11 VECTOR CALCULUS 17.1 Vector Fields ET 16 ET 16.1 1 Fey) = 50+) AI vectors in this flare identical, with length Jy and direction parallel to the line y = «. 2. F(c,y) =it ej ‘The length of the vector i + xj is VI 2, Vectors are tangent to parabolas opening about the y-axis. 3. F(,y) =yit 35 The length of the vector yi are tangent to parabolas opening about the z-axis. 4. F(e,y) =(e-yi+aj The length of the vector (2 ~ y)i + 2jis (ey)? ¥ a7, Vectors along the line y = & are vertical564 9 CHAPTERT7 VECTOR CALCULUS ET CHAPTER 16, yitaj 5. F(z,y) Vere ‘The length of the vector YET ZI jg 1 Jae Vc ke. YE TT INA 7. F(z,y,2) = All vectors in this field are parallel to the y-axis and have length 1, 9% Fle,y,2) = 95 The length of F(z, y,2) is |y|- No vectors emanate from the x2-plane since y = 0 there. In each plane y = ball the vectors are identical All the vectors F(z, y) are unit vectors tangent to circles centered at the origin with radius y/2? + y?. » 8. F(x,y.z) = 24 ‘Ateach point (2, y, 2), F(,y, 2) is a vector of length |2|. For z > 0, all point in the direction of the positive y-axis while for 2 < 0, all are in the direction of the negative y-axis 1. F(x,y,2) =j-i Al vectors in this fel have length Vand point in the same direction, parallel tothe zy-plane. 11. F(z, y) = (y.2) corresponds to graph II Inthe first quadrant all the vectors have positive x and y-components, in the second quadrant all vectors have positive 2-components and negative y-components, in the third quadrant all ‘veetors have negative - and y-components, and in the fourth quadrant all vectors have negative components and positive y-components, In addition, the vectors get shorter as we approach the origin.SECTION 17.1 VECTORFIELOS ETSECTION161 565 12. F(z, y) = (1,siny) corresponds to graph IV since the component of each vector is constant, the vectors are independent of « (vectors along horizontal lines are identical), and the vector field appears to repeat the same pattem vertically. 13, F(z, y) = (x ~ 2,2 +1) corresponds to graph I since the vectors are independent of y (vectors along vertical ines are identical) and, as we move to the right, both the «- and the y-components get larger. 14. F(z,y) and y-components, in the second quadrant all vectors have positive 2-components and negative y-components, in (y, 1/2) corresponds to graph III. As in Exercise 11. all the vectors in the first quadrant have positive z= the third quadrant all vectors have negative 2~ and y-components, and inthe fourth quadrant all vectors have negative z-components and positive y-components. Also, the vectors become longer as we approach the y-axis 15. F(z,y, 2) +2j + 3k corresponds to graph IV, since all vectors have identical length and direction. 16. F(z,y,2) vectors above the zry-plane point generally upward while the vectors below the zy-plane point generally downward 17. F(2,y,2) which points away from the origin, and the vectors point generally upward because their z-components are all 3 i +2] + 21k corresponds to graph I since the horizontal vector components remain constant, but the i+ yj + 3k corresponds to graph III; the projection of each vector onto the xy-plane is 2i + yj, 18. F(x, y,2) = 2i+ yj + 2k corresponds to graph II; each vector F(z, y, 2) has the same length and direction as the position vector of the point (x, y, 2), and therefore the vectors all point directly away from the origin. 