHFWDWODXQ
port al calFXODWRUXOXL*UD LHXQXLVLVWHPRSWR-PHFDQLFFXELOVDXRSWLFSXUHVWHSRVLELO
FXDQWLILFDUHDGHSODVULORUVDOHSHPDVDGHOXFUX3UDFWLFSULQGHSODVDUHDPRXVH-ului în orice
GLUHF LH SH XQ VXSRUW VSHFLILF VLVWHPXOXL GH VHQ]RUL VH YD RE LQH R GHSODVDUH LGHQWLF D
FXUVRUXOXL SH HFUDQ 'HSODVULOH UHIOHFWDWH VLPXOWDQ SH HFUDQ VXQW H[HFXWDWH GH XQ VSRW
OXPLQRVFDUHWUHEXLHDGXVODFRRUGRQDWHOHGRULWHSHHFUDQXUPkQGFDXWLOL]DWRUXOVDSHVHSH
XQXO GLQWUH EXWRDQH &RRUGRQDWHOH úL DF LRQDUHD SH XQXO GLQWUH EXWRDQH VXQW vQUHJLVWUDWH úL
SUHOXFUDWH GH FDOFXODWRU XUPkQG UHDOL]DUHD XQXL DQXPLW HYHQLPHQW $VWIHO VH GHUXOHD] R
LQWHUDF LXQHGLUHFWRP-calculator.
‰ Monitorul SRDWH DYHD GLYHUVH GLPHQVLXQL GHWHUPLQDWH GH QXPUXO GH OLQLL úL QXPUXO GH
caractere dintr-R OLQLH DGLF QXPUXO GH FRORDQH 3&-XULOH VWDQGDUG DX XQ HFUDQ FX  OLQLL úL 
GH FRORDQH &DUDFWHULVWLFD GLDJRQDOD HFUDQXOXL HVWH PVXUDW vQ LQFKL DYkQG YDORUL GH ´ PDL
SX LQ IRORVLWH ´ UHFRPDQGDWH XWLOL]DWRULORU PDL SX LQ SUHWHQ LRúL OD VHUYLFLX úL DFDV ´ ´
´ úL ´SHQWUX SUHOXFUDUHD GLJLWDO D LPDJLQLORU
3R]L LD SH HFUDQ LQGLFDW GH FXUVRU OD XQHOH FDOFXODWRDUH HVWH R ÄOLQLX ” clipitoare (blinking
underline), un „SWUDW” clipitor (box) sau un „dreptunghi” (highlited cursor). FRUPD úL PRGXO GH DILúDUH
DO FXUVRUXOXL VH SRDWH IL[D GH FWUH XWLOL]DWRU
De-D OXQJXO WLPSXOXL DX DSUXW XUPWRDUHOH WLSXUL GH DGDSWRDUH LQWHUIH HOH PRQLWRUXOXL
- pentru monitoare alb-negru
• MGA 0RQRFKURPH 'LVSOD\ $GDSWHU IU IDFLOLW L JUDILFH
• HERCULES GA 0RQRFKURPH 'LVSOD\ $GDSWHU FX IDFLOLW L JUDILFH
- pentru monitoarele grafic-color
• CGA, Colour Graphics Adapter;
• EGA, Enhanced Colour Graphics Adapter;
• VGA, Video Graphics Adapter;
SVGA, Super Video Graphics Adapter.
([LVW GRX PRGXUL GLVWLQFWH GH DILúDUH D GDWHORU SH HFUDQ:

• în modul text, FkQG DGDSWRUXO SULPHúWH GH OD SURJUDPHOH H[HFXWDWH FRGXO FDUDFWHUXOXL SH FDUH GRULP
V-O DILúDP XUPkQG FD HO V Äscrie” punctele care vor compune caracterul pe ecran;
• în modul grafic, când programul este acela care va desena caracterele pe ecran. Astfel, pot fi trasate
curbe, histograme sau chiar desene realizate prin intermediul unor programe specializate.
‰ Modem-ul (Modulator-Demodulator) are sarcina de a converti datele digitale ale calculatorului,
pentru a pXWHD IL WUDQVPLVH SULQ UH HDXD WHOHIRQLF DQDORJLF ILLQG XWLOL]DW SHQWUX VFKLPEXUL GH
GDWH úL FRPXQLFUL vQWUH GRL VDX PDL PXO L XWLOL]DWRUL GH FDOFXODWRDUH 0RGHP-ul poate fi utilizat
SHQWUX WUDQVPLWHUHD úL UHFHS LRQDUHD ID[-XULORU VDX SH SR]L LH GH URbot telefonic.

10
 $FHVW HFKLSDPHQW SHULIHULF HVWH GLVSRQLELO VXE IRUP GH SODF GH H[WHQVLH sau ca aparat extern.
)XQF LRQDUHD FRUHFW D DFHVWXL SHULIHULF HVWH VHPQDODW GH R VHULH GH EHFXUL GH VWDUH /('-uri),
JUXSDWH SH SDUWHD IURQWDO D HFKLSDPHQWXOXL VHPQDOkQG FRQHFWDUHD OD UH HDXD WHOHIRQLF úL
GLVSRQLELOLWDWHD GH D WUDQVPLWH úL  VDX UHFHS LRQD LQIRUPD LL
Pentru a exista, XQ VLVWHP GH FRPXQLFD LH WUHEXLH V  ILH FRPSXV GLQ PRGHP SURJUDPH GH
FRPXQLFD LH OLQLH WHOHIRQLF  2 GDW FX DFHVWH HOHPHQWH FRnstitutive utilizatorii care doresc a intra în
GLDORJ WUHEXLH V GHILQHDVF vQ SUHDODELO Fk LYD SDUDPHWULL FXP DU IL YLWH]D GH WUDQVPLWHUH úL UHFHS LH D
LQIRUPD LLORU IRUPDWXO VXE FDUH VXQW H[SHGLDWH VDX UHFHS LRQDWH GDWHOH HWF
Utilizarea modem-ului pUHVXSXQH GH IDSW DSHODUHD XQXL VLVWHP GH FRPXQLFD LH FDUH SHUPLWH
FRQWUROXO OHJWXULL GLQWUH FDOFXODWRDUH SHUPL kQG DSHODUHD XQXL DOW FDOFXODWRU FRQHFWDUHD logging in);
H[SHGLHUHD VDX UHFHS LRQDUHD XQRU PHVDMH ILúLHUH upload úL download); deconectarea (disconnect);
vQFHWDUHD FRPXQLFULL hang up).
‰ Imprimanta HVWH XQ GLVSR]LWLY FDUH SHUPLWH WLSULUHD SH KkUWLH hard-copy) a unui document de
WLS WH[W RELHFWH JUDILFH VDX FRPELQD LL DOH DFHVWRUD UH]XOWDWH vQ XUPD XQRU SUHOXFUUL HIHFWXDWH GH
calculator.
,PSULPDQWHOH úL PRQLWRDUHOH DX GH VROX LRQDW R SUREOHP FRPXQ UHDOL]DUHD LHúLULORU
LQIRUPD LRQDOH SULQ DUDQMDUHD VHWXULORU GH Äpuncte DVWIHO vQFkW V IRUPH]H WH[WH VDX LPDJLQL JUDILFH
%LQHvQ HOHV LPSULPDQWHOH VXQW H[WUHP GH GLYHUVH SULQ WHKQRORJLH, respectiv prin modul în care cerneala
DMXQJH SH KkUWLH vQV SULQFLSLXO UPkQH DFHODúL 3ULQFLSLXO GH IXQF LRQDUH HVWH PDWULFHDO VDX YHFWRULDO úL
VH ED]HD] SH XQD GLQ SURFHGXULOH GH LPSULPDUH
• ORYLUHD KkUWLHL SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO XQHL EHQ]L WXúDWH FX XQ QXPU GH DFH VDX SLQL vQ FRQILJXUD LL FDUH
conduc la realizarea unei imagini;
• VWURSLUHD KkUWLHL FX XQ MHW ILQ GH FHUQHDO FRPDQGDW HOHFWURVWDWLF
• LQVFULS LRQDUHD FX WRQHU XWLOL]kQG LASER-XO D XQXL WDPEXU úL DSRL D KkUWLHL VLPLODU FRSLDWRDUHORU
XEROX;
• pe cDOH WHUPLF
,PSULPDQWD PDWULFHDO  GRW PDWUL[ UHSUH]LQW PRGHOXO FHO PDL UVSkQGLW vQ VSHFLDO GDWRULW
SUH XOXL UHGXV DO GLVSR]LWLYXOXL úL D FRQVXPDELOHORU VDOH EHQ]LOH WXúDWH 6XQW PRGHOH FX   VDX  GH
DFH FDUH RSHUHD] SH ED]D XQXL úDEORQ PDWUice de puncte) pentru a forma un caracter sau desena grafice.
„Punctele" sunt serii de pini (ace) montate pe un „cap de imprimare &DSXO GH LPSULPDUH FUHHD]
FkPSXUL HOHFWURPDJQHWLFH vQ MXUXO ILHFUXL SLQ $WXQFL FkQG FRPDQGD GH LPSULPDUH HVWH UHFHS LRQDW
FkPSXO HVWH PRGLILFDW LDU SLQLL VXQW DWUDúL VDX UHVSLQúL GH DFXO GH VFULHUH 3LQLL UHVSLQúL SHUFXWHD] EDQGD
WXúDW ribbon-XO &kPSXO HOHFWURPDJQHWLF HVWH PRGLILFDW UDSLG SHQWUX FD R SRODULWDWH DQXPLW V FUHH]H
XQ úDEORQ FH YD IL LPSULPDW DWXQFL Fând capul este deplasat de-D OXQJXO KkUWLHL 2ULFH PHWRG GH
LPSULPDUH FDUH VROLFLW LPSDFWXO IL]LF GLQWUH R FRPSRQHQW D LPSULPDQWHL úL R EDQG WXúDW SHQWUX D
WUDQVIHUD FHUQHDOD SH KkUWLH HVWH FXQRVFXW FD Äimprimare prin impact" (Impact Printing).
ImprLPDQWD FX MHW GH FHUQHDO (Ink--HW 3ULQWHU D FRQVWLWXLW XUPWRUXO SDV vQ WHKQRORJLD
WLSULULL UH]XOWDWHORU $FHDVW LPSULPDQW XWLOL]HD] XQ Äcap de scriere FDUH GLUHF LRQHD] FHUQHDOD VXE
forma unor mici jeturi spre hârtie, desenând caractere sau imagLQL JUDILFH 1X VH IRORVHúWH EDQG WXúDW
pentru scris.
([LVW GRX WHKQRORJLL Äbubble-jet úL LPSULPDUHD Äpiezo-HOHFWULF”. Denumirea „bubble-
jetSURYLQHGHODQXPHOHSULPXOXLPRGHOGHLPSULPDQWFDUHDXWLOL]DWDFHDVWWHKQRORJLH&DQRQ
BubbleJet®. SeED]HD]SHLPSXOVXULHOHFWULFHFDUHYDSRUL]HD]FHUQHDOD LQXWVXESUHVLXQHvQWU-un
UHFLSLHQW$FHDVWDYD kúQLSULQFDSXOGHLPSULPDUHúLYDILvQVFULVSHKkUWLH7HKQRORJLDLPSULPULL
piezo-electrice XWLOL]HD] XQ FRQYHUWL]RU GH WUDQVIRUPDUH D YDULD LLORU HOHFWULFH vQ YDULD LL GH
presiune (cristal piezoelectric).
,PSULPDQWHOH FX MHW GH FHUQHDO DX GHYHQLW IRDUWH SRSXODUH GDWRULW IDFLOLW LL ORU GH D
LPSULPD LPDJLQL FRORU GH R FDOLWDWH UHPDUFDELO úL QHDYkQG GLVSR]LWLYH PHFDQLFH GH WUDQVIHU D
cernelii SH KkUWLH HOH VXQW VLOHQ LRDVH ILLQG WRW PDL PXOW UVSkQGLWH GDWRULW FRPRGLW LL vQ
LPSULPDUHDFRORUúLDFDOLW LLWLSULULLvQGHWULPHQWXOFHORUPDWULFHDOH
Imprimantele termice VXQW vQ JHQHUDO GHGLFDWH XQRU WLSXUL GH DSOLFD LL VRIWZDUH (OH VXQW
LQWHJUDWH vQ VWUXFWXUD FDOFXODWRUXOXL úL VH ED]HD] SH SURFHGHXO GH IL[DUH WHUPLF D FDUDFWHUHORU SH KkUWLH
VSHFLDO (YLGHQW VXQW PDL SX LQ UVSkQGLWH &DSXO GH VFULHUH DO LPSULPDQWHL HVWH vQFO]LW DVWIHO vQFkW V
11
GHWHUPLQH PRGLILFDUHD FKLPLF D VWUXFWXULL XQHL KkUWLL VSHFLDOH UHDOL]kQG WH[WH úL JUDILFH (VWH XQ WLS GH
LPSULPDQW FDUH QX VROLFLW XWLOL]DUHD FHUQHOLL SHQWUX D LPSULPD FDUDFWHUH VDX DOWH LPDJLQL IRORVLQG XQ
PHGLX FRORUDW VROLG DVHPQWRU FX FHDUD SUH]HQW FD IROLH vQWU-R FDVHW ILH FD EORF GH FHDU vQ
LPSULPDQW 0HGLXO FRORU WUHFH GLQ VWDUHD VROLG GLUHFW vQ VWDUH JD]RDV FRQGHQVkQG vQ ILQDO SH KkUWLH
0DUHOH DYDQWDM DO DFHVWXL SURFHGHX HVWH F FHDUD QX LQWU úL QX VH vQWLQGH SH KkUWLH GDU QX SRDWH XWLOL]D
KkUWLH QRUPDO
„Punctele SURGXVH GH DFHDVW LPSULPDQW SH KkUWLD WUDWDW FKLPLF QX VXQW OD IHO GH FODUH FXP
VXQW FHOH FUHDWH FX DOWH PRGHOH GH LPSULPDQWH vQ VSHFLDO GDWRULW OLPLWULL FRQWUROXOXL UHDF LHL FKLPLFH
8Q DOW GH]DYDQWDM HVWH DFHOD DO XQXL WLPS UHGXV GH SVWUDUH DO KkUWLHL FKLPLFH VHQVLELO OD OXPLQ FOGXU
VDX DJHQ L FKLPLFL
Imprimantele laser DVLJXU R vQDOW FDOLWDWH D WLSULULL DYkQG OD ED] SULQFLSLXO [HUR[-ului.
$PEHOH XWLOL]HD] R VXUV GH OXPLQ úL XQ PHFDQLVP VRILVWLFDW GH RJOLQ]L SHQWUX D WUDQVIHUD R imagine
SH KkUWLH &X DMXWRUXO UD]HORU ODVHU VH RE LQH R SRODUL]DUH HOHFWURVWDWLF D XQXL FLOLQGUX VSHFLDO FDUH OD
UkQGXO OXL DWUDJH úL VH vQFDUF SH VXSUDID  FX toner SUDI VSHFLDO GH FUEXQH GHRVHELW GH ILQ FH XUPHD]
a fi depus pe hârtie. În continXDUH KkUWLD HVWH VXSXV XQXL WUDWDPHQW WHUPLF SHQWUX IL[DUH
‰ Dispozitivul periferic scaner SHUPLWH XWLOL]DWRUXOXL V GLJLWDOL]H]H GLDSR]LWLYH IRWRJUDILL DOE-
negru sau color, formulare sau planuri, pentru a le prelucra ulterior cu ajutorul calculatorului. În
WHKQLFD HOHFWURQLF GH FDOFXO H[LVW WUHL FDWHJRULL LPSRUWDQWH GH VFDQHUH IXQF LH GH PRGXO GH
FLWLUH D GRFXPHQWXOXL VFDQHUH FX WDPEXU VFDQHUH FX DF LRQDUH PDQXDO úL VFDQHUH GH SDJLQ
8Q HOHPHQW LPSRUWDQW vQ GHILQLUHD FDOLW LL XQXL VFDQHU HVWH capacitatea de a deosebi cât mai
multe tonuri de gri sau de culoare ÌQ FD]XO vQ FDUH XQ VFDQHU GHRVHEHúWH GRDU DOE GH QHJUX GLVSR]LWLYXO
SRVHG FDUDFWHULVWLFD Äadâncime de culoare´ HJDO FX  ELW /D  WUHSWH GH JUL UHFXQRVFXWH DGkQFLPHD
de culoare este de  EL L LDU SHQWUX  GH WUHSWH GH JUL YD DYHD DGkQFLPHD GH FXORDUH GH  EL L
Scanerele alb-QHJUX OXFUHD] FX R DGkQFLPH GH FXORDUH vQWUH  úL  EL L LDU VFDQHUHOH FRORU FX R
DGkQFLPH GH FXORDUH PDL PDUH GH  GH EL L
‰ Floppy-discul (discul flexibil sau discheta DSUXW SHQWUX SULPD GDW vQ DQXO  UHSUH]LQW
un disc format dintr-R VLQJXU SODF UHDOL]DW GLQ PDWHULDO SODVWLF DFRSHULW FX XQ VWUDW
IHURPDJQHWLF 3ULQFLSLXO GH IXQF LRQDUH FRQVW vQ XUPWRDUHOH XQ PHFDQLVP GH DQWUHQDUH URWHúWH
floppy-GLVFXO FX R YLWH] FRQVWDQW LDU VFULHUHDFLWLUHD VH UHDOL]HD] FX DMXWRUXO D GRX FDSHWH GH
VFULHUHFLWLUH FDUH VH SR]L LRQHD] SH LQIRUPD LLOH SODVDWH SH piste (track, dispuse în cercuri
concentrice). Floppy-GLVFXULOH VXQW GH GLPHQVLXQL GLIHULWH úL GHFL GH FDSDFLW L GLIHULWH &HOH PDL
UVSkQGLWH VXQW IORSS\-GLVFXULOH FX GLDPHWUX GH   LQFK úL FHOH FX GLDPHWUXO GH   LQFK FDUH
VXUSULQ]WRU VXQW GH FDSDFLWDWH PDL PDUH 8Q GLVF PDJQHWLF IOH[LELO VH URWHúWH vQ LQWHULRUXO
XQLW LL FX R YLWH] GH  URWD LLPLQXW DYkQG vQ SULQFLSLX XQ WLPS GH DFFHV OD LQIRUPD LH GH 
ms.
‰ Hard-discul HVWH LQFRUSRUDW vQ FXWLD FDUH FRQ LQH XQLWDWHD FHQWUDO vQFDVHWDW vQWU-un dispozitiv la
care nu avem acces pentru a-l înlocui cu altul. În caz de defectare se înlocuLHúWH vQWUHJ
DQVDPEOXO $FHVW DQVDPEOX VH PDL QXPHúWH disc dur sau disc fix sau disc Winchester GXS
QXPHOH WHKQRORJLHL GH FRQVWUXF LH 6XQW IRUPDWH GLQ PDL PXOWH GLVFXUL SOFL DVHPQWRDUH
FHORU IOH[LELOH vQV FRQIHF LRQDWH GLQWU-un material mai dur, úL IL[DWH SH XQ D[ FRPXQ 3ULQ
URWLUH VLVWHPXO SHUPLWH VFULHUHDFLWLUHD FRQFRPLWHQW D LQIRUPD LLORU SH DFHOHDúL SLVWH DOH WXWXURU
discurilor.
Denumirea de disc fix DWULEXLW LQL LDO D DYXW vQ YHGHUH IDSWXO F DFHVWD VH IL[HD] vQ LQWHULRUXO
calculatoUXOXL úL QX SRDWH IL GHWDúDW FX XúXULQ  GH FWUH XQ XWLOL]DWRU RELúQXLW ÌQ XOWLPXO WLPS vQV
DFHDVW GHQXPLUH D GHYHQLW LPSURSULH GHRDUHFH DX IRVW FUHDWH úL +' FDUH SRW IL FX XúXULQ  FRQHFWDWH úL
deconectate în exteriorul calculatorului prin porturile GH LQWUDUHLHúLUH DOH DFHVWXLD
Principalele caracteristici DOH +' VH UHIHU OD
• FDSDFLWDWHD GH VWRFDUH D LQIRUPD LLORUFDSDFLWDWHD GH PDQLSXODUH D GDWHORU GH FWUH 3& PC Data
Handling);
• WLPSXO GH FXWDUH (seek time);
• UDWD GH WUDQVIHU D VLVWHPXOXL JD]G
• rata de transfer a hard-discului (media rate);
• QXPUXO GH URWD LLPLQXW rpm);

