NUMBERS

In bytes and bits

Topics
 Number system - Introduction
 Binary number system
 Octal
 Hexadecimal
 Capacity, Range & Overflow
 Negative numbers
 Complements
 Arithmetic operations
 Bitwise operations
Number system - Introduction
 Counting – a way to record quantitative data
 Different language had different symbols to
represent the count of a data

 Count( ) = I
 Count( ) = II
 Count( ) = IIIII or IIII
 Many ways to represent counts
Number system - Introduction
 Counts or numbers are represented in many formats
Observation Roman System Decimal System
I 1
II 2
III 3
IV 4
V 5

 Roman & Decimal - some of the very popular

number representation system
Decimal Number System
 It has 10 symbols – Arabic Numerals
 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
 All numbers can be represented using these symbols
 Negative numbers are represented by placing a (–) sign
before a number
 Most widely used number system
 Total symbols = 10 = base of this number system
Binary Number System
 Need
 Computer based systems understands only two things
 Availability of current
 Non-availability of current
 So, all data to be represented by sequence of only these two things
 So, a number system where base is 2

 Binary number system

 0 – Low of Current
 1 – High of Current
 Two symbols, so base = 2
Data in computers
 Any data in computer
 Convert them to numbers
 represent by sequence of only 2 symbols
0
1

 E.g.. English letter ‘A’

 Let a number equivalent to ‘A’ = 97
 Represent 97 in binary = 0110 0001
Number System
 Space required to store anything
 So are the numbers
 In decimal system
 Available symbols = 10
 If only two symbols are allowed to be used to represent a
number
 Only 100 numbers can be represented
 00, 01, 02, 03 … 99

 No other permutations possible

 Here, 10 is the base – number of symbols

 2 is the space available or max digits available to represent a number
 And 102 = 100, Total numbers which can be represented
Number system
 Space available = digits available to represent a
number
 Base = symbols in the system
 Base Space = Total numbers representable
Binary Number system
 Space available = digits available to represent a
number = Each place in this space is called a bit
 Base = symbols in the system = 2 (0 or 1)
 Base Space = Total numbers representable = 2 num_bits
Numbers Recalled
 Ever heard place value?
 Consider a number in decimal system – 354
3 5 4

Hundred’s Ten’s
place place
Units place

 Unit’s place = 10 0