ACCELERATE/STOP DISTANCE AVAILABLE (ASDA) 447 Because it is considered to be for infrequent use, a stopway does not necessarily have to be of the same bearing strength or wearing quality as the runway with which it is associated, although it must be capable of supporting the mass of the type of aircraft it is intended to serve without inducing structural damage to the aircraft ‘The load-bearing strength of the stopway must be no less than 30 % of that of the associated runway. ‘The wheels of a moving aeroplane must not sink more than a few inches and therefore itis essential that all sub-surface obstructions are at least 0.3 m (12 in) below the surface. Because of its occasional use it does not have to be maintained to the same standard as that of the runway. It does not have to be swept as frequently as the runway, nor does it have to be cleared of snow in winter. (Some Canadian aerodrome authorities deliberately allow the snow to inerease in depth because of its safe retardation effect.) ‘The stopway is constructed with shallow sloping sides in such a manner that the passage of Rescue and Fire-fighting vehicles is unimpeded. ‘The surface treatment of some stopways give them a similar appearance to that of the runway and have to he differentiated hy a distinctive marking metho! at the end of the runway Tf the stopway char- acteristics are substantially different to those of a smooth hard-surfaced runway then correction factors included in the take-off data will enable account to be made for the differences in all seasonal conditions. In some areas of the world, itis possible that ground that is suitable for use as a stopway during the diry season is unsuitable in the wet season. Should any doubt exist as to whether the stopway is usable or not it must be assumed that itis not. In most cases, the wet season problems are resolved by adequate land drainage. Ifa stopway has a grass surface and is associated with a hard surfaced runway, most operators will refrain from accounting the stopway in any take-off calculations. They prefer to accept the reduced TOM so caused, than to take the risk involved if an aeroplane abandoned a take-off. 7.5 Accelerate/Stop Distance Available (ASDA) 7.5.1 Definition The Accelerate/Stop Distance Available (ASDA), which used to be known as the Emergency Distance Available, is according to AN(GJR 5(3); JAR-OPS 1.480(a}(1); ICAO Annex to Part I Attachment C defined as the distance from the point on the surface of the aerodrome at which an aeroplane commences ‘stake off run, the brakes release point (BRP), to the nearest point in the direction of take off, at which the plane cannot roll over the surface in an emergency without risk of causing damage to the aeroplane, It is therefore the total distance available for an aircraft to accelerate to decision speed, abandon off and then to brake safely to a halt. It is the length of TORA plus the length of the stopway, if tak sach a stopway is declared (TORA + stopway) = ASDA and is shown in Figure 7.1. If no stopway is Runway Stopway ————————— tora ——_______ > Runway No Stopway + 884 > Figure 7.1 Accelerate/Stop Distance Available (ASDA).150 AERODROME GEOMETRY are located to each side of the runway. If the clearway plane is infringed by any part of the terrain, itis ‘considered to be the limiting obstacle for the purposes of calculating clearway length. CAP 168 Chapter 3 paragraph 9 and CS Definitions, p. 4. 7.7 Take-off Distance Available (TODA) 7.7.1 Definition ‘Take-off Distance Available isthe distance from the start of TORA to the nearest obstacle in the direction of take-off projecting above the surface of the aerodrome and capable of affecting the safety of an aeroplane when in flight, up to a maximum length equal to 150% x TORA (see Figure 7.2) 7.7.2 Length ‘The length of TODA can, therefore, be either the total of 1OKA plus the clearway length (but nor exceeding 150% of TORA) or just equal to TORA if no clearway exists. 7.7.3. Slope Where no clearway is available, the slope of the TORA and the TODA are the same. However, when clearway is available, the slope calculated by dividing the difference in elevation between the start of the ‘TORA and the surface level atthe end of the clearway by the length of the TODA. If the slope of the clearway is significantly different to that of the runway the operating authority will promulgate the elevations required to facilitate the calculation of the eurreet slope. 7.7.4 Obstacles By definition, no obstacles capable of hazarding an aeroplane in the airborne phase of take-off may exist in the declared clearway. (In the UK the CAA imposes a Take-off Climb Surface (TOCS) to establish which obstacles penetrate the climb surface and have to be considered in the climb Net Flight Path (NFP) calculations.) According to ICAO, obstacles that penetrate the Obstacle Identification Surface (OIS) must be accounted for in departure and missed approach procedures. This OIS is normally based on a gradient from the departure end vf the 1anway (DER) of 2.5 % 7.8 Balanced and Unbalanced Field Lengths 7.8.1 Balanced Field-Length Definition ‘A “balanced field-length’ exists when the aerodrome operating authority declares the length of ASDA is equal the length of TODA. In the event of an engine failure during take-off it provides the minimum distance in which a safe reaction can be made by the pilot. There are only two cases that are considered tobe “balanced! (see Figure 7.3). © Case A: An aerodrome at which the lengths of the stopway and the clearway are equal is a “balanced ficld-length’. © Case B: An aerodrome at which there is no stopway or clearway is a “balanced field-length” 7.8.2 Unbalanced Field-Length Definition ‘An aerodrome at which the lengths of the stopway and clearway are not of equal length is an “unbalanced field-length,’ because ASDA does not equal TODA. ‘There are four cases of ‘unbalanced field-length’ which are shown in Figure 7.3.BALANCED AND UNBALANCED FIELD LENGTHS 151 ro _— oa we croaway = = Soorey | OASEA Ne ian = cases a No Stopway _———— Td TERRSTEEE erences ano) ona Krom i tors ———> | Glearway | t si 1 Runway Sto case a sate ci a els es + TODA. Ciearnay | Funway No Stopway Voase i maa] ? 3 eee re7.3 Balanced and unbalanced field-lengths.