12
• cantitatea de memorie cache.
)LHFDUH GLQWUH DFHVWH FDUDFWHULVWLFL vúL VSXQH FXYkQWXO vQ FHHD FH SULYHúWH GHWHUPLQDUHD
SHUIRUPDQ HORU VLVWHPXOXL GH FDOFXO vQ DQVDPEOXO VX
‰ Compact discul FRQVWLWXLH XQ DOW VXSRUW GH PHPRULH H[WHUQ FDUH GDWRULW XQRU SHUIRUPDQ H
VXSHULRDUH ID  GH GLVFXULOH IOH[LELOH WLQGH V VH JHQHUDOL]H]H
Putem defini discul compact FD SH XQ VXSRUW SH FDUH VXQW VWRFDWH LQIRUPD LL SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO
mijloacelRU RSWLFH WHKQRORJLD ODVHU DWkW vQ SURFHVXO GH VFULHUH FkW úL vQ FHO GH FLWLUH
6XFFHVXO WHKQRORJLLORU RSWLFH QX QXPDL SH SLD D FDOFXODWRDUHORU HOHFWURQLFH VH GDWRUHD]
SURJUHVHORU UHDOL]DWH vQ GRPHQLXO ODVHULORU VXSRUWXULORU RSWLFH úL D SURFHVULL semnalelor. Astfel, au
DSUXW R VHULH GH VWDQGDUGH FXP DU IL
• ,62  6RQ\ úL 3KLOLSV
• High Sierra;
• CD-DA (Compact Disc - Digital AXGLR SHQWUX FLWLUHD LQIRUPD LLORU DXGLR VDX D GDWHORU vQ IRUPDW
electronic);
• CD-ROM XA (EXtended Architecture), care perPLWH DWkW FLWLUHD VWDQGDUGHORU PDL YHFKL FkW úL D
GLVFXULORU FH XWLOL]HD] WHKQLFD GH vQWUH HVHUH Äinterlaced mode“, cum sunt cele pentru vizualizarea
ILúLHUHORU vQ IRUPDW $9,
• CD-Recordable GHQXPLWH úL CD-WORM sau CD-WO (permit înregistrarea CD-urilor GH FWUH
utilizator).
CD-ROM-ul HVWH PDL DYDQWDMRV GHFkW GLVFXO IOH[LELO GDU FRQFXUHD] GLVFXO IL[ vQ VHQVXO F DUH
FDSDFLWDWH GH RUGLQXO VXWHORU GH 02 VDX *2 9LWH]D GH OXFUX HVWH XQHRUL PDL OHQW GHFkW OD +'
‰ ÌQ XUPWRULL DQL XQLW LOH GH VWRFDUH RStice DVD YRU IL QHOLSVLWH GLQ FRQILJXUD LD XQXL
FDOFXODWRU $FHVWHD DX IRVW GH]YROWDWH GH FRPSDQLLOH 6RQ\ úL 3KLOLSV UHSUH]HQWkQG WHKQRORJLD GH
PkLQH SHQWUX VWRFDUHD úL UHGDUHD LQIRUPD LLORU DIODWH SH XQ VXSRUW RSWLF '9'-ul va înlocui CD-
ROM-XO úL FDVHWHOH YLGHR 9+6 8QLW LOH '9' SHUPLW vQ IXQF LH GH GHVWLQD LH DWkW FLWLUHD FkW úL
vQPDJD]LQDUHD GH LQIRUPD LL
6XSRUWXO '9' HVWH DVHPQWRU &G-ului. DVD-XO UHSUH]LQW XQ GLVF FX XQ GLDPHWUX GH  LQFKL
GDWHOH VXQW VWRFDWH SH VLQJXUD SLVW VSLUDODW D VXSRUWXOXL úL VXQW FLWLWH SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO XQHL PXOWLSOH UD]H
laser, procedeu similar celui utilizat la CD. DVD-XO HVWH FRPSXV GLQ GRX GLVFXUL RSWLFH DVDPEODWH vQWU-
XQXO VLQJXU SHUPL kQG DVWIHO PULUHD FDSDFLW LL GH VWRFDUH D VXSRUWXOXL ÌQ FRQWLQXDUH VXQW prezentate
principalele tipurile de DVD-uri existente.
DVD-ROM UHSUH]LQW VXSRUWXO FDUH SHUPLWH GRDU FLWLUHD LQIRUPD LLORU ILLQG XWLOL]DW vQ VSHFLDO
SHQWUX GLVWULEX LD GH SURGXVH SURJUDP PXOWLPHGLD &DSDFLWDWHD PD[LP GH VWRFDUH D DFHVWXL VXSRUW
poate ajunge la 17 GB.
DVD-R (Recordable – LQVFULS LRQDELO SHUPLWH H[HFXWDUHD XQHL VLQJXUH RSHUD LL GH
LQVFULS LRQDUH VLPLODU &'-R.
DVD-RAM SHUPLWH FLWLUHD úL vQPDJD]LQDUHD LQIRUPD LLORU GH Än´ RUL IXQF LRQkQG VLPLODU
hard-discului. Aferent tehnologiei de insFULS LRQDUHH[LVWSHSLD DGHWHKQLFGHFDOFXOWUHLIRUPDWH
definite de câteva grupuri de firme. Un prim format DVD-RAM D IRVW UHDOL]DW GH +LWDFKL úL
Matsushiti, firma Pionner a impus un al doilea format DVD-R, iar grupul compus din HP, Sony,
Philips, YDPDKD 5LFRK úL 0LWVXELVKL D UHDOL]DW DO WUHLOHD IRUPDW DVD-RW. Toate aceste trei
FDWHJRULL QX VXQW FRPSDWLELOH vQWUH HOH GDU FRQVLGHU F '9'-RW va deveni standard, deoarece
JUXSXO GH FRPSDQLL FUHDWRDUH GH LQH  GLQ DFHDVW SLD  DVD-RW permite citirea úL VFULHUHD
LQIRUPD LLORUFXRYLWH]GH0%VHFXQGDYkQGRFDSDFLWDWHGHPHPRUDUHGH*%
8QVXSRUW'9'FXRFDSDFLWDWHGH*%VWRFKHD]XQILOPYLGHRGHGHPLQXWHDYkQG
R UDW GH WUDQVIHU GH  EL LVHFXQG LDU XQXO GH  *% vQPDJD]LQHD]  GH RUH GH VHFYHQ H
DXGLRPX]LF
‰ ÌQ VWUDWHJLD GH SURLHFWDUH úL UHDOL]DUH D VLVWHPHORU LQIRUPDWLFH XQ FDSLWRO REOLJDWRULX vO FRQVWLWXLH
FRSLD GH VLJXUDQ  sau backup-ul D FURU XWLOLWDWH UHDO VH PDQLIHVW QXPDL OD DSDUL LD
incidentelor în exploatare a pachetelor de programe, cu ocazia refacerii bazelor pentru furnizarea
GDWHORU VWDWLVWLFH LVWRULFH HWF VDX SHQWUX GLIX]DUHD GDWHORU FWUH GHSR]LWHOH GH GDWH warehouse).
Stocarea datelor pe benzi magnetice a reprezentat una dintre primele metode utilizate în acest
VHQV 'H]YROWDUHD FRQWLQX D WHKQRORJLLORU DX SVWUDW PHWRGD FD SH R VROX LH RSWLP vQ DFHVW VHQV FRVW SH
13
0% VF]XW VXSRUW GH FLWLUHVFULHUH YROXP IL]LF PLF SHQWUX YROXP PDUH GH GDWH VRIWZDUH VSHFLDOL]DW úL
robust pentru arhivare (back–up VWDQGDUGL]DUHD VWULFW D IRUPDWXOXL GH DUKLYDUH
‰ 8QLW LOH DPRYLELOH PDJQHWLFH VXQW GHMD IRDUWH UVSkQGLWH úL FRQVWLWXLQG XQ VWDQGDUG de facto,
VXQW SURGXVH GH ,RPHJD %HUQRXOOL úL 6\4XHVW
Sunt preferabile benzilor magnetice, întrucât permit accesul direct la suportul magnetic, au o
UDW GH WUDQVIHU úL R YLWH] GH DFFHV DSURSLDW GH D KDUG–GLVFXULORU &DVHWHOH DX FDSDFLW L GH 0% SkQ
la 1,3GB.

