trSwfpOf-117 Edk0ifbm -2010

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trSwfpOf-117 Edk0ifbm -2010

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 trSwfpOf-117 Edk0ifbm -2010

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trSwfpOf-117 Edk0ifbm -2010

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16
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17
Edk0ifbm -2010
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aumufyGJ&v'f oydwfESpfrsdK;udk aygif;pyftoHk;jyKrSKa=umifh
'Drdkua&pD jyKjyifajymif;vJEdkifrSK &mcdkifESKef; 28 &mcdkifESKef;txd
wdk;wufoGm;cJha=umif; avhvmawGŒ&SdcJh=u&ygw,f? 'gu
a&&S n f t usd K ;aus;Zl ; jzpf y gw,f ? a&wd k t usd K ;aus;Zl ;
taeeJŒvJ a&G;aumufyGJtvGef EdkifiHa&; tcif;tusif; t
wGuf vdktyfwJh nDnGwfa&;wnfaqmufrSKudk a&G;aumufyGJ&
v'f t m; uef ΠuG u f o yd w f a rS m uf j cif ; jzif h azmf a qmif
Edkifyga=umif; wifjyvdkuf&ygw,f?
cifrrrsdK;
&nfn$ef;udk;um;? ? (7/ 11/ 2010)
Algeria: “Opposition calls for reconciliation”˜ 1995² Middle East Eco-
nomic Digest²
Beaulieu˜ Emily² (2007) “Election Boycotts as Bargaining Ploys for
improving Democracy”˜ R&R
Francisco˜ Ronald A² (1993) “Theories of Protest and the Revolutions
of 1989”˜ American Journal of Political Science 37(3): 663-680²
Kuzio˜ Taras² (2005) “The Opposition’s Road to Success”˜ Journal of
Democracy 16(2): 117-130²
Schedler˜ Andreas² (2002) “The Nested Game of Democratization by
Elections”˜ International Political Science Review 23(1): 103-122²
Schedler˜ Andreas² (2006) “Electoral Authoritarianism: The Dynamics
of Unfree Competition” Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers²
trSwfpOf-117 Edk0ifbm -2010

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18
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19
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20
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21
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23
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24
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25
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26
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trSwfpOf-117 Edk0ifbm -2010

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trSwfpOf-117 Edk0ifbm -2010

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30
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32
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33
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34
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ÐtdEdN,EdkifiH (e,l;a'vD)-- udk&J&ifhatmif (91-92-1330-3335)e-mail : yeyintaung@gmail.com
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36
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37
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38
trSwfpOf-117 Edk0ifbm -2010
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vmr& jzpfvmcJhawmhonf?
u|efawmhc&D;um; ‘Alumaemhpum,m’ odk@ xGuf
vmonfhc&D;?
pifppf u|efawmfoGm;aomc&D;rSm bmr# a0;vHvS
onfr[kwf? 37 rdkifr#om&dSaom c&D;odk@wdkif onfc&D;t
wGuf oGm;a&;vma&;u tqifrajy? cufcufcJcJ jzpfaeI
u|efawmfhrSm tusyf¶dkufI aeawmhonf?
u|efawmfonf rdwfaqGwpfOD;ESifhtwl Tc&D;udk
aerxGufrD apmapmydkif;uyif xGufvmcJhonf? u|efawmfwdk@
ESifhtwl jrif;ESpfaumifvnf; ygvmao;onf? jrif;awGu
cyf00 cyfòz;òz;? 0efpnfpv,frsm;udk wtdtd¶kef;qJGI ae=u
onf? ESif;rsm;/ a&cJrsm;jzifh pGwfpdkaeaom oJjyif}uD;ay:wGif
vSnf;rSm 0if¶dk;txd epfjrKyfaeawmhonf?
wpfem&D=umr# c&D;ESifvmrd=uaomtcg jrif;ESpf
aumif. udk,fay:wGif ac|;rsm;pdk@xGufvm=uonf? reuf
cif;. vwfqwfaom avonf jrif;ac|;eH@/ uóu;wefqmrS
om;a&eH@wdk@jzifh xHkjrI aeawmhonf?
jrif;rsm; oGm;vmqif;wufI cufcJaomae&m
rsm;odk@a&mufv#if u|efawmfwdk@onf jrif;ay:rSqif;umvrf;
av#muf=uonf? t&nfaysmfp ESif;awGu u|efawmfwdk@ zdeyf
rsm;atmufwGif wpdpdjrnfaeum renf;¶kef;I oGm;ae=u&
awmhonf?
vrf;ab;wGifrl wzdwfzdwf wvufvufawmufy
ae=uaom tydkif;ydkif;jywf a&cJcsyfrsm;? xdkae&mrSoGm;v#if
vnf; vG,frnfrxif? ydkIyif cufcsdrfhOD;rnf? 18 rdkifausmf
ausmf uGma0;aom ‘,Dvifum’ jrpfqdyfodk@ a&mufzdk@ta&;
u|efawmfwdk@rSm ajcmufem&DeD;yg;yif c&D;ESifcJh=u&avonf?
‘rdkaumhpudGKif’ ¶GmrSjrpfuav;rSm aEGtcgwGif tjrJ
40
Edk0ifbm -2010
xm0pOfvdkvdkyif a&rsm;cef;ajcmufum wdrfaumIaewwf
onf? ,ckawmh jrpfa& acsmif;a&rsm;v#Hwufaeum opfyif
jrufyif pdrf;pdrf;jrjrrsm; uGif;vHk;jynfh aygufIaeawmhonf?
u|efawmfwdk@onf avSi,fwpfpif;jzifh jrpfudkjzwf
ausmfvmcJhonf? avSu tayguf? wpf}udrful;rS vloHk;
a,mufom pD;I&aomavS? avSqdyfwGif u|efawmfonf
ac:vmaom jrif;ESpfaumifudk jyefv$wfvdkufavonf?
jrpfwpfzufurf;wGifrl pkaygif;v,f,m taqmuf
ttHkwpfck? xdkae&mwGif wpfaqmif;wGif;vHk;vHk; xdk;&yfxm;
aom *spfum;ysufwpfpD;u aqmif;cdk&if; u|efawmfwdk@udk
apmifhóuaeavonf?
um;q&mESifh u|efawmfonf TcaemfceJ@EdkifvS
aom avSuav;ay:odk@ pdwfroufromjzifh wufvdkuf=u
onf? pdwfxJwGifrl paemifhpeif; æ æ? u|efawmfhrdwfaqGrSm
txkyftydk; 0efpnfpv,frsm;ESifhtwl jrpfwpfzufurf;wGif
usefae&pfcJhonf?