19. 45 ‘The vector field seems to have very short vectors near the line y = 2z. For F(x, y) = (0,0) we must have y® ~ 2zy = 0 and 3cy ~ 62? = 0. 45 The first equation holds if y = 0 or y = 2x, and the second holds if © = Oory = 2r. So both equations hold fand thus F(z, y) = 0] along the line y = 22, From the graph, it appears that all of the vectors in the field lie on lines ‘through the origin, and that the vectors have very small magnitudes near the circle [xe] = 2 and near the origin. Note that F(x) = 0. “22 22: M(F=2)=0 r= Oor2,soas we suspected, F(x) = 0 for [| = 2nd for 0. Note that where r? — r <0, the vectors point towards the origin, and where r? — r > 0, they point away from the origin. -22 14,2, 2. VF (x,y) = falesy)it fy (a, u)5 zHey tay my BV (ey) = felz wit flaw)i BVI (2,y,2) = folz,y,2)i+ fulz.y,2)j + fela.y,z)k (—Be-®*) + ax®-*e-P*) 1+ 05 = (a — Ba)2*1e-P* i sass + ss + kt Veryre VFtyte Jeryre566 0 CHAPTER 17 VECTOR CALCULUS ET CHAPTER 16 2. Vf (x.y, 2) = fela.y.z)it foley. 2)5+ foley 2k = (cos ¥) i= 2(sin #) (2) 5 —1(sm DCs)* = (onB) + Ent) Bond) B. f(z,y) =2y- 22 > Vi (au) = (y~2itej, ‘The length of Vf (x,y) is /(y — 2)? + @? and VF (ce, y) terminates on the line y = x +2at the point (x +y~2,2-+y) We graph Vf along with a contour map of f. REPO Ses. OO COs -6 eee et eo -6 ‘and are longer where the level curves are closer together. B. f(y) = ety? > Vi(.y) = Hat wit Fe+y)i. The length of V f(x, y) is V3letu)? = Jy le +a. The vectors are perpendicular to the line y = — and point away from the line, with length that increases as the distance from the line y = —a increases. ‘The graph shows that the gradient vectors are perpendicular to the level curves. Also. the gradient ‘vectors point in the direction in which f is increasing and are longer where the level curves are closer together,SECTION 17.1 VECTORFIELOS ETSECTION1G1 S67 Sey) =2y > Vf (a,y) = yi-+ 24. Inthe frst quadrant, both components of each vector are positive, while in the third quadrant both components are negative. However. in the second quadrant each vector’s 2-component is positive while its y-component is negative (and vice versa in the fourth quadrant). Thus, Vf is graph IV. 30. f(x,y) v > Vileu) while the y-component is negative. The other three quadrants are similar, where the the same sign as the e-value of its initial point, and the y-component has sign opposite that of the y-value of the initial point. Thus, Vf is graph IIL. 2x i — 2yj. In the first quadrant, the 2-component of each vector is positive r-component of each vector has 3. f(y) = 2? ty? => Vi (e,y) = 2vi + 2yj. Thus, each vector Vf(c, y) has the same direction and twice the length of the position vector of the point (1, y), so the vectors all point directly away from the origin and their lengths increase as we move away from the origin. Hence. V7 is graph I. 2 few= VPP > View) a, Taz egi VOT = 1 s0all vectors are uit vectors. In addition, each vector V (ay) has the Pry . Then IVF(z,y)| = same direction as the position vector of the point (x, y), so the vectors all point directly away from the origin Hence, Vf is graph I 33. (a) We sketch the vector field F(, y) = ai — yj along with several approximate