3. SISTEME DE OPERARE

 )XQF LLOH úL FRPSRQHQWHOH GH ED] DOH XQXL VLVWHP GH RSHUDUH

Sistemul de RSHUDUHHVWHVWRFDWúLvQFUFDWGHSHXQVXSRUWPDJQHWLFGHRELFHLIRORVLQGX-se
GLVFXO PDJQHWLF GH XQGH úL GHQXPLUHD GH disc sistem 6LVWHPHOH GH RSHUDUH VXQW OLYUDWH GH FWUH
FRQVWUXFWRULLGHHFKLSDPHQWHvPSUHXQFXDFHVWHDILLQGVSHFLILFHILHFUHLFRQILJXUD LL6LVWHPXOGH
RSHUDUHFUHDWODvQFHSXWODPRPHQWXOLQVWDOULLDFHVWXLDSRDWHILPRGLILFDWGHXWLOL]DWRUvQIXQF LH
GHVFKLPEDUHDFRQILJXUD LHLFDOFXODWRUXOXLVDXGHQHFHVLW LOHLPSXVHGHXWLOL]DUHDVD
8Q VLVWHP GH RSHUDUH DVLJXU IXQF LRQDUHD FRQWLQX D XQLW LL FHQWUDOH úL D XQLW LORU

periferice, realizând VXSUDYHJKHUHD H[HFX LHL mai multor programe aflate la un moment dat în memoria
LQWHUQ RUJDQL]HD] DFFHVXO úL SUHOXFUDUHD XQXL YROXP PDUH GH GDWH SULQ FUHDUHD úL H[SORDWDUHD
ILúLHUHORU úL D ED]HORU GH GDWH VLPSOLILF DFWLYLWDWHD GH SURJUDPDUH, prin reluarea programelor scrise în
OLPEDMH HYROXDWH úL WUDGXVH DXWRPDW vQ OLPEDM LQWHUQ SULQ GHWHFWDUHD úL VHPQDODUHD HURULORU GH
programare, JHVWLRQHD] PHPRULD LQWHUQ, efectuând alocarea dinaPLF úL VWDWLVWLF D DFHVWHLD ODQVHD]
úL FRQWUROHD] H[HFX LD SURJUDPHORU XWLOL]DWRU.
&RPSRQHQWD KDUGZDUH D XQXL VLVWHP HOHFWURQLF GH FDOFXO QHFHVLW H[LVWHQ D XQXL VLVWHP GH
RSHUDUH FDUH V JHVWLRQH]H UHVXUVHOH KDUGZDUH FRQFRPLWHQW FX DVLVWDUHD XWLOL]DWRUXOXL vQ WLPSXO SUHJWLULL
úL ODQVULL vQ H[HFX LH D OXFUULORU VDOH 3HQWUX JHVWLRQDUHD UHVXUVHORU XQ VLVWHP GH RSHUDUH WUHEXLH V VH
UHDOL]H]H HYLGHQ LHUHD ILHFUHL UHVXUVH V DGRSWH R VWUDWHJLH SHQWUX GHWHUPLQDUHD vQ RULFH PRPHQW FUHL
componente V-i fie alocate resurse, la ce moment de timp, pentru cât timp, alocarea resurselor se va
HIHFWXD OD vQFHSXWXO DFWLYLW LL LDU OD WHUPLQDUHD DFWLYLW LL YD GH]DORFD UHVXUVHOH
)XQF LLOH XQXL VLVWHP GH RSHUDUH VXQW XUPWRDUHOH
• IXQF LD GH JHVWLXQH D PHPRU iei;
• IXQF LD GH JHVWLXQH D SURFHVRUXOXL ;
• IXQF LD GH JHVWLXQH D GLVSR]LWLYHORU SHULIHULFH

• IXQF LD GH JHVWLXQH D LQIRUPD LHL

)XQF LD GH JHVWLRQDUH D PHPRULHL FRQVW vQ HYLGHQ LHUHD UHVXUVHORU GH PHPRULH XWLOL]DWH OD XQ

anumit moment, realizând alocarea aFHVWHLD SHQWUX DVLJXUDUHD DFFHVXOXL úL SURWHF LHL GDWHORU UHDOL]kQG vQ
ILQDOXO SUHOXFUULL GH]DORFDUHD UHVXUVHL
)XQF LD GH JHVWLXQH D SURFHVRUXOXL UHDOL]HD] HYLGHQ D SURFHVRDUHORU úL D VWULORU DFHVWRUD
(„traffic controller” DQDOL]HD] úL GHFLGH FLQH poate utiliza procesorul („procesor scheduler” DORF
UHVXUVHOH SURFHVRUXOXL OD XQ SURFHV SULQ SUHJWLUHD úL vQFUFDUHD DFHVWXLD vQ UHJLVWUH KDUGZDUH UHWUDJH
UHVXUVD vQ PRPHQWXO vQ FDUH SURFHVRUXO D UHDOL]DW vQ WRWDOLWDWH H[HFX LD SURJUDPDW úL UHQXQ  la utilizarea
VSD LXOXL DORFDW VDX FkQG D IRVW GHSúLW LQWHUYDOXO GH WLPS DORFDW
)XQF LD GH JHVWLXQH D GLVSR]LWLYHORU SHULIHULFH UHDOL]HD] HYLGHQ D GLVSR]LWLYHORU D XQLW LORU
GH FRQWURO úL D FDQDOHORU LQWUDUHLHúLUH („traffic controller”) VWDELOHúWH PHWRGD FHD PDL HILFLHQW GH
DORFDUH D UHVXUVHORU LDU vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH DUH ORF R XWLOL]DUH VLPXOWDQ GHFLGH FLQH IRORVHúWH UHVXUVD úL FkW
timp („schedulering 1/0´ )XQF LD GH JHVWLXQH D GLVSR]LWLYHORU SHULIHULFH UHDOL]HD] DORFDUHD UHVXUVHL úL
LQL LHUHD RSHUD LHL GH LQWUDUHLHúLUH
)XQF LD GH JHVWLXQH D LQIRUPD LHL VH PDWHULDOL]HD] vQ HYLGHQ LHUHD UHVXUVHL vQ ORFDOL]DUHD úL
utilizarea acesteia („File System” GHFLGH FLQH XWLOL]HD] DFHVWH UHVXUVH LPSXQH SURWHF LD FHUXW úL RIHU
VHFYHQ HOH GH DFFHV QHFHsare, alocarea resurselor realizându-VH SULQ GHVFKLGHUHD ILúLHUXOXL OPEN), iar
GH]DORFDUHD DFHVWRUD SULQ vQFKLGHUHD ILúLHUXOXL CLOSE).

14
 3.2. Componentele sistemului de operare

Programul monitor este rezident integral, sau în mare parte, în memoria interQ UHDOL]kQG
FRRUGRQDUHD H[HFX LHL SURJUDPHORU DSOLFDWLYH FRQWUROXO úL SODQLILFDUHD XQLW LL FHQWUDOH DORFDUHD
PHPRULHL LQWHUQH DVLJXUDUHD SHULIHULFHORU VHUYLUHD FHUHULORU GH LQWUDUHLHúLUH ÌQ FD]XO VLVWHPHORU FDUH
SHUPLW OXFUXO vQ UHJLP FRQYHUVD LRQDO XWLOL]DWRULL SRW HPLWH FRPHQ]L PRQLWRU SULQ FDUH V-úL DVLJXUH
DORFDUHD UHVXUVHORU VLVWHPXOXL vQ IXQF LH GH QHFHVLW LOH VWDELOLWH vQ SUHDODELO
3URJUDPHOH GH FRPDQG úL FRQWURO DVLJXU H[HFX LD FRPHQ]LORU GH RSHUDUH GLUHFW VDX SULQ

construirea de procHGXUL ILúLHUH GH FRPHQ]L LQGLUHFWH

3URJUDPHOH SHQWUX RSHUD LL FX SHULIHULFH DVLJXU RSHUD LLOH GH LQWUDUHLHúLUH WUDWDUHD
vQWUHUXSHULORU SURWHF LD ILúLHUHORU úL D SURJUDPHORU DSOLFDWLYH
Programele de serviciu FH SHUPLW XWLOL]DWRUXOXL V IRORVHDVF HIicient resursele fizice sau logice
DOH VLVWHPXOXL HOHFWURQLF GH FDOFXO ÌQ DFHDVW FDWHJRULH VH vQFDGUHD] XUPWRDUHOH SURJUDPH GH VHUYLFLX
♦ bibliotecarul UHSUH]LQW SURJUDPXO FDUH DVLJXU JHVWLRQDUHD ELEOLRWHFLL GH VLVWHP úL D ILúLHUHORU
utilizator, precuP úL UH LQHUHD SURJUDPHORU DSOLFDWLYH vQ RULFDUH GLQ ID]HOH SUHPHUJWRDUH
H[HFX LHL
♦ HGLWRUXO GH OHJWXUL UHSUH]LQW SURJUDPXO FX DMXWRUXO FUXLD VH RE LQH XQ SURJUDP vQ IRUPDW
direct executabil, pornind de la imaginea sa în format obiect;
♦ vQFUFWRUXO este reprezentat printr-XQ SURJUDP FDUH DVLJXU vQFUFDUHD vQ PHPRULD LQWHUQ
5$0 D SURJUDPHORU SHQWUX H[HFX LH ÌQFUFDUHD SURJUDPHORU SRDWH DYHD ORF LPHGLDW GXS
WUDQVODWDUH FkQG VLVWHPXO GH RSHUDUH DUH LQFOXV vQFUFWRUXO vQ FRPSLODWRU LOAD and GO), în
mRPHQWXO UHDOL]ULL HGLWULL GH OHJWXUL LINK VDX VHSDUDW GXS UHDOL]DUHD HGLWULL GH OHJWXUL

15
 3.3. Sistemul de operare MS-DOS

6LVWHPXO GH ILúLHUH DIHUHQW 06-'26 HVWH GHVWLQDW JHVWLRQULL UHVXUVHORU VRIWZDUH úL KDUGZDUH DOH
microcalculatoarelor de tip IBM-3& úL FRPSDWLELOH ORU 7RDWH DFHVWH PLFURFDOFXODWRDUH DX OD ED] XQ
PLFURSURFHVRU  XQ VLVWHP GH RSHUDUH PRQRXWLOL]DWRU GDU VH SRDWH XWLOL]D úL vQ UH HOH GH
microcalculatoare.
Sistemul de operare MS-'26 SHUPLWH FRQVWUXLUHD úL DFFHVDUHD XQXL QXPU PDUH GH ILúLHUH
QXPUXO ORU ILLQG OLPLWDW GRDU GH FDSDFLWDWHD PHPRULHL H[WHUQH )LúLHUXO UHSUH]LQW GHFL XQLWDWHD GH OXFUX
a sistemului de operare.
MS-'26 RIHU XWLOL]DWRUXOXL SRVLELOLWDWHD GH D RUJDQL]D PDL ELQH ILúLHUHOH GH GDWH SULQ
gruparea sub un singur director. Directorul HVWH GH IDSW XQ ILúLHU FH FXSULQGH XQ JUXS GH ILúLHUH
SODVDWH WRDWH SH DFHODúL VXSRUW PDJQHWLF 3RUQLQGX-se de la un GLUHFWRU UGFLQ, celelalte se
FRQVWUXLHVFDFRSHULQGRVWUXFWXUDUERUHVFHQWVXEGLUHFWRDUH
Directorul UGFLQ VH IRUPHD] OD IRUPDWDUHD GLVFXOXL 2 LQWUDUH vQ GLUHFWRUXO UGFLQ SRDWH IL
FRQVWLWXLW GLQWU-XQ ILúLHU GLQWU-XQ VXEGLUHFWRU VDX R HWLFKHW GH YROXP
6XEGLUHFWRDUHOH VXQW úL HOH GH IDSW WRW ILúLHUH FDUH FRQ LQ DOWH LQWUUL GH VXEGLUHFWRDUH úL ILúLHUH
1XPHOH XQXL GLUHFWRU VDX ILúLHU HVWH IRUPDW GLQ - FDUDFWHUH úL R H[WHQVLH IRUPDW GLQ -3 caractere.
Directorul curent HVWH GLUHFWRUXO SH FDUH HVWH SR]L LRQDW XWLOL]DWRUXO OD XQ PRPHQW GDW 'LUHFWRUXO
curent se poate schimba cu comanda CHDIR (CD).
3HQWUX FUHDUHD VDX FXWDUHD XQXL ILúLHU VLVWHPXO WUHEXLH V FXQRDVF XQLWDWHD GH GLVF QXPHOH
GLUHFWRUXOXL QXPHOH ILúLHUXOXL 'DF ILúLHUXO QX VH DIO vQ GLUHFWRUXO FXUHQW WUHEXLH LQWURGXV FDOHD GH
GLUHFWRUL FDUH GXF OD ILúLHUXO GRULW UHODWLY '& DEVROXW '5
Calea UHSUH]LQW R VHFYHQ  GH GLUHFWRUL VHSDUD L SULQ VHPQXO Ä\´ FRQVLGHUD L FD SRUQLQG GH OD
GLUHFWRUXO FXUHQW VDX GH OD GLUHFWRUXO UGFLQ QXPHOH GH FDOH QX WUHEXLH V GHSúHDVF  GH FDUDFWHUH
'LUHFWRUXO UGFLQ (Directory) este XWLOL]DW SHQWUX PHPRUDUHD LQIRUPD LLORU UHIHULWRDUH OD
ILúLHUH VDX OD DOWH VXEGLUHFWRDUH GDWRULW VWUXFWXULL DUERUHVFHQWH SH FDUH R SRDWH DYHD VLVWHPXO GH
ILúLHUH
6SHFLILFDWRUXO JHQHUDO GH ILúLHU VXE VLVWHPXO GH RSHUDUH 06-DOS DUH XUPWRUXO IRUPDW
general:
>GLVF@>FDOH@ ILúLHU >H[WHQVLH@ unde:
disc: - UHSUH]LQW XQLWDWHD GH GLVF VSHFLILFDW SULQWU-R OLWHU
cale - GUXPXO FDUH WUHEXLH SDUFXUV GH OD GLUHFWRUXO UGFLQ OD GLUHFWRUXO XQGH VH DIO ILúLHUXO
ILúLHU - QXPHOH ILúLHUXOXL PD[LP  FDUDFWHUH
extensie - JUXSDUH VSHFLDO GH  FDUDFWHUH FDUH YD LQGLFD WLSXO ILúLHUXOXL 06-DOS: EXE
(Executabile), COM (comenzi), BAT (Batch), BAS (Basic), BAK (Backup), CPI (Code Page
Information), INI (Initialization), PIF (Program Information File), SYS (System).