avSudkpyfxm;onfh ysOfcsyfawGu aqG;jrnfhjrnfh?
avS urf;pyfrS cGmv#ifyif a&rsm; ysOfcsyfrsm;t=um;rS aigufc
eJ yef;0ifvm=uawmhonf? taygufrsm;udk vufjzifhydwf
vdkuf/ a&udk cyfxkwfvdkufjzifhyif u|efawmfwdk@ wpfzufurf;
odk@ a&mufvmcJh=uawmhonf?
wpfem&D umvtwGif;rSmyif jrpfwpfzufurf;um;
rd_if;ysys ta0;rSusefcJh+yD? u|efawmfwdk@um; Tbufurf;odk@
a&mufcJh+yD? um;q&monf ¶GmxJwGifxm;cJhaom ol@um;udk
armif;,lvmum avSqdyfodk@jyefvmonf?
“avSuawmh tajctae qdk;qdk;¶Gm;¶Gm;yJAsdK@/ 'DavS
a&xJjrKyfroGm;bl;qdk&ifawmh cifAsm;taz:udk ESpfem&Dt
wGif; 'Dudkta&muf usKyfydk@Edkifvdrfhr,f xifyg&J@” æ æ
avSmfwufudkudkif&if; olu u|efawmfhudk vSrf;IajymoGm;
ao;onf?
¶GmESihf jrpfqyd u
f m; reD;? tawmfvrS ;f ao;onf? T
ae&monf aEGOD;/ aqmif;OD;ayguf umvrsm;wGif jrpfa&rsm;
usum vlolrJh t&yfwpfae&mvdk tjrJwdwfqdwf +idrfoufI
aewufonf? ¶$H@EHG/ a&ykyfeH@/ opfaqG;eH@wdk@u pl;pl&S&S?
jrLrif;vGifrsm; &pfodkif;Iaeaom ta0;jrufcif;
jyifqDrS avEkat;u ESif;eH@rjy,fhwjy,f jzpfaeaom ajroif;
eH@rsm;udk o,faqmifIvmonf?
trSwfpOf-117 Edk0ifbm -2010
rvSrf;rurf;a&pyfrS aomifjyifay:wGif opfcufusdK; “r*Fvmyg rdwfaqG}uD;”
usJwdk@jzifh pdkufxlxm;aom jcHpnf;¶dk;wpfck? “[kwfuJhAsm/ r*Fvmyg”
u|ef a wmf o nf oJ j yif a y:wG i f xd k i f c svd k u f u m
u|efawmfuvnf; jyefIE_wfqufvdkufygonf?
aq;vdyfzGmaomufrnf ðyvdkufonf? tusôtdwfuyftwGif; olurf;ay;aomvufudk qJGudkifI E_wfqufvdkufonf? ol@
odk@ vufxdk;Ed_ufvdkufaomtcg pD;u&ufbl; a&pdkaeonfudk vufrsm;u }uD;rm;=uHhcdkifvGef;vSonf?
awG@vdkuf&avonf? u|efawmf tawmfyif pdwf"gwfusoGm; “om; æ æ 'D u OD ; ud k v nf ; E_ w f q uf y gOD ; uG ?
onf? avSjzifhjzwful;pOfu vd_if;¶dkufojzifh cg;txd a&rsm;pdk
OD;uvnf; tazwdk@vdk um;orm;wpfa,mufyJ? tazu
¶J$oGm;cJhonf? avSrepfatmif tEdkifEdkifavSmfcwfcJh&ojzifh
avmf&Dum;}uD;udk armif;wm? 'DOD;u [dkum;ao;ao;
u|efawmfhrSm pD;u&ufbl;qDodk@ pdwfura&mufEdkif/ tm¶Hkr av;udk armif;wmuG/ awG@vm;”
xm;EdkifcJh? ,ckrS rdrd earmferJhEdkifcJhonfhtjzpfudk awG;+yD; uav;i,fu u|efawmfhudk ¶$ef;¶$ef;pm;pm;armf
u|efawmfhrSm udk,fhudk,fudk a'gojzpfI aerdawmh.? =unfhonf? ol@rsufESmu ðyH;vJhvJh? at;pufeD&Jaeaom
a&pdkI aysmhpdpdjzpfaeaom pD;u&ufbl;udk tusô
ol@vufuav;udk u|efawmfhqDodk@ urf;vmonf? u|efawmf
tdwx f rJ S tomxkwu f m jcHpnf;¶d;k ay:wGiwf pfvyd cf si;f wifI
u tomqJGI E_wfqufvdkufygonf?
aevSrf;ae&awmhonf? pdkxdkif;xdkif; pD;u&ufvdyfawGrSm “vufawGuvnf; at;pufaeyguvm;? tbdk;
ndK0ga&miforf;aeacs+yDaum? }uD;usaewmyJ? 'DavmufylaewJh ae@cif;ae@v,f}uD;rSm bm
aerGef;wnfh+yD? tyl&dSefu jyif;vS+yD? arvudka&muf
ðyvdk@ vufawGu 'Davmufat;ae&wmvJ uav;&J@”
ae+yDvm; rSwf&onf? tyl&dSefjyif;jyojzifh pD;u&ufawG c% u|efawmfu ajymvdkufonf? ol tHhtm;oifhIoGm;
ESifh ajcmufwefaumif;yg&J@[k atmufarhrdonf? onfr# onf? u|efawmfhaygifudk w&if;wEDS; vmzufonf? 0gusifh
&moDOwk ylavmifae&onfhtxJwGif *Grf;uyfabmif;bDt usif h ta&mif o ef ; aeaom ol @ rsuf c H k ; rsm;jrif h w uf o G m ;
xlESifh *smuiftusô}uD;udk tuste0wf+yD; c&D;xGufvmrd =uonf?
onfh rdrdtjzpfudk u|efawmfhrSm aemifw&rqHk; jzpfaerdawmh “OD;uvJ/ u|efawmf tbdk;}uD; r[kwfao;ygbl;
onf? OD;&J@/ uav;yJ &dSygao;w,f? vrf;rSm ESif;yGifhawGudk udkifu
rxl;awmh+yDjzpfI pdwfESvHk;udk 'kef;'kef;csum u|ef
pm;vmvdk@ vufawG at;aewmyg OD;&J@”
awmfonf aomifjyifay:wGif xdkifcsvdkufonf? ppftusôxl uav;i,fu u|efawmfhudk jyefajymonf? zatjzpf
xl}uD;udk c|wfypfonf? a&pdkaeaom qHyifrsm;udk ajcmuf olu ausmydk;tdwfudk ycHk;rSðzwfonf? tdwfxJwGif ypPnf;ypP
oGm;atmif avovyfcHaevdkufawmhonf? [lI bmr# rnfrnf&&ryg?