flow lines.The flow lines appear to be hyperbolas with shape similar to the graph of y = 1/2. ‘0 we might guess that the flow lines have equations y=C/z. (b) If = 2(t) and y = y(t) are parametric equations of a flow line, then the velocity vector of the flow line at the Point (x,y) is 2'(t)i + y/ (t) . Since the velocity vectors coincide with the vectors in the vector field, we have 2 (ity Oj=zi-vj + dx/dt = 2, dy/dt = ~y, To solve these differential equations, we know dzjdt=2 = de/e=dt > Inje|=t+C +> e=tett© dy/dt=—y = dy/y=—dt = Inlyl=-t+K + y=-tet+* = Be~ for some constant B. ‘Therefore zy = Ac‘ Be~! = AB = constant. Ifthe flow line passes through (1, 1) then (2) Q) = constant =1 + zy=1 > y=1/2,2>0, Ae! for some constant A, and th 34. (a) We sketch the vector field F(x, y) = i + rj along with several approximate flow lines.The flow lines appear to be parabolas,568 © CHAPTER 17 VECTOR CALCULUS ET CHAPTER 16 (b) If = z(t) and y = y(t) are parametric equations of a flow line, then the velocity vector of the flow line atthe point (x, y) is z'(t) i + y'(E)5. Since the velocity vectors coincide with the vectors in the vector field, we have ‘aiayvtey j=. & ay dy _ dy/dt _ ityWi= Si Gee ts a= aityOizitei = | Tous = Gendt I (c) From part (b), dy/dr = <-. Integrating, we have y = 2? +c. Since the particle stats atthe origin, we know (0,0) is on the curve, so0 =0-+e => c= Oand the path the particle follows is y = 42°. 4a' 172 Line Integrals ET 16.2 Lr=Pandy=t0 el dt gives Integrating by parts with u Seve ds = V34 [3 (2+ 5t)e'** — Se! tte] -vaIG-He 5, If we choose + as the parameter, parametric equations for Care x = x,y =a forl dy=0dz,0<2<2. On: e=2,y=2r-4 > dy =2dz,2<2<3. ‘Then Jerude + (2—w)dy = fo, ryde + (ey) dy + fo, xyde+ (2 —y)dy = fo (0+0) de + f2 [(22 — 4z) + (-2 + 4)(2)) de = ff (2x? - 62 +8)de = a C=Q4+Q OnCr:2=cost + dr=~sintdt.y=sint + dy = cost dt,0 de dy =3dt.0 Eh0 Of 0) Then [osinzde + cosydy = [,, sinedz + cosydy + fo, sine dz + cosy dy = Jy sin(cost)(— sin t dt) + cos(sint) cost dt + fq sin(=1 ~t)(—dt) + cos(3t)(3.dt) cos(cost) + sin(sin#)]> + [—cos(—1—t) + sin(3¢)]>, = ~c0s(cosm) + sin(sinz) + cos(cos 0) ~ sin(sin 0) ~ cos(—2) + sin(3) + cos(—1) ~ sin(0) = ~¢0s(—1) +sin0 + cos(1) ~ sin0 ~ cos(—2) + sin3 + cos(—1) = —€08 1 + cos 1 — cos2 + sin3 + cos 1 = cos 1 — cos? + sin3 where we have used the identity cos(~8) = cos. 9 2 =4sint, y = dcost, [vas 34,0 St < 5. Then by Formula 9, wa zi z 3 (4sint)(4cos¢)® (¥) +(¥) +) dt 718 acd =[ 4° cos* tsint V(Leost)? + (—4sin)? + GP at wa =f 256.08? tsint y/16(cos? t+ sin? t) + Ot = 1280 J" cos? ¢sin tat = —320cos¢ t]"/? = 320570 CCHAPTERI7 VECTOR CALCULUS ET CHAPTER 16, 10. Parametric equations for C are x = 4t, y = 6 — Bt, z= —1+ 64,0 Ldu= (2t+96°)dt) = Si hvudu 13. [oP yvide = fy (CP OVE -2dt = WA fords tardy tyde = fpf -2at +O 3b de+e-2tdt = (yee dti= 3 (2t9 + tt) dt fo 8. 