3.3.1. Comenzi interne MS-DOS

Comenzile sistemului de operare MS-'26vQIXQF LHGHORFXOXQGHVHDIOúLGHDSDUWHQHQ D

ODVLVWHPVXQWGHGRXWLSXULFRPHQ]LLQWHUQHúLFRPHQ]LH[WHUQH
Aceste comenzi sunt executate imediat, deoarece fac parte din sistemul de operare MS-DOS,
ILLQG vQFUFDWH R GDW FX DFHVWD
Comanda CD (Change dLUHFWRU\ SHUPLWH VFKLPEDUHD GLUHFWRUXOXL FXUHQW VDX DILúDUHD DFHVWXLD
Format general: CHDIR [d:] [Cale] Director;
CD [d:][Cale] Director CHDIR [..]; CD [..]; CD\
Comanda DIR (DirHFWRU\ UHDOL]HD] DILúDUHD OLVWHL GH ILúLHUH GLQ GLUHFWRDUH
Format general: DIR>G@ >&DOH@ >)LúLHU@ >S@ >Z@
Comanda MD (Make Directory) permite crearea unui nou subdirector în cadrul structurii
DUERUHVFHQWH vQ OLPLWD VSD LXOXL GLVSRQLELO SH VXSRUWXO magnetic.
Format general: MKDIR [d:][Cale] Director;
16
 MD [d:] [Cale] Director
Calea poate avea maxim 63 de caractere.
Comanda RD (RHPRYH 'LUHFWRU\ UHDOL]HD] úWHUJHUHD XQXL GLUHFWRU
Format general: RMDIR [d:] [Cale] Director;
RD [d:] [Cale] Director
Comanda COPY UHDOL]HD] FRSLHUHD XQXL VDX D PDL PXOWRU ILúLHUH GH SH XQ DQXPLW GLVF
magnetic.
Format general: COPY 6SHFLILFDWRUBILúLHUBVXUVB6SHFLILFDWRU ILúLHUBGHVWLQD LH >Y@ SHQWUX RSHUD LXQHD
de copiere);
COPY Sfs1 + Sfs2 +....Sfsn SpecificatorBILúLHUBGHVWLQD LH SHQWUX RSHUD LXQHD GH FRQFDWHQDUH
3ULPXO ILúLHU VSHFLILFDW HVWH FHO FDUH YD IL FRSLDW QXPLW ILúLHU VXUV 'DF DO GRLOHD HOHPHQW
VSHFLILFDWRU ILúLHU GHVWLQD LH HVWH XQ GLUHFWRU ILúLHUXO YD IL FRSLDW IU VFKLPEDUHD QXPHOXL
Comanda DELETE UHDOL]HD] úWHUJHUHD XQXL ILúLHU DIODW SH XQ VXSRUW PDJQHWLF
Format general: '(/ >G@ >&DOH@ )LúLHU >S@
Comanda RENAME SHUPLWH VFKLPEDUHD QXPHOXL XQXL ILúLHU VSHFLILFDW FRQ LQXWXO ILúLHUXOXL
UPkQkQG QHDOWHUDW
Format general: RENAME [d:] [CDOH@ )LúLHUBVXUV )LúLHUBGHVWLQD LH
REN >G@ >&DOH@ )LúLHUB VXUV )LúLHUBGHVWLQD LH
Comanda TYPE SHUPLWH DILúDUHD SH HFUDQXO PRQLWRUXOXL D FRQ LQXWXOXL XQRU ILúLHUH GH WLS WH[W
Format general: 7<3( 6SHFLILFDWRUBILúLHU > _ 025( @
Comanda DATE permite vizualizarea sau modificarea datei sistemului.
Format general: DATE [ll-zz-aa] unde :
ll - OXQD FDOHQGDULVWLF PD[LP  FDUDFWHUH
zz - ziua, maxim 2 caractere;
aa - anul.
Comanda TIME SHUPLWH DILúDUHD úL PRGLILFDUHD RUHL FXUHQWH
Format general: TIME [ hh:mm[:ss[:xx]]] unde:
hh - XQ QXPU GH XQD VDX GRX FLIUH UHSUH]HQWkQG RUD -23);
mm - QXPU GH XQD VDX GRX FLIUH FDUH UHSUH]LQW PLQXWHOH -59);
ss - QXPU GH XQD VDX GRX FLIUH FDUH UHSUH]LQW VHFXQGHOH -59);
xx - QXPU GH XQD VDX GRX FLIUH FDUH UHSUH]LQW VXWLPL GH VHFXQG
Comanda PROMPT GHILQHúWH XQ QRX SURPSWHU úLUXO GH FDUDFWHUH FDUH HVWH DILúDW SH HFUDQ GH
sistem.
Format general: PROMPT [ text ]
Comanda UNDELETE UHDOL]HD] UHIDFHUHD ILúLHUHORU úWHUVH FX DMXWRUXO FRPHQ]LL '(/(7(
Format general: 81'(/(7( QXPHBILúLHU >/,67$//'26'7@

3.3.2. Comenzi externe MS-DOS

Comenzile externe sunt rezidente pe disc, ca programe direct executabile (.COM, .EXE, .BAT),
ILLQG vQFUFDWH vQDLQWH GH H[HFXWDUH SHUPL kQG XWLOL]DWRUXOXL V-úL GH]YROWH SURSULLOH DSOLFD LL $FHVWH
comenzi trebuie apelate, specificându-VH QXPHOH XQLW LL SH FDUH VH DIO vQ FD] FRQWUDU ILLQG FXWDWH SH
XQLWDWHD LPSOLFLW
Comanda ATTRIB UHDOL]HD] DILúDUHD DWULEXWHORU ILúLHUHORU VDX PRGLILFDUHD DWULEXWHORU XQRU
ILúLHUH
Format general: ATTRIB[+R|-R][+A|-A][+S|-S][+H|-H]
>G@>FDOH@QXPHBILúLHU>H[W@>6@ XQGH  SR]L LRQDUHD DWULEXWXOXL - anularea atributului.
$WULEXWHOH XQXL ILúLHU SRW IL: +H SHUPLWH UHDOL]DUHD XQHL SURWHF LL GH FLWLUH ILúLHUXO GHYHQLQG
invizibil (ascuns); +R SHUPLWH SURWHF LD OD VFULHUH VH SRDWH H[HFXWD GRDU FLWLUH +A stabilirea bitului de
arhivare; +S ILúLHU VLVWHP
Comanda CHKDSK DQDOL]HD] XQ GLVF PDJQHWLF VDX XQ ILúLHU SULQ YHULILFDUHD WDEHOHL GH DORFDUH
úL H[LVWHQ D ILúLHUHORU QHvQFKLVH ÌQ UDSRUWXO FUHDW DSDUH úL VSD LXO WRWDO GH PHPRULH SUHFXP úL VSD LXO
liber de memorie.
Format general: CHKDSK[d:][cale]nume-ILúLHU>H[WHQVLH@>)@>9@
17
 Comanda DEFRAG UHDOL]HD] GHIUDJPHQWDUHD UHYLWDOL]DUHD XQXL VXSRUW PDJQHWLF
Format general: DEFRAG [ / F ]
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3.4. Sistemul de operare Windows

ÌQF GH OD GHEXWXO VX VLVWHPXO GH RSHUDUH 06-DOS nu oferea decât un minim de servicii ca
sisWHP GH RSHUDUH DFWXDOHOH VLVWHPH FXSULQ]kQG PLL GH IXQF LL $FHDVW HYROX LH D IRVW LPSXV GH
UHDOL]DUHD XQRU DSOLFD LL WRW PDL FRPSOH[H QHFHVLWkQG SUH]HQ D VLPXOWDQ SH HFUDQ D XQXL QXPU
FRQVLGHUDELO GH GDWH VDX LQWURGXFHUHD UH HOHORU vQ vQWUHSULQGHUL
3ULQFLSLXO GH ED] DO :LQGRZV-ului este utilizarea ferestrelor, ca zone încadrate de un chenar, cu
R VWUXFWXU VWDQGDUG XQGH VH JVHVF DúH]DWH GLYHUVH RELHFWH FH VLPEROL]HD] DSOLFD LL $FWLYDUHD úL
manipularea acestora se poate face într-R PDQLHU VLPSOLILFDW FX DMXWRUXO XQXL GLVSR]LWLY SHULIHULF
numit mouse.
6LVWHPXO GH RSHUDUH :LQGRZV¶ HVWH DGDSWDW SHUIHFW SHQWUX FHOH GRX FDWHJRULL GH
XWLOL]DWRUL LQGLYLGXDOL XWLOL]DWRUL GH JUXS GH UH HOH FRPSOH[H
$FHVW VLVWHP GH RSHUDUH LQWHJUDW VH UHPDUF  S rintr- R LQWHUID  JUDILF  GHRVHELW GH
VLPSO   SULQ VXSRUW GH UH HD LQWHJUDW (INTERNET, COMPUSERVE, MS MAIL, MS
1(7:25.6 SHUPL kQG DFFHVXO vQ OXPHD SURJUDPHORU SH  GH EL L SURJUDPH FDUH IRORVHVF

18
multitasking preemptiv (sistemul de operare va distribui WLPSXO GH FDOFXO vQWUH DSOLFD LLOH
DFWLYH úL multithreading HIHFWXDUHD PDL PXOWRU OXFU  UL VLPXOWDQH vQ LQWHULRUXO DFHOHLDúL
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executa trei categorii distincte de aplLFD L DSOLFD LLOH GH WLS :LQ UHDOL]DWH VSHFLDO SHQWUX
DFHVWD DSOLFD LLOH GH WLS :LQ UHSUH]HQWDWH SULQ DSOLFD LLOH :LQGRZV  úL DSOLFD LLOH '26
6LVWHPXO GH ILúLHUH DGXFH QRXW  L vQ ORFXO FHORU RSW FDUDFWHUH SULQ FDUH VH VSHFLILF  VXE
MS-DOS, numel H ILúLHUXOXL OXFUX FDUH D GHWHUPLQDW DSDUL LD XQRU SUHVFXUW  UL VWUDQLL
Windows’95-  DFFHSW  QXPH GH ILúLHUH FX R GLPHQVLXQH GH PD[LP  FDUDFWHUH
/DQVDUHD vQ H[HFX LH D :LQGRZV¶ VH IDFH DXWRPDW GH FWUH FDOFXODWRU OD VWDELOLUHD FRQWDFWXOXL
de alimenWDUH FX HQHUJLH HOHFWULF (FUDQXO PRQLWRUXOXL YD IL RFXSDW vQ vQWUHJLPH GH IHUHDVWUD GH ED]
FDUH VH FDUDFWHUL]HD] SULQ XUPWRDUHOH HOHPHQWH ]RQD DFWLY D IHUHVWUHL OLQLD GH VWDUH
=RQD DFWLY D IHUHVWUHL FRQ LQH R VHULH GH UHSUH]HQWUL JUDILFH LPSOLFite, care dau posibilitatea
XWLOL]DWRUXOXL V DLE DFFHV OD SULQFLSDOHOH FRPSRQHQWH DOH FDOFXODWRUXOXL SULQ UHSUH]HQWDUHD

 OD UH HDXD ,17(51(7 SULQ UHSUH]HQWDUHD JUDILF FRUHVSXQ]WRDUH úL OD XQ JHVWLRQDU DO

ILúLHUHORU úWHUVH , care poate permite utilizatorului reconstituirea acestora.

Lina de stare SR]L LRQDW LPSOLFLW vQ SDUWHD GH MRV H HFUDQXOXL DVLJXU XWLOL]DWRUXOXL DFFHVXO
QHPLMORFLW OD HOHPHQWHOH VRIWZDUH úL KDUGZDUH DOH FDOFXODWRUXOXL OD DSOLFD LLOH DIODWH vQ OXFUX úL OD
QXPHOH ILúLHUHORU DVRFLDWH DFHVWRUD UHDOL]kQG DGXFHUHD OD FXQRúWLQ D XWLOL]DWRUXOXL SULQ SR]L LRQDUHD
prompter-XOXL GH PRXVH D XUPWRDUHORU HOHPHQWH
♦ modelul tastaturii utilizate;
♦ YROXPXO VXQHWHORU SURGXVH GH FWUH SODFD GH VXQHW
♦ data cXUHQW
'RULQ D XWLOL]DWRUXOXL GH D UHDOL]D RSULUHD QRUPDO D FDOFXODWRUXOXL VH UHDOL]HD] SULQ SR]L LRQDUHD

prompter-ului de mouse pe butonul GLQ OLQLD GH VWDUH VHOHFWDUHD RS LXQLL , care

YD DYHD FD HIHFW DSDUL LD SH HFUDQ D XQHL IHUHVWUH GH GLDORJ vQ FDUH XWLOL]DWRUXO SRDWH DYHD WUHL RS LXQL
♦ UHQXQ DUHD OD OXFUXO FX :LQGRZV SHQWUX D VH UHDOL]D RSULUHD FDOFXODWRUXOXL
♦ UHSRUQLUHD FDOFXODWRUXOXL vQ :LQGRZV FX UHOXDUHD SURFHVXOXL GH LQL LDOL]DUH D VLVWHPXOXL
♦ SUVLUHD :LQGRZV¶ úL UHSRUQLUHD FDOFXODWRUXOXL vQ 06-DOS.
ÌQ FD]XO vQ FDUH XWLOL]DWRUXO D DOHV SUVLUHD :LQGRZV¶ vQ IDYRDUHD 06-'26 SH HFUDQ YD IL DILúDW
prompterul de sistem MS-'26 LDU vQWRDUFHUHD vQ :LQGRZV YD IL UHDOL]DW SULQ WDVWDUHD FRPHQ]LL (;,7
Executarea unui clic pe butonul Start YD SURGXFH ODQVDUHD SURJUDPHORU DILúDUHD úL SRVLELOLWDWHD
GH DSHODUH DXWRPDW D XOWLPHORU  ILúLHUH FUHDWH VDX DFWXDOL]DWH PRGLILFDUHD SDUDPHWULORU GH FRQILJXUDUH
GLQ :LQGRZV¶ ORFDOL]DUHD UDSLG SH VXSRUWXO PDJQHWLF D XQXL SURJUDP VDX D XQXL ILúLHU RE LQHUHD
UDSLG D XQXL DMXWRU GLQ SDUWHD FDOFXODWRUXOXL ODQVDUHD XQXL SURJUDP SULQ VFULHUHD GHQXPLULL VDOH úL D FLL
GH DFFHV SUHFXP úL SRVLELOLWDWHD RSULULL VDX D UHSRUQLULL VLVWHPXOXL :LQGRZV 0HQLXULOH GLVSRQLELOH vor
IL DILúDWH DXWRPDW vQ OLQLL GH IHUHVWUH VXSUDSXVH vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH RS LXQHD SH FDUH XWLOL]DWRUXO V-a