aumif;uifjyifudk armf=unfhvdkufrdonf? jymvJhvJh “ol@udk taz:ac:vmygw,fAsm/ vludk zwfzwf
rdk;aumif;uifwGif rdk;om;wdrfvdyfrsm; wa¶G@a¶G@vGifharsm
arm&awmhwmygyJ/ usKyfvnf;yifyef;/ olvnf;yifyef;yJ?
ae=uonf? usKyfu enf;enf;cyfvSrf;vSrf;a&mufatmif oGm;rd+yDvm;qdk
&if olu usefcJhyga&mhAsm? ol@udkyJ apmifhoGm;oGm;ae&awmh
Ð2Ð w,f? vrf;oGm;uvnf; aES;ygayh? oHk;av;vSrf;avmuf
¶GmtpGefvrf;bufqDrS vlwpfa,muf av#muf vSrf;&rSmudk usKyfu wpfvSrf;avmufyJ oGm;ae&awmh
vmonf? olESifhtwl av;ig;ajcmufESpft¶G,f uav;i,f wmayg h? jrif;eJ@vdyf oGm;aeovdk jzpfaew,f? ol@udkjyefvSnfh
wpfa,mufvnf;ygonf? olwdk@[efum; aES;auG;av;uef =unfhzdk@ acgif;rSm aemufrsufpd wpfvHk;wyfxm;&rvdk jzpfae
aeonfh o¿mef? w,f? wpfcsufuav; rvpfvdkufeJ@ ¶$H@xJAGufxJudk qif;+yD;
olwdk@ESpfa,mufonf *spfum;ysufteD;odk@ a&muf a&awGeJ@ upm;ae+yD? 'grSr[kwf&ifvnf; a&cJwHk;awGudk csdK;zJh
aomtcg aemufodk@jyefvSnfhum u|efawmfhbufwl¶lqDodk@ +yD; aumufpm;csif pm;aewwfjyefoAs/ ol@pdwfxJrSm o=um;
av#mufvm=uonf? vlyHkum; t&yfjrifhjrifh/ axmifaxmif vHk; o=um;cJawGvdk@rsm; atmufarhaea&mhovm; rodbl;?
armif;armif;/ cg;u cyfudkif;udkif;? c&D;twloGm;zdk@awmh tawmfhudk raumif;wJhowW0g uav;
olonf u|efawmfhqDodk@ wef;wef;rwfrwfav#muf ygyJ/ ajcvsifc&D;qdk&if omawmifqdk;ao; æ æ” oluqdk
vmum toHtufuJGuJGjzifh E_wfqufonf? onf? pum;udkc%&yfum u|efawmfhudkar;jyefonf?
“rdwfaqG}uD;ua&m b,fvdkvJ/ q&morm;udk
41
trSwfpOf-117
apmifhaewmvm;”
u|efawmfu rdrdum;'¶dkifbm r[kwfa=umif; &Sif;r
jyvdkI ñuHovdkajzvdkufonf?
“qdkygawmh”
“cifAsm;q&mu [dkbufurf;u vmae+yDvm;”
“vmae+yD xifyg&J@”
“avSa&m a&mufcgeD;+yDvm;”
“ESpfem&Davmuf=um&if a&mufr,fxifyg&J@”
“tif;av/ 'gqdk&ifvnf; tyHkvdkao;wmyJ/ at;
at;aq;aq;aygh? watmifhwem; xdkifem;ao;wmaygh?
cifAsm;udk vSrf;jrif&awmh aepmv_HaewJh um;orm;wpf
a,muf v d k @ yJ atmuf a rh v d k u f r d w ,f ? aq;vd y f u av;
bmav; wpfzGmESpfzGmxdkifaomuf&if; pum;pjrnfajymOD;rS
vdk@ pdwful;&wmeJ@ 'Dbufudk av#mufvmcJhwm? aq;vdyfudk
wpf a ,muf w nf ; xd k i f a omuf & wm[m taz: rygbJ
ao&wJ h t jzpf x uf yd k q d k ; w,f v d k @ usKyf a wmh x if o Asd K @?
a[mAs æ æ b,fvdkvJ/ cifAsm;aq;vdyfawGu a&pdkvdk@ygu
vm;? b,faumif;awmhrSmvJ/ aq;vdyfa&pdkudk aomuf&
wm[mvJ aq;ukxm;wJh jrif;usdK;jrif;yJhudk wufpD;&ovdkyJ?
redwfygbl;Asm/ vmyg æ æusKyf aq;vdyfudkyJ twlwlr#
aomuf=uwmaygh”
olu abmif;bDtdwfuyfwGif;rS aq;vdyfbl;udk
xk w f o nf ? aq;vd y f b l ; rS m td w f u av;ES i f h jzpf o nf ?
tdwfu ydk;tdwf/ odk@aomf a[mif;vS/ tdkvS+yD? tdwfaxmifh
wGifrl yef;xdk;xm;aom pmwef;wpfck?
“vD A uf , H p um,m ausmif ; om;wOD ; rS wpf
a,mufaom &Jabmfodk@” wJh?
u|efawmfwdk@onf aq;vdyfudk,fpDzGmI aevdkuf=u
onf? aq;vdyfu a'oxGuf aq;¶Guf? aq;pyfujyif;vS
onf? tcsdeftawmf=umr# wpfa,mufESifh wpfa,muf
pum; rajymjzpf=u? vrf;yef;tajctaeraumif;vSonfh
Todk@aomc&D;wGif onfOrr,f pmrajrmuf uav;i,fw
a,mufESifhtwl b,ft&yfXmaeuvmI b,fpcef;odk@ jref;
avrnfenf;[k u|efawmfuar;rnfðyonf? odk@aomf tvsif
OD;atmif tar;pum;udk qdkvmonf?
