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HILBERT, Peter Paul

Archaoiogische Untersuchungen am Mittleren Amazonas Bcitrachc zur Vorgcschichtc des Siidamerikanischen Ticflandcs (= Arch. Investigations al the Middle Amazon

r- Contribution to the Prehistory of the Southamcrican Lowlands)

Dietrich Reimer Verlag (Berlin), 1968

r Summary of the most important a ipects and Translation hy l\.rI. Versteeg, Lciden,

r 1994

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,-. NBI Hilbert uses the word RIEf-EN = grooves, but sometimes wide line incision for about the same technique and result. 111 many cases wide line incision: or grooves arc difficult to separate, but the german has been translated ricfcn-groovcs: brcitc linicn

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inzision = wide line incision, " \

NB2 Usually it is not possible to sec what Ii> n;jby con cqucncc it i . not po isiblc to

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estimate bow representative the classification may be),

Introduction

The present publication .is the result of arch. excavations and investigations, that 1 have done during the years 1955-61 as employee of the Gocldi Museum in Bclcm do Para. The meeting and cooperation with Dr . Mcggcrs & Evans made me enthusiastic for this work: 1 have travelled with these 2 Northamcrican scientists to Maraj6 Island in 1949 and I helped them with their excavations. 1 was iutrcduccd at that occasion with the quantitative excavation- and interpretation-methods.

One year later 1 was successful in finding more sites in Marajo and in obtaining new data, that were published in the fundamental work of Meggers & Evans Arch investigations at the Mouth of the AmillOIl in 1957.

A scholarship of the National Science Foundation made p s iiblc tu study [rum Jan to Augu t j 958 my excavated materials according to the quantitative method under the guidance of Megg & Evans in the Smithsonian lnst. in Washington. A preliminary report on these invcstigati ns was published ill 1959 ill the Proceedings of the 23th Amcricanists congress ill San Jose in Costa Rica.

Stephen, 1 sec Hilbert published 3 papers in English III the Pr cccdings of the Amcricanists. I think they probably coyer much of the material published in German in this 1968 book. I do not sec the references in your bibliography du These. The titles arc:

.J

sec PP Hilbert, 1959.

Preliminary results of archaeological iuvcstigaticns in the vicinity of the mouth (If Ihe Rio Negro, 11It ungr Ancricani Is 23

PP Hilbert, 1962

New ethnographic evidence of culture change on the Middle Amazon ( olimocs). Inl. olll;:r Arncricanists :!

PP lIilbert, 1962a

Preliminary results of arch. research on the Japuni River. Middle Amazon. Int. Congr, Amcricanists 24.

p. 13 Geography

The Lowlands of Amazonia (the Hyliia Amazon! a of Alex. VOIl Humboldt} is thc largest uniform tropical forest on earth with about 7 million square kilometres, The Amazon River flows in the middle of this enormou area, about parallel with the equator. It has a length of 6518 km; it is not the I ngcst on earth but it carries most \V ter of all rivers in the world: 4 limes that of the Kongo and H times that 0 the Missisippi. It carries 17% of all river-water ill the world. The sources arc in the eastern mountains of the Snow-Andes, only about 100 kill Iroui the Pacific 0 call, the area of origin of many riv rand cr cks.

They all result fr m humid air currents of th Passats, that meet III Audcs Mountain': sooner or later all this water ontribut . to the Amazon I iv ir In Ur isil alone (that has about 3.6 million sq km of this ~ rest) the Arnaz n rccciv :. the \ ater of ca 200 affluent : many of these affluen are larger than the Rhine. Brusilinns often refer 10 thi total river .ystcm 3$ Rio Mar, a de ignation one can understand he ausc of the facl that more than 40.000 km arc navigable by Dampfer (cngin propelled boats). rgc ships up to 5000 t 11 can reach lquilos in Peru after 4()OO km of travel

The average width of the main river is about 5 km, tile, vcrugc tl 'pth i:. ,0-50 Ill. at some location even 100 m. The fall is less than 2 em/kill, and in spite of thi:. 1m figure, has the current 3 speed of 0.5-2 m/scc.

Characteristic for the relief of these lowlands is the large plain con .istin]; of sediments dating from late Tertiary times; flat, but not inundated. forest-clad land. the terra [irme. The soil of thi area Ita been leached considerably hy the large amount of rain. As a result the soil is acid and not g ud for intensive agriculture h .causc of the relative poorness in minerals and nutrients. TIle minerals arc uot replenished h it constant supply of new minerals and nutrients from lower levels hut they arc llI01il11 supplied by the circulation oC these components front plant '. Tile forest docs nut live from the soil (do . not extract its nuricnt rum lite soil), hUI 1111 LUp of lh x IiI. The soil provides grip to the roots and guarantees the wat r .upply but it docs not :,ul'pl ' nutrients. The fertility of the Terra fin1le-soil is maily d pendent OIL the nscrvation of humus and on the p ssibilitics to retain the bacteria-flora. The c conditions ale not met any more under intcnsi e soil-usc with large-scale forest- lcui ing.

The conditions of the temporarily inundated areas (vdr.zea) arc different. 111cy consist of recent alluvial soil of Andean origin, that is adductcd by "white" rivers rich in dissolved sediment» and laid down as a fertile clay-layer. The quantity calculated by the geologist Katzer gives an idea of the enormous mas of sediments transported by the Amazon. According to him (Katzer, 1933) 618.156.000 tons of sediments dissolved in water pass the narrows of Obidos each year.

The varzca-arca constitutes only 1 % (ca 60.000 sq km) of the area of Amazonia.

During the summer the varzca remains some meters above the rivcrsurfacc, but it is inundated during the high-water-period. The difference ill level often is considerable and amounts to 8, 10 or 12 m dependent on the rainfall. Deposition of sediments is largest near the riverbank where dyke-like ridges arc formed, that have the typical gallery-forests of the varzca, a vegetation that differs (rom that of the terra [irme. Further inland the surface is only slightly lower, but Ute gallery-forest stops, and large inundatable grasslands (the Vtirzea-Campos) occur ill this zone. At the lowest point often shallow lakes of considerable size are found. From there the land goes uphill anti reaches terra firme. This marginal area, that is reached by the Amazon water); only after it has been "sifted" many times and after it has inundated many areas, Corms together with the clear creeks from the terra fir/lie the black waters of the 19apo.

Today the varzea-banks often are u cd as cattle-meadows, but also maize and beans are cultivated there following the old system of summer-cultures. The varzca-banks arc not very stable. Barrancos, banks that break away, are formed in the soft sediment areas with deep gullies. During the first high-water-periods total river-banks can break away here, that fall into the river with much noise, and that arc transported over kilometer. a the generally feared terra caldas.

Except the discussed white-water-rivers with their sediments there exist others with more or less clear greenish water and others with brown water. The colors vary according to the topographic conditions of the source-areas of the rivers. Whitewater-rivers have their origin in mountaincous areas, where the constantly renewing erosion-crusts of the surfaces are dissolved and transported by the flowing waters. 111c Solimoes and the Madeira, originating in the Andes, are good examples of this type, Source-areas with "old" profiles, like the Cemral-Brasilian Shield (Massif), do supply only lillie quantities of sediments. The large clear-water-rivers , like the Tapajos and the Xingu have their sources here.

When the flow of the rainwater is limited by predominant flatness of the source area, then more or less stagnant water areas with submerged forests of the already mentioned lgapc-typc with black water come into being. The Rio Negro ("black water") has no real sources, but originates from an enormous area of submerged Palm-marshes (Paimenhaulc).

*11***

P. 15-16 Climat 1

/. 17 population

The largest of the lawns in this area, Bclem do Para, was founded in 1616. It is up 10 now the rna I important starting point of all political, economical, and cultural a tivitirs in relation to Hylaa.

P.19 a horribly bad paragraph on the modern Indians of Amazonia .

.,.. P. 19 Historical Review.

r. Francisco de Orellana brought Amazonia into the light of history in 1541, according , 10 Hilbert, etc

More interesting P. 27

EXCAVATION-PROBLEMS AND -TECHNIQUE

The tropical rain forest with its extraordinary geographic conditions brings many problems also for the archaeologist Already the infrastructural problems of an area that is so large and of which much still has not been recognized. The usual travel by ships in the river area of 40.000 km lake a 101 of lime. ( .... )Nol only reaching the site is difficult: also difficult is the transport of the shcrds of hundreds of kilos ill total, Usually this is transported to Bclem while the inv tigator continues the research further up the river.

Then Hilbert explains how difficult it is to find assistants: no money to take museum-people from Bclcm to the sites. Local people not interested. A fcw children can be seduced for some presents 10 investigate the excavated soil. He evidently never used sifters! He had no apparatus to measure finds. Just compass and "mcssband" ( ... ). The itcs in tropical rainforest arc not large, lack striking aspects (he me liS they are uniform) and are overgrown by a rich vegetation. ( ... ) It was impossible It) investigate larger areas. Meggers & Evans (1957:6-11) explain this convincingly. All activities of larger size arc soon stopped by trees and roots, It Siv . better results to rnak several small pits in more locations to obtain the necessary review over a site.

The compact layer of fO LS that may reach up to the sterile subsoil in sites with a Shallow cultural layer, also makes sharply cut pit-profiles impossible. But even if it is possible to obtain uch sharply cut profiles, never information-rich profiles arc seen; the intensive rainfall, together with the high humidity and the loose, pcrmca I soil, soon destroys distinct layers or levels. The terras pretas anyway, the patches of dark soil of humus-rich consistence, and always found at the location of archaeological finds, never show up distinct separate layers (Photo 1).

The only change con ists of a more or less strong visible general discoloration of

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In which way old villages or houses arc destroyed by rain and humidity, show left villages or houses of Cabeclos or Indians. After a few years already the houses arc overgrown with secondary vegetation. Old agricultural plots arc recognized by the undergrowth that is much denser than ill the primary forest. House-posts and other wood-constructions arc gone without leaving a trace, even the "undcstrucrablc" postholes cannot any more be distinguished with certainty. All remains of rganic material are soon destroyed, nosily including human bones that have been buried ill secondary urns.

Only a little bit remains for the archaeologist. In areas with a more favorable c1imat, like the Andes, the researcher has a relatively large choice of remains of the material culture, that helps him to reconstruct the people of the past. The dry climate of Peru, for instance, preserves feathers, textiles, wood, etc.

In Amazonia, however, with its excess of humidity and heat, the material to study consists only of anorganic items such as stone and pottery. Raw material for the fabrication of stone tools is not present in the Amazon Valley itself. The presence of such tools is associated with human actions. Long-distance canoe-travels to the Archaeic Shield in the North, to the Guyanas, or to the South until the Eastbrasilian Highland were necessary to get this material - Diorite, Diabase, Gneiss -. Finds of stone artefacts arc relatively rare, by consequence. The cultural distinctiveness and importance of stone artefacts, for instance stone axes, is only small, and certain basic shapes arc found with all Indians of the Tropical Rain -orcst, irrespective geographic position or cultural (groupjassociation,

WeB, the only remaining find category of importance is pottery, UWI can give information 011 the culture and on the artistic aspects/qualities or a prehistoric group. But rarely complete pots or vessels arc availblc. That arc usually stray finds without exact provenience: they arc usually on display in muscum-showcas "

Usually, the simple, modest pottery shcrd is the only material document that the Amazonian archaeologist has for his work. So it is small wonder that in this field of research only pottery is discussed.

