Shapers!
Notes
1, Peng ie wee counutulnced fo pups of reseceion th wb
‘ct thar they were so ornate ha oy some ies teeta recon
trad the left ofthe vale, nd for the ers, twas owed the oph ckthe
ie were shen “pe” ao that they cul
%e pope in the same seer diction. The sme countering a eg
eg ces we floes cnocin ch cnt i
[geohing Manin’ ‘vegan’ ies. Counetaneng acy
Snel in chapter B
2, Smicty speaking, coneltioneoficens re aot numbers that ca be ver
‘sed. Where che number ofits” eg, les than tweny), he app
‘ratte wo wei the median inteiten corelaon. However athe menbec
‘ems incense, the diferenceherween the mea andthe median wldecrae so
cis uly esi oobi amean than a nein in mow sates popes
2 See the dicmion of “Conection i+ for Enon of Crowning” Gated
(1956) For ovo, dee fou five, sor even cateprc (hse feng th wn
ucberofcaegyres hat ar employed in taining responses to ea), te cor
rections 2 30,20 .11,.%%, 05, andOFrespecivee Clearly, the gre he
‘munber of parse catego, i es the grouping ect that needs sf coe
rected fr Dichto00 ems aque the owt selon conection, ee
‘when ph, bert, oc poe Aral comeatins 3 ele
‘Among the worisome problems that plague the types of instruments we
«discuss inthis book are the often law correlations between what respons
dens say in private (to heir love fiend and relatives) and what hey say
to outsiders (among them test constructor). Lower stil are the corel
tons between what subjces sy and what they do. Often these inonsis-
tencies have been blamed onthe lack ofa rel metic in ker scales sch
a those we have focused on thus far. In other words, cris pine co the
arbirarines ofthe words wed to anchor the point ina scales related to
the artrade they attempt to measure
‘This charge of lack of metric is well founded, but whether this trsiee
responsible forthe problems just indicated remains quite doubeul. Ati
tures may be states rather than ers, and they may be constrained ot gov
‘med by diferent situational cicumatances in diferene contexts. Ber
thermore, atitdes are made up of system of beliefs, emotions, and
‘havin that are (1) changeable and ace necessity balanced and (2)
mediared by the subject's incenions, which tend to depend fr the most
Par on the particulars ofthe station. (Fora fll dicasion on waye 29
meafureattinales, see Henercn, Morris, and Fiz-Gibbon, 1987) This
takes the demonstration oftheir vlidiry rather dificult. Nevertheless,
the soue ofa real metic deserves be pondered in ts onm eightF ose gens
Likert Scaliog
Likert sales, aed afer Rens Lier (1503-1961), ha any find.
mental characteristics with teachermade spelling tes Each wor aan,