“ppftwGif;u rdwfaqG}uD;vnf; wyfxJrSmyJvm;”
“[kwfuJh”
“a&S@wef;udk a&mufcJhao;ovm;”
“[kwfuJh/ a&mufcJhygao;w,f”
“tif; æ usKyfvnf; a&S@wef;rSm 'kuQokuQawG
aomufaomufvJ ñuHcJh&ao;wmaygh”
olu vuftpHkudk 'l;ay:wifvdkufonf? ol@vuf
42
Edk0ifbm -2010
awGu}uD;rm;ndKarSmifvsuf? ycHk;udk tomavsmcsonf?
ol@udk u|efawmf vSnfh=unfhvdkufonf? pdwfxJraumif; jzpf
oGm;rdonf? ol;rsufvHk;tpHkrSm aqG;jrnfhjrnfh?
olonfjcHpnf;¶dk;ay:rS opfudkif;ajcmufwpfpudk
csdK;zJhum aomifjyifay:wGif [dka&;onfa&; a&;jcpfIae
onf?
“rdwfaqG}uD;a& æ wpfcgwpfcgawmhvnf; nn
awGrSm usKyf[mtdyfraysmfEdkifbl;As/ tarSmifxJudk=unfh+yD;
usKyfawG;rdw,f? usKyfb0[m bma=umifhrsm; 'Davmufrsm;
EHkcsm&ovJvdk@aygh? ae@awG;awG; nawG;awG; 'Dtar;&J@tajz
udk bJOtp&Smr&ovdkbJ usKyfjzifh &SmrawG@cJhygbl;Asm? b,f
awmhrsm;rSvnf; &SmawG@vdrfhr,f rxifawmhygbl;”
olonf pum;ajymae&if;rSyif pdwfudkxdef;um
uav;i,fudk tomykwfI ajymvdkufonf?
“om; æ oG m ;/ a&pyf e m;rS m oG m ;upm;acs?
wpfckck&Smupm;/ a&xJrqif;eJ@aemf =um;vm;”
uav;i,f u d k a&pyf o d k @ ol u v$ w f v d k u f o nf ?
u|efawmfwdk@onf pum;rajymjzpf=uao;bJ aq;vdyfudk,fpD
zGmaomufI aerd=uonf? olwdk@ om;tzudk =unfh&if;
u|efawmh&ifwGif;wGif trnfrod a0'emwpf&yf ¶dkufcwfI
vmonf?
uav;i,f. t0wftpm;awGu 0wfaumif;pm;
vSawG? tustecsKyfxm;onfh ukwftusô/ bGwfzdeyf/ odk;
arG;ajctdwf/ rdcif. vuf&mrsm;yif jzpfygvdrfhrnf?
zcifjzpfol. t0wftpm; oGifjyifu wpfbmom/
uav;i,fESifh wjcm;pD? rD;avmifayguf AvyGESifh ukwftusô/
tzmw&mESifh yHkyef;rusjzpfaeonfh umuDabmif;bD/ ppfzd
eyftopf/ tayguftaygufESifh odk;arG;ajctdwftpHk/ jzpfu
wwfqef;toGif aygufaeaom ol@yHkyef;o¿mefrSm ZeD;r
,m; r&dSolwpfa,muf. toGiftjyifrsdK;aygufaeonf?
rkqdk;zdkwpfa,mufayavm/ om;r,m;ESifh tqifrajy u
awmufuqwf jzpfaeolwpfa,mufayavm rqdkEdkif? u|ef
awmfu awmifawmiftDtD awG;aerdavonf?
olu a&pyfodk@qif;oGm;aom om;jzpfoludk vSrf;
=unfh&if; acsmif;wpfcsuf [ef@vdkufonf?
“tif; æ usKyfb0ta=umif; ajym&&ifawmh bmrS
tqef;wus,f}uD;awmh r[kwfygbl;Asm? olvdkudk,fvdk
b0ygyJ? usKyfZmwdu ‘aAmf¶Gefnuf’ jynfe,fZmwdyg?
1900 jynfhESpfxJrSm usKyfudk arG;w,f? jynfwGif;ppfjzpfawmh
wyfeDxJudk 0ifcJhw,f? ‘uDADZH’wyfrSmaygh? 1922 ckESpfrSm
tiwfab;}uD;qdkufawmh‘ulwef’e,fbufudk xGufcJhw,f?
ajr&SiftdrfrSm EGm;wpfaumifvdk u|JycHk;xatmif ukef;¶kef;t
trSwfpOf-117
vkyfvkyfcJh&w,f?
“tJ'Dwkef;uom ajr&SiftdrfrSm tJovdk rvkyfcJh&
bl;qdk&ifvnf; tckavmufqdk&if usKyfvnf; vl@jynfrSm&dSrSm
r[kwfawmhbl;? usKyftaz tareJ@ ESrav;vnf; tiwf
ab;}uD;xJyg+yD; aoqHk;oGm;cJh=uw,f? usKyfwpfa,muf
wnf;yJ usefcJhw,f? rdbr&dS aqGrsdK;r&dSwpfaumifºuuf b0
eJ@aygh? aemufwpfESpfavmuf=umawmh ulwefu jyefajymif;
vmcJhw,f? tdrfuav;udk a&mif;+yD; aAmf¶GefnufrSm tajccs
aecJhw,f?
“tpydkif;rSmawmh usKyfvnf; vuform;q&mvkyf
ao;w,f/ aemufawmh puf¶Hkwpf¶HkrSm tvkyf0ifvkyf&if;
ruUif;epfynm oif,lw,f? 'Daemuf bmrSr=umvdkufygbl;/
usKyfvnf; ðAef;ceJ'dkif;ceJ tdrfaxmif&ufom;usawmhwmyJ?
usKyfrdef;ru rdbrJha*[muAs/ olvnf; waumifºuufrsuf
ESmi,fygyJ æ usKyfu æ rdef;r&uHawmh taumif;om;/
¶kyf&nfuvnf; tacsmtarmxJuygyJ? usKyfeJ@uawmh
bmqdkifrSmvJ/ olu 'kuQqdkwmudk vlrSef;odp tl0Jqdku
wnf;u em;vnfoabmaygufcJhwJh rdef;uav;yJ? ol@¶kyfu
omref=unfh¶HkeJ@awmh rxl;jcm;vSbl;? aoaocsmcsm=unfhrS
ol@xufacsmwJhrdef;rqdkwm 'DurBmrSm r&dSbl;vdk@ usKyfawmh
xifvmw,f? aemifvnf; &dSr,frxifawmhygbl;Asm æ æ?
“usKyf t vk y f u ae armarmeJ @ jyef v m+yD q d k & if
wpfcgwpfcg odyfpdwfwdkwwfwmyJAsm? 'gayr,fh æ æusKyf
b,favmufyJ bmawGjzpfvmjzpfvm olu b,fawmhrS
¶dkif;¶dkif;ysys rqufqHbl;As? usdK;usdK;EHGEHGeJ@yJolvkyfay;p&m
&dSwmudk vdkavao;r&dS vkyfay;&Smw,f? tJ'Dtcgusawmh
vnf; olvkyfwmudkifwmawGudk=unfh+yD; usKyfrSm a'goawG
ajyaysmuf&jyefw,f?