The excavation technique (P. 29) with arbitrary levels of 10-15 em is ncccssar to usc the quantitative method that also has been used uy Evans & Mcggcrs (1957).

Then a discussion of the quantitative method follows: Ford (1949, (962) and Krucbcr (1916) arc used: decorations and temper especially caripc amJ cauixi. At the nd the problem of two-component-sites is discussed, but far from convincing.

P. 36 History investigations

Evans & Meggers have done phantastic for the lower Amazon: I'll give a summary later.

Wben we travel to tile Middle Amazon, then relevant scientific information becomes the rarer as the further we move up-river. The next large site, Santa rem at the mouth of the Rio Tapaj6s, is situated ca 800 km from the coast. (oo.). II is the merit of the Gcrman-Brasilian scientist Curt Nimuendajli-Urtkel to have discovered the centre of the Tapajo-ceramics (Sautarcm-Aldcia) and to have understood the s icntific importance of the total cultural complex. Nimucndaju found in the years 1923-26 in the area of the Tapaj6s-mouth 65 old villages and he recovered the rich Iiud-rnatcrial, that is up to now the most important basi. for the understanding of the Tapaj6-phase (Nordcnskiold, 1930; Palrnatary, 1950. 1960; Barata 1950,51,53,5 <1, 1954).

With the Santarcm pottery we meet for the first time the circonscription ICI'I'/J prcta, which is characteristic for arch. sites of this complex, in c ulrast (0 th usual yellow clayay soil. Tetras pretas with the associated Santurcm stylc sherds have been found - thanks to the long and intensive research activities of urt Nimucndaju, frum the mouth of the Rio Xingu in the East up to Parintins and along the Parana do Ramos in the West. In spite of thc rich material, mostly di 'played in Northumcricarn and European Museums, up to now there have been found no cemeteries or sillgle burials in this area, that may suggest the death culture of the people of this ulturc.

The explanation (or thi apparently has to be Iound in the rituals that hav hcehn described by early travellers and missionars, according which the bones (If the dead would have been ground to du t and drunken with maisbccr during festivals (Ilcriart • 1874:36).

Ceramics (rom North of the Amazon (between Ute wcr Trombetas and the Lower Nhamunda) that have much in common with the Santarcrn style is the Konduri=phase (Hilbert, 1955). xactly like the Sant.IIICDl p iucry J onduri ceramics arc characterized by spectacular, plastic ("shaped") decorations, but the latter style prefers to surround the shaped figure. .. - mainly bird, frogs and monkeys - by a thi k pattern of punctattons aud incisions, nearly III king the fugurcs uurccognizcabl . In stead of the Karyatidcn-figurincs (or adornos) of Santarcm, "three-footed-vessels" arc Iound here, and their flat or plastic decorated Zapfcn (= bolt, pin, or pine- UII') arc the typi ,11

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artefact of thi area. The discovery of the "thrcc-Iootcd-vc cls" ill the Lower Amazon area is an important indication for the relationship of the Amazonian Cultures with Northwe t South-America.

While one has stratigraphically fixed cultural sequences (or Mar~j6 through the investigations of Evans & Meggcrs. is the only material available for the Tapajo-Pha sc museum-material and finds from unknown layers. According to the information of ~aly travellers and historical-period-authors there seems to be no doubt that the Tapajo-Culture existed still in the Post-Columbian period (Acuna, 1641/1859; Bettendorf 1699/1910; Heriarte 1662/1874).

MIRACANGUERA

Situated ao the Amazon-banks, ca 100 km bclow the Rio Negro mouth, and ca 1300 Ion from the Amazon-mouth, one finds Miracangucra, that was earlier known as Santarem (Penna, 1877; Barbosa Rodrig, 1892). It is the most western large archaeological sitc in Brasil, and, with Santarcrn and Marajd, one of the three "classic" archaeological sites of the Amazon Valley.

Penna, apparently the only witness that has seen the site before it was destroyed, describes it as a large cemetery ("cine richtigc Nekropole") nearly a kilometer long 011 the northern Amazon bank but also going far inland. Penna and Barbosa Rodrigues already drew the attention to the fact that the erosion caused by thc yearly inundations must have made Mirangueras considerably smaller and that these erosions will the area completely in the future. In the dry season "islands" of more than 10 m high and sometimes higher ones, remain behind, continiously undcrflown by the Amazon water, that here at the place wherc the bank of km long meets the river moves up and down many pottery vessels and fragments. These witness tile large number of burial urns that arc covered by falling-down bank-soil and that arc buried again in the river. <Comm Versteeg: so many burial urns arc crding (rom the high banks and grdually the river destroys the whole site), according to Rodriguez.

Barbosa Rodriguez praises thc quality of the Mirangucras ceramics as the highest one in beauty, elegance, and technical superiority, he has seen. He says il iii much more beautiful than Marajd-pottcry. It is nowadays difficult to sec what 8. Rodriguez saw as pottery of Mirangueras. The illustrations of his publication. partly made after the memory of the author, arc not vcry clear. The original artefacts of the illustrations have disppearcd, and only a few insignificant pieces of his collection are in the museums of Bclcm, Manaus and Rio de J.

But some formal and technical informations teach us the cultural affiliation uf this pottery. Investigations of the pottery demonstrates that the clay has been tempered by Caripc or Cauixi. Some pottery artefacts have a white thick slip (U ichlcmmung")

and have been painted black and/or red.

The body-members (Glicdmasscn = lcdcmatcn) or the anthropomorphical urns and the

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features (=Gesichtsziigc) of the heads Lhat have been elaborated 011 removable lid)" arc represented by "knobs" (bumps? = Wiilsle) and they arc subsequently painted or slipped. most of the heads have a diadem-like dccorationaud Ihey have been incised with wideline eurved incisions (ricfcn). All these traits arc chatractcristi (or the pottery of the Guarita-Complcx (P_152-165)_ <Then he discusses illustrations of barb. Rodriques. __ .... > .

P.39 Conclusion: All this evidence suggests that the pottery of Miruugucras, ill so ar as it is reported by Barb. Rodrigues, represents not one bul two Of more Phases. This is not only suggested by the two different t mpcrs (Caripc and cauixi) but also the described characteristics. According 10 Hilbert the two sited =Itaceuti: ra and RcfinariaManaus- are both two-compoucnt: the ltacoutiaru-Phasc that is tempered with . uixi is situated above uic Guarita Phase pottery that has been tempered with caripc,

'11e rest is not very iutcrcsting ...... ._ .. _ ..

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p. 69 ZONED HACHURE HORIZON STYLE

The Jauari-Phasc

r • -The Jauarf-Phasc, the most ancient culture of the Middle Amazon, is known of only ,..J one archaeological site: Penta di Jauari. Gunther Frickcl discovered the site in 1939 r: and visited it several times up to 1941. This researcher collected pottery and lithic artefacts and did send these to the Goeldi Museum in Bclem. Frickcl told me later that the shcrds were selected with aesthetic viewpoints ill mind. Essentially only decorated fragments were collected, a method that limits classification and analysi of the material considerably.

r

Ponta do Jauari

The site is situated North of the Amazon, not very far from the mouth of the Tapajos that flows from the south, ca 30 km west of Alcmquer (Map 1). Penta do Jauarl is a peninsula, that projects to the north from the south bank of a lake, the Lago Grande do Jauari. A second peninsula, the Ponta do Muim is ncar (both lakes arc ca 35 km long) and a canal flows in between.

The site i characterized by a collection of shcll-, ceramic- and stone remainsremains. It is situated in the middle of a varzea area and it is covered every year during the rainy period by inundations of the Amazon waters. The site is only dry only during the dry months - September to November. In relatively dry years the lake dries out completely and changes into an enormous marsh, that call only be navigated through small gullies, The site is inundated yearly, but also is modified by the water that flows through the channel. Consequently, the size of the site is difficult to establish, but clearly there arc two parts:

the eastern one is a collection of smaller and larger stone Iragmcnts, in an area ca 150 m parallel to the beach, Remember well that in this varzca-tcrrain no stone occurs naturally; that only is found days travel Cram here on the altiplano bchind Santarem. Every stone here has been brought by man .. Frickcl reports more than 100 stone artefacts, mostly axes, that were found here between smaller and larger fragments.

The southwestern part of this stone-rich area is met by an area with p ttcry. Two rather flat hills occur here, ca 100 m from the lake-bank and ca 60 m apart. I suspect that these are the foundations of old habitation-places (villages), The large number of shells of the pccics Anodonta is striking. that is in the soil here. Between these arc

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bones of several mammals such as tapir, pakira (pore de foret) el lamantin, but also

bones oC larg fishes, turtles and caymcn. Part of these have burning-traces.

r suspect that Ponta do Jauari is not only a ceramic-phase site but also a" crnarnbi" a shell-heap of the Prcccramic period, like those that are known from the Brasilian coast under the name "Sambaqui".

P. 71 Analysis of the material

75 shcrds of pottery were found at Penta do Jauari, not complete vessels, From thi were 3 decorated and 3 undecorated types reconstructed. TIle selective collectionstrategy has limited the number of undecorated sherds very much, However, the present material suggests imple shapes not different (rom that of the decorated pottery.

Three types occur in the undecorated material: that tempered with hell-grit: Catalia undecorated

that tempered with shell-grit and Cauixi: ltandca undecorated that tempered only with cauixl: Jauari undecorated

The third type dominates (85% of the pottery) and is consid red the basic and must important pottery.

Description Jauuri undecorated (V.72) tcmper Cauixi

Only shape described and illustrated: more or less direct rim, incurving \ alb, round

bottom. (sec drawing I p 72) _

It is Ihe most general type, but Hilbert classifies it relatively late in the chrunulogy on the basis of the "only cauixiv-tcrnpcr.

Three decorated types exist:

Jauari Incised Clay etc

The same as Jauari undecorated, rarely as ., talia or ltandcua-t P::_, 5 shapes:

1 Open bowls and vessels, direct rim, diam 26-50 em 2 open bowl, flaring rim, diam 35-40 cm

3 Bowls, restricted orifice, knick ill the wall, 18-50 em

4 Vessels. Bowls, restricted orifice, direct rim, 18-5 ern

5 S-sh.aped profile vessels restricted orifice, 18-54 em diameter

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Decorations:

Incisions on the utside of bowls/vessels of forms 1 3, 4, 5, tbey tart immediately below the rim, where they often are intiated by one or IWI) wide lines. The rounded form Ihe decoration often continues up to the lower part of the vessel. Knickcd ve sci owls have decorations only above the edge or knick. Bowls with everted rims have the decorations on the convex upper pari of the rim. The incisions have been made with a small, rounded-off or spatcla-Iikc instrument in the soft clay. 111e latter type has been used to make the wide-line-incisions. Width of the incisions is between 0.5 and 5 mm (most 15-3 mm).

Characteri tic for Jauarl is the (jlling-in of areas of wide-line-incisions by zonedincised-cross-hatched or parallel-hatching (Photo 7). in a Icw cases wide-fineincisions arc combined with brushing. The vertical or diagonal bru ihcd areas start immediately below the rim and are found allover the decor ted part of the vessel/bowl.

