Fault Level

Calculations
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Fault Level Calculations
What is ahead?

• Overview of transmission network.

• What is mean by fault level
• PU Concept
• Network Modeling
• Fault Level Calculation
• Example
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Fault Level Calculations

Step-1
Overview of power system
grid and transmission
network
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Fault Level Calculations
Typical State Level Power System & our area of interest
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Fault Level Calculations
Typical State Level Power System & our area of interest
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Fault Level Calculations
Local Network – or – Sub-Transmission System
400kV

S/S - A
S/S - C
220kV 220kV 33kV

S/S - B 220kV

132kV S/S - D

S/S - F S/S - E
132kV 33kV

33kV 11kV
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Fault Level Calculations

Step-2
What is mean by fault level
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Fault Level Calculations
What is fault level

S/S - A
S/S - B 14530 11300 18290
MVA MVA MVA

9700
MVA
9730 6400 7200
8400 MVA
MVA MVA MVA

4630 5800
MVA MVA

S/S - C
2700
MVA

3670
1185 MVA
MVA
ABC Transmission Co. Ltd.
3 Ph Fault Levels For 2010-2011
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Fault Level Calculations
What is fault level-Continued….

S/S - B 2450 MVA 2450 MVA

14530 MVA

1465 MVA 1465 MVA

2200 MVA 2200 MVA 2300 MVA

8700 MVA

9730 MVA

1030 MVA
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Fault Level Calculations

Step-3
Understanding Per-Unit
Measurements
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Fault Level Calculations
PU Concept

• PU impedance values are calculated by

– For Transformers

• %Impedance = Ohmic Value * ( Base MVA / Name Plate MVA )

– For Lines

• %Impedance = Ohmic Value * ( Base MVA / BasekV2 )

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Fault Level Calculations
PU Concept

• PU impedance values are calculated by

– For Transformers

• %Impedance = Ohmic Value * ( Base MVA / Name Plate MVA )

– For Lines

• %Impedance = Ohmic Value * ( Base MVA / BasekV2 )

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Fault Level Calculations
PU Concept

Base MVA = 200 MVA

Sec A Sec B Sec C Sec D

400kV
220kV 132kV 33kV

T1 L1 T2 L2 T3 L3

12 Ohm

0.4 0.4 0.4

ohm/Km ohm/Km ohm/Km
400/220 kV 200 Km 220/132 kV 50 Km 132/33 kV 30 Km
15% 315 MVA 14% 200 MVA 9.33% 25 MVA
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Fault Level Calculations
PU Concept

T1 L1 T2 L2 T3 L3

0.4 0.4 0.4

ohm/Km ohm/Km ohm/Km
400/220 kV 200 Km 220/132 kV 50 Km 132/33 kV 30 Km
15% 315 MVA 14% 200 MVA 9.33% 25 MVA
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Fault Level Calculations
Short Circuit Current

• 3 Phase Short Circuit MVA at fault point

Base MVA x 100

= ----------------------------------------------------
Percentage Impedance (from source to fault point)
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Fault Level Calculations
PU Concept-Continued

XT1 XL1 XT2 XL2 XT3 XL3

9.52% 33.05% 14% 22.96% 74.64% 220%
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Fault Level Calculations
PU Concept

75 Ohm 80 Ohm 34 Ohm 20 Ohm 65 Ohm

12 Ohm

0.4 0.4 0.4

ohm/Km ohm/Km ohm/Km
400/220 kV 200 Km 220/132 kV 50 Km 132/33 kV 30 Km
15% 315 MVA 14% 200 MVA 9.33% 25 MVA
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Fault Level Calculations

Step-4
Finding Source Impedance
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Fault Level Calculations
Typical State Level Power System & our area of interest

4630 MVA 4630

Xs(pu)
Base MVA=100 Xs(pu)

Xs (pu) = 0.0216
Or
Xs% = 2.16%
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Fault Level Calculations
220/132kV Solved Example
Padegaon

2850 132kV 33kV

50 MVA
MVA
10.21% 132/33-11 kV
Harsool
50 MVA 132/33-11 kV
10.88 % Chikalthana
0.4 Ohms / Km
132kV 33kV
25 MVA 50 MVA
8 Km 9.73 % 10.03%
25 MVA
10.04 % 25 MVA
11kV 10.52 %
0.4 Ohms / Km

5 Km 25 MVA
10.21 %
25 MVA
9.84 %
11kV
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Fault Level Calculations
220/132kV Solved Example
Padegaon
132/33-11 kV
2850 132kV 33kV Harsool
MVA
132/33-11 kV
2257 668 Chikalthana
MVA MVA
132kV 33kV

538
1998 MVA
MVA
11kV

11kV
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Fault Level Calculations
Unsymmetrical Faults-Sequence Network

• Up till now we have discussed 3 Phase

faults which are rear. Most of the fault in
power system are single line to ground
faults.
• To find out the short circuit MVA due to
single phase to ground fault it is necessary
to use Sequence Network
• Let us have a closer look of sequence
network
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Fault Level Calculations
Unsymmetrical Faults-Sequence Network
M1

T2 L T1 G

M2 XM11 XM21
XT21 XL1 XT11 Xg1

SLD F

+Ve Sequence Network

XM10 XM20
XM12 XM22
XT20 XL0 XT10 Xg0
XT22 XL2 XT12 Xg2

F F

Zero Sequence Network -Ve Sequence Network

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Fault Level Calculations
Single Line to Ground Fault-Sequence Network Connections

XM11 XM21
XT21
X1XL 1 XT11 Xg1

XM12 XM22
XT22
X2
XL2 XT12 Xg2

Ia = 3 / (X1 + X2 + X0) F

XM20
X0
XT20 XL0 XT10 Xg0

F
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Fault Level Calculations
220/132kVSingle Line to Ground Fault-Solved Example
Padegaon
3Ph 2850 132kV 33kV
MVA 50 MVA
1Ph 2230
10.21% 132/33-11 kV
MVA
Harsool
50 MVA 132/33-11 kV
10.88 % Chikalthana
0.4 Ohms / Km
132kV 33kV
25 MVA 50 MVA
8 Km 9.73 % 10.03%
25 MVA
10.04 % 25 MVA
11kV 10.52 %
0.4 Ohms / Km

5 Km 25 MVA
10.21 %
25 MVA
9.84 %
11kV
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Fault Level Calculations
Single Line to Ground Fault-Solved Example

3Ph 2850
3Ph 2850 MVA
MVA 1Ph 2230
MVA

1 Ph Short 3*BaseMVA*100
Circuit MVA
at 132kV
Harsool Bus
( 2*( XS1 + (XL11 || XL21) )
+ ( XS0 + (XL10 || XL20) ) )
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Fault Level Calculations
220/132kV Solved Example
Padegaon
132/33-11 kV
3Ph 2850 132kV 33kV Harsool
MVA
3Ph 2257 3Ph 668
1Ph 2230 MVA MVA
MVA
132/33-11 kV
1Ph 1662 1Ph 604
MVA MVA Chikalthana

132kV 33kV

538
1998 MVA
MVA
11kV

11kV
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Fault Level Calculations