SR]L LRQDW FRQ LQH VLPEROXO  VLPERO DGXJDW OD QXPHOH UHVSHFWLYHL DSOLFD LL
Minimizarea, maximizarea sau închiderea unei ferestrH VH SRDWH UHDOL]D SULQ SR]L LRQDUH SH
VLPEROXULOH JUDILFH DIODWH vQ SDUWHD GH VXV D IHUHVWUHL LDU DF LRQDUHD UHSUH]HQWULL va avea ca efect
restrângerea ferestrei la un buton care va apare în linia de stare.
&RQWUROXO úL PRGLILFDUHD HOHPHQWHORU FRPSRQHQWH DOH FDOFXODWRUXOXL VH UHDOL]HD] GLQ SDQRXO GH
FRPDQG Control Panel FDUH YD SHUPLWH XWLOL]DWRUXOXL H[HFXWDUHD XQHL RSHUD LXQL GH LQVWDODUH

DXWRPDW D XQRU VXEDQVDPEOH QRX DGXJDWH vQ FRQILJXUD LD FDOFXODWRUXOXL  DGXJDUHD VDX

19
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FDUH VH DIO LQVWDODW FDOFXODWRUXO ; modificarea tipului de monitor, a caracteristicilor tehnice ale
acestuia D QXPUXOXL GH FXORUL XWLOL]DW vQ SURFHVXO GH DILúDUH D IXQGDOXOXL DVRFLDW IHUHVWUHL SULQFLSDOH

.
:LQGRZV¶ HVWH UHDOL]DW úL GLVSRQLELO vQ  GH YHUVLXQL OLQJYLVWLFH SHUPL kQG XWLOL]DWRULORU V
utilizeze seturile de caractere propriL LDU SULQ VWDELOLUHD ]RQHL vQ FDUH ORFXLP VH YD DILúD IXVXO RUDU SHQWUX
]RQD UHVSHFWLY HIHFWXkQG PRGLILFDUHD RUHL VLVWHPXOXL FkQG YD DYHD ORF WUHFHUHD OD RUD GH YDU VDX GH
LDUQ

3.4.1. Structura ferestrelor Windows

Windows dispune de trei tipuri de IHUHVWUH GH DSOLFD LL GRFXPHQW úL GH JUXS 2SHUD LLOH
IXQGDPHQWDOH SULYLQG XWLOL]DUHD GLVSR]LWLYXOXL PRXVH FXSULQG VHOHF LD XQHL IHUHVWUH PULUHD OD PD[LP D
XQHL UHSUH]HQWUL JUDILFH VDX LFRDQH úL GHSODVDUHD PULUHD UHGXFHUHD IHUHVWUHORU
6HOHF LD
uQHL IHUHVWUH LFRDQH ILúLHU VDX RS LXQL GLQWU-R IHUHDVWU GH GLDORJ VH IDFH SULQ
SR]L LRQDUHD YkUIXOXL SURPSWHU-XOXL GH PRXVH SH HOHPHQWXO GRULW úL DSRL DSVDUHD EXWRQXOXL GLQ VWkQJD
(„clic R VLQJXU GDW
0 ULUHD
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SR]L LRQDUHD YkUIXOXL SURPSWHUX-OXL SH HOHPHQWXO GRULW úL DSRL DSVDUHD GH GRX RUL FRQVHFXWLY úL UDSLG
a butonului din stânga mouseu-lui.
Deplasarea PULUHD VDX UHGXFHUHD IHUHVWUHORU úL GHSODVDUHD LFRDQHORU VH H[HFXW SULQ
SR]L LRQDUHD YkUIXOXL SURPSWHU-ului mouse-XOXL SH HOHPHQWXO vQ FDX] DSVDUHD EXWRQXOXL GLQ VWkQJD úL
PHQ LQHUHD DFHVWXLD SH SDUFXUVXO GHSODVULL SkQ vQ ORFXO GH GHVWLQD LH
:LQGRZV OXFUHD] FX meniuri de comenzi, fiecare dintre acestea putând avea subcomenzi, care
VH SRW GHWDOLD SH PDL PXOWH QLYHOXUL LHUDUKLFH 8QHOH GLQWUH DFHVWH FRPHQ]L VROLFLW XWLOL]DWRUXOXL R VHULH
de parametrii prin intermediul unor casete de dialog, care pot încorpora casete de liste de valori posibile.
O FDVHW Ge dialog SRDWH FRQ LQH vQ SULQFLSDO EXWRDQH GH FRPDQG H[HFXW R DF LXQH zone de text
IL[HD] DQXPLWH YDORUL FDVHWH GH RS LXQL (pentru parametrii care se exclud mutual), casete de marcaj
(care pot fi activate x sau dezactivate).
'DF R IHUHDVWU QX SRDWH DILúD WRDWH LQIRUPD LLOH XQHL DSOLFD LL YD IL PDUFDW SH ODWXULOH GLQ
GUHDSWD úL MRV GH FWUH R EDU GH GHILODUH YHUWLFDO úL UHVSHFWLY RUL]RQWDO. În interiorul acestor bare se
JVHúWH XQ FXUVRU GH GHILODUH FDUH SHUPLWH SR]L LRQDUHD vQ GRFXPHQW vQ IXQF LH GH QHFHVLW L
Deplasarea unei ferestre VH H[HFXW SULQ SR]L LRQDUHD SURPSWHU-ului mouse-ului pe bara de titlu,
DSVDUHD EXWRQXOXL GLQ VWkQJD úL PHQ LQHUHD DFHVWXLD FRQFRPLWHQW FX GHSODVDUHD PRXVH-ului (implicit a
prompter-XOXL SkQ OD ORFXO GH GHVWLQD LH GXS FDUH VH HOLEHUHD] EXWRQXO Închiderea unei ferestre se
IDFH SULQ SR]L LRQDUHD PRXVH-XOXL SH PHQLXO VLVWHP úL DSVDUHD EXWRQXOXL GLQ VWkQJD GH GRX RUL
$FHDVW RSHUD LH DUH FD HIHFW WHUPLQDUHD DSOLFD LHL DVRFLDW IHUHVWUHL vQ FDX] úL SUin urmare, utilizatorul
este solicitat printr-R FDVHW GH GLDORJ V FRQILUPH VDX LQILUPH VDOYDUHD PRGLILFULORU SH GLVF
Meniul System FRQ LQH XUPWRDUHOH FRPHQ]L
- Restore, DGXFH IHUHDVWUD OD GLPHQVLXQHD SUHFHGHQW PULULL VDX PLFúRUULL DFHVWHLD
- Move, GHSODVHD] IHUHDVWUD XWLOL]kQG WDVWDWXUD
- Size, PRGLILF GLPHQVLXQHD IHUHVWUHL XWLOL]kQG WDVWDWXUD
- Minimize, UHGXFH IHUHDVWUD OD R LFRDQ
- Maximize, PUHúWH IHUHDVWUD OD PD[LP
- CLOSE, închide fereastra.

20
  &RPSRQHQWHOH LQWHUIH Hi grafice Windows

&RPSRQHQWHOH LQWHUIH HL JUDILFH :,1'2:6 VXQW XUPWRDUHOH

• Linia de stare (Taskbar);
• *HVWLRQDUXO GH XQLW L SHULIHULFH(My Computer sau Windows Explorer);
• *HVWLRQDUXO GH UH HD (Network Neighborhood);
• *HVWLRQDUXO GH ILúLUH úWHUVH 5HF\FOH Bin);
• 5HSUH]HQWUL JUDILFH VDX LFRDQH SURSULL XWLOL]DWRUXOXL GHILQLWH GH DFHVWD 6KRUWFXW
6LVWHPXO :LQGRZV WUDWHD] XQLWDU vQWU-XQ PHGLX FRPSOHW JUDILF IRDUWH VXJHVWLY XúRU GH XWLOL]DW
programe ce permit gestionarea memoriei, a perifericelor (ecran, tastatura, imprimanta, mouse, hard
VSHFLDO SHQWUX PXOWLPHGLD D ILúLHUHORU D DSOLFD LLORU
Meniuri. Submeniuri
3ULQ LQWHUPHGLXO DFHVWRUD FRPHQ]LOH VLVWHPXOXL :LQGRZV GREkQGHVF R VWUXFWXU DUERUHVFHQW
RUJDQL]DW vQ FDVFDG
Activarea unui meniu se poaWH UHDOL]D SULQ XWLOL]DUHD FRPELQD LHL GH WDVWH $OWOLWHU VXEOLQLDW,
XUPDW GH R SR]L LRQDUH SULQ XWLOL]DUHD WDVWHORU VJHDW úL SULQ VHOHFWDUHD RS LXQLL UHVSHFWLYH SULQ
DF LRQDUHD WDVWHL (QWHU
&VX D GH GLDORJ
Întreg dialogul purtat de Windows cu utili]DWRUXO VH UHDOL]HD] SULQWU-XQ VLVWHP GH FVX H GH
GLDORJ 0DUHD PDMRULWDWH D DFHVWRU FVX H SURSXQ DQXPLWH RS LXQL FH SRW IL VHOHFWDWH vQDLQWHD XQRU
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Într-o FDVHW GH GLDORJ SRW V DSDU EXWRDQH GH FRPDQG ]RQH GH WH[W ]RQH GH OLVWH FDVHWH
SHQWUX OLVWH GHUXODQWH FkQG OLVWD SUHD PDUH FDVHWH GH RS LXQL vQ FDUH RS LXQLOH VH H[FOXG UHFLSURF
casete de verificare.
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Icon-ul esWH R UHSUH]HQWDUH JUDILF D XQRU HOHPHQWH FX FDUH RSHUHD] VLVWHPXO :LQGRZV XQ
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Pe tot parcursul lucrului utilizatorul este asistat de un „motor" de Help ED]DW SH XQ LQGH[ úL
ierarhizat.

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My computer SHUPLWH FRQVXOWDUHD úL DFWXDOL]DUHD LQIRUPD LLORU DIODWH VWRFDWH SH XQLW LOH GH GLVF
magnetic sau pe alte dispR]LWLYH SHULIHULFH GH PHPRUDUH ORFDOH úL SDUWDMDWH vQ UH HD XWLOL]DWRUXO SXWkQG
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imprimare

21
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IDFH SULQ RSHUD LLOH GH DGXJDUH PRGLILFDUH úWHUJHUH PXWDUH úL FRSLHUH

3.4.4. Editorul de texte WordPad

:RUG3DG UHSUH]LQW XQ HGLWRU GH WH[WH FDUH DSDU LQH VLVWHPXOXL GH RSHUDUH :,1'2:6
remarcându-VH SULQ XúXULQ  vQ XWLOL]DUH SHUPL kQG FUHDUHD PRGLILFDUHD DUDQMDUHD vQ SDJLQ úL
LPSULPDUHD XQRU GRFXPHQWH UHODWLY VLPSOH /DQVDUHD vQ H[HFX LH VH UHDOL]HD] SULQ Start Programs
Accessories, selectând WorPad $FHVW HGLWRU GH WH[WH RIHU XWLOL]DWRUXOXL SRVLELOLWDWHD FUHULL XQXL
documHQW PRGLILFDUHD DFHVWXLD GH IRUP úL GH FRQ LQXW DUDQMDUHD WH[WXOXL vQ SDJLQ SDJLQDUHD XQXL
GRFXPHQW FUHDUHD DQWHWHORU úL D VXEVROXULORU GH SDJLQ IRUPDWDUHD FDUDFWHUHORU LPSRUWXO úL H[SRUWXO
GRFXPHQWXOXL vQ úL GLQ :RUG3DG SUHFXP úL LPSULPDUHD GRFXmentului realizat.
Crearea unui document se face prin tastarea „la kilometru´ IU D XWLOL]D WDVWD (17(5 FD OD R
PDúLQ GH VFULV GHRDUHFH HGLWRUXO YD H[HFXWD DXWRPDW VIkUúLWXO GH OLQLH /D VIkUúLWXO XQXL SDUDJUDI VH YD
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FXUVRUXO GH HGLWDUH SR]L LRQkQGX-VH DXWRPDW OD vQFHSXWXO OLQLHL XUPWRDUH 7RDWH IUD]HOH FXSULQVH vQWUH
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MaMRULWDWHD RSHUD LLORU GH PRGLILFDUH D XQXL GRFXPHQW QHFHVLW vQ SUHDODELO VHOHFWDUHD XQHL
DQXPLWH ]RQH GH WH[W 3HQWUX DFHDVWD IHUHDVWUD GHVFKLV DUH vQ PDUJLQHD GLQ VWkQJD R ]RQ GH VHOHF LH vQ
care prompterul mouse-XOXL VH WUDQVIRUP vQWU-R VJHDW vQFOLQDW VSUH GUHDSWD  6HOHF LD XQXL úLU GH
FDUDFWHUH VH H[HFXW SULQ SR]L LRQDUHD SURPSWHU-XOXL vQ ID D SULPXOXL FDUDFWHU DF LRQDUHD EXWRQXOXL GLQ
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SRVLELOLWDWHD GHSODVULL vQ FDGUXO GRFXPHQWXOXL IRORVLQG DQXPLWH FRPELQD LL GH WDVWH SUH]HQWDWH vQ
WDEHOXO XUPWRU
Tasta sau Efect
FRPELQD LD GH WDVWH
Deplasare cu un rând în sus
Deplasare cu un rând în jos
Deplasare cu un caracter la stânga
Deplasare cu un caracter la dreapta
CTRL+ 8UPWRUXO FXYkQW OD GUHDSWD
CTRL+ Cuvântul anterior
HOME Început de linie
END 6IkUúLW GH linie
PAGEDOWN Deplasare un ecran în sus
PAGEUP Deplasare un ecran în jos
CTRL+PAGEDOWN 3R]L LRQDUH OD VIkUúLWXO IHUHVWUHL
CTRL+PAGEUP 3R]L LRQDUH OD vQFHSXWXO IHUHVWUHL
CTRL+HOME 3R]L LRQDUH OD vQFHSXWXO GRFXPHQWXOXL
CTRL+END 3R]L LRQDUH OD VIkUúLWul documentului
5+ 3R]L LRQDUH OD vQFHSXWXO SDUDJUDIXOXL
precedent

