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Shapers! Notes 1, Peng ie wee counutulnced fo pups of reseceion th wb ‘ct thar they were so ornate ha oy some ies teeta recon trad the left ofthe vale, nd for the ers, twas owed the oph ckthe ie were shen “pe” ao that they cul %e pope in the same seer diction. The sme countering a eg eg ces we floes cnocin ch cnt i [geohing Manin’ ‘vegan’ ies. Counetaneng acy Snel in chapter B 2, Smicty speaking, coneltioneoficens re aot numbers that ca be ver ‘sed. Where che number ofits” eg, les than tweny), he app ‘ratte wo wei the median inteiten corelaon. However athe menbec ‘ems incense, the diferenceherween the mea andthe median wldecrae so cis uly esi oobi amean than a nein in mow sates popes 2 See the dicmion of “Conection i+ for Enon of Crowning” Gated (1956) For ovo, dee fou five, sor even cateprc (hse feng th wn ucberofcaegyres hat ar employed in taining responses to ea), te cor rections 2 30,20 .11,.%%, 05, andOFrespecivee Clearly, the gre he ‘munber of parse catego, i es the grouping ect that needs sf coe rected fr Dichto00 ems aque the owt selon conection, ee ‘when ph, bert, oc poe Aral comeatins 3 ele ‘Among the worisome problems that plague the types of instruments we «discuss inthis book are the often law correlations between what respons dens say in private (to heir love fiend and relatives) and what hey say to outsiders (among them test constructor). Lower stil are the corel tons between what subjces sy and what they do. Often these inonsis- tencies have been blamed onthe lack ofa rel metic in ker scales sch a those we have focused on thus far. In other words, cris pine co the arbirarines ofthe words wed to anchor the point ina scales related to the artrade they attempt to measure ‘This charge of lack of metric is well founded, but whether this trsiee responsible forthe problems just indicated remains quite doubeul. Ati tures may be states rather than ers, and they may be constrained ot gov ‘med by diferent situational cicumatances in diferene contexts. Ber thermore, atitdes are made up of system of beliefs, emotions, and ‘havin that are (1) changeable and ace necessity balanced and (2) mediared by the subject's incenions, which tend to depend fr the most Par on the particulars ofthe station. (Fora fll dicasion on waye 29 meafureattinales, see Henercn, Morris, and Fiz-Gibbon, 1987) This takes the demonstration oftheir vlidiry rather dificult. Nevertheless, the soue ofa real metic deserves be pondered in ts onm eight F ose gens Likert Scaliog Likert sales, aed afer Rens Lier (1503-1961), ha any find. mental characteristics with teachermade spelling tes Each wor aan,

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