“tD&Dem æ ig¶dkif;rdoGm;w,fuGm/ pdwfxJb,fvdkrS
ratmufarhygeJ@? 'Dae@tvkyfrSm tqifrajy uoduatmuf
awG awG@vmcJhvdk@yguGm”
“usKyfu jyefacsmharmh&w,f? 'Dawmhvnf; ajyajy
vnfvnfjzpf+yD; usKyfpdwfawGvnf; at;aq;oGm;awmh
w,f”
tvkyfta=umif;uawmh cifAsm;odwJhtwdkif;ygyJ
av? reufvif;&if tdyf&mxJu aigufceJx/ tvkyfudkoGm;/
oHywfay;xm;wJh em&DwvHk;vdk tvkyfvkyfw,f? tJ æ vc
xk w f w J h &uf a wG r S m qd k & if a wmh wpf c gwav puf ¶ H k u
aumifuav;awGeJ@aygif;+yD; t&ufaomufcsif aomufvm
wwfw,f? tJ'Dwkef;uawmh t¶G,fuvnf; i,fi,f/ oef
wkef;jrefwkef; ayudk;As? usKyf[m t&ufudk aoaumifaygif;
vJaomuf+yD; tdrfudkav;uGufodkif;eif;+yD; jyefcJhawmhwmyJ?
43
Edk0ifbm -2010
wpfcgwav av;zufaxmuf+yD; tdrfay:wuf&wmrsdK;vnf;
&dS&J@? usKyf b,favmufyJrl;+yD; jyefvmjyefvm usKyfrdef;ru
awmh b,fawmhrS usKyfudk jrnfwGefawmufwD;vkyfwmrsdK;/
aqmifhatmifhwmrsdK; rvkyfbl;As? tJovdk rvkyfwJhtjyif
usKyfudk =unfh+yD; cGufxdk;cGufvefawmif &,fwwfao;oAs?
usKyf t&ufrl;rl;eJ@ vlrSef;olrSef;rod jyefvmwmudkyJ olu
bmrSrjzpfovdk 0wf}uD;0wfi,fðypk&Smw,f?
“tif'a& æ uae@nawmh &SifeH&HudkrDS+yD; tdyfawmh/
tdyf&may:rSmtdyf&if &Sifvdrfhus vdrfhr,fvdk@ olu azsmif;
azsmif ; zszsajymw,f ? usKyf v nf ; *sH K td w f w pf t d w f u d k
atmufypfcsvdkufovdk Adkif;ceJ t¶kyfóu;jywfvJusawmhwm
yJ? usKyfacgif;vnf; csmcsmvnfoGm;awmhwmyJ? usKyf tdyf
aysmfoGm;+yDqdk&if usKyfqHpawGudk yGwfoyf+yD; pum;wdk;wdk;oJh
oJh ajymw,f? ol æ usKyftwGuf pdwfxdcdkuf&w,f”
“reufvif;awmh usKyfudk tvkyfroGm;rD ESpfem&D
avmuf apmEd _ ; w,f ? usKyf u t&uf a omuf x m;&if
bmrSpm;avhr&dSbl;? 'gudk olu odxm;awmh ocGm;oD;
pdwfuav;jzpfjzpf/ wjcm;pm;p&mwpfckjzpfjzpf vmau|;
wwfw,f? +yD;awmhrS t&ufemuswmudk pm;wHk@jyefwJhtae
eJ@ aAmf'*g t&ufwpfcGuf xyfwdkufwwfw,f? yg;pyfu
vnf; ‘aemif raomufeJ@awmh tif'a&&,f’ vdk@ ajymao;
w,f”
“udk,fhtay:rSm 'Davmuf tEHGwmcHwJh rdef;rwpf
a,muftay:rSm usKyfvnf; b,fvdkvkyf+yD; 'kuQay;&ufrSm
vJAsm? ol@udk pdwfxJuusdwf+yD; aus;Zl;vnf;wifrdyg&J@? ol
ay;vmwJh t&ufwpfcGufudk armhaomuf+yD; tvkyfqD wpf
csdK;wnf; xGufvmcJhawmhwmyJ”
“rdef;ruom usKyf t&ufaomuf+yD; jyefvmwm
udk oabmraygufbJ }udrf;vm;armif;vm; qlyl*sDusvm;
vkyfr,fqdk&if usKyfvnf; aemufwpf}udrfxyf aomufjzpf
vmOD;rSmyJ? 'grsdK;u rdef;r rvdrRm&if rvdrRmovdk jzpfwwf
wmyJav æ æ”
Ð3Ð
“'DvdkeJ@yJ om;orD;awG yGm;pD;vmcJhw,f? tOD;qHk;
av;u a,musfm;av;/ ol@aemufrS orD;rdef;uav; ESpf
a,mufarG;w,f? tJ'Dtcsdefup+yD; usKyfvnf;aomufazmf
pm;zuf taygif;toif;awGeJ@ wjznf;jznf;vrf;cJGcJh&awmh
w,f?
“vcudk r,m;vuf 0uGuftyfw,f? pm;r,fh yg;
pyfaygufawGu wdk;vmawmh rl;¶l;aomufpm;aezdk@ tcsdefr&dS
awmhbl;ayghAsm? 'gayr,fh tvkyftm;&uf em;&ufawGrSm
trSwfpOf-117
awmh bD,mav; bmav;avmufawmh wpfcgwpfcg aeom
xdkifom&dSatmif enf;enf;yg;yg;oGm;aomufjzpfw,faygh?
a,musfm;yJ 'Davmufawmh&dSrSmaygh/ r[kwfvm;?
“'DvdkeJ@ 1929 ckESpfxJudk a&mufvmw,f/ tJ'DESpf
xJrSm usKyf[m armfawmfum;awGudk tawmfyJ pdwf0ifpm;rd
w,f? 'geJ@ um;armif;oif+yD; avmf&Dum;wpfpD;eJ@ '¶dkifbm
vkyfvdkufawmhw,f? t&ifu tvkyfvkyfcJhwJh puf¶Hkudkjyef
oGm;csifwJhpdwfvnf; wpfcgwnf;ukefcrf;oGm;w,f? um;
armif;ae&wmudkyJ pdwfxJaysmfaerdawmhw,f? 'DvdkeJ@ q,f
ESpfumvqdkwm ðAef;ceJ'dkif;ceJ ukefqHk;oGm;w,f? b,fu
b,fvdk ukefqHk;oGm;w,fqdkwmudkawmif usKyfjzifh owdr
xm;rdvdkufygbl;Asm?