22
 Tasta sau Efect
FRPELQD LD GH WDVWH

5+
3R]L LRQDUH SH SDUDJUDIXO XUPWRU
5+ 3R]L LRQDUH OD vQFHSXWXO SURSR]L LHL
XUPWRDUH
5+ 3R]L LRQDUH SH vQFHSXWXO SURSR]L LHL
precedente
5+PAGEDOWN 3R]L LRQDUH SH SDJLQD XUPWRDUH
5+PAGEUP 3R]L LRQDUH OD vQFHSXWXO SDJLQLL
precedente
'HVHOHFWDUHD XQXL WH[W VH IDFH SULQ DF LRQDUHD EXWRQXOXL PRXVH-XOXL vQ RULFH ]RQ GLQ LQWHULRUXO
documentului.
Principalele funF LL UHDOL]DWH GH PHQLXO File sunt: crearea unui nou document New; deschiderea
XQXL GRFXPHQW H[LVWHQW SHQWUX HYHQWXDOHOH PRGLILFUL vQPDJD]LQDUHD SH GLVF D XQXL GRFXPHQW VXE
IRUPD XQXL ILúLHU GH WLS GRFXPHQW DOC, text TXT (Save sau Save as); imprimarea unui document
Print; stabilirea parametrilor necesari procesului de imprimare Print Setup; expedierea textului realizat
SULQ SRúWD HOHFWURQLF Send. PUVLUHD HGLWRUXOXL GH WH[WH VH UHDOL]HD] SULQ DFWLYDUHD RS LXQLL Exit.
3ULQ RS LXQHD Find din meniul Edit se RIHU SRVLELOLWDWHD FXWULL úL HYHQWXDO D vQORFXLULL XQRU
zone de text dintr-XQ GRFXPHQW 3HQWUX ORFDOL]DUHD XQXL úLU GH FDUDFWHUH vQWU-un document se va activa
comanda Find din meniul Edit úL VH YD WDVWD WH[WXO FH XUPHD] V ILH ORFDOL]DW
2S LXQHD Replace VHOHFWDW GLQ PHQLXO Edit UHDOL]HD] SH OkQJ R ORFDOL]DUH D XQXL úLU GH
FDUDFWHUHúLvQORFXLUHDDFHVWXLDFXXQDOWúLUGHFDUDFWHUHFRQIRUPVSHFLILFD LLORUFDUHDSDUvQFDVHWD
GHGLDORJÌQH[HPSOXOXUPWRUVHGRUHúWHORFDOL]DUHDúLUXOXLÄacord de colaborare´úLvQORFXLUHDVD
SULQ DF LRQDUHD EXWRQXOXL Replace SDV FX SDV FX úLUXO Äactivitate”. Comanda Replace permite
XWLOL]DWRUXOXLVORFDOL]H]HXQWH[WGHPD[LPFDUDFWHUHúLVvQORFXLDVFQXPDLDQXPLWHDSDUL LL
DOHúLUXOXLUHVSHFWLY
Aranjarea XQXL WH[W vQ SDJLQ, presupune inter-VSD LHUHD OLQLLORU GLQ FDGUXO SDUDJUDIHORU
DOLQLHUHD SDUDJUDIHORU úL UHDOL]DUHD VFULHULL WH[WXOXL FX GLIHULWH VWLOXUL GH FDUDFWHUH úL IRQWXUL 3HQWUX WRDWH
DFHVWH RSHUD LL XWLOL]DWRUXO SRDWH UHFXUJH OD EXWRDQHOH DILúDte sub linia de meniuri sau la elemente din
DFHDVWD ÌQ WDEHOXO XUPWRU HVWH SUH]HQWDW ILHFDUH EXWRQ vQ SDUWH DF LXQHD VD úL FRPELQD LD GH WDVWH SULQ
care se poate apela.
Buton Mesaj 6HPQLILFD LH &RPELQD LH Meniu
taste
New blank Deschiderea unui nou Ctrl + N File
document document
Open ... Deschidere document Crtl + O File
creat anterior
Save Salvare document Ctrl + S File
Print 7LSULUH GRFXPHQW Ctrl + P File
Print Preview Vizualizare document File
Find /RFDOL]DUHD XQXL úLU Ctrl + F Edit
de caractere
Cut Decupare text Ctrl + X Edit
Copy Copiere text Ctrl + C Edit
Paste Readucere text Ctrl + V Edit
Undo Typing Anularea ultimului Ctrl +Z Edit
úLU WDVWDW
Can’t Redo $PkQ DQXODUHD Edit
Date / Time ,QWURGXFHUH GDW Insert
FDOHQGDULVWLF úL RU
Font Tip caracter Format

23
Buton Mesaj 6HPQLILFD LH &RPELQD LH Meniu
taste
Size Dimensiune caracter Format

Bold ÌQJURúDUH FDUDFWHU Ctrl + B Format

Italic Înclinare caracter Ctrl + I Format
Underline Subliniere caracter Ctrl + U Format
Color Alegere culoare din Format
paleta de culori
Align Left Aliniere stânga Ctrl + L Format
Center Aliniere centru Ctrl + E Format
Align Right Aliniere dreapta Ctrl + R Format
Bullets Simbol de enumerare Format
Implicit, la deschiderea unui document WordPad, alinierea este NRUPDO, executându-VH ID 
GH PDUJLQHD VWkQJD 0RGLILFDUHD DOLQLHULL VDX D LQWHUVSD LHULL XQXL WH[W VH UHDOL]HD] SULQ DF LRQDUHD XQXL
EXWRQ GLQ ULJOD DILúDW vQ IHUHDVWU
La acest moment utilizatorul poate stabili localizarea tipului de caractere care se IRORVHúWH
(Script Central European DFHVWD SHUPL kQG XWLOL]DUHD GLDFULWLFHORU VSHFLILFH FXORDUHD FX FDUH YD DYHD
loc scrierea (Color implicit aceasta are valoarea Black), eventuala subliniere a textului (Underline).
Salvarea unui document creat cu ajutorul editorului de texte WordPadVHUHDOL]HD]DOHJkQG
din meniul File ILHRS LXQHDSaveGDFVHGRUHúWHvQUHJLVWUDUHDSHVXSRUWXOPDJQHWLFDILúLHUXOXLQRX
FX DFHODúL QXPH FX FDUH D  IRVW GHVFKLV ILH RS LXQHD Save As... care permite schimbarea numelui
fLúLHUXOXL D GLVFXOXL PDJQHWLF D H[WHQVLHL ÌQ DFHVW PRPHQW VH FRPSOHWHD] GDWHOH SULYLWRDUH OD
VXSRUWXO PDJQHWLF úL GLUHFWRUXO XQGH VH YD UHDOL]D VWRFDUHD ILúLHUXOXL vQ FDVHWD Save In, numele
ILúLHUXOXL VH DWULEXLH vQ FDVHWD File name, GDU XUPULQG vQ ]RQD GH YL]XDOL]DUH D FRQ LQXWXOXL
GLUHFWRUXOXLGDFQXFXPYDDFHVWQXPHDPDLIRVWDWULEXLWDQWHULRUXQXLDOWILúLHUÌQFDVHWDSave as
type XWLOL]DWRUXO SRDWH RSWD GLQ OLVWD GH RS LXQL SHQWUX XQ DQXPLW IRUPDW GH VDOYDUH H[WHQVLH
2SHUD LDGHVDOYDUHVHUHDOL]HD]ILHODVIkUúLWXOHGLWULLILHSHQWUXPDLPXOWVLJXUDQ SHULRGLF
8Q ILúLHU FUHDW FX :RUG3DG SRDWH IL VDOYDW vQWU-XQ DQXPLW PRG úL FX DQXPLWH FDUDFWHULVWLFL SHQWUX
D SXWHD IL SUHOXDW úL GH DOWH SURGXVH LQIRUPDWLFH GH H[HPSOX :25'
La imprimDUH LPSOLFLW :RUG3DG vQFDGUHD] WH[WXO vQ SDJLQ OVkQG XQ VSD LX PVXUDW vQ
FHQWLPHWULVDXvQLQFKLGHFPID GHPDUJLQLOHGHVXVúLGHMRVLDUID GHPDUJLQLOHODWHUDOH
YDDORFDXQVSD LXGHFP&DVHWDPage Setup permite definirea tipului de hârtie pe care se va
RE LQH GRFXPHQWXO FXQRVFXW ILLQG IDSWXO F H[LVW PDL PXOWH WLSXUL SUHGHILQLWH VWDQGDUG ILHFDUH
având anumite dimensiuni exprimate în centimetrii sau în inchi.
Spre exemplificare, FHOH PDL XWLOL]DWH IRUPDWH VXQW XUPWRDUHOH: Letter 21,59/27,94; Legal
21,59/35,56; Executive 18,41/26,67; A4 21/29,70; No. 10 10,48/24,13; DL 11/22. În cazul în care
VHXWLOL]HD]XQDOWIRUPDWVHYDDOHJHCustom Size, GHILQLQGGXSDFHHDGLPHQVLXQLOHHIHFWLYHDOH
VXSRUWXOXL O LPHOXQJLPH 7RW SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO DFHVWHL ILúH VH DOHJH PRGXO GH RULHQWDUH DO
documentului (Whole documentVDXDOXQHLSU LDODFHVWXLDSelected TextvQSDJLQUHVSHFWLY
SR]L LRQDUHQRUPDOPortrait sau peisaj Landscape.
$F LRQkQG DVXSUD EXWRQXOXL Printer din Page Setup VH SURGXFH DOHJHUHD WLSXOXL GH LPSULPDQW
Printer name PDL DOHV vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH VXQW FRQHFWDWH PDL PXOWH DVHPHQHD GLVSR]LWLYH SHULIHULFH úL D
caracteristicilor de imprimare (caracteristicile imprimantei Properties QXPU GH H[HPSODUH Copies,
paginile care se vor imprima Page Range, ordinea de imprimare etc.) din meniul File / Print.

3.5. Sistemul de operare UNIX

Sistemul de operare UNIX cuprinde, în principal, trei componente majore: nucleul (Kernel),
VLVWHPXO GH ILúLHUH úL 6+(//-ul.

24
 Nucleul sistemului de operare UNIX HVWH SDUWHD FHQWUDO D VLVWHPXOXL FDUH DVLJXU VHUYLFLL
VLVWHP FWUH SURJUDPHOH GH DSOLFD LH SHQWUX UHDOL]DUHD JHVWLXQLL SURFHVHORU D PHPRULHL D LQWUULORU D
LHúLULORU úL D WLPSXOXL
)XQF LLOH QXFOHXOXL VXQW JHVWLRQDUHD SURFHVHORU JHVWLRQDUHD ILúLHUHORU VWUXFWXUDUHD VLVWHPXOXL GH
ILúLHUH JHVWLRQDUHD GLVSR]LWLYHORU SHULIHULFH JHVWLRQDUHD PHPRULHL Gestionarea proceselor HVWH OHJDW
GH FRQWUROXO H[HFX LHL SURFHVHORU SULQ LPSOHPHQWDUHD XQRU FRPHQ]L GH FUHDUH WHUPLQDUH VXVSHQGDUH úi
FRPXQLFD LH vQWUH DFHVWHD SUHFXP úL GH SODQLILFDUHD SHQWUX H[HFX LH D SURFHVHORU vQ FRQIRUPLWDWH FX
politica de tip partajat *HVWLRQDUHD ILúLHUHORU HVWH UHDOL]DW SULQ DORFDUHD VDX HOLEHUDUHD PHPRULHL
H[WHUQH SHQWUX VWRFDUHD úL UHJVLUHD HILFLHQW D LQIRUPD LHL 6WUXFWXUDUHD VLVWHPXOXL GH ILúLHUH se
UHPDUF SULQ PRGXO IOH[LELO GH DSHODUH SUHFXP úL SULQ SRVLELOLWDWHD GH SURWHMDUH D ILúLHUHORU vPSRWULYD
acceselor ilegale. Gestionarea dispozitivelor periferice permite proceselor un acces controlat la
dispozitive, iar gestionarea memoriei VH UHDOL]HD] SULQ DORFDUHD úL HOLEHUDUHD PHPRULHL SULQFLSDOH
SHQWUX SURFHVHOH DIODWH vQ H[HFX LH
6LVWHPXO GH ILúLHUH FXSULQGH DQVDPEOXO GH SURJUDPH WUDGXFWRDUH SURJUDPH XWLOLWDUH VLVWHPH

SHQWUX OXFUXO FX FROHF LL GH GDWH úL SURJUDPH GH DSOLFD LH ÌQ DFFHS LXQHD VLVWHPXOXL GH RSHUDUH 81,; XQ
ILúLHU UHSUH]LQW R VXFFHVLXQH GH RFWH L ILúLHUHOH ILLQG RUJDQL]DWH vQWU-R VWUXFWXU GH DUERUH DVHPQWRDUH
sistemului de operare MS-'26 'LUHFWRULL VXQW úL HL ILúLHUH FH FRQ LQ LQIRUPD LL GH UHJVLUH D DOWRU
ILúLHUH 3XWHP LGHQWLILFD PDL PXOWH WLSXUL GH ILúLHUH GLQWUH FDUH SRW IL DPLQWLWH ILúLHUHOH RELúQXLWH
ILúLHUHOH GLUHFWRU ILúLHUHOH VSHFLDOH ILúLHUHOH GH WLS FRQGXFW
)LúLHUHOH RELúQXLWH sunt reprezentate printr-XQ úLU GH RFWH L IU R RUJDQL]DUH ORJLF VSHFLDO

SXWkQG FRQ LQH XQ SURJUDP VXUV XQ SURJUDP vQ FRG H[HFXWDELO VDX GDWH QHFHVDUH H[HFX LHL
SURJUDPHORU $FHVW WLS GH ILúLHUH SHUPLWH PHPRUDUHD SH WHUPHQ OXQJ D LQIRUPD LLORU 6WUXFWXUD ORJLF D
LQIRUPD LHL GLQ ILúLHU VH UHDOL]HD] vQ H[FOXVLYLWDWH SULQ SURJUDPXO GH DSOLFD LH 5HVWULF LLOH GH OXQJLPH
sau format sunt impuse de limbajul de programare, nu de sistemul de operare.
)LúLHUHOH GLUHFWRU D SDU vQ XUPD XUPWRDUHL GHILQL LL Ä8Q GLUHFWRU UHSUH]LQW XQ ILúLHU FH FRQ LQH
R OLVW GH ILúLHUH 'LUHFWRUXO HVWH RUJDQL]DW VXE IRUPD XQHL WDEHOH vQ FDUH HVWH PHPRUDW FkWH R LQWUDUH
SHQWUX ILHFDUH ILúLHU GLQ DFHO GLUHFWRU
)LúLHUHOH VSHFLDOH VH FRQVWLWXLH FD R LQWHUID  vQWUH SURJUDPHOH XWLOL]DWRU úL UXWLQHOH GLQ QXcleul