2 OnC:r=1t+t + dr=dty=3t > dy=3dtz = dze=0dt.0 dy=2di,2=1+t + dz=adtOst de=dty=2% + dy=2dt, 3 dz=-dt.0Sts, OnCy:e=14+2 > de dy=Odz=-1+t + dz=dtostst 16. dty=2 >SECTION 172 LINEINTEGRALS ETSECTION162 O 571 Then fe, 0? da + y? dy + 27 de = Jo, Pde ty dy +2 det fo, 2? det y? dy + 2%dz = fy dt + (28)? -2dt + (—t)*(—at) + (1 + 26)? - 2de +2? Ode + (-14 02 at = fj 807 dt + [2 (9t? + 6t +3) de = [$45] + [34° + 34? + 34]! = 17, (a) Along the line = —3, the vectors of F have positive y-components, so since the path goes upward, the integrand F . T is always postive. Therefore [-, F-dr = fo, F'Tds is postive. (b) All ofthe (nonzero) field vectors along the circle with radius 3 are pointed in the clockwise direction tha i, opposite the direction tothe path, So F «Tis negative, and therefore f.,, F de = Jo, F- Tds is negative 18, Vectors starting on Cs point in roughly the same direction as C, so the tangential component F - Tis positive Then Jo, F-dr = fo, F-'Tds is positive. On the other hand, no vectors starting on C's point in the same direction 48 C2, while Some vectors point in roughly the opposite direction, so we would expect fo, F-dr = [.,, F-Tds to be negative. 19. r(t) = Pi - 0), so F(r(t)) = (8)? (—8)8 i — (8) VB = 051 +8 j and r'(t) = 284 — 323 Thus fi,F de = [2 B(e(t)) -x/(e) dt = fi (—2t"4 — 348) at = as ay) ast — 3], = ite 20. F(r(t)) = (P)(P) 1+ (Q(E) 5+ (O(C) k= Oi + A j+ Oke () =i 425 4+30k Thus fo, F-de = fz F(x(t)) -/(t) dt = fy (#8 + 218 + 3t°) dt = #9)? = 64 2. fF de = ff (sint®, cos (#2) ,t*) - (3t2, -24,1) de = ft (sine? — 2t cost? + t4) dé = [-cost® ~ sin t® + 248]! = $ — cost - sin 2 JoF-dr = ff (cost,sint, -t) (l,cost,—sint) dt = [7 (cost + sintcost + tsint) dt = [sine + } sin? + (sind — ¢cose)]% == Bz We graph F(x, y) = (© — y) i +.2y4 and the curve C. We see that most of the vectors starting on C’ point in roughly the same direction as C, so for these portions of C the tangential component F’- Tis positive. Although ‘some vectors in the third quadrant which start on C’point in roughly the opposite direction, and hence give negative tangential components, it seems reasonable that the effect of these portions of C'is outweighed by the positive tangential components. Thus. we would expect f.,F -dr = J, F « Tds to be positive. To verify, we evaluate fF - dr. The curve C'can be represented by r(t) = 2costi + 2sintj.0 Te= [oy"ple,y) ds = fy sin? t [k(1 - sint)) dé = k J (sin? t — sin® t) dt Let u = cost, du = ~sintdt = $k [3 (1 — cos2t) dt — k fF (1 — cos?) sint dt in the second integral KE + Jy" w)au] =e 4 1y = Jo 2"p(a,y) ds = k Jf cost (1 — sint) dt = # "(1 + cos 2t) dt — k J cos? tsint dt =HE-3 ) using the same substitution as above The wire is given as x = 2sint, y = 2cost, 2 = 3t,0 < t < 2m with pla, y, 2) = k. Then ds = \/(2cost)? + (—2sint)? + 3? = \/4(cos? t+ sin? #) +9 = V3 and Te = Joly? + 2*)ol@,y,2) ds = fo" (4cos? t + 917)(k) VIS at = VTS K[4(4t + 3 sin2t) + 3¢°]2* = VIBK(4n + 24m?) = 4 13 wk(1 + 6x?) Ty = Iola? + 2?)p(a,us2) ds = f-" (Asin? t+ 91°) (k) VTS dt = VTSK[4(4t — sin 2t) + 30°]2" = VIBk(4m + 242°) = 4 VIB wk(1 + 6x?) Le = fola? + w)o(ay,z)ds = fo" (Asin? t + 4.cos? t)(k) VISdt = 4 VTBk 2" dt = 8x VIBK 37. W = JF -de = [3 (t —sint,3 — cost) - (1 — cost, sint) dt = Jo" (t—tcost — sint + sin tcost + 3sint — sin tcost) dt by integrating by parts = [2"(t—tcost + 2sint) dt = ot sint) in the second term ~ (tsint + cost) — 2cos ]3* W = f2, (esinz®, 2%) - (1,22) de = J?,(xsin2? 422%) de (15 + cos 1 — cos 4) Jeosz? + 3a")? 