AM Noise Analysis

Professor Z Ghassemlooy

Electronics and IT Division

School of Engineering
Sheffield Hallam University
U.K.

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Contents

• DSBC (AM)
• Receiver model
• Envelope detection
• Synchronous Detection
• Signal-to-noise ratio

• DSB-SC - Signal-to-noise ratio

• SSB-SC - Signal-to-noise ratio

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 AM Receiver - Envelope Detector
Receiver
Demodulator
SNRi SNRo
BPF Diode + LPF Message
DSB-C + signal
(B) (B) + noise
White noise
w(t) vi(t) = cr(t) + vn(t) vo(t) = m(t) + vn(t)

cr (t )  Ec [1  M cos mt ] cos c t

E 2c  M2
Received modulated signal power Si  PT  1   R = 1
2  2 

Band-limited noise power Pn  vn2   2  o B  N i

Input signal-to-noise ratio SNR i

E c
2

/ 2)(1  ( M 2 / 2) Ec2 (1  0.5M 2 )

o B 2o B
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 AM Receiver - Envelope Detector - cont.
The vector diagram of AM + noise at the input of the demodulator is

RT(t) y(t)
R(t)

Ec [1  M cos mt ] x(t)

The envelope of AM + noise is RT (t )  [ Ec (1  M cos mt )  x(t )]2  y 2 (t )

Assuming SNRi >> 1, thus [….]2 >> y2(t), therefore: RT (t )  Ec  Ec M cos mt  x(t )

Recovered signal vo (t )  Ec M cos mt  vn (t ) DC blocked by a capacitor

Recovered message signal power S o  Ec M / 2   2

 ( Ec M ) 2 / 2

2 2 2
Output noise power N o  x (t )  vn (t )    o B  Pn

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 AM Receiver - Envelope Detector - cont.

( Ec M ) 2
2
Thus the output signal-to-noise ratio SNRo  2 ( E M )
 c
No 2o B

 SNRo  M2
Modulation noise improvement factor MNI  10 log   2
 SNRi  1  0. 5 M
For M = 1 (i.e 100%) MNI = 1.75 dB

The demodulator exhibits a threshold

SNRo Threshold effect where below certain SNRi the
SNRo deteriorate rapidly.
SNRi

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 AM Receiver - Envelope Detector - cont.

For the case where SNRi << 1 the vector diagram is

R(t) Ec [1  M cos mt ]

RT(t)

The envelope of AM + noise is RT (t )  R(t )  Ec (1  M cos mt ) cos (t )

Dominant term
Note: output containes no term proportional to the information m(t) = ECMcos wmt.
The last term is the signal multiplied by time-varying noise, therefore is of no use
in recovering m(t).

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 AM Receiver - Synchronous Detector
Receiver
Demodulator
cr (t )  Ec [1  M cos mt ] cos c t SNRi SNRo
z(t) LPF Message
BPF
DSB-C + (B) X (B) signal
+ noise

White noise cos ct

w(t) vo(t) = m(t) + vn(t)
vi(t) = cr(t) + vn(t)

z (t )  [ Ec (1  M cos mt ) cos c t  vn (t )]  cos c t

Ec M EM
 Ec cos 2 c t  cos (c  m )t cos c t  c cos (c  m )t cos ct  vn (t ) cos c t
2 2

Note that vn (t )  x(t ) cos ct  y (t ) sin c t

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AM Receiver - Synchronous Detector -
cont.
z (t )  0.5 Ec DC  Output signals
 0.5 Ec cos 2c t High frequency 
EM Ec M
 c cos (2c  m )t High frequency  vo (t )  cos mt
4 4
EM Ec M
 c cos mt Information   cos (mt )
4 4
EM  x(t ) / 2
 c cos (2c  m )t High frequency 
4
EM
 c cos (mt ) Information 
4 vo (t )  0.5 Ec M cos mt
 x(t ) / 2 Low frequency noise   0.5 x(t )
 0.5 x(t ) cos 2c t High frequency 
 0.5 y (t ) cos 2ct High frequency 