VLVWHPXOXL GH RSHUDUH FH OXFUHD] GLUHFW FX GLVSR]LWLYHOH SHULIHULFH 8Q ILúLHU VSHFLDO VH XWLOL]HD] SHQWUX
WUDWDUHD XQXL GLVSR]LWLY SHULIHULF FD ILLQG XQ ILúLHU ÌQ DFHVW PRG ILHFDUH GLVSR]LWLY IL]LF GH LQWUDUHLHúLUH
HVWH LGHQWLILFDW FX XQ ILúLHU VSHFLDO 3HQWUX XWLOL]DWRU QX H[LVW GLIHUHQ  LQWUH OXFUXO FX XQ ILúLHU RELúQXLW
sau cu unul special.
)LúLHUHOH GH WLS FRQGXFW VXQW ILúLHUH WUDQ]LWRULL GLQ FDUH GDWHOH VXQW FLWLWH vQ RUGLQHD VWULFW D

scrierii lor, respectând principiul „primul venit, primul plecat´ 3H ED]D DFHVWXL SULQFLSLX R GDW FDUH D
IRVW FLWLW QX PDL SRDWH IL UHOXDW 0HPRUDUHD GDWHORU vQ DFHVW ILúLHU VH IDFH OD IHO FD OD ILúLHUHOH RELúQXLWH
utilizând blocuri, adrese.
SHELL-XO UHSUH]LQW LQWHUSUHWRUXO GH FRPHQ]L DO VLVWHPXOXi de operare, acesta realizând o
LQWHUID  vQWUH DFHVWD úL VLVWHPXO GH RSHUDUH RIHULQG WRWRGDW IDFLOLW L GH SURJUDPDUH vQWU-un limbaj
SURSULX DYkQG FDUDFWHULVWLFLOH DVHPQWRDUH FX DOH OLPEDMHORU GH QLYHO vQDOW
&D XUPDUH D FHULQ HORU LPSXVH GH UHDOLWDWHD SUDFWLF DSDU VLWXD LL vQ FDUH HVWH QHFHVDU V VH
IRORVHDVF DWkW VLVWHPXO GH RSHUDUH 81,; FkW úL VLVWHPXO GH RSHUDUH 06-DOS. Astfel, este posibil ca
într-R HWDS DQWHULRDU V IL IRVW FUHDWH ILúLHUH GH GDWH úL SURJUDPH VXE VLVWHPXO GH RSHUDUH 06-DOS, iar
ulterior s-D LPSOHPHQWDW úL VLVWHPXO GH RSHUDUH 81,; GRULQGX-se rularea ambelor sisteme de operare pe
XQ DFHODúL 3& GH WLS $7-386 sau AT - 486.
ÌQ DFHVW VFRS H[LVW  FL GH FRPELQDUH D FDUDFWHULVWLFLORU VLVWHPHORU GH RSHUDUH 81,; úL 06-
DOS:
♦ utilizatorul poate lucra sub sistemul de operare MS-DOS pe PC-XO VX úL SRDWH DYHD DFFHV SULQ
OHJWXUL GH FRPXQLFD LH OD XQ VLVWHP 81,; GH SH XQ FDOFXODWRU VHSDUDW
♦ XWLOL]DWRUXO H[HFXW VXE VLVWHPXO GH RSHUDUH 06 '26 XQ SURJUDP FDUH VLPXOHD] PHGLXO 81,;
realizându-VH vQ DFHVW FD] SRUWDUHD XQHL SU L GLQ FRPHQ]LOH 81,; vQ PHGLXO 06 '26
♦ XWLOL]DWRUXO H[HFXW DFHODúL SURJUDP VXE DPEHOH VLVWHPH GH RSHUDUH LQVWDODWH vQ DFHODúL 3&
ÌQ FHOH FH XUPHD] SUH]HQWP FkWHYD FRQVLGHUD LL SULYLQG XOWLPD YDULDQW FDUH SRDWH IL UHDOL]DW
vQ GRX PRGDOLW L

25
 Prima modalitate FRQVW vQ FUHDUHD SH GLVFXO KDUG D GRX SDUWL LL VHSDUDWH XQD SHQWUX VLVWHPXO
de operare MS-'26 úL XQD SHQWUX VLVWHPXO GH RSHUDUH 81,; vQ LQWHULRUXO ILHFUHL SDUWL LL IRORVLQGX-se
sistemul de operare cRUHVSXQ]WRU DOHJHUHD SDUWL LHL UHDOL]kQGX-VH vQ IXQF LH GH QHFHVLW LOH
XWLOL]DWRUXOXL $FHDVW PRGDOLWDWH FRQGXFH OD XQ FRQVXP GH WLPS GHRDUHFH WUHEXLH V VH FRPXWH
SDUWL LLOH V VH vQFKLG VLVWHPXO FXUHQW shutdown úL V VH LQL LDOL]H]H OXFUXO FX FHOODOW VLVWHP GH
RSHUDUH GLVSRQLELO 'H DVHPHQHD DFHDVW VROX LH DUH GH]DYDQWDMXO F ILúLHUHOH úL SURJUDPHOH FUHDWH VXE
FRQWUROXO XQXL VLVWHP QX VH SRW IRORVL vQ FHOODOW &D XUPDUH VH SRDWH DSHOD OD R DOW PRGDOLWDWH GH D DYHD
acces la aceste sisteme de operare, PRGDOLWDWH FDUH FRQVW vQ FRPELQDUHD SH DFHODúL FDOFXODWRU D FHORU
GRX VLVWHPH GH RSHUDUH úL SULQ FUHDUHD XQXL PHGLX FRPSOHW 06-'26 FH VH H[HFXW VXE VLVWHPXO GH
operare UNIX. Pentru aceasta sunt necesare calculatoare PC-AT 386 sau PC-AT 486. În DFHDVW
YDULDQW VH SRW H[HFXWD FRPHQ]L 06-'26 úL 81,; VH SRW PXWD ILúLHUH GH OD XQ VLVWHP GH RSHUDUH OD XQ
altul, se pot folosi comenzi UNIX lansate din interiorul sistemului de operare MS-DOS.
3HQWUX UHDOL]DUHD DFHVWHL YDULDQWH H[LVW GRX SURGXVH SUogram VP/IX úL Merge FDUH FUHHD]
XQ PHGLX '26 YLUWXDO vQ LQWHULRUXO VLVWHPXOXL 81,; LQFOX]kQG VLVWHP GH ILúLHUH FRPHQ]L VWDQGDUG
GLVSR]LWLYH úL GULYHUH '26

4. 5((/('(&$/&8/$72$RE

&RPXQLWDWHD (XURSHDQ D ODQVDW vQ DQXO  SURJUDPXO GH GH]YROWare RACE (Research and
development for Advanced Communications in Europe), urmat, în anul 1995, de programele ACTS
(Advanced Communications Technologies and Services), NICE (National host InterConnection
E[SHULPHQWV ZLWK JOREDO OLQNDJH úL ESPDIT (European Strategic Program for Research and
Development in Information THFKQRORJ\ vQ FDGUXO FURUD VH XUPUHúWH GHILQLUHD FRQFHSWXOXL GH
Ä6LVWHP GH &RPXQLFD LL 8QLYHUVDOH", - FXQRVFXW úL VXE GHQXPLUHD GH Ä6RFLHWDWHD 5H HD 6SD LDO",

concept definit la Davos, în luna ianuarie a anului 1997, sau „5H HOH *OREDOH GH ,QIRUPD LL", definit la
%RQQ vQ LXOLH  FRQFHSWH FDUH XWLOL]HD] WHKQRORJLL TIC (Tehnologii IQIRUPD LRQDOH úL
CRPXQLFD LL 7RDWH DFHVWH HOHPHQWH DX IRVW SXEOLFDWH GH JUXSXULOH ÄInformation Society", în anul 1997,
úL ÄKnowledge Society OD VIkUúLWXO DQXOXL 
ÌQ FDGUXO DFHVWRU SURJUDPH VH XUPUHúWH HODERUDUHD VWDQGDUGHORU QHFHVDUH SHQWUX WUHFHUHD OD
JHQHUD LD D -a de sisteme de calcul conectate wireless, denumite UMTS (Universal Mobile
Telecommunications S\VWHPV úL MBS/WCPN (Mobile Broadband Systems/Wireless Customer
Premises Networks).
Aceste sisteme, studiate de grupurile de lucru ETSI SMG 5 (European Telecommunication
6WDQGDUGV ,QVWLWXWH 6SHFLDO 0RELOH *URXS  úL ,78 -R task Group 8/1 (International
Telecommunication Union - Radio task Group 8/1), vor oferi baza de unificare într-R VLQJXU LQWHUID 
GH FRPXQLFD LH D IDFLOLW LORU WHKQLFH VSHFLILFH WHKQRORJLLORU H[LVWHQWH D VDWHOL LORU D WHOHIRQLHL FHOXODUH úL
clasice, ATM (Asyncronous Transfer Mode) /ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) /SDH
(Synchronous Digital Hierarchy), cordless, rural, local loop, trunking, paging, radio clasic, multimedia
interactiv-CATV (CableTV D UH HOHORU GH FDOFXODWRDUH ZLUHOHVVFDEODWH D ,QWHUQHW-ului.
Standardul european UMTS úL HFKLYDOHQWXO VX DPHULFDQ FPLMTS (Future Public Land
Mobile Telecommunications Services - denumit recent IMT 2000) sunt frame-work-uri utilizate pentru
UHDOL]DUHD VLVWHPHORU GH FRPXQLFD LL PRELOH GLQ JHQHUD LD D WUHLD úL SHUPLW RE LQHUHD VHUYLFLLORU RIHULWH GH
acestea în secolul XXI.
*HQHUD LD D -D UHSUH]LQW HYROX LD ILUHDVF D SULPHORU GRX JHQHUD LL GH
WHKQRORJLLVHUYLFLLDSOLFD LL FWUH R VROX LH XQLYHUVDO ED]DW SH XQ VWDQGDUG JOREDO VWULFW QHFHVDU
UMTS este un sistem digital mobil multi-IXQF LRQDO PXOWL-VHUYLFH FDUH SUH]LQW R PXQHURDVH
DSOLFD LL PXOWLSOH DSOLFD LL FDUH DVLJXU FRPXQLFD LL OD R UDW GH 0%LWVHF OD QLYHOXO vQWUHJXOXL JORE úL
FDUH vQJOREHD] IDFLOLW LOH WXWXURU WHKQRORJLLORU WHUHVWUH úL VDWHOLWDre. UMTS trebuie perceput ca o
SUHOXQJLUH D WHKQRORJLLORU FH DVW]L IXQF LRQHD] GH VLQH VWWWRU HO LPSOHPHQWkQGX-se pe structura
DFHVWRUD SkQ vQ DQXO 
6LVWHPHOH 0%6 UHSUH]LQW SUHOXQJLUHD FRQFHSWXOXL %-,6'1 FX IDFLOLW LOH FRPXQLFD LLORU UDGLR
transmisia de date realizându-VH OD YLWH]H GH  0ELWVHF 5HYROX LD DSOLFD LLORU 0RELOH &RPSXWLQJ
SUHFXP úL vQILLQ DUHD DVRFLD LHL ÄMobile Data Initiative”, prin participarea firmelor Toshiba Notebooks,

26
&RPSDT ,%0 (ULFVVRQ 1RNLD WHUPLQDOH *60 úL D RSeratorilor Cellnet, DeTe - Mobil, Telia, Vodafon,
Mannesmann/ Software - 0LFURVRIW ,QWHO GHWHUPLQ LPSOLFDUHD FHORU GRX JUXSXUL GH OXFUX SHQWUX
UHDOL]DUHD XQRU UH HOH RULHQWDWH SH FHULQ HOH XWLOL]DWRUXOXL ILQDO :&31

 $UKLWHFWXUD XQHL UH HOH GH V isteme electronice de calcul

ÌQ SUH]HQW OD QLYHOXO DJHQ LORU HFRQRPLFL D DSUXW QHFHVLWDWHD LQWHUFRQHFWULL VLVWHPHORU

electronice de calcul existente, eliminându-VH VLWXD LD GH UHDOL]DUH D RSHUD LXQLORU FXUHQWH GH HGLWDUH D
documentelor de intrare-LHúLUH D PUIXULORU

4.1.1. Modelul OSI (Open Systems Interconection)

$FHVW PRGHO SHUPLWH LQWHUFRQHFWDUHD VLVWHPHORU GHVFKLVH FXSULQ]kQG úDSWH QLYHOH OD FDUH WUHEXLH
DSOLFDWH XUPWRDUHOH SULQFLSLL
• un nivel trebuie creat atunci când este necesar un nivel de DEVWUDFWL]DUH GLIHULW FHORU H[LVWHQWH SkQ vQ
acel moment;
• ILHFDUH QLYHO DO UH HOHL WUHEXLH V vQGHSOLQHDVF XQ URO ELQH GHWHUPLQDW
• DOHJHUHD IXQF LHL ILHFUXL QLYHO GH UH HD YD DYHD vQ YHGHUH SURWRFRDOHOH VWDQGDUGL]DWH H[LVWHQWH
• WUHEXLH UHDOL]DW PLQLPL]DUHD IOX[XOXL GH LQIRUPD LL FX DMXWRUXO LQWHUIH HORU SULQWU-o delimitare
FRUHFW D QLYHOXULORU UH HOHL
• QXPUXO GH QLYHOH WUHEXLH V ILH FRQFRPLWHQW VXILFLHQW GH PDUH SHQWUX D QX IL QHFHVDU LQWURGXFHUHD
XQRU IXQF LL GLIHULWH OD DFHODúL QLYHO úL VXILFLHQW GH PLF SHQWUX FD DUKLWHFWXUD UH HOHL V UPkQ
IXQF LRQDO

4.1.2. Modelul TCP/IP

Modelul TCP/IP FRQ LQH VSUH GHRVHELUH GH PRGHOXO 26, GRDU SDWUX QLYHOH QLYHOH FDUH UVSXQG
FHULQ HORU SULQFLSLLORU XQ QLYHO WUHEXLH FUHDW DWXQFL FkQG HVWH QHFHVDU XQ Qivel de abstractizare diferit;
ILHFDUH QLYHO WUHEXLH V vQGHSOLQHDVF XQ URO ELQH GHWHUPLQDW DOHJHUHD IXQF LHL ILHFUXL QLYHO YD DYHD vQ
YHGHUH SURWRFRDOHOH VWDQGDUGL]DWH WUHEXLH UHDOL]DW PLQLPL]DUHD IOX[XOXL GH LQIRUPD LL SULQ LQWHUIH H
prin delimitaUHD FRUHFW D QLYHOXULORU QXPUXO GH QLYHOH WUHEXLH V ILH FRQFRPLWHQW VXILFLHQW GH PDUH
SHQWUX D QX IL QHFHVDU LQWURGXFHUHD XQRU IXQF LL GLIHULWH OD DFHODúL QLYHO úL VXILFLHQW GH PLF SHQWUX FD
DUKLWHFWXUD V UPkQ IXQF LRQDO

