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An organic molecule is a molecule that contains carbon and generally, but not
always, hydrogen.
2. What are three carbon-containing groups or molecules that are not organic?
There are many organic molecules in living things. The same (or very similar)
molecules are used in many different living things for the same purpose.
b. Draw the simplified (ring) structures of glucose and ribose. Number the
carbon atoms correctly. Which sugar is a pentose? Which is a hexose?
How are they named this way?
Glucose Ribose
Glycosidic bonds that are 1-4 bond create straight chains while 1-6
bond create bent chains.
Glucose
animal Quickly absorbed and used in
Mono- Galactose respiration
Fructose plant
Soluble but unreactive, can be
Sucrose plant transported around plant in
phloem.
Di- Found in milk- ideal for nursing
Lactose
young
animal
Dimer of glucose, broken down
Maltose
from starch.
Insoluble storage of glucose in
Glycogen animal the liver, produced using
insulin.
Poly- Insoluble plant energy storage
Starch
plant molecule
Cellulose Structural unit in plant cell walls
Anabolic reactions are those which build organic molecules (such as condensation of
saccharides). Catabolic reactions break them down (e.g. digestion).
The reaction starts with a polymer and then hydrolysis puts water in and forms a
dimer which is a compound whose molecules are composed of two identical
monomers and hydrolysis puts in more water causing the dimer to become a single
monomer. Hydrolysis is a relevant name because hydro means water and lysis
means splitting, which is exactly what happens, the water splits the bonds.
Remember:
Condensation makes bonds: Hydrolysis breaks
bonds.
4. Fatty acids and glycerol are used in the production of triglycerides.
a. In the space below, draw the generalized structures of fatty acids and
glycerol.
Energy storage* More efficient than carbohydrates, oils in plants and fish, fat in
animals
Thermal Subcutaneous fat insulates against heat loss
insulation*
Protection Fat acts as a shock absorber
Hormones
carbohydrates lipids
Long/short term
Short term Long term
storage?
Solubility in water?
Dissolves some vitamins
(and consequence)
‘R’ group ^
b. How many different amino acids are there? What is different about
each one?
There are 20 amino acids. The “R” group structure determines which of the 20 it is
and its properties.
c. What is a polypeptide?
A peptide containing 10 or more amino acids such as a protein.