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AM Receiver - Synchronous Detector -
cont.
SNRi is the same as in envelope detector
Recovered message signal power S o  Ec M / 2   2
 ( Ec M ) 2 / 8

Output noise power N o  x 2 (t ) / 4  vn2 (t ) / 4  Ni / 4  o B / 4

( Ec M ) 2 ( Ec M ) 2
SNRo  
8No 2o B
 SNRo  2M 2
Synch. detection MNI  10 log   2
 SNRi  2  M
Envelope detection
SNRo For M =1, MNI = -1.76 dB, i.e.
Threshold degradation in SNR.
SNRi

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 AM Receiver - Synchronous Detector -
cont.
Receiver
Demodulator
SNRi SNRo
z(t) LPF Message
BPF
DSB-C + (B) X (B) signal
C +
noise
White noise LO
w(t)

Ec Sw(f)
0.5MEc
o/2
f
c
c-m c+m PT
B
0.5PT o
o/2
-m 0 m
-c+m -(c+m) c-m c+m
c c B

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 DSB-SC Noise Analysis
Receiver
cr (t )  Ec M cos mt cos c t Demodulator
SNRi SNRo
z(t) LPF Message
BPF
DSB-SC + (B) X (B) signal
+ noise

White noise cos ct

w(t) vo(t) = m(t) + vn(t)
vi(t) = cr(t) + vn(t)

z (t )  [ Ec M cos mt cos c t  vn (t )]  cos c t

 0.5 Ec M cos mt  0.25Ec M cos (2c  m )t  0.25 Ec M cos (2c  m )t
 vn (t ) cos c t

Substituting for vn (t )  x(t ) cos c t  y (t ) sin ct

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 DSB-SC Noise Analysis - cont.
z (t )  0.5MEc cos 2mt Information  Output signals
 x(t ) / 2 Noise 
 0.25Ec M cos (2c  m )t vo(t )  0.5 Ec M cos mt
 0.25Ec M cos (2c  m )t  x(t ) / 2
High frequency 
 0.5 x(t ) cos 2c t
 0.5 y (t ) cos 2c t
• Power analysis
( MEc ) 2 R = 1
Received modulated signal power Si 
4
Band-limited noise power Pn  vn2   2  o B  N i

( Ec M ) 2
SNRi 
4o B
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DSB-SC Noise Analysis - cont.


Recovered message signal power S o  0.5 Ec M / 2  2
 ( Ec M ) 2 / 8

Output noise power N o  x 2 (t ) / 4  vn2 (t ) / 4  Ni / 4  o B / 4

( Ec M ) 2 ( Ec M ) 2
SNRo  
8No 2o B

 SNRo 
MNI  10 log   3 dB
 SNRi 

This improvement is due to presence of two sidebands in the received signal which is
translated down to the baseband and added coherently. Noise power on the other hand
does not add coherently (quadrature component is reject by the detector).

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 SSB-SC Noise Analysis
Receiver
cr (t )  0.5Ec M cos (c  m )t Demodulator
SNRi SNRo
z(t) LPF Message
BPF
SSB-SC + (B) X (B) signal
+ noise

White noise cos ct

w(t) vo(t) = m(t) + vn(t)
vi(t) = cr(t) + vn(t)

z (t )  [0.5 Ec M cos (c  m )t  x(t ) cos c t  y (t ) sin c t ]  cos c t

 0.25Ec M cos mt  0.25Ec M cos (2c  m )t  0.5 x(t )  0.5 x(t ) cos 2c t
 0.5 y (t ) sin c t

vo(t )  0.25 Ec M cos mt  0.5 x(t )

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SSB-SC Noise Analysis - cont.
• Power analysis R = 1
( MEc ) 2
Input signal power Si  Output signal power S o  ( Ec M ) 2 / 32
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Noise power Pn   2  o B  N i Output noise power N o  x 2 (t ) / 4  Ni / 4

( Ec M ) 2 ( Ec M ) 2 ( Ec M ) 2 ( Ec M ) 2
SNRi   SNRo  
8No 8o B 32 N o 8o B

 SNRo 
MNI  10 log   0 dB
 SNRi  SNRo

SNRi
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