1-2 Load Classification

Loads classified with respect to time

Static load – gradually applied load for which equilibrium is reached in a

relatively short time

Sustained load – load that is constant over a long period of time

Impact load – rapidly applied load (an energy load)

Repeated load – load that is applied and removed many thousands of times

Loads classified with respect to the area over which the load is
applied

Concentrated load – load or force applied at a point

Distributed load – load distributed along a length or over an area

Loads classified with respect to the location and method of

application

Centric load – one in which the resultant force passes through the centroid of
the resisting section. If the resultant passes through the centroids of all
resisting sections, the loading is termed axial.

Torsional load – one that subjects a shaft or some other member to couples
that twist the member

Bending or Flexural load – one in which the loads are applied transversely to
the longitudinal axis of the member

Combined loading – combination of two or more of the previously defined

types of loading

1-3 Concept of Stress

Stress – force per unit area

Applied Force = (Stress) (Area)

1-4 Stresses Under Centric Loading

Axial stress – maximun normal stress under axial loading

Note:

1. The normal stress is either maximum or minimum on planes for which

the shearing stress is zero

2. The shearing stress is always zero on the planes of maximum or

minimum normal stress

3. Brittle material loaded in tension will fail in tension on the tranverse

plane

4. Ductile material loaded in tension will fail in shear on the 45° plane

5.
Table of Trigonometric Identities

Reciprocal identities

Pythagorean Identities

Quotient Identities

Co-Function Identities
Even-Odd Identities

Sum-Difference Formulas

Double Angle Formulas

Power-Reducing/Half Angle Formulas

Sum-to-Product Formulas

Product-to-Sum Formulas