4.2. Sistemul VSAT

Tehnologia VSAT (Very Small Aperture THUPLQDO IXUQL]HD] R LQIUDVWUXFWXU GH FRPXQLFD LH

ED]DW SH WUDQVPLVLD SULQ VDWHOL L RIHULQG SRVLELOLWDWHD WUDQVIHUXOXL GH GDWH YRFH úL LPDJLQL vQWUH QRGXUL
FRQHFWDWH OD GLVWDQ  FX R IOH[LELOLWDWH PD[LP GLVSRQLELOLWDWH LPHGLDW úL FX XQ UDSRUW SHUIRUPDQ FRVW
optim.
)LHFDUH QRG GH FRPXQLFD LH HVWH GRWDW FX XQ VLVWHP SURSULX 96$7 VLVWHP FDUH FRQVW vQWU-o
DQWHQ vQWU-XQ GLVSR]LWLY GH WUDQVPLVLHUHFHS LH D VHPQDOHORU outdoor unit úL vQ VXEVLVWHPXO GH
LQWHUID 

4.3. Modelul Client/Server

$SOLFD LLOH VRIWZDUH DX XQ URO FHQWUDO vQ FDGUXO XQHL vQWUHSULQGHUL DVLJXUkQG UHGXFHUHD FRVWXULORU
úL vPEXQW LUHD VHUYLFLLORU RIHULWH FOLHQ LORU $FHVWHD DX GHWHUHPLQDW DSDUL LD XWLOL]DUHD úL SURLHFWDUHD
modelului Client/SeUYHU PRGHO FDUH RIHU GDWH GLVWULEXLWH SRUWDELOLWDWH vQWUH SODWIRUPH úL XQ DFFHV
standardizat la resurse.
Termenul Client/Server vúL UHYHQGLF RULJLQHD SRUQLQG GH OD PHWRGD WUDGL LRQDO GH DFFHVDUH D
XQXL FRPSXWHU FHQWUDO QXPLW VHUYHU GH FWUH DOWH FRPSXWHUH DIODWH OD GLVWDQ  FOLHQ L vQWU-o
LQIUDVWUXFWXU GH UH HD VHUYHUXO DVLJXUkQG VWRFDUHD úL vQWUH LQHUHD GDWHORU SULQ ED]H GH GDWH UHOD LRQDOH

27
&OLHQWXO úL VHUYHUXO UHSUH]LQW GRX HQWLW L VRIWZDUH FOLHQWXO HIHFWXHD] FHUHUL LDU VHUYHUXO
interprHWHD] úL vQGHSOLQHúWH FHUHULOH FOLHQ LORU 3HQWUX D vQGHSOLQL FHUHUHD VHUYHUXO SRDWH DFFHVD R ED]
GH GDWH SRDWH HIHFWXD SURFHVUL DVXSUD GDWHORU SRDWH FRQWUROD DOWH SHULIHULFH VDX SRDWH HIHFWXD FHUHUL
DGL LRQDOH DOWRU VHUYHUH 5HOD LD vQWUH FOLHQW úL VHUYHU HVWH R UHOD LH GH FRPDQG-FRQWURO FOLHQWXO LQL LD]
FHUHUHD LDU VHUYHUXO HVWH FHO FDUH R vQGHSOLQHúWH WUDQVPL kQG UH]XOWDWXO FOLHQWXOXL DSOLFD LD ILLQG
SURFHVDW SULQ GLYL]DUHD HL vQWUH FHOH GRX HQWLW L WUDQVIHUXO GDWHORU ILLQG ELGLUHF LRQDO

5. 5(($8$,17(51(7

 *HQH]D UH HOHL ,QWHUQHW

ÌQ DQXO  'HSDUWDPHQWXO $SUULL DO 6WDWHORU 8QLWH D DQJDMDW FRPSDQLD Bolt Beranek and
Newman GLQ &DPEULGJH 0DVVDFKXVHWWV V FRQVWUXLDVF R UH HD FDUH V XQHDVF FHQWUHOH GH FHUFHWDUH FX
specific mLOLWDU DOH 68$ QXPHOH UH HOHL ILLQG ARPAnet 3H PVXU FH WHKQRORJLLOH GH FRQHFWDUH V-au
dezvoltat, acestora li s-DX DGXJDW úL DOWH LQVWLWX LL ÌQ DQXO  D IRVW GHPDUDW XQ SURJUDP GH
LQWHUFRQHFWDUH D GLYHUVHORU UH HOH GH FDOFXODWRDUH L]RODWH GHQXPit „Internetting problem”, având ca
UH]XOWDW FRQHFWDUHD SkQ vQ  D  GH FDOFXODWRDUH ,QWHUQHW-XO FRPHUFLDO D OXDW QDúWHUH vQ SHULRDGD
 R GDW FX GH]YROWDUHD LQVWUXPHQWHORU FDUH SHUPLWHDX QDYLJDUHD vQ UH HD EURZVHUHORU :HE úL FX
conectarea a dRL GLVWULEXLWRUL GH VHUYLFLL GH UH HD &RPSX6HUYH úL $PHULFD2Q/LQH ÌQ SUH]HQW ,QWHUQHW-ul
este utilizat de aproximativ 200 milioane de oameni, estimându-se pentru anul 2005 300 de milioane de
utilizatori.
&RQHFWDUHD XWLOL]DWRULORU OD UH HDXD ,QWHUQHW VH SRDWH UHDOL]D VXE XUPWRDUHOH PDUL IRUPH 'LDO-
8S VDX OLQLH vQFKLULDW FDEOX GH WHOHYL]LXQH ÌQ FD]XO VHUYLFLXOXL UHDOL]DW SULQ Dial-Up, conectarea se
RE LQH SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO XQXL PRGHP úL DO XQHL OLQLL WHOHIRQLFH SURSULL VDX vQFKLULDWH GHGLFDW UHDOL]ULi
OHJWXULL GLQWUH PRGHP-XO XWLOL]DWRUXOXL úL FHO DO GLVWULEXLWRUXOXL GH VHUYLFLL ÌQ DFHDVW VLWXD LH FRVWXO
FRQHFWULL HVWH IRUPDW GLQ FRQWUDYDORDUHD LPSXOVXULORU WHOHIRQLFH FRQVXPDWH úL XQ DERQDPHQW RUDU OXQDU
SOWLW XQHL ILUPH GH GLVWULEX LH ,QWHUQHW 'DF XWLOL]DWRUXO DOHJH PRGDOLWDWHD GH FRQHFWDUH SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO
XQHL UH HOH GH FDEOX 79 YD EHQHILFLD GH R OHJWXU SHUPDQHQW FX UH HDXD WD[DUHD UHDOL]kQGX-se pe baza
WUDILFXOXL GH LQIRUPD LL GLQVSUH ,QWHUQHW

5.2. Servicii Internet

Principalele servicii oferite de Internet sunt: SRúWD HOHFWURQLF (E-mail); conectarea la

GLVWDQ  (TELNET), WUDQVIHUXO GH ILúLHUH (FTP úL consultarea unui ansamblul de documente

legate între ele World Wide Web (WWW sau Web 7RDWH DFHVWH VHUYLFLL VXQW DSOLFD LL GH UH HD
bazate pe modelul Client-Server.
6WUXFWXUD XQHL DGUHVH GH ,QWHUQHW HVWH XUPWRDUHD

1XPHBFDOFXODWRUBJD]G QXPHBVXEGRPHQLXQXPHBGRPHQLX

1XPH FDOFXODWRU JD]G  HVWH UHSUH]HQWDW GH XQ úLU GH FDUDFWHUH DOFWXLW vQ DúD IHO vQFkW V
SHUPLW R JHVWLXQH GLVWULEXLW D LQIRUPD LLORU GDU úL R LGHQWLILFDUH XQLF D VD
Numele de domeniu úL GH VXEGRPHQLX UHSUH]LQW ORFDOL]DUHD VSHFLILF D XQXL FDOFXODWRU GLQ
,QWHUQHW úL VXQW DOFWXLWH GLQWU-R VHULH GH FXYLQWH VHSDUDWH SULQ SXQFWH $FHVWH FXYLQWH LGHQWLILF
RUJDQL]D LD DFWLYLWDWHD DFHVWHLD úL LHUDUKLD GH GRPHQLL FUHLD vL DSDU LQH 'RPHQLLOH vQ JHQHUDO VXQW
codificate printr-XQ úLU GH WUHL FDUDFWHUH FDUH SUH]LQW FDUDFWHUXO VDX VHUYLFLLOH RIHULWH ([HPSOH GH
domenii:
♦ FRP RIHU VHUYLFLL GH QDWXU FRPHUFLDO;
♦ edu servicii educative;
♦ gov domeniu guvernamental
♦ mil domeniu militar
♦ RUJ RUJDQL]D LL QRQ-profit
2ULFDUH FDOFXODWRU JD]G VH DIO SODVDW JHRJUDILF vQWU-R DQXPLW DU FDUH DUH DWULEXLW XQ DQXPLW
cod ISO (International Standard Organisation).

28
 Un exemplu dH DGUHV GH ,QWHUQHW HVWH management.spiruharet.ro. ÌQ DFHDVW DGUHV
LGHQWLILFP management – respectiv Facultatea de Management financiar-Contabil; spiruharet –
UHSUH]LQW XQLYHUVLWDWHD ro VHPQLILF &RGXO ,62 DWULEXLW ULL QRDVWUH
3RúWD HOHFWURQLF SHUPLWH FRPXQLFDUHD VLPSO vQWUH GRL XWLOL]DWRUL FRQHFWD L OD ,QWHUQHW úL DIOD L

RULXQGH vQ OXPH $FHVWH VHUYLFLX IXQF LRQHD] GXS SULQFLSLXO SRúWDO FODVLF vQ FDUH R SHUVRDQ
UHGDFWHD] R VFULVRDUH SH FDUH R LQWURGXFH vQWU-XQ SOLF ÌQ FRQWLQXDUH VH PHQ LRQHD] DGUHVD
H[SHGLWRUXOXL úL FHD D GHVWLQDWDUXOXL SOLFXO VH GHSXQH OD FXWLD SRúWDO GH XQGH SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO
VHUYLFLXOXL SRúWDO HVWH WUDQVPLV GHVWLQDWDUXOXL SULQ PDL PXOWH RILFLL SRúWDOH LQWHUPHGLDUH /D PRPHQWXO
sosirii unei scrisori, destinatarul va fi informat automat de acest eveniment prin mesajul You have a
new mail.
)LHFDUH XWLOL]DWRU DO ,QWHUQHW VH LGHQWLILF SULQWU-R DGUHV GH E-Mail XQLF vQ OXPH FRPSXV
GXS XUPWRDUHD IRUP JHQHUDO
nume-utilizator@nume-calculator-JD]GGRPHQLX DU
)LHFDUH PHVDM H[SHGLDW SULQ SRúWD HOHFWURQLF  FRQ LQH SDWUX JUXSH GH LQIRUPD LL úL DQXPH

SOLFXO DGUHVD FRQ LQXWXO úL LQIRUPD LL GLYHUVH.

În fiecare mesaj utilizatorul poate identiILFD XUPWRDUHOH rubrici:

From Adresa expeditorului
To Adresa destinatarului
Sent 'DWD FDOHQGDULVWLF úL RUD GH HPLVLH
Subject 6FXUW FDUDFWHUL]DUH D FRQ LQXWXOXL PHVDMXOXL
Cc Eventuale adrese de expediere a copiei mesajului
Received Data calendaristiF úL RUD GH UHFHS LH
Mesage Textul mesajului expediat sau primit

 1DYLJDUHD SH UH HDXD ,QWHUQHW

3HQWUX D ORFDOL]D úL D FRQVXOWD DQXPLWH LQIRUPD LL XWLOL]DWRUXO DUH SRVLELOLWDWHD GH D XWLOL]D
anumite componente (programe) specializate, numite Web Browser 'LQWUH DFHVWHD PHQ LRQP GRDU
GRX úL DQXPH Internet Explorer úL Netscape Communicator. Browserul UHSUH]LQW LQWHUID D
utilizatorului cu World Wide WHE ::: RIHULQG SRVLELOLWDWHD GH YL]XDOL]DUH D LQIRUPD LHL GDU úL GH
a naviga de la un nod Internet la altul.
3HQWUX D ORFDOL]D R DQXPLW LQIRUPD LH VDX R DQXPLW SDJLQ :HE XWLOL]DWRUXO YD IRORVL XQ
„PRWRU GH FXWDUH´ VHDUFK HQJLQH 2 SDJLQ :HE +RPH 3DJH FXSULQGH DWkW WH[WH FkW úL LPDJLQL VDX
UHSUH]HQWUL JUDILFH FDUH SURGXF SUH]HQWDUHD UHFRPDQGDUHD XQHL LQVWLWX LL-ILUPH 2 SDJLQ :HE FRQGXFH
SH FHO FDUH R FRQVXOW VSUH DOWH SDJLQL DOH ILUPHL 7RWDOLWDWHD SDJLQLORU :HE FRUHVSXQ]WRDUH XQHL
DQXPLWH LQVWLWX LL HVWH FXQRVFXW VXE GHQXPLUHD GH :HE 6LWH DFHVWD DYkQG R DQXPLW DGUHV

BIBLIOGRAFIE

'0DUHú– Bazele informaticii(G)XQGD LHLÄ5RPkQLDGH0kLQH´

')XVDUX'0DUHú90DUHú– %LURWLF(G)XQGD LHLÄ5RPkQLDGH0kLQH´
'0DUHú–,QL LHUHvQLQIRUPDWLF, Ed. „Semne 94”, 1999
,/XQJX'0DUHú08GULF- Bazele informaticii(G)XQGD LHLÄ5RPkQLDGH0kLQH´
50kUúDQX- Sistemele de operare MS -'26úL81,;(G7HKQLF%XFXUHúWL
F. Pilat - UNIX(G7(25$%XFXUHúWL
,6QGXOHVFX- Sisteme informatice(GùWLLQ LILFúL(QFLFORSHGLF%XFXUHúWL
06WQHVFXúLFROHFWLY- Bazele informaticii, Ed. CISON, 1995
*** - Manual de utilizare EXCEL
29
*** - Manual de utilizare WORD
*** - Manual de utilizare a sistemului de operare MS–DOS
*** - Manual de utilizare a sistemului de operare Windows’95
*** - Manual de utilizare a sistemului de operare Windows’98
*** - Manual de utilizare a sistemului de operare Windows’2000

30