artificial intelligence

artificial intelligence

Presented by:-
Presented
Saket kr by:-
Pathak
M.SSaket
c. Nt &kr M
Pathak
Amity
M.Sc. institute
Nt & M
of info.
Amity Tech.
institute
of info. Tech.
 Basic Introduction
Basic Introduction

• System that thinks like “Human”.

• System that think “Rationally”.
• System that acts like “Humans”.
• System that acts “Rationally”.

E.g. Micine:- Identifies bacterial infection as “Bacteremia” and

recommends “Antibiotics”.
Dendral:- Helps Organic Chemists to identifying “Unknown
Organic Molecules” by analyzing their “Mass Spectrum” and
“General Theoretical Approach of Chemistry” .
 System that
thinks like Humans

How do Human think ?

• This part is concern to the Scientific theory of internal Brain and its
Activity, as Level of Abstraction, Knowledge and Circuitry.
• Cognitive Science.
• Cognitive Neuroscience.
 System that
thinks Rationally
Capturing the Laws of Thought

• Aristotle:- Identifying “Correct Argument” and “Thought Processes”.

Correctness depends upon irrefutability of reasoning process.

• Concern study initiates the fields of Logic. The Log cist tradition in
AI tries to create “Intelligent Systems Using Logic Programming”.
 System that
acts like Humans
A few test that satisfies System’s Behavior as “Intelligence”

• Operation Test for Intelligence i.e. Computer Games

• Turing Computing Machinery and Intelligence.
• Test for Relevance or Relativity Tests.
• Collaborative Test of major Components as Expert Systems, Knowledge
Base Systems, Logical Reasoning Algorithms, Linguistic Intelligence etc.
• Integrative Tests of Major Application as Neutral Language Processing,
Speech Recognition, Text To Voice Converter, Multigame Logistic, Image
Recognition, Facial Sensing.
System that acts Rationally
Rational Behavior
• Doing the “Right Thing”, is defined as the
maximum global achievement on the basis of
Information available.
• Can include thinking in support of “Reverse Action”
or “Reflex Actions”.
• Here Programming comes in role. This Programming
Approach basically supports the logical Concern on
behalf of available information and can be done in
different languages like LISP, PROLOG, C/C++ etc.
 Overviews Introduction
Artificial Intelligence is to understand human intelligence better on
the basis of “Tested Theories of Human Intelligence” and “Logical
Programs” Emulates it.

Diverse of disciplines contribute to get goal of creating Intelligent

Entities:
• Computer Science (Research & Development/Implementation)
• Psychology (Reasoning Analysis)
• Philosophy (Rational Approach)
• Linguistics (Structure & Meaning of Language)
• Human Biology (Neurology)
 Overview Modules
• Intelligent and Rational Agent.
• Searching Algorithms.
• Multi-Gamming Approach.
• Neutral Language Processing.
• Syntactical Approach of Lisp.
• Neural Networks.
• ROBOTICS and Future.
 Intelligent and Rational
Agent

• An agent is anything that can be viewed as perceiving its

environment through sensors and acting upon that
environment through actuators, as Robotic agent:-
cameras and infrared range finders for sensors.

• The agent function maps from percept histories to actions:

• [f: P*  A]
 Searching Algorithms
• Tree Simulated Exploration of state space by generating
successors of already-explored states.
• E.g.
 Multi-Gamming Approach
• Optimal Decision through “MINIMAX”, is defined as
choose move to position with highest “MINIMAX” value
= best achievable payoff against best play
MINIMAX Properties:-

• Complete? Yes (if tree is finite)

• Optimal? Yes (against an optimal opponent)
• Time complexity? O(bm)
• Space complexity? O(bm) (depth-first exploration)
• α-β Pruning
Properties of α-β Pruning:-

• Pruning does not affect final result

• Good move ordering improves effectiveness of pruning
• With "perfect ordering," time complexity = O(bm/2)
 doubles depth of search.
• A simple example of the value of reasoning about which
computations are relevant (a form of met reasoning)
 Neutral Language Processing

An approach to give
machines the ability to read and
understand Human Languages.

Some straight forward

Application of Natural Language
Processing Include information
retrieval and Machine Level
Translation.
 Syntactical Approach of Lisp
• LISP is used to Introduces Intelligence to Machines in form
of Applications.
• LISP (List of Processing) is writing order inform of List. It
consists of:- Atom e.g. 3,5,k … etc.; List e.g. (1 3 7), (33 38
43),….. Etc.
• Arithmetic Operations:-
– Addition :- (+ 3 3) means to say- 3+3
– Subtraction :- (- 4 (+ 3 3)) means to say- ((3+3)-4)
– Multiplication :- (* 2 (- 4 (+ 3 3)) 3) means to say- ((3+3)-4) *2 *3
– Division :- (/ 5 (-2 (+ 4 5))) means to say- (((4+5)-2)/5)
 Neural Networks
• These are Two Hot Research Areas in Artificial Intelligence are:
Neural networks: Building a model of the brain and
"training" that model to recognize certain types of patterns.
Genetic algorithms: “Evolving" solutions to complex
problems (especially problems that are intractable using other
methods).
• General brain architecture:
o Many (relatively) slow neurons, interconnected.
o Dendrites serve as input devices (receive electrical impulses
from other neurons)
o Cell body "sums" inputs from the dendrites (possibly inhibiting
or exciting)
o If sum exceeds some threshold, the neuron fires an output
impulse along axon.
Neural Cell Of Human Body
 ROBOTICS And Future
Robotics is the science and
technology of ROBOTS.

Researches are going on these

days to implement the complete
“Theories of Intelligence” and
to make them capable for tasks
as Object Manipulation,
Navigation, Mapping and
Motion-Planning.