“q,fESpfqdkwJhumv[m tdyfrufwpfckvdkyJ/ t
vG,fuav; ukefqHk;oGm;vdkufwm? touf av;q,fausmf
oGm;wJhvlwpfa,mufudk cifAsm;oGm;ar;=unfh/ oluvnf;
'DvdkyJ ajymrSmyJ/ cifAsm;us&ifvnf; 'Dtwdkif;yJ&dSrSmyg? q,f
ESpfumvtwGif;rSm bmwpfckwavrS trSwfw& owdxm;
vdkufrdr,f rxifbl;/ twdwfqdkwm cifAsm; tckjrifae&wJh
a[m[dku jrufcif;jyif}uD; vdkygyJ? reufwkef;u usKyf tJ'Dt
em;ujzwfvmawmh jrifuGif;awGu tm;vHk;oJou J GJuGJ =unf
=unfvifvifyJ/ a[m æ tck 12 rdkifavmufa0;vmvdk@
aemufudk jyefvSnfh=unfhvdkufawmh jrifuGif;awGu roJuJG
csifawmhbl;? ryD0dk;0g;Edkifvm+yD? ESif;awG jrLawGeJ@ndKndKqdkif;
qdkif; jzpfaewmudk jrifae&+yDav? jrufyifudk=unfh+yD; 'gu
awmh opfyifawGvdk@ rajymEdkifovdk/ jrufcif;jyif}uD;udk =unfh
+yD;awmhvnf; 'guawmhv,fuGif;vdk@ rqdkEdkifovdkayghAsm/
ukefqHk;oGmwJh twdwfumvqdkwm[mvnf; tJ'Dtwdkif;yg
yJ?
“usKyf[m q,fESpfvHk;vHk; tvkyfudk ae@rtm; nr
tm; usHK;¶kef;vkyfcJhw,f/ aiGvnf; tawmftoifh pkrdcJhyg&J@/
vl@atmuf ol@atmufrus trsm;eJ@wef;wlaeEdkifcJhw,f?
om;orD;awGuvnf; tdrfqnf;vnf;awG tjzpfeJ@ aysmfp&m
aumif;cJhyg&J@/ uav;oHk;a,mufvHk;ausmif;ae=u+yD? om;t
}uD; ‘temwdkvD’ qdk&if^m%ftawmfaumif;wm/ ocsFmrSm
awmfvdkufwJhtjzpfuvnf; armfpudkxkwf owif;pmawGrSm
ol@owif; ygvmwJh txdawmif jzpfcJhwm? b,fbufudk
oGm;wlvdk@vJawmh rajymwwfbl;/ usKyfwdk@tzdk@awmh *k%f,l
p&myJaygh?
“q,fESpfumvtwGif;rSm usKyfvnf; aiGav;a=u;
av; tawmftoifh pkaqmif;rdvmcJhw,f? tdk;ydkiftdrfydkifu
av;wpfvHk; aqmufjzpfcJhw,f? tcef;ESpfcef;/ uem;zsif;wJ
wpfwJeJ@ qif0ifygwJh tdrfrsdK;av;aygh/ 'D=um;xJ usKyfrdef;r
44
Edk0ifbm -2010
qd w f u av;ES p f a umif 0,f a rG ; vd k u f a o;w,f ? uJ
bmvdkao;ovJ/ uav;awGtwGuf pm;p&maomufp&m
Edk@&dS+yD/ aep&mtdrf&dS+yD/ 0wfp&m t0wftxnf&dS+yD/ tm;vHk;
jynfhpHkae+yDaygh?
“'gayr,fh usKyfrSm;oGm;cJhwmwpfck &dScJhw,f? bm
vJqdkawmh tdrfae&m ta¶G;rSm;oGm;cJhrdwmygyJ/ av,mOfysH
puf¶HkeJ@ eD;eD;em;em;rSmoGm;+yD; tdrfudkaqmufvdkufrdwmygyJ/
wu,fvdk@om usKyftdrf[m wjcm;wpfae&mrSm aqmufjzpf
cJh&if usKyfb0[m 'Dvdkjzpfvmvdrfhr,f rxifbl;?
“'DvdkeJ@ ppf}uD;jzpfvmw,f? usKyfqDudk ppfxJ0ifzdk@
qifhac:pm a&mufvmw,f? pmu wdkwdkyJ/ ‘reufjzef &xm;
blwm¶Hkudk ta&mufvm’ wJh? usKyfrdef;r ‘tD&Dem’/ om;}uD;
‘temwdkvD’/ orD; ‘emwifum’ eJ@ ‘tdkvsL&Sum’ wdk@
om;trdav;a,mufu pdwfrcdkifbJ rsuf&nfòzifòzifusw,f?
om;uvnf; wkefwkef&D&DeJ@aygh? tJ'DtcsdefrSm om;}uD;
temwdkvDu q,fhckepfESpfom;t¶G,f a&mufae+yD/ vlysdK}uD;
zm;zm;aygh? tD&Demqdk&ifvnf; usKyfwdk@aygif;oif; vmcJh=uwJh
tdrfaxmifouf q,fhckepfESpfvHk;vHk; ol@udk wpfcgrS usKyf
tJovdk rawG@zl;bl;? ppfrxGufcif nuvnf; usKyf&ifbwf
ay:rS m rsuf E S m arS m uf + yD ; id k v d k u f w J h j zpf j cif ; / usKyf t usô
&ifbwfwpfckvHk; ol@rsuf&nfawGeJ@ ¶J$¶J$pdkaeawmhw,f/ rdk;
vif;awmhvnf; idkjyefw,f?
“'DvdkeJ@ &xm;blwm¶Hkudk usKyfwdk@a&mufvm=u
w,f? usKyfvnf; tD&DemtwGuf pdwfraumif;jzpf+yD; ol@rsuf
ESmudkawmif r=unfhbJ vJ$aerdawmhw,f? ol@E_wfcrf;awG/
rsufESmawGuvnf; idkxm;vdk@ rdk@aew,f? a&Smwbwfu
av;atmufu ol@qHyifawGu z¶dkz&JeJ@zGmvGifhvdk@/ ol@rsuf
vHk;t0dkif;om;eJ@ ai;=unfhae&Smw,f?