98. r(t) = (1+ 2t,4t,24),0<5t <1, Ws [oF dr =f) (6t,1 + 4t,1 +6) -(2,4,2) dt = fi (12+ 4(1 + at) +2(1 + 61)) dt = J (408 + 6) dt = [20% + 6¢]) = 26 0. v(t) = 21+ tj +5tk,0 [ F -dr = J" (0,0, 185) - (—20sint, 20 cost, 8) dt = (185) 8 J dt = (185)(90) 1.67 x 10° ft-lb 42, This time m is a function of t: m = 185 — 2t = 185 ~ Lt. Solet F = (185 — 2:t)k. To parametrize the staircase, let x = 20 cost, y = 20sint, z St = 11.0 << Gr. Therefore or JoF-dr = Jo" (0,0,185 ~ £t) - (—20sint, 20cost, 12) dt = 48 ff" (185 ~ Zt) at = [asst — 27]6" = 90(185 — 8) = 1.62 x 108 furb 43. (a) r(t) = (cost, sint), 0 < t < 2x, and let F = (a,b). Then W = [,F-dr =" (a,b) - (—sint,cost) dt = Jo" (-asint + boost) dt = [acost + bsin#] =a+0-at0=0 o (b) Yes. F (x,y) = kx = (ka, ky) and W = [Fd = [2" (keost, ksint) - (~sint,cos¢) dt = [2"(—ksintcost + ksintcost) dt = Jo" Odt = 0 44. Consider the base of the fence in the ry-plane, centered at the origin, with the height given by 2 = h (2,y). The fence can be ‘graphed using the parametric equations = 10cosu, y = 10sinw, 2 = v[4 +0.01((10cosu)? ~ (10sin u)*)] = u(4 + cos? u — sin? u) = u(4 +c0s2u), 0S us 2m, OSvS1 ‘The area of the fence is f., h(x, y) ds where C. the base of the fence, is given by # = 10cost, y= 1sint,0 0} which is open and simply-connected. Hence F is conservative, so there exists a function f such that Vf = F. Then Je(2,y) = 14 2zy + Ine implies f(x,y) = x +.27y + 2lne~2+g(y) and f,(z,y) = 2? + 9'(y), But ulay) = 2? s09'(y)=0 = gly) = K. Then f(z,y) = 2%y + alnz + K isa potential function for F.578 © CHAPTER17 VECTOR CALCULUS ET CHAPTER 16 9. A(ye* + sin y)/Oy = e* + cosy = A(e* + xcosy)/Ax and the domain of F is R*. Hence F is conservative so there ists a function f such that Vf =F. Then fa(c, y) = ye* + sin y implies f(x, y) = ye* +2siny + 9(y) and fy(x, y) = e* +acosy +9'(y). But f(x,y) = e* + xcosy so g(y) = K and f(x,y) = ye" +2siny + K is a potential function for F. 10, 2levcosh zy + sinh zy) oy and the domain of F is IR. Thus F is conservative, so there exists a function f such that Vf = F. Then fela.y) = zy cosh cy + sinh cy implies f(x,y) = xsinhry+g(y) > fy(z,y) = 2? cosh zy + g’(y). But Sylx-y) = 27 cosh xy so g(y) = K and f(x, y) = «sinh cy + K isa potential function for F. (x? cosh xy) #y sinh. x cosh ry = ysinh xy + 2x cosh-zy = SE eos ®y sinh xy + cosh xy + 2cosh vy = 11, (a) F has continuous first-order partial derivatives and z 2oy = 20 = Z (2) on R®, which is open and simply-connected. Thus, F is conservative by Theorem 6. Then we know that the line integral of F is independent of path: in particular, the value of J, F - dr depends only on the endpoints of C. Since all three curves have the same intial and terminal points, f., F - dr will have the same value for each curve. (b) We first find a potential function f, so that Vf We know f(z, y) = 2zy and fy(z, y) = x”. Integrating ‘fo(2.y) with respect to 2, we have f(x,y) = 2?y + g(y). Differentiating both sides with respect to y gives, fu(x.y) = 2? + g'(y). so we must have x? + g'(y) ==? => g'(y)=0 = g(y) = K,aconstant. ‘Thus f(x,y) = 2?y + K. All three curves start at (1,2) and end at (3, 2), so by Theorem 2, JoF-de = f(3,2) — f(1,2) = 18 ~ 2 = 16 for each curve, 12 (a) folz-y) oy) (b) oF de = f(2,1) — F(0,1) =3— implies f(x,y) = xy + g(y) and fy(2,y) = 2 + g'(y). But fy(a,y) = x + 2y so y => gly) = 4? + K. Wecan take K = 0.80 f(x,y) = ay + y* 2 13. (a) fo(.y) = 2°y4 implies f(x,y) = da*y* + g(y) and f(a, y) = 24y° + g'(y). But fy(2,y) = 2*y® so af(y) =0 > a(y) = K,aconstant. We can take