Decoration Motifs

Here (P. 74nS) is a prcei e description of the str igtu, parallel, curving thiu-Iincs or wide lines. Seems 1I0t 0 important sec illustrations.

Jauari Brushed

f Only one ~ rm: Restricted orifice, direct rim, round boucm vessels (Iik type I f J.

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Decoration

Technique: coarse brush-strokes start immediately below the rim and arc applied more or less parallel 10 each other. Intersecting brusstrokcs arc rare. areas between brushstrokes arc )-3 mm; depth is 0.5-2 mrn.

Motifs: see Photo 9g1h. (comment AHV: seems 10 be more some son of COlli I, than brush!)

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Tubul"preifc". - AuSer den Topfsdierben "ell.., "die Tubulorpf.ifen .s.c ,ypiscben Kc",mlh .. efakte dcr Jaunl-I'hose dar:'ln"clotm' wu".lm 26 S'uck &Cfumlen, jedod, our rUnl .s.von In komplettem ZWI> ... J. Der R .. , bend u e ruwcder .... 1undnUd<en odor Koprcnd<J' !piC-cinem jeweils I'n zeren od.r kUf'l.Crcll 'ide" I e. Kcmpleue I'rdrcn •• ,limn aw ·itd re n 7-17,S CUI l!in~o und 2.s-~,5 em Un·ilt'" Aud\ die nur durm"l!t;\&nu~nll: v(':rtr~1tf1r:u rfc:ifrn. I(hritlcn S d, in diesen Cren ... n 2U bc:wCIl",,:''bio Aner.k te sind dink, au. einem Stuck Ton Gcform., w.hrKh.inlid, _a~r elnem runden Helskeru, welchee der Neire w3hrcnd des Modelli;rmsScnii,cnd SI.bili, •• verheh uud hern.d, durdl Drehen loid" enlr.roll

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o 230m

AbbY. Jav",:-PhuC'. TubuiJ.J'prtiren. 2, b, m't ltill.Unc. e, Iftthropomorph. ",it Spunn ""In Otkor.uion in Rit:ntnC

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Abb. 9. J.u"r·rhu<. Abrollmu>l'" des Hin'~f"korre, der ~n'hro~ mo<phen Tubuu'pfej(, T.r. 12"

Trembe ..... und des Rio Nh.munM bcgrm21. im SUde" du<d, den Unlrrl.uf d", Rio Tap.j6. und den Terra forn te ·S« Jurid Vdho. Dle Kondurj·l'lu,c uiSI ,...,ine l'.hnlicltkci. mit der T.paj6·K.romik yon an ... btl. besonders ill ,hr., Vorliebe filr reichen pl.nisd.cn Deke-. Au. dirscm Grundc we rden berde Kuhuren cnn, .11 glcich'lhri& bctndHCt und dcm tel'Llt't1 unJ jUngncn ven ~'cG&t'n-E\·Q.1U ponuliencn Horizonmil zuccordncl (Mqa;cr.·I;v.n. 1961).

D. die Kondurf·Keramik 'In Fundort der J.u.rl.l'h.sc Jurd, keine Stra.i. ,"phi. r ... ,tI",. iJI, komuu ihr .u e it kein e s i&nifikanle Au""C<k en rc .. u.

lnwieweir die _uf der Ponu do Jau:>ri g.rundcncn S te inwerkzeuge mit der J •• ,.rI.Ph:ue .dbn. w ",i •• ie ,iclt in d er K<r.mik ma"irCSliert. idenlOKI, sind, k.nn nidll fcst&esldlt werden, Aud, ein V"Ulcid, mit dem Fu"d,u. der y"w,nd· , ee An>.n.tub.·Pha.., (Mc&&or,.EY3ru 1957) von der Amazo» •• mu"dunc hilrc hkr nicltt .... irer, d. keine dee .ed.s r ... ndstellen S,.i".",f.l< re li.f.n e.

Seeinbeile. - Prak.i,cIt komrnen .11. wncnllidlcn lI.ilfonncn vor • die ou. dem Armtonugd>ict btk1Jlnt .sind, die sber bis jCll.t noch in keiner Weise: bestinnnrcn Phasen odC'r Kuhurtn t.uscou.lnet werden kUnuen. j;a nidn tlR.llll bestimm("n ,,,,,,,phischen Zonen. Fiir die Typolo,i. der Jouori·Phos. kOlln.n diu. SICi,," re .w..r nur von bcdin&lcr Bedeutung sein, 1d. modue ",ich dahcr d2raur bt,cltr.ill· ke.n •• ie hler nur summ;ariJCh t.u bc.h:andc::1n~

I. Einf.che Beile (T.fd 14. k.l) in I'n&lid rer rrapezeider Form mil gcrundclenl oder stumpf.m N.dec" und .lIm illicit siclt verbreitemder Schneid e, Ocr QuerodlDi" in rend- eder nodtoval. die l.iill~C 8-11 em. Motcri.l: Oia!>".

2. neil. mi, breitem N~ckcn (Tafel 14 i.j) und .. itliclt.n. 1-15 em versrehenden •• 3r'ndtcn~lli&cn· Ausw duell. 0", n.il veri n&t siclt leicht zur Sdvoeide, Ocr Qucrscltnitt itt n.cbov.l. die Un!:. 8-12 CIII. M ... ,i.l; Arcnil.

A bb. 10. Oruf ,en morphcn ZO,.I\.

l. ndl •• n Oirn, Yon eundem Quers (1-3 mm) Einschr I.uft. Dle Form UI ulgco 5tumpr. Sd:

Qut'rsdmiu i!t ub(. uud "rcnit.

... licilc: mil ticft J etc r Sehneide. 01 Oberhalb der Mitt. ir erne l-l,Senl t nO\.h weilc:r bis 1.U M .. "i.l: "r.nit u

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!'"h-I 11 P"'ft1.1 ,I., (")h(,III"d,w:- ( .. ,,,.;:I.. I1.1In. 111. I1IIt k'JII ;.:.. I I LIm",," ~\'II'('

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IIbb.IO. Ort,f'mldc$chubc. (Koodu.r·Ph.",). II. BGcIli8fr>",,<J1lc mil >nllt,cpomcrphen Zugen. C. Srandkonus eines Drtifu1lgc.BBc.s

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J, Beile in Dimcnform (T.fel 14, d-h). Rei.,; v s dilank mit sdunalem N.cke. von eundem QuendlDitt und breiterer Sehneide. Das cbere Drinel 'I.cig[ tine name (1-3 mm) ElnsdmUrung von 1.5-3 en, Breire, die um tI~f1 t"t1tC'1l UI1lr.ln~ verl'ufL Die 1'0'01 in haufig >..I)·",mo .. i.a. und die Ucorbeitunc nUa.li~. £i.,i&. 5tlickc 'lrit;l"Q stumpfc Sdineiden und. scheinen als H:immcr benurzr worden zu sein • Der Qucn.ilnin ill Ubcrwcitcnd ruudoval, die Wingc in 6-IS m. M 1.«i.l: Diab •• und Arenit,

~. netic mil tief er scitiimer Kerbe (Tafel H, .-c). Rodlleckigc Poem mil gcrun.IcIer Schlleid e. Ol>.r den N.cke" I' uf, cine n.cI .. Rill. fUr die rifflt>l re run&. Oberhalb <fer Minellini. zwischen Schneide und .d.o n befinder sid, an den Scitcn je erne I-I,S em tief. und bi. S rom breire Einlr.«bunr;. die lid, mil Schlcifspuren IIlxh weiler bi. ~ur Mine in Ridllunll .ur die n •• i. fomctzl. Unto 7-10 em. ~bleriaJ; Armil und Diaba s,

St nel (lard Il. a). - Kenusse aUI u~r'lkonglomer.l( mil st:1rk verwitteerer Obcrfl.d.e. 9-21 em hod! n1il ca. 7-10 enl broiler. runder eder eval er lIa,il.

85

7

,..

Jauari Modelled-Incised Clay etc

The same as Jauari undecorated, rarely as 9!!!!!a or Itandeua-type.

Form: Modelled decorations arc found on ailS bowls/vessels forms of Fig. 2 (forms Jauari-Incised), 11 seems they only ccur all otherwise undecorated ware, 1I0t on the ware Jauari-incised!).

Technique:

Applications that arc ornament but also pot-holding-devices. Mostly on potforms 1 and 2, but also a few on 3-5. The appliques of howls arc part of the rim that is then

lightly thickened and worked (Form I), or tongue-like pr jccts (Form 2; sec Fig. 41».

The Forms 3-5 have the appliques more as separate components, apllied slightly below the rim.

...,

MotiE (I>hoto II)

Zoo- and anthropomorph heads, stylized or abstract. Human face. arc more abstract; animal-heads more naturalistic. Hilbert thinks they represent owls, cats, monkey', sloths and cayman.

Other ceramic artefact :

Stempel (Fig.6c): solid conus of 6 em high and 5.5 max width.

S~ ~''"'1'

Object unknown usc (Fig. 6b). Oval object (2.5 x 1.5 em with two small perforations. (AHV: must be ceramic bead).

Tubular pipe. These arc typical Jauari-artcfacts. 26 fragments, among which 5 are complete. They arc 7-t7.5 em long and 2.5-4.5 em in diameter. All arc perforated by putting a straw ill the clay that was removed after baking.

The clay-material shows a similar variation as the other pottery: 3 fragments arc Castalia-type (shell-grit-tempered); 3 fragments arc ltandeua-typc (shell-grit + cauixf) and 20 arc Jauari-typc (only cauix1). There evidently is a mouth-part: a smaller/narrower area (Photo J2f-m). Upper parts and lower parts (=muuth area) are distinguished.

The upper part perforation is wider than the lower part perforation: the width changes from 2 em - 1 em, bUI some specimen. show up a dramatic enlargement of the perforation.

One specimen has a perforation that was closed airtight by clay-particles. It contained remains of tabacco-Icavcs. This Iact and the general shape of these artefacts arc evidence that they are holders for tabaccu-rclls or "cigar-pipes". A short anthropomorphic pccimcn (Fig. 7e) that was made with u piece of wood around which a Siring was uachcd. The winding groove in the intcri r suggest

.....

r:

this. After removal of the wood and the vine or rope, the cigars could be "screwed-In" and even long ones call be used thanks to the screw-in effect of this short pipe.

10 pipes arc decorated, especially incisions, wide line and zoned-Incisedcrosshatched. Modelled pipes show up humans. Note foto 12a that shows a specimen on which the standing individual holds his right hand at the mouth. Many details arc indicated. (AHV: to mc it seem. a woman, but Hilbert docs not say so; he says: "the genitals arc clearly indicated").

imported pottery

Hilbert discus es three pottery pieces in Fig. 12 that arc not Jauari hut kouduri according to him. Not important because stratigraphy unknown.

