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 (1)Antenna diversity
(1) i
 
: multiple transmit and multiple
receive antennas
± Multiple Tx: split power over several Tx antennas.
More antennas = more power split
± Multiple Rx: collect signal by several Rx antennas.
More antennas = more collected power
± Antennas separation about  is required
± If directional antennas (typically) larger separation is
required
 Antenna diversity(contd..)
( ) Polarization diversity:
± Transmit andor receive with both vertical and
horizontal polarization
± Scattering is independent for each polarization,
giving independent paths
± Limited to transmit and receive diversity
± Tx polarization diversity: half power for each
polarization
 Antenna diversity(contd..)
(3) Beam-forming:
± Transmit with antenna array
± Each antenna is fed with different phase
± Forms a directional beam towards the receiver, or group
of receivers
± Antenna beam tracks the intended receiver
± Requires knowledge of the fading channel at Tx
± Optional is 4G mobile communication systems (WiMax
and LTE)

  

± Transmit same signal with several frequencies
± Frequencies separated by > coherence
bandwidth
± Also wideband signals achieve frequency
diversity, like OFDM techniques over
wideband (WLAN, WiMax, LTE)
  


 Time diversity:

± Signal is re-transmitted (repeated) after > coherence

time
± Also achieved using coding and interleaving
± Reduces overall transmission data rates
± Coding and interleaving used in all mobile
communication systems
± Also combined with repeat-diversity in what is called
Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (H-ARQ)
Time diversity(contd)«
 Ê


 

± In Direct-Sequence-Spread-Spectrum signals
we can receive from multipath separately using
Rake receiver
± Used in all CDMA systems (IS-95,
CDMA


, WCDMA)
  

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 Diversity Order
‡ In many cases the average probability of error
looks like
± M is the diversity order
‡ If the number of paths between Tx and Rx is N,
then diversity order ? N
‡ For example: if Nt is the number of Tx antennas
and Nr is the number of Rx antennas
± Number of branches N= Nt Nr
± Diversity order M ? N
‡ Full diversity order if M = number of branches