“&xm;ay:wufcgeD;awmh tD&Demu usKyf&ifcGifxJ
udk0if+yD; vnfyif;udk zufxm;w,f? ol@wpfudk,fvHk; wkef,if
aew,f? opfyifudk tajcuckwfvJSxm;wJhyHkrsdK;aygh? uav;
awGe@J usKyfu tm;ay;pum;ajymayr,fh r&bl;? wjcm;trsKd ;
orD;awGqdk&if ppfxGufawmhr,fh vifom;awGudk pum;awG
wajymajymeJ@/ usKyfrdef;ruawmh usKyfudkyJ zufwG,faeawmh
wmyJ/ opf¶Gufuav;wpf¶Guf opfudkif;ay:rSm wG,fuyfae
wJhtwdkif;ygyJ? wpfcsdefvHk; wqwfqwfwkefaewmyJ/ pum;
vnf; wpfcGef;rSrajymbl;?
“pdwfudkxdef;yg tD&Dem&,f æ æ/ roGm;cif pum;
av;bmav; ajymygOD;vm;” vdk@ usKyfuajymawmh oluæ
“tif'a& æ u|efrwdk@ 'Dwpfouf b,fawmhrS jyef
awG@&awmhr,f rxifawmhbl;aemf” wJh ¶d_uf}uD;wiif ajym
+yD;idkoAsm?
trSwfpOf-117
“usKyfvnf;pdwfraumif;jzpfoGm;w,f? oluawmh
aoG;¶dk;om;¶dk; oabm¶dk;eJ@ ajymvdkufwm jzpfygvdrfhr,f?
wu,fqdk&if usKyf ol@udk cJGcGmoGm;&wm[m iSufaysmoD;
tcHGE$mpm;ovdk vG,fvG,fululeJ@ cJGcGmcJh&wmrS r[kwfbJ/
olodzdk@ aumif;ygw,f æ æ? usKyfu ppfxGufoGm;r,fhvl/
ygwDyJGudk taysmfoGm;wm r[kwfbl;/ ol@tajyma=umifh
usKyfvnf; axmif;ceJpdwfwdkoGm;w,f? 'geJ@ ol@udkaqmifh
wGef;ypfvdkufw,f? wGef;wmuawmh omomuav;ygyJ?
“tJ'Dwkef;uawmh usKyf[m EGm;wpfaumifvdk oef
wkef;jrefwkef;qdkawmh ol@rSm ajcvSrf; oHk;av;vSrf;avmuf
vGifhpOfusoGm;w,f/ ol usKyfqDudk av#mufvmw,f?
“rif; æ ighudk 'DvdkyJ rOD;rc|wfajym E_wfquf&o
vm;/ apmapmaoaphcsifaygh/ [kwfvm;”
“usKyf æ ol@udk atmf[pfypfvdkufw,f/ aemuf
awmhvnf; rcsdwifuJjzpfaewJh ol@tjzpfudk r=unfh&ufwmeJ@
ol@udk qJGayG@xm;vdkufjyefw,f”
ol@xHrS pum;pjywfoGm;onf? toHr=um;&awmh?
wHawG;rsdKcsoH =um;&onf? ol@&ifwGif;rS a0'emaomuaiG@
onf u|efawmfhxHodk@yg ul;puf¶dkufcwfvmawmhonf?
u|efawmf ol@udk vSnfh=unfhvdkufonf? jzLazsmh
azsmh ol@rsufvHk;tdrfwGif rsuf&nfpudkrl rjrif? olacgif;pdkuf
usoGm;onf? ol@vuftpHku ab;rSmwJGavmif;usvsuf/
rodrom wkefaevsuf/ ar;ESifh E_wfcrf;tpHku v_yfcgae=u
vsuf?
“pdwfraumif;vnf; jzpfraeygeJ@awmhAsm/ jzpfor#
ta=umif; taumif;csnf;vdk@om atmufarhvdkufygawmh?
'gawGudk jyefrawG;bJ arhypfvdkufygawmhAsm” [k u|efawmf
uajymrdonf? olu u|efawmfhpum;udk =um;onfrxif?
olonf pdwfudkcsKyfwnf;um toHtuftufjzifh pum;quf
ajymonf?
“usKyfb0&J@ aemufqHk;ae@ aemufqHk;tcsdeftxd
ol@udk wGef;ypfvdkufrdwmudk awG;+yD; udk,fhudk,fudk b,fvdkrS
cGifhrv$wfEdkifawmhygbl;”
tcsdeftawmf=umr# ol@xHrS pum;oH ray:vm
awmh? pD;u&ufwpfvdyfudk aumufIvdyfonf? owif;pm
puULydkif;rSm ol@vufxJwGif pkwfjyJIoGm;onf? aq;r_ef@awG
u ol@aygifay:wGif jym;jym;cwfoGm;onf? olonf aq;vdyf
udk jzpfuwwfqef; vdyfum ¶d_ufIzGmaomufvdkufonf?
vnfacsmif;udk&Sif;I ol@pum;qufjyefonf?
“usKyfvnf; tD&Demtem;udkoGm;+yD; ol@rsufESmu
av;udk vufeJ@oyf+yD; æ erf;¶H_@vdkufrdw,f? ol@E_wfcrf;awG
u a&cJwHk;vdk at;pufaew,f? uav;awGudk E_wfquf+yD;
45
Edk0ifbm -2010
&xm;wJGay:udk usKyf ua&maomyg;ckefwufvdkufw,f?
&xm;u wa¶G@a¶G@ xGufcGmcJh+yDav æ æ?
“yvufazmif;ay:rSm usef&pfcJh=uwJh om;orD;awG
udk wJGay:uvSrf;=unfhrdw,f? vufuav;awG a0S@um,rf;
umeJ@ olwdk@u tm;wif;+yD; ðyH;jyE_wfquf=uyg&J@/ 'gayr,fh
olwdk@crsm rðyH;Edkif&Sm=uygbl;? tD&Demqdk&ifvnf; &ifbwf
ay:rSm vuf,Suf+yD; E_wfcrf;jzLzyfjzLa&mfeJ@ usefcJhw,f?
yg;pyfu wv_yfv_yfeJ@ vlyHku ai;ai;idkifidkif/ ol@udk,f[m
avudkqef+yD;av#mufaewJhyHkrsdK;eJ@ a&S@udkvJusrvdk ,drf;xdk;
vdk@?