Stone artefacts (P. 84-86)

Unfortunately they arc insignificant as to cultural complex, Hilbert says. he discusses them summarily

Simple axe (photo 14 k.l) of 8-11 em Diabase.

axes with wing (Photo 14 iJ), 8-12 em long. Material arcuit. axes in pear shape (photo 14 d-h). Diabase and Arcnit

axes with a deep side-notches. arcnit and Diabase.

conical stone of quartz-conglomerate. eroded.

anvil-stones. Stones of quartz-conglomerate 6-8 em long, with lowered center, in which nuts could be broken.

circular hammer-head with central hole. Diabase

Metate (arenit;Ph 13,1) and mano (Diabase; Photo 13 e,l). Hammcrstoncs, possibly used with the anvilstoncs

grinding stones (110 illustration). SIOIlCS with traces of grinding.

In the illustrations (Photo 13d), but not ill the text a red Hacmatitc stone is shown for coloring purposes.

Summary of culture-historical classification (P. 87).

For the Jauari-Phase no stratigraphical evidence nor CJ4 data are available. Fortunately, the find-material gives us clues to give Jauarf at least a relative temporal classification.

Hilbert considers the basically simple shapes of the pottery hm Is/vc,o;:.cls a. an indication for an early dating. Then a long discussion follows on the temper ;IS a dating instrument. He considers the shell-tempered ware a the oldest. This seems very unrealistic but he follows Evans & Mcggcrs in this respect (AI-IV).

A second classification possibility i the comparison to Amazon-mouth

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mvesneations of Evans & Mcggcrs (1957), who found 5 subs qucut phases all the island.

arc seen between Jauarf and Ananatuba in a number of cs curial aspects: the same vessel forms with the curved bottom and mainly direct rim.

the motifs of incisions of Ananatuba "Cipo Incised" i found in Jauari Incised. the zoned-incised fine-line "fill-in" technique is alsp fund in Ananatuha. brushed ware is represented in Ananatuba in the "Carma Brushed" type

For this all see Evan & Meggcrs, 19-7:174-194; photos 5-42.

What are the differences between Jauari and Ananatuba?

The temper is different: Anan. cru hcd pottery. J. cauixi, But cauixi as a natural product is not available in Maraj6.

Ananatuba has red painted ware: "Ananatuba Painted" category. This, however, is only 0.3% of the pottery. In view of the number of Jauarl 0.3% would b < 1 specimen. Also the yearly inundations of the soil may have contributed to a los of coloring of any painted sherd .

Plastic decorations and tubular pipes arc lacking in Ananatuba, Doth, however, arc present in the ubsequent Maraj6-style Manguciras, and also during the Caiambc-Phasc, both Phases belonging to the Horizon-styl H.

During Manguciras a Oat bowl with thickened rim is introduced (Ev/Megg:213; Plain Bowl 7) that is exactly Jauarl arm 2, rig. 2.

.....

The tubular clay pipes seem Iypically 10 belong to the early Phases. lie docs 1I0t find them in the Middle and lower Amazon except in these Phases. Another clay pipe, a more conventional knee type is Iouud in the later, post-Colombian Tapajri-Phasc, but that must be European influence (Barata, 1951, 1952).

The only other known early tubular pipe of Amazonia is ill a collection of the Saniarcm-arca in the University Museum or Philadelphia (Palamatary, 1960:70). II is 7.2 cm long and perforated, 2.3 rnrn in the upper area to 1.7 mm in the mouth area. The material is red-brown stone. The decor tion is anthropomorph, the headdress looks like that of the Jauari tubular pipe f Photo 12b. Summarizing: thi . st lie pipe 'hows relationships in technique, decoration (and II e) to the Jauarl tubular pipes,

Generally spoken, the Jauari pottery bclougs, according to its typological aspects, together with Tuti hcainyo from East-Peru (Lathrap 1958:379-3880, Yasuni (EastEcuador, see page 64; vans, Mcggcrs & ruxent, 19 9:359-369), and Ananatuba from the mouth of the Amazon to the earliest pollery of Amazonia. As such it was considered by Meggers & Evans (1961:372-388) to be part of the Horizon style I.

r:

tiORIZON STYLE )) INCISED RIM

fhe First Horizon style is in the Middle Amazon only repre rented by one Phase (the liluari Phase) and the find' have no stratigraphical position but are surface finds. The clas ification of the pottery in the relative chronology is based {on temper and} on compari on with similar technique, forms and motifs of the Jauari Phase with the Ananatuba Phase of the Amazon Mouth.

The find of the Second Horizon Style originates in general from stratigraphic «xcavations. Always they are lower in the stratigraphy than the Third Horizon. Also 'here are C14 datings,

1

The Parcdao-Phasc

The Paredao site is situated on the left bank of the Rio Negro, about 10 krn cast Irom Manaus (Map 4). The river-side hill on which the site is situated gave the name to the <itc (Paredao = large cliff). A few km lower the Rio Negro flows into the Amazon,

The site is a terra preta with secondary vegetation. The site is 2 hOI large (= 20.UOO xq m.). A small road (WEG) cuts the site in two about equal parts. The site is a good 'rarbour for boats and gives a good view over the river.

Except the terra preta, the herd' are striking clements that are found all over the hilly part of the site. Tcst-cxcav lions suggest that these finds are secondary: they have been washed down the hill from the original village position that was more 011 high flatter parts of the site (this looks very much like Surinam Kwumulaxarnuctoc sire/village [AHVD. This finds mostly are Guarits-Phusc, the younger and higher-level Phase at the site in comparison to the Parcdao layers.

Thrcc stratigraphic cuts were made (sec Map 3): all three had :.1 size IIf 1.511 x I.S11 '( 0.60 m (pit 1). 1.5 x 1.5 x 0.90 m (pi' :!) and 15 x 1.5 x 0.3 111 (pit J).

Excavations were dune in .. rbitrury 15 cm layers

I'it I yielded ill each oi the 4 layers 250 - JOO sherds

Pit 2 yielded ill in each or the 6 layers 25U - 3 U shcrds, except layers J (J1I-45 cm deep) and 4 (45 - 60 cm deep) that yielded 947. rcsp. H7H shcnlx.

Pit 3 yielded ill both layers 150 - 250 shcrds.

P. 9S Other sites of the Parcdao-Phasc

Base Naval

Ca 5 km below Manaus. On the militury airport side thut is ncar Ihc nvcr were l'arcUao shcrds found at Ihe surface. that apparently wcr displaced t1urillg Ihe

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'{tc.ilen und unaeg hcquunc- unJ tid\,

hu6~r dcr ScI" dre uhlreichcn Sc r.U.llden T.iI ._u WC~ uM sU.uncl:irt h("~l1dc." c.is,cnlh h.ndd ..... idt '"

u.lriciI-I'h.lsc, de ~~uofCc.nC'n Ken!'l

t rei 1I<>.i&<>,,1 We~d:a.n ~r:l111 rlWol In der Mute boJ",nwiru ,dc~ von I.SO m Sehenl .b,es<>bcn wurde

Die- Sehoiue cn' und 1war der iur u .. ,iIA .. rt1:Ue bel Zus:1m"'tnh~n, m.

Sdtniu I wi es n wurdc d.nn idtn" ~dbcn zonalen V.

llocIcn dtu:a.k.uili ....

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d,idt. )O_S, $chid" 45-60 (

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Schnitf 2 t.ci" if homogcnc Sdlv.lfl S,ndbcin1hdtunll ' kOMUII', Aurr .. U", .ufc1n.nder lior,cn •• ndis.r in dcr Zu Iki 70 em ueren d steril.

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machining and flattening of the surface. Mostly shcrds of funeral urns. An airforce major collected sherds and sent them to Gockli. Site destroyed.

~efinaria

Ca 5 km below Base Naval On a ca 60 m high hill. comparable to the Base Naval .. ite. The site is the one that yielded the pottery sequence Guarita-Itaccatiara.

Rcfinaria became known as archaeological site when the terrain was Ilaucncd 10 build fin oil refinary in 1955. During the shcrd collections made on the surface in ] 955 I met -nany shcrds in the terra preta-area that could not be ascribed to the pottery 'equence Guarita-Itacoatiara, On thc base of the cauixl-tcmpcr they were first classified as lIacoatiara. But after the discovery of the Parcdao-Phasc we know that it ccnccrns thai relatively carly phase and not the very late Jtacoatiara-Phase. The definitive proof was -;iven by the find of II Parcdao-Phasc burial urn al Rcfinaria (Fig. 11), It was round

-Juring the building of the main street of the factory land and it clearly showed ils

oosition below the ca 70 ern thick: terra prcta-Iayer. <But, Hilbert, they can have been buried very late very low or could you see they did not dig away the terra prctalayer?? AHV> The urn was covered by a lid, a bowl of ca 60 em diameter (type 2). The urn had, according to Ihe workers that found it) eroded human bones and ca 20 round pottery beads, of which I could obtain 4.

So Refinaria must have been occupied by 3 subsequent Phases: Parcdao-Phasc, Guarita-Phase, and Itacoatiara-Pha c.

Manaus

During construction work for the then highest building of the town, lAP "It ,several urns with bones that had been secondarily buried were found. One complete and two large fragments were donated to the museum Historiko & Gcogra ICO of Manaus, where I could study and photograph them (Photo 17 f,g; Fig. 26a-c).

The complete urn has a globular profile, narrower ill the lower than in the upper section: the diameter of the upper section is 70 ern. '!lIC basis is :;lrikingly narrow; diameter 17 ern. The short neck is 15 cm high; il is slightly outcurving; the max. diameter of the neck is 36 em, TOlal height of the urn is 77 ern. The only dccorutiunsa arc two biomorph appliques at the shoulder of the urn, The fragments IIf the two other urns arc very similar, especially in the two opposing shoulder-appliques. One Iragmcn: has nubbins of circular shape applied in a half-circle near the neck (Pig. 2Gb).

The pottery itscl f is cauixi-tcrnpcrcd, relatively thi n (10-12 mm), generally oxyd izcd and yellowish-colored. Surfaces arc surprisingly flat, ex cpt the inner-neck where traces of irregularities arc pre cnt,

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Sites in the Solimoes River area

Divin polis (not on Map 311, but Carciro is visible right from M naus)

Southwest of Manaus on the Careiro-island, right-bank of the Parana do Carciro [mainlandsidc). The itc is situated between the Parana d Miracaucrn and a 'mall swamp-lake (Lake Jacaretinga).

From the Careiro-bank with the typical dykc-likc topography (sec varzca-chaptcr) a small path goc s uthwards. It crosses an old river-branch after ca 3 m, that connects 10 the L. Jacarctinga during the wet season). After another 200 m one meets an elevation that i ca 2 m higher than the swampy surroundings. 111i i the site that is overgrown by trees and bushes and that has an island-like aspect within the surroundings. The site is 150 X 0 m: the soil here is darker than in the surrounding and also the vegetation is better developed.

AI ea 50 m apart two tc t-pil were made; they were excavated in arbitrary 15 em layers up to a depth of ca 1.65 rcsp 1.80 m depth. -c'Ihat mean up to ea swamp-level; SO the "hill" probably is a mound-like structurel!l>,

TIle majority of the pottery belongs to the Parcdau-Phasc. Only Ihe upper layers yield a few sherds of the incisions and poluchrorny of the Guarita -stytc. Here also the stratigraphy shows that Guarita is younger than Parcdao.

In pite of the great depth of the cultural layers the number of shcrds per layer is not high: nearly 100 in each layer of 15 em. The reason is for sure the Iact that Divinopolis is situated in the inundation zone of the v zea, and not like Parcdao on the terra Iirmc, where the shcrds together witrh thc organic remains of the site Iorm a compact terra preta-Iayer. Divinopolis is a ite where the ceramic rem ius \ ere mixed with sterile river-sediments every year. <What is Ihe implication of this site, if it really is inundated each year and also ill prehistory?? Either temporary inhabitation during the dry cas n; or year-round but then the site was a mound-like structure high enough not to be inundated by the river 1\11 >.

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Abb. 11. Urnc dee P.ucdio~Pbue. Sd,niu du.rd, die Tc-rra rreu .on Rcfinari.a. MQIUUJo

Coari

A village of ca 3000 inhabitants (l950), situated on the right bank of the Solimoes, immediately at the exit of the Lake Coari, Several smaIJ terra pretas-esess in the southwest part of the vilJage in unused areas. Surface collections and tcstpits rcvcilcd two archaeological phases (Coari-l and -2) that arc predominantly found in differing areas: they belong to the Horizon style 11 (Coari-2) and to the Horizon tyle JII (Coarl-l). The material is in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington and is discussed on the basis of a letter of Megg & Ev, of 9-4-1959.

Coarl-2

A smaller, about 5000 sq m large terra preta, that has been removed partly by road construction. A thick concentration of shcrds is situated in the top-3-layers (0-45 cm) in loose black earth. TIle color of the soil is lighter frum 50 m on and the quantity of oottcry diminishes. Sterile red-yellow soil at 80 em.

In the undecorated ware cauixi-tcmpcrcd ware dominates in the lowest layers.

Caripc-tcmpcr is only 12% in the upper layers diminishing to 1.5 % in the lowest layers. Red and white slip on the pottery ("schlemmung"), simple iucisious and comblike decorations.

t>aredao-Undccorated

There are 11 forms: see Fig. 12 1-11 pag 100-102

omctimcs there is plastic decoration; sometimes incision in the rim

This ware is the dominant type 10 the Parcdao-Phasc; 8H% in the lowest layer - 10,5% in the highest layers.

r:

I

\~-

\ - - .J

1,1.1. I,!

o t 1 ] 4<,

GEFASSE

o 5 10 15 :lOu

Abb.12. Raad- und B:ubprolilC' und RlRomtruitnl: CdaS(olfnc-n 'Ion PllCdio Un dcloric:n

-

\

, /

6

--

,

,~

. ,

9

IIhb. 12. l\.nJ· un.! U''''r dekoeieer

-.

1", , .
,.
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,... •
~Q)J R.\t()EI!. eASUi
,- 1.. ... L...I .. ._,~
o , J J 'u.
r: •
G£F4ssE
! I , , ,
o ~ 10 I§ IOcm
•
,...,
r: •
,..
,.. •
r ~
r
,.. •
,..
r ~ •
~
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... flr~~~[ ~ •
r:
..... •
"..
,... •
- ~
/ A ~
•
,.. ~!~a?~\~ ~
r: •
,.. •
,.. Abb.13. Ihnd· unJ Uui.plofilr u"d rclton.n"ucr1~ GebarOmlUl von l),uc,J5.o Deee-
linise Ritz"-ng
•
-
- }& •
,..
- •
r
,..
,.. •
r: Thin Line incision

vcsscls/Z manioc 'riddle. sec Fig t3 1-7

decoration type is limited to the extreme 2-6 wide area of the rim (It the inner especially on the bowls and griddles. Forms and - hav it n the lip.

have been made when the clay wa already rather hard: up urving sides of incisions arc the result. Width of the inci rious 0.3 - 2 mm, most 0.5-.1 mm. Depth from very superficial - 1.3 mm

s

Zick-zack-Ilues forming triangles and triangles lhat form the mirror (sec Fig. IS c; Photo 15 a.c.I.g.h).

similar ones forming Rhomben (Fig. 15 d,c; Photo 15 c.I,i) rectangles. screwed into each other or parallel (Fig. 15 f)

'imple lines parallel to the rim; the area between two lines is filled in with diagonal incisions (Fig. 15 h).

simple undul ting incisions parallel t the rim

spirals with triangular incision. interchanging. rare (Fig. 15 a)

....

I

Chronological position

Paredao Thin Line Incision i during the complete Parcdao Phase the dominant decoration. In quantity only during the lowest layers is Parcdiio Red Painted more frequent (Diagram I).

6

~~ ~~~~~

~": "~. ~t~c," ~~~~l'"

~~

....

7

Abb. U R~nd- end B:uiqHOfdc und rtkon.truien.c C;diisrormcn von Pu~d.io Dunn· tini,o lUtz. un,

.....

....

d

.__.___,__,

o I 2 Jan

9

h

TJrc:1 IS. P.uc~lu·f"'hJl\C'. lJaUIl'"UCCO It"Lvn· ... b. U, c, It.lnJwJ'f'rbC'n 'un fb.\.flcn !)dl .. aleu, ·0 {-to k:lftc.Jt-dlC'rbc:u. "un M,J"n,k.l~o,.tJ)J.,nC'1I

Abb. t4. P",r~dlo.l)lla'c.. Sdule mit dijnl\fini~C'r Kinun" nltn: Hiufif)C' MOlrVC' in kit'Z.U.n~ ~ur dcm llodcn YOn Sdn!cn

105

,...

'----'--'_,

o 1 2 l em

Abb. U. Pllrc:dlo ... rhl"e. R:l.rulCu£P1<"we mil dun.nlini&CT Ritl.llrlS. b, (.,~ Maniok.l\im. pl." en. '. d-f. h. n.<he ScI,.kn

106

MbIlY('~

J. Einc ZKkncklinJc. deteR CCSc.rutiruJ.gc D,,:fC:O<:c mit senkredu z.u(,lDOIndn YC(bur.lltle. Sdlr.ll.rm .u".WIt. "no (T,ret 15 '. e. r.,. h. Al>b. 15. <l. 0 ... ul diece C'ue cnmch('nJc Sc:hmud.blnd .... i,d n~m eben dunh_ dCt'l Gtfi6n_nd be .. grenat, Golen unren du,d, die: Endpunktt' tltT Stl1rdrurcn .... stlbn. Sclu:n iu 'utf die UCIlrcnLVnS durdl c_jnc p.,nUde Riuung miHkicrJ-·,tSif1d MOtiv in du weir::uu hiufiQ.HC' DC'kor;u'on$rl.,mcnt und finJtl bes~crJ Jul den Innenr ndern ~on

K\ktpbnen end Schmlen Vuwc:ndunC. ./

1. Zwei nm in glridlllu.8iScm RhYlhmui ~t'dUnd(' Zidu.ukhnltll. 1>,C' :.0 C'lItnehende Rhombcn~'c wird ohm und VQI£n durdl tc,C"H ndi5c Offin:kc bc,l(j'fl. Dine Elemente kEnneR durdl rorn_l.Y6w:J..ndtc tOUyt - R..holnbcn odc.r Drciedu: "0"''( d ... rd, ..... ;ufl,ctcdU(I 09c.( diilJJ,onlllc Rh/\Hi~Cn '\l1AcfWlh werden, O;a~ Rbombrnmo.i. bl<.b. ,uw<il.,(und.ko,i", (T,rol 15. d, I: Abb. 15 d .• l.

). l".in.nd<rS<ld, .. ht<h. o¥r !,,<udo.piutiH 'nll ee ed ..... RtdllC&. (Abb. I~. I). -4. E,mf:ad.e. r.1ndp.\I'l:l1d~ lI\irn. wobd ein ZWlsm('_nnum mit di:atonOllen Rl1~un,en ode'r KOlllm,t!) 1~f\lIh ",in k;'lnn lAbb, U. II)

s. ~hdle, mci",r'TCbdm'i61~ ycrl;awJc-ndC" Wdl(!_-nlini~n. eveamell in Kombin;uion mu rondp" Id .. 1 tn'.n (Abb. 1 S. b)

6. Spir.,r .. , ,O,eicduch ... ffu,.n ,bwed"dnJ; .chen (Abb. IS •• ).

CI}runo/o", POlition J(S Typ.·

I'ared :,nhdK" Riftun& Itt w hKnd cUr "nun "MoiCe der dominieu:ndc Ockon ..

,; ."Jp. Es wird an Hiufi;k<i, l.di,lich in der un •• ,.,. I·Ulh. der "brolS' eon Pared 0 ROt< 11< .. ..,I" n C ObWfOrr •• (Oi,;nmm I).

107

...

/

:nw"ndi,e.r "'~rlIich.e j,u • .• Jr.tun auen

'.1 t I. t sl

o , l ) ,"em

=r:

r: " lid, .cr· tu Upp .. ,I).

OEFASSE

·~,e.nl&chccr.

II-l4cm

C I I I ,

o 5 to 1$ JOcm

ltidu YCt"udt rk~

s... scbo. lu maser

~bOCCD(_m •

• e r-6mm.

r:

IlicLc yor· YOr d-cm

: in nidu it Farbc •• h.ben . . ( .cni,c.n

ah ~ Mn' ,buO."'c dee, und. DC'fUhrcn, -e Pilulen

-ehen, Bti

"dC&C1U' l"" obct(n

leint ,id, Ubc,r die l=mung

Abb.17. RilOd· und Buh.profile- uod rekourtruiC'nc Gd:i6(ormcn yon Parcdio Rotc lknt.1lunC

: "0 ..

.. '. .r.». ::::,.~. ,~7' . .' ,. ., . .. ".

~_,5;':iiS"';:;'·:·<,::X~;~;i:~~:~:'·~· F~, '\.;.; ~: .\ ;

.-.... -~" ..... ~.-- .," .... . ' .. ~ .\.. . ...

I I I I I

Paredao Red Painted/Slipped

Six forms ( cc Fig. 17); Note that form 2 (a pedestalled bowl) dues nut occur in Paredao-Undecoratcd and in Parcdiio Thin Line Incision.

Paredao Red Painted has as graphic clements thin-line p inting « J rnrn - 1 ern). Bowls have the painting at the inner side. Paint is thin and can be easily washed orf For motifs sec Fig. 18.

Hilbert sees 5 motifs:

thin lines about 1 mm thick parallel to the rim; most as 2 parallel lines or linecluster, sometimes bands of ca 15 lines. (Fig. 18d; Photo 16a).

The lines end sometime in point or dashes

The bands of lines border on spirals of thin lines or other motifs (Photo 16 a, f, g, I).

In stead of spirals sometimes meandering lines arc used (Fig. 18 e; Photo 16b). Wide lines (3-8 mm) single or dubble arc found bordering mouth ot pedestals of a vessel (Photo 16 k, j).

....1 ....... !_._'"' ....

Chronolo Only in t

"

,

.. '

•

.

<

9

.....

,..
~
,..
r-
III

II
.-
s-:
...
.-

............

h

Abb. IS. PuN;io·PI,. R.ndr,. men,. mi . . .

b, d-h, Sdnlm. e, SI&1ld(uft (v".~ Abo.".~; Dc:"'outlC)R 1ft rOler lk'I1Ulufll; a, Topf,

110

, .. " I I. I

o 1 2 l hm

Parcdao Double Incision

3 forms (Fig. 19)

The inci ions arc described as similar 10 Parcdjio Thin Line Incision but it was made by a twin-pointed instrument. Distance bel ween the line' is 1-2 mm.

Most of these double inci ions arc straight.

Unfortunately, Hilbert doc nut provide any drawing or photo of this type. <To me, it seems typically the product of splitters cI sificationsl AHV>

Parcdao Combed Forms:

Only shallow bowls and griddles (Fig. 20).

Decoration:

Inci ion by a comb-like 1001, probably a bundle of needle like objects (like fish-bones or palm-needles)

Chronology

In the lowest section of Paredfio in very small pcrccntag .

Parcdao- Modelled There are two groups Abstract forms

Antropo- or zoomorph forms

1. nubbin' just below the rim, ometimes in a half circle.

2 rlat nubbins with central holes (Fig. 23 b: 24 f, 26 b).

This type of nubbins also functions as eyes (Fig. 22 b,c,lI; 23c; 2 c). Anthropomorph modelled decoration i present on burial urns (ri~. 26) Different types of nubbins form faces (Fig 25 a-I)

A special feature is the face on a handle (Fig. 23 c).

2

RANOER

~'~';!;'!Mt

Abb.20 RJnfipr file "n<l tfkOnHfUiC'fu CrriflforrMn yon Puc:dio Kammnricb

~l

r

Abb. 21. P',..dic>-Ph ase. PI.u'KI,. 0 L_ • •

YOn luf,CMU,t(A K "rat tlWrlltlon In Forth

,.

r:

L-...L...-...J

o 1 2cm

c

r

Abb. U. P~tI::d1o-Phs$.e. Itlu,iKhc OckontiocL " ltn~mcnt elees Topfe.s mit 2U(f;_tJulun K.nopfcn. b-d, Rlndsdwtbtn 'Ion CcfilKn mil c.n,C'CIl 1 tau und anthropomorphtm Dt-lot

III ..

III

:

..

:

b

, __.__.___.

o 1 , , em

1,dd 17 P"rN.iH·11lt.,w MuJcllicrul1bC'II • .1. 1;, .tUr~C\~IIIC' h.uul"(1!. ,--c. ",lJUhrUIKI ulhl #1I"nk'tnl.~· "".,liL-ltu 'un C;, ... hurm:'H (. U"I,' fIIit hult"'ltlllJ~"~nl':~ .uul'ttJP'I'IlHlJ,h\' '\l'I"I~" Ul p·r ...... hn l'U\llhJO .. n «r- " .... \,_uhi7r ~mn Unl~lIir-4!JlH:'II"

:IC)I

-,

r.

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o I 2cm

( I

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t

116

Abb.2J. PuedJo·PhaK. Pl.aui~dw Ofil.orJ,iou . .1\, Cid16ru,nlC~n' lnit lil\"tn(ut~'u~C':o=. IUnd_ 1>---<1, F.-.gmCl .. _on Korbbc.lo.cl-G,iH."

-I

Altb.24. Pucd,io..Ph,1.'t". PiauiuJ1c Dckoriuion. a-f, Gcri6~pplj"cn. K. Spinnw'uc.l

I _s I )

\.

r:

c

d

~"bb.l)Plrcdln-Ph ... se. rl:auisdlc Od;o~,ion(n. Sd1Uh"urplilcn On UrnCIl ltwi '/~ IUfUrl. Grail<

r:

II

.,P'~J'il

L ' >.

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1 :

• 0; •

•

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\. b ;

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o 20 0 GOem

I

Abb. 26.. P.a-rt:dio-.Ph.uc. Umcn.. GdundCJ) bn J\uudu,du.un,Cf\ n Man:u.~ ... MuK"O Huu)I'ICO e CtoCrlHco, M.m~uj

(

I

\

P.120

Cerami Arid acts

Spindle for weaving; pcarshapcd, perforated. Largest diameter 3.2 m; Fig. 24 g

Earplug. an oval sherd of poucry with a wide-Hue incision over the thin outercirclc: max diameter 21 em.

Beads, [rom the urn of Fig. II. Length ca 2 - 3.2 em, diameter ca 1 em. Perforation 2-4 mrn. one has fine-line-incisions (Fig. 2S a),

Clay Object of 11 x 7 cm that could not be identified (Fig. 29). Perhaps part of a circular foot (diameter ca 30 cm) to support a vessel above thc fire.

Abb.27. r>r<dlo-Phue. Zoomo.phc Cd S.ppillun. IU,. N.u~ M.n.u,

I I I

o 2 3 em

Perlen (Abb. 28, a). - Au. Urn. "1)1>. II. ic "ute!ten OU$ (cinl;<~dll<rnm!CIn. ~. lin.rcistrn Ton ,chm,.nigwcillcr r:."'uIIII hne r"'lIIdll,.,c 1.SCtunG. Die Fonn ii, 7.ylind,i,m, ihre Unte ,dl'",.nk, zwischen 2 und ),22 em, der Durchm .. • lU in >.i.mlid, &lcichn •• 6i& I <111. Die OurchbDhruns i ... ulld und burliCI l-~ 111m. .' ne der Perl en we", <4--5 soh, dUllntinige Rirzvngcn .ur, di. in ~-s mm Ab· seand ~uein2_nde-t ued J.ULkrwu aue Durmbohrung ver.laufen,

a

~

·

·

·

b

.....,

Abb.lI. r .. reJ.io .. r'h",(_,. Kcumik .. I\r1d"ktc. a, Pcrlcn lUi Tcm. b, Obrpflodc 4U, cinu Jurcmtl;nthliffcncn Tupf1odlmc.. N.l.turl Gr'u6.:

III

The Manacapuru-Phase

~~ery :r the Manacapuru-Phase is a terra prcla-site. 11 is situated ca 3 km west of the village Manacapuru Oil the left bank of the Rio Solimoes, ea 1:10 kill above the Rio Negro Mouth. Coming from Manlius, a path goes parallel 10 Ihe river. This path cuts the terra preta about in two halls. Even before one reaches the sue, the path reveals pottery fragments. The terra preta continues for about 2 kill Oil the river bank. This riverbank is a Sleep cliff on a level of ca 3(1 m above the river. The extension of the terra preta into the hinterland is ca 400 m (Map 5).

From the visit of Wanda Hanke in 1954 to the site, the terra jJl'CW of Munu upuni is known as a site of Guarita pottery. Indeed, many pieces of precisely this style arc represented in the colleeions of the Museum of Manaus and ill the Ethnographical Museum in Vienna. TIle .amc is true for the pottery collected by Harald Schultz and Vilma Chiara-Schultz in the terra preta that is now in the lpiranga Museum in ao Paulo.

In reality, however, the wide-line-incisions of the Guarita-Phasc is only present in a relatively shallow top-layer of the site. In most of the 80 em thick terra /"'cta-Iayer Manacapuru-Phase ceramics predominate up to the sterile, yellow sub- ·oil. This was already evident after my first two tc st-pits excavated ill 1956 that yielded 3 I 21> shcrds. These arc in Washington/BcJem and not available for study.

The present classification is based on pit 3, excavated in 196 I. izc 1.50 x 1.50 III,

terra pretu up to 80 em depth. 0-15 em: 211 shcrds

15-30 em: 412 sherds

30-45 cm: 777 shcrds

45-60 em: 613 shcrds

60-75 em: 258 sherds

.-

r: I

r:

co PFAHlHAU~ER

RIO SOLIMOES

II

II II

II

,

J ,

• • II

,

II •

•

II -

II II

..

,~ • 1 ERRA PRElfl

o

200 400m

Kane S, Fu.ndpJaa. Man;)UpUN, ca. l km Wfldich de. One, cleimen N.unw (II. und Ill. Horiwnutil)

hronology: in all layers ca 85% of the ceramics.

-

~~~,~ ~

~~ -

:zt ~

flANOER- 8AS( tI -

'~'l.t,,,

M nacapuni Undecorated

7 vessel/bowl shapes + 2 griddle shapes (Fig. 30)

8

, , I I J _

o)IO'~70~

RANIlER ......_._. ............

o I 1 ) 1,"",

GEFI.SS£

17I1(1J/ ' ~(r?~Q((

~~~~~

:?:J_ 7

2::( ~d~dd :" ;

Manacapuru Red Slip (Painted) 4 shapes (Fig. 31)

An even red film over the outside of the pollcry, but ill bowls of form 2 ,II so on the inner side.

Chronology: Manacapuru Red Slip is present in all layers, most frequent in middle layers, however (Diangram 2).

r:

I"",,"

o I , :t "em

Abb . .)1. 'hndpro&1e uod rc.k.onSlruiene C~jB(ormc.n von Ml.o:aeapuru ROle SdllcmmU"E

P. 128 Manacapuru Thin Line Incision

Clay: like Manacapuru undecorated. A few shcrds show remains r red slip (painting); see above.

4 forms, about similar as Manacapuru Red Slip (Fig. 32).

Decoration technique

The incisions were made with a stick with rounded-off poi II t. Width from 0.5- J.5 111111. On the outside of vessels (Photo 18 b, k, j) and on ihc inner side of howls (Phutu H! c, f). The incisions arc only found on specific paris of the bowls and vessels. SOIllC incisions arc made careless (PhOlo 18 j).

.- I

Motifs

Two - six parallel line. (Photo 18 b, h).

Lines parallel to the rim that arc formed by diagonals, crosses, or komma-Iikc incisions. (Photo 1 c, c, f, g, k).

One or more spiral' together with the above mentioned komma-likc incisi ns. Sometime a central point of Oat bowls with ring-base (Photo I R <I). Hangcndc Bogenlinicn = hanging curved lines?? No illustration provided!

Chronology

Manacapuru Thin Line Incision i mainly found in the upper part of the stratigraphy and is lacking in the lower sections (Diagram 2).

a

b

•
c d
'r. ~ .. ~g .....,
;4


0 J ....
<m
.... FlAND£II

1.",.1 .•

o I 1 1 '-un

und ttkQnnl'Uj('n~ Cd...srorDl('n '"On MlIma,"put'u Ounnlini,e

....,

r:

Manacapuru Widc Line incision

4 vc sclJbowl forms (Fig. 33)

Decoration (Photo 19 i-a)

Incisions with U-shaped in trumcnt 1,5 - 4 em wide, most 2 em wide.

,...

Motifs

In general the same OIiCS as in Manacapuru Thill Line Incision

Chronology

Manacapuru Wide Line Incision is represented ill all layers with 3.3% un the. vcragc (Diagram 2).

RAHDER

,_.J.....a..,.J .... l-u

o 1 , J 4u ..

GE(ASS.C '-'--'-L...J

o ~ to is lOt....,

Abb.)). R.1nd- Lind DuitprofiJc: und rC:AonnruietlC Gcf.l6forOitn von M:an;\upuru Ureu .. lioiCe lUuul

r:

..

I I

II ,

, • II

I

I •

•

•

• • I

I I

I

Manacapuru Double Line Incision

3 forms (Fig. 4)

Decoration

The incisions have been made with a twin-needle instrurncnr, The wiulh of a doublc-, inci ion is 2-5 mm, must 3 nun. Each of the two incision has a similar width (O.S-I.5 0101).

Motifs

More Or less the arne as the ab vc-discusscd incision-motifs. sec Photo 19 OJ, c)

•

I

Ii

~

Chronology

Represented in all layers (Diagram 2).

h

'---

o ;

em

k'_'

.,

Manacapuru Modelled

r: 6 forms (Fig. 35)

r Decoration

r The decorations are limited to the rim area, and especially III Ihe outward flaring rimtypes (Fig. 35 forms 2 and 5).

,..

Motifs

Abstract modelling only. nubbins or applique ribs thaI are incised IIr punctutcd, sometimes perforated. (Photo 20,21.22)

}Manacapuru Modelled is found in all layers in small percentages,

I J

I ..

• J

• • I

I

• • I

R"NDEIl

I tIt I

o , 1 1 "em

GEFAS5E

o S 10 PJ lDcm

Abb. )S. Ihndprofilc und rekeesc-eierte Gdi.8formcn von M;a.nu;a.punJ Mcdellierun-

o

t----.,j

to 6 (:11\

c

•

d

,

9

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....

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o I 2 ) c

o

Tdtl 2.1. MUl;\C.apuru.Phul:. ~-i. Muddherunl:: In I'orm ~OI1 ~1.u,(1"I. Aclo.ctbtcn ~JCf pun\uiC'rlc.tl ld"M 1n !.It'" tf.i6"''''I'IJ~, ;_1. n_..,. r. L.nb,,, l~ .. ,.Jcf. "'. ~C'k(rhlC':r Kl'lidt (''inc~ Gd:Hk, mil ~d'l.1.rrcm Unl~lrll<h

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GEFASSE

I I I L....J OSlO IS 20(.m

rl

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GEFASSF
r ...

II

appliques everal semi-circular authropornorph head arc round, similar to the shoulder-decorations f the urns of the r. rcdao-Ph sc (Photo 17 e, d, e, g). Two of the Manacapuru heads arc hollow and a third is smaller bUI massive (photo 20 d, e). One of the larger heads still has part of the shcrd Ihal suggests a ea 70 Col diameter urn. Similarities between the Parcdao-ur and tiles Mauacapurufragments suggest that the sherds below to urns comparable to the Pereda -oncs.

Ceramic artefac

Weaving spindle (Fig. 36), 5.2-5.4 em Diameter.

Abb.l6. M:lnu;spuru-t'bul'. pinnwirtel. 0. iain:alG,taBf!

Vessel supports (Photo 20 c). M . ivc ylindcr of 6.5 em high,

Stone ancf acts

Grinding stone (Photo 20, k). AreniL Two rills of I em width.

Caiambc-Phasc

r:

The Caiambc creek flows, coming from the south, al aUOUI 40 krn below Ihe village Tcfc in the Solimoes. Thelower reaches of Ihe creek arc kind of long lake, that ranges (rom small creek to several kilometres in width, depending on the season. The site is situated on the steep bank that is eroding in the creek at a bend. The sire was only visible from the creek because a 40-80 em thick layer of yellow Amazon mud cover d it. Below this layer a 120-1.50 m thick dark-brown layer was present full of archaeological material. A pit of 1.50 m lang was made irnmcdiatly at the high riverbank (photo 6). Archaeological material was present from 45 em depth up to a depth .)f 1.20 (45-60 em 269 shcrds; 60-75 ern 244 shcrds; 75-90 em 175 sherds; 90-J05 ern 194 sherds; 105-120 em 106 shcrds.

Pit 2 was made 75 m inland.

Here 0-15 cm yielded 226 shcrds, 15-30 em 477; 30-4 ern 15() shcrds, 45-(,U em few sherds

An extensive search along the bank also yielded much archaeological material.

,.. At first it was thought only "vide line incision Guarita style pottery \V;.JS present, but r d. later analysis of the pottery showed that it really was a two-componcnt-xirc with an older Caiambc-Phasc below and a younger Tete-Phase (with Guarira- aspect) on tup,

~ajambc Undecorated fcmpcr: cauixi

~orms:

) Forms (Fig. 37), but no griddlcsll?

:Iuonology:

.aiarnbc is the dominant type throughout the Caiarnbc-Phusc.

aiambc Thin Line Incision

'orm:

types (among which 1 griddle type!): Fig. 3M

'cchniquc:

'idth of the lines) -4 mm, most arc 2 mm. TIley have been made with a blunt, U.apcd, instrument. Some shcrds show the remains of a red lip or paint.

I (

Motifs:

Two parallel lines, parallel 10 the rim and all types of (diagonal, oblique, spirals, meanders, etc) incisions between these two lines. (Photo 23 :1,<:. r, i, j, 2 a, c).

Chronology:

aiarn c Thin inc Incision is the dominant incision technique. It is found more in the lower stratigraphical units than in the upper.

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Caiambe Double Incision

4 pottery forms (fig. 39).

Decoration:

Incisions made with double-pointed instrument, AI'o 3- or 4-tr:.ck-incisiOlls occur (Photo 24, c, h, k).

Motifs:

Single or more lines at distt nccs of ca 5 mrn. Zick-zack, undulating, and diagonal lines. These clement often in 3-6 em wide bands.

Caiarnbc Double Incision la~s in the oldest layers but is pr sent in the upper 213 of

the tratigraphy,

RANO£R

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....

....

•

Caiambc Red Slip

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

5 forms (Fig. 40)

Decoration:

very thin. most has disappeared. Mostly on the outside of vessels.

Chronoly:

More common in the lowor than in the upper layers.

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If)

•

Caiambc Polychrom

3 Iorrns (Fig. 41)

Decoration:

Red and/or black painting on a white surface. ani on the inner side of bowls, and on the shoulder-area of S-shaped vessels (no illustrations).

Chronology

Caiarnbc Polyehrom is more or less in equal percentage found ill all layers (Diagram

3).

==--==================:==========--========:==========

Caiambe Modelled

ometimes undecorated bowls/vessels or those with simple incisions have nubbins,

either with incisi ns on them or punctation, (Photo 25 a. b, c. c, f, g). I i

• 1-'1, ,

Ceramic artefacts

A fragment of a tubular pipe (Photo 25 h) has been found that is more or less similar as the undecorated Jauari tubular pipes, 111e perforation diameter habgcs fr m 2 em - 0,8 em.

A pottery shcrd with grinding traces (I em wide and 1 em deep) has been found (Photo 25 I).

.....

G~FAS5E ._._._,__.

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HORiZON STY E IU

POLYCHROME

II

• II

Refinaria

The north bank of the Lower Rio Negro between Manaus and the Negro mouth is characterized by a number of steep yellow clay-walls. of which the height reaches 40-60 m above the low water level. That whole area is cultivated or secondary forest. About 6 km below manaus is an oil refinery (COPAM).

During building of the site in 1954/55 a large amount of terra preta was removed, thai was acceding 10 the building engenccrs, ca 4 hectare large and up to 3 meter deep. Much pottery was in it, secondary urns with bones, etc. When I came in 1955 the refinery was in its building stages and only a small marginal area of the terra pretu was still there. Two tc tpits were made:

1. 0-20 em darkbrown soil, 79 shcrds

20-40 cm darkbrown changing into yellow, 77 sherds At 40 cm yellow sterile soil,

•

Pit 2 about the same: 0-1 cm 59 sherds; 10-30 cm 44 shcrds.

The size of the pits is not indicated, but it probably was 1.5 x 1.5 m as usual.

• •

The meagre results of the tcstpits were compensated by the rich finds of the eroding bank area. Here two ceramic types were found: I with caripc and with incisions lind painted Guarita-Phase ware and another tempered with cauixf, that shov ed incisions and biomorphic appliques.

Originally, Hilbert (1959:370-377) cia sified the matcri I as ltacoatiaru (with uix ) upper levels, and Guarita (with caripe) as lower level of this site. But now Ililh rt has reached the insight that the cauixi-pcttcry is Parcdao and must b . lower section of the itc, and the caripc pottery is indeed Guarita, but must have been ill the upper level. of the site.

•

•

•

<Hilbert has changed the stratigraphic position obviously because at the Parcdau-sitc the sequence wa Guarita upper, Parcdao lower!!!> So we must be c Ircmcly careful with Hilbert's "conclusions"I!!

-,

....

r:

Other sites

Lago Acara, a varzca-arca half-way between the Solimecs ami the Lago 13adajos. Much material could be collccted in terra preta-etes», hut the exact location is nnt known. II is in the Smithsonian Institution anti was not studied by me; short description in a letter of 1959 of Ev & Megg. and photos. According to this information several decoration-modes like thin- or wide-line incision, double-line incisions, excision ami decoration with grooves. Two shcrds show remains uf white slip or painting. Temper arc caripc and cauixf and a mixture of both.

The occurring together of cvcral incision-technique, with grooves. seems to indicate several cultures that contribute 10 the collection. The .hcrds come from more than one site in a small arca. $0 they arc sites with different cultures (If multicomponent sites. Shcrds with grooves (wide lines) have all cha ncicristics uf the Guarita-style (photo 27).

P. 152 Coari-l

A village of ca 3000 inhabitants (1950). situated on the right bank of the Solimoes, immediately at the exit of the Lake Coari. cvcral small terra flrelas-areas in the southwest part of the village in unu cd areas. Surface collections and test pits rcvcilcd two archaeological phases (Coari-l and -2) that arc predominantly found in differing areas: they belong to the Horizon style II (Coarf-2) and to the Horizon Style III (Coari-J). The material is in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington and is discussed on the basis of a letter or Mcgg & Ev, of 9-4-1959.

Coari-l terra preta areas arc situated north-cast of Coari-Z (p.97). Thc terra preta= areas arc less than 1 hectare and they have a d pth of ca 30 em, The dominant undecorated pottery is tempered with caripe, but cauixi increases in the lower sections, About 1.5% shows the usual mix of both tempers. Most irnpouuut decoration mode arc grooves and painting on a white background; fcw shcrds have a red slip or painting, still rarer « 1 %) arc simple incisions,

Calm!

Caluii is situated about 90 km below Tcfe on the right bank of the ulim(j s. The site is situated at the Lago di Catua, a lake that through a 15 km lung caual-Iikc outlet il, connected 10 the olimocs. Three km south from the beginning uf the cauul a small creek flows into it. There is a terre prcta-area of unknown extent where Dr. E.J. Fittkau collected material. The soil is sterile at 30 ern depth. Slicrds with Guaritacharacteristics arc common: polychrome pailltins and groovc-dccoruiion, anu the typical bowls with outside ridge (Photo 32). uuixl M caripc. caripc is dominant ill the lower layer (15-30 cm).

II,

..

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I

,

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1:1

Guarita Wide Grooves

Surprise! Here 5 pottery forms, Fig. 44: (I never met ,I .itc where decorated ware had more forms than the undecorated!! I can only imagine this happening when: 1. the "investigator" has thrown away or left at the site all "uninteresting" undecorated shcrds. 2 when a site has only high-quaJity ware like ceremonial ware ami not th utilitarian one AHV).

.:

-..

•

Decoration (photo 26)

Width of the grooves is 4-9 mm, mas I arc ca 5 mm. Depth is usually less than J mm, selden more than 2 mm. The decoration is strikingly uniform made with a rounded-off instrument. The distance between the grooves varies:

1. the distance between the grooves is larger than the width II a 'wove (Photo '26

d, g, h.).

2. TIIC distance between grooves i9he same as the width M a groo C (Fig. 45).

3. Distance between grooves is 1-2 rnrn (Fig. 31, vessel ).

4. Grooves arc imrncdi tcly next to each oth r (Photo 26 a, 1.1).

• • 1--

ometimcs a white or red slip has been applied over the pottery suifac ill IIIt.lilig the grooves.

•

•

Motifs

Spirals, meanders, zick-zack-Iincs, Te-Iorrncd bars, crosse .. The lin s arc basically rectilinear, but have r undcd-off corners.

• .-..

Chronology

Occurs in most levels (Diagram 5).

. ..

. ~ • .:

• ....

/ I

The Guarita-Phase

Temper

Caripc. A few sherds have caripe anti eauixi

Form

Only one type (Fig. 42,1). Simple shape vessel with flaring rim. Diameter 14-24 ern

(. a only small specimens!).

RANDEl! o':'iil.rm

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Chronology

Dominant type (Diagram 5)

Guarita Red Slip

Similar as Guarita undecorated, but vessels of the one form (Fig. 43) reach 30 em diameter here.

Decoration

Red slip all over the outside of the vessel.

Chronology

In Rcfinaria is this type lacking possibly lue 10 the small collection. For other sites

see Diagram 5.

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Guarita Polyehrom

5 vessel forms (Fig. 46)

Decoration

Painting in red 3nc.l/or black/dark-brown on a while slipped surface .• orncrimcs there is a white and red slip that functions as the surface [or the painted decoration. The painted lines arc mostly 3-10 mm wide. Exceptions arc wide black boundary lines of decorated areas. These arc ca 2 ern wide.

Motifs (Fig 47 and 4 )

Basic is a complex combination of curved and step-like clement. of wide and narrow lines, that, as a total, arc ab tracl biomorph motifs (Photo 34 e, d, g; rig. 4 b). Also double-fines. punctations, circcls, spirals, meanders.

hronology

All levels Refinaria. Sec for other sites Diagram 5.

RANIlER

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Jem

Abb.. 48. Guuifa' Tndilion. 01. Ir.leitk Sdule mit Sch",lfl(t I\ctrulhmft ~ur We-in. Oic AuBcf\se.'tt Itt roc tt.:KhlcmmL b. c .. fbnJru~mr.Dlt von Ibd.cn SdtJ.lcn; h, Rot und ·th ... ·J.r7. Juf WC'iB: e, St •• w .. rt !lu( Wt'iB. Sammhmr. ,(',~IJu J'luhnf'I'. M,\UI\h

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:' Guarita Modelled

Rare. Biomorph (PhOL 35 b, c)

Ceramic artefacts

Zoomorph ceremonial vessel (Fig. 9). Diameter 5.5-6 ern, height 4.2 em. Temper Caripe,

TIle use of it is nOI clear. ·irst it was considered an incense burner comparable III Andean incense burners. There are, however, no fire traces: thc central hole still sh c red painting remains. A container for Urucu (Bixa orellana) seems the m . t probable usc.

A similar object originates from a surface collect] n from Manacapuru. in the private collection of Dr. G. Pinheiro. Manaus, It is slightly larger (max. 10.5 em long). The

surface of thi object shows up white slip. The temper I

Guarita ware from Manacupuru.

Two stamp f r body painting. a Oat one (Fig.52) and a roller ( ig. 51).

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Zoomorpha CcriiB. &'''01 )uf die H Utt urklcinen..

....

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The Tere-Phase (P. 1(3) (r~.~,.,~ _"1.1")

Tefe, the old Ega of the colonial period, was founded in 16159 by Father S. -ritz. It is situated at the exit of Lake Tcfe, in the Lower Tcfe River. The lake has clear water, in contrast to the white Solimoes, and this attracted before the 'ather already Indian groups, like the Curucirari (Sampaio, 1825) and the Paguana (Acuna, J g 91) attracted. But before that lime, Ihe lake was attractive to prehistoric groups and this is proven hy the numerous shcrds, especially on the high south bank.

Several sites yielded Tcfe-rnutcrlal (Map 7). A tcstpit in site 7 (map 7) in the ca J III thick terra preia layer has many shcrds. Probably from here stems the uiajority uf the material that Father Tastcvin donated to the rocudcru Museum in Paris, and Ihat was used by Alfred Mctraux for his study uf Ihe archaeology of the Middle mazon (Mctraux, 1930).

r:

The here discussed material originates (rom the Caiambc-siic (1'. 137; diagram 3) and from surface collections from Tcfc and the Tcfc-canal,

rere Undecorated

Temper: caripe, a small percentage caripc and cauixi.

6 Forms (Fig. 53). Mark form 4 with "rhomboid profiJ and flattened lip"!

Tcfe Undecorated is Ihe dominant type in the cfc-Phasc (diagram 3).

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I Tcfe Wide Grooves

5 forms (Fig. 54). Mark the forms 2 and 3 that are variations on the theme of Tcfc Undecorated form 4.

Dccoratio P . 1.~

Width of L c grooves 3-8 mm, usuai 5-in~;. Depth 0.1-2 mm. A few vessels have white slip over vessel and grooves.

Motifs L ~ 7 I~ j

Single or more (up to 5) parallel grooves. Rounded-off comers are charactcrixtic, but it .is less strongly represented, in contrast to the groove-decorations of the Guaritaphase <La me, these arc typical splitters-Ideas; Ihe grooves of Guaritu anti Tcfc that Hilbert shows arc very similar. AHV>

Chronology

Tcfc Wide Grooves is the predominant decoration-type of Tcfc-Phasc.

J

GEFAsSE '-'-'-'--'

o ~ 10 'IS 2'Oc.rn

Abb. ~4. lt~ndprv61c:: und Jc\r.onnrUICUf GefiSromH:n ~on "di- Ihate:: Riden

Tefe Polychrom

3 forms (Fig. 55)

Decoration

AU sherds are very eroded but some show red/black painting on a while xlip. II looks very much like Guarita Polychrom.

Plastic modelling (PhOIO 26; p. 74)?

A charactcri lie trail is a rare use of plastic modelling. This decoration is attached to) a flaring rim in (he form of an "extension". The upper side has grooves (rig. 57). _),

Abb. SS. Rllndtnofi1.e und cckonJtraicnc Gef':iRrormc:n vcn Ttlf f'ol,du'om

RAIIOER L~

D , 2 1 I.CIIJI

GEFASSE

Ceramic artefacts

a roll-stamp (Fig. 56) is a cylinder of 6.2 cm length, Perforated .

o , 10 t~ 10an

.Abb . .5-6. Tcfi·Phasc.. Rollnc:mreL Enn. ;luI l.,ci O,lucl vcrklcincn. Tere

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I I

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Rio SolimOes

Ig. S. Joaquim

o

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K~rte II. Fundplau. 510 Joaquin! (lit. Hori:1:onuuJ ulld Slnla LU'tIJ-Ph.uc)

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•

•

• •

• •

•

• •

• •

The Sao Joaquim-Phasc

On a highlefl bank of the olimocs. A dark-soil area yielded mall shcrds up tn a depth of 45 em

A tcstpit (probably the usual 1.5 x 1.5 rn)

0-15 em 108 sherds dark soil L5-30 em 341 sherds, dark oil 30-45 em 228 shcrds, dark soil below 50 em sterile sand

San Joaquim Undecorated

Temper: caripc

Form

7 forms among which one griddle (Fig. 58).

Chronology (dominant in ao Joaquim [diagram 4J).

I,! II., .,

o 1 2 l (.""

----

r:'>:

)

....,

/1tl.~\~ GEFASSE II
L-J.-J_1-J
o ~ 10 1~ X>c:n\ --
~Jf))\ RANDEll ..
,.! II ••
1 1 ) c'an '~(
GaASSC
, I • I I
o & 10 IS 'O(m . II

.' • 0,> ~ '. I ' ........ '

,/

5

r:

7

Abb. st. Jbnoprol\lf und ttkonun,ieru: CcBBfoftnfn von io JO,J~,uim UndC!koncn

Sao Joaquirn Wide Grooved

6 forms (Fig. 59)

r: Decoration (Photo 29)

Width of the grooves 4-6 mm. Depth 0.5-2 rnrn, usually 1 rum. The decoration is like in Guarita but it lacks thc careful c. ccutiou.

Decoration on polished surface is usual, but sometimes red slip is applied over surface + grooves. The ridge around the vcs cl of form 3 is characteristic; sometimes the ridge shows incisions of 3-5 mm width.

Motifs

Motifs are less diverse than in Guarita. Cornered motifs, step)', and parallel grooves. Curves arc shorter than in Guaritu.

Sao Joaquim Wide Grooves becomes more numerous ill the !.tr;ltigruphy (If 'anla Luzia and Sao Joaquirn in the lower levels.

r:
j7jnnnn GEFASSE
t I I I I
o !.t 10 ts 10an
RAImER
));pj) ~~'I'.'
o I , J (,0.
r ....

....

.....

- -

.

. .,,- ... .

G£FASSE

, I , I

I '0 ,~ ~c:'"

RANDER

L..! I .t....J

o 1 , j "em

t\_bb. 59. ROlncpr06lc aed rdwnlHuicrlc Cer:iSrormc:11 von 550 JOlIquim nr(itc Rit£tt\

Sao Joaquim Polychrom

4 forms rig. 60. (no form with ridge; but as elsewhere, it is not possible to :iCC what is n; by consequence it is nut possible to estimate how representative the classification

may be). V'. .() I"

Decoration (Photo 34) - \ - ,1I \

Painting in red andlor black n white slipped surface. The same applies what has been

said about Guarita. AI (1 red slip is used.

Thin lines, <1 mrn, and thick lines, 3-10 mm, (Fig. 61 e, f)

hronology

More numerous in the lower In ers of Santa uzia and ao Joaquim than in the upper

layers.

,...

r:

....

l ' , • t ti ! ,

o • 2 1 4em

~\?f?P~

4 Abb.6O. k.Jnd- unci lh.silpro61r: unJ rekorurruierte Gc(:iBformco Yon 530 Jo;aq\lim Polydttom

9~~v Q~

I

I • • • • • • • • • • • •

• • • • •

•

Sao Joaquim Modelleu

H -RE HILBERT B -GINS TO SPEAK ABOUT GUARlTA-TRAD1TION.!

Like everywhere ill the Guarita- TRADITION, plastic, modelled decorations arc rare. 1110se of ao Joaquim have bicmorphic traits.

Nubbins that arc part of a human face (Fig. 62).

Part of a anthropomorph vessel (Fig. 63).

There a two atypical shcrds: one has negative painting (rig. 63), another one is whit on red painting.

Abb.62. S;io JOillqujltt-rhil~. PI....II;.s<hc O.dtvr-.uion linku Pt"KD1~n1 C'i~cr SchIttl mic lfi1nropomorrhc:n Z"~c:n. ~chu: ecrlBapplikr, l.oomorpl Etw:a au! die fulft~ vcrkleieerr

,

....

I,