Exponential Series

Def: The expansion of the function e x , x  R is called exponential series and is given
by
x2 x3 xr
ex  1 x    ............  ......... ……………… (1)
2! 3! r!

xn
 ex  
n 0 n!
Put x = -x in (1) we get

x2 x3 (1) r x r
e x  1  x    ...........  .......... ……………. (2)
2! 3! r!

( 1) n x n
 ex 
n0 n!
Put x = 1in (1) we get

1 1
e  11   ..................... ………………… (3)
2! 3!

1
e  n!
n 0

Put x = -1in (1) we get

1 1
e 1  1  1    ..................... ………………… (4)
2! 3!

(1) n
 e 1 
n0 n!
Now adding (1) and (2) we get
 x2 x3 xr   x2 x3 (1) r x r 
e x  e  x  1  x    ............  .........   1  x    ............  ......... 
 2! 3! r!   2! 3! r! 
 x 2
x 4
x 6

 e x  e  x  21    .................... 
 2! 4! 6! 
e x  ex x2 x4 x6
  1   .................... ………………… (5)
2 2! 4! 6!
e x  ex 
x 2n
 
2 n  0 ( 2n)!

Now subtracting (1) and (2) we get

 x2 x3 xr   x2 x3 (1) r x r 
e x  e  x  1  x    ............  .........   1  x    ............  ......... 
 2! 3! r!   2! 3! r! 
 x 3
x 5
x 7

 e x  e  x  21    .................... 
 3! 5! 7! 
x
e e
x
x 3
x 5
x 7
  x   .................... ………………… (6)
2 3! 5! 7!
e x  ex 
x 2 n 1
 
2 n  0 ( 2n  1)!
Similarly adding (3) and (4) we get
e  e 1 1 1 1
  1   .......... .......... ………………… (7)
2 2! 4! 6!
1
ee 
1
 
2 n  0 ( 2n)!

Subtracting (3) and (4) we get

e  e 1 1 1 1
  1    .......... .......... ………………… (8)
2 3! 5! 7!
1
ee 
1
 
2 n  0 ( 2 n  1)!

Problems:
1. Expand e 4 x
(4 x) 2 (4 x) 3
Sol: e 4 x  1  4 x    ....................
2! 3!
16 x 2 64 x 3
 e4x  1  4x    ....................
2! 3!

2. Expand e 3 x  4
Sol: e 3 x  4  e 3 x e 4
 (3 x) 2 (3 x) 3 
 e 4 1  3 x    .................... 
 2! 3! 
 9x 2
27 x 3

 e 4 1  3 x    .................... 
 2! 3! 
1. Expand
i) e x ii) e  x iii) e 2 x iv) e 3 y v) e 2 x  6

ey 1
vi) e 3 z  4 vii) viii) e 2 x  e 2 x ix) e ( x 3) x) e x
2 2

2y
e
x 1  3x
xii) x xiii )
e 1 ex
2. Find the coefficient of
i) x in the expansion e x
ii) x 2 in the expansion e 2 x
iii) t 4 in the expansion e 3t 5
iv) x n in the expansion e 2 x
v) x l in the expansion e 2 x  3
x 3 in the expansion  2 x  7  e
x
vi)
x m in the expansion  2 x  x  3e
2 2x
vii)
1  3x  x 2
viii) x n in the expansion
ex
a  bx  cx 2
ix) x m in the expansion
ex
3. Show that
 2 4 6
i)    ................  e
1! 3! 5!
1 x 1 x  x2 e  ex
ii) 1    ............... 
2! 3! 1 x
3 5 7
iii) 1     ................  3e
1! 2! 3!
14 2 4 34
iv)    ................  15e
1! 2! 3!
1 1.3 1.3.5
v) 1     ................  e
2! 4! 6!
2 4 6 1
vi)    ................ 
3! 5! 7! e
1 2 3
vii)    ................  1
2! 3! 4!
13 23 33
4. Find the value of    ................
1! 2! 3!
5. Find the sum of the following series.
 n
c 0  n c1  n c 2  ........ n c n

n 1 n!
6. Find the value of e and 1/e. correct up to 5 decimal places.