“'g[m usKyfb0 usKyfESvHk;om;xJ pJGusefaecJhwJh
aemufqHk;jrifuGif;ygyJav? tdyfrufruf&ifvnf; tdyfrufxJ
rSm 'Dtwdkif;yJ tjrJjrifw,f? ol@udk bma=umifhrsm; wGef;xdk;
ypfvdkufrdovJ rajymwwfawmhygbl;/ tJ'DtjzpfudkawG;rd&if
usKyfESvHk;om;[m "m;wHk;wHk;eJ@ tr$ef;cH&ovdkyJ &ifxJrSm
tckxufxd wE_ef@E_ef@cHpm;ae&w,f? ajzrqnfEdkifcJhbl;Asm
Ð4Ð
“'D v d k e J @ yJ usKyf ,l u &d e f ; e,f ‘b,f v ,m
qmaumh’ wyfpcef;udk a&mufvmcJhw,f? usKyfu oHk;wef
um;}uD ; wpf p if ; eJ @ a&S @ wef ; ud k vd k u f c J h & w,f ? ppf t
a=umif;uawmh cifAsm; vnf; ezl;awG@'l;awG@ ñuHcJh&wmrdk@
ajymrjyawmhygbl;?
“tdrfupmawGu wzJGzJGa&mufvmr,f/ udk,fu
awmh a&;}uD;cGifus,fvkyf+yD; a&;jzpfcsifrS a&;jzpfr,f/ a&;jzpf
&ifvnf; wdkufyJGawG qifEJ$ae&wJhta=umif;/ wdkufyJGwpf&m
atmifyJGwpf&m qdkwJhta=umif;awG av#mufa&;rSmaygh/ w
u,fvufawG@rSmawmh udk,fuajy;csifajy;ae=u&wm?
“usKyfuawmh b,fawmhrS zJG@EJG@+yD; pma&;wwfwJh
vlpm;rsdK;r[kwfbl;? om;r,m;qDudk ta=umif;r&dS t
a=umif;&Sm+yD;/ qDvdktayguf&Sm+yD; pma&;wwfwJhvlpm;rsdK;udk
odyfta=umrwnfhcsifbl;? wcsdK@u a&S@wef;rSm cufcJ=urf;
wrf;wJhta=umif;/ aocsif aooGm;EdkifwJhta=umif; pma&;
wwf=uao;w,f? olwdk@u a&S@wef;rSm &dSaecsdefrSm tdrfu
om;r,m;rSmvnf; tvum; ae=u&wmr[kwfbl;/ crsm
rsm;vnf; oem;p&mygAsm? b,favmuf twd'kuQawG
a&muf&Smae=ur,f/ wpfwdkif;wpfjynfvHk;&J@ 0efxkyf0efydk;awG
udk rEdkif&ifum xrf;ae=u&r,fqdkwmudk olwdk@bmrS em;r
vnf=ubl;? 'D0efxkyf0efydk;awGeJ@ olwdk@ycHk;awGvnf; a=urG
pkwfjywfaeyg+yD?
“a&S@wef;uae wcsdK@a&;vdkufwJh tJovdk pmawG
udk zwf+yD; rdef;rom;awGrSm tm;ysufoGm;r,f/ ajcrudkifrd
trSwfpOf-117
vufrudkifrd jzpfoGm;=ur,frsm; xifaeovm;? a0;ygao;&J@
Asm/ tJovdk ua,mifacsmufcsm; æ æ/ a,musfm;&ifhr}uD;
awG? rdef;rom;awG[m 'kuQudk cg;pnf;cHEdkif=uw,f? aemuf
wef;u ae=uayr,fh ysdK;E_wfw,f/ aygif;oifw,f/ Edk@n‡pf=u
w,fAs?
“usKyfvnf; wpfESpfavmufawmif r=umvdkufyg
bl;/ '%f&mESpf}udrf &vdkufw,f? wpf}udrfu vufarmif;rSm
av,mOfusnfqefxdrSefcH&wm? usKyfarmif;wJhavmf&Dum;
qdk&if *smrefawG&J@ av;zufav;wef n‡yfyl;n‡yfydwfwdkuf
wmudk r=umc% cH&w,f? twdkufcH&wdkif; vGwfcJhwmcsnf;
yJ/ ukodkvfuHZmwmuav;u aumif;aewmudk;As? 'gayr,fh
tJ'D ukodkvfuHuvnf; =um=umawmh raumif;vdkufygbl;?
1942 ckESpf arvxJvnf;a&mufa&m ‘vdkAdkZifuD’ rSm usKyf
*smrefawG&J@vufxJ ppftusOf;om;tjzpf a&mufoGm;awmh
wmygyJ?
“tJ'Dwkef;u *smrefawGuvnf; oJoJrJrJ wdkuf
vd k u f = uwm/ usKyf w d k @ &J @ 120 rD v D r D w m a[mif 0 pf Z m
tajrmuf } uD ; vnf ; usnf u k e f o G m ;yga&mh v m;? usKyf u
avmf&Dum;wpfpD;eJ@ tajrmufusnfqefawGudk ac|;'D;'D;us
o,f a y;&w,f ? a&S @ wef ; ud k armif ; vmcJ h w m? &ef o l u
vufwpfurf;omomyJ a0;awmhw,f? vuf0Jbufjcrf;u
&efolwifhum;oHawGudk =um;ae&+yD? nmbufjcrf;eJ@ a&S@
wnfhwnfhuvnf; ypfoHcwfoHawGudk tqufrjywf =um;
ae&w,f? tajctaeu raumif;awmhbl;aygh?
“qdkudkavmh æ æ u|efawmfwdk@ a&S@udkqufoGm;vdk@
jzpfyghrvm;” wJh/ wyfcJGrª;u usKyfudkar;w,f? ol 'Dvdk
wpf c grS b,f w k e f ; urS ar;cJ h z l ; wmr[k w f b l ; ? usKyf w d k @
&JabmfawG twHk;t¶kef; usqHk;aecsdefrSm usKyfwdk@u 'Dvdkvuf
ydkuf=unfh+yD; xdkifaevdk@jzpfyghrvm;? 'geJ@ usKyfuvnf; ‘jzpfyg
w,f wyfcJGrª; rjzpfjzpfwJhenf;eJ@ qufoGm;=uwmaygh’ vdk@
ajymawmh ‘'gjzifhqufarmif;’ wJh trdef@ay;w,f? æ æ usKyf
vnf; um;udk pufukefzGifh+yD; armif;vmcJhawmhw,f? wpf
oufeJ@wpfudk,f wpfcgrS 'Davmuftxd rarmif;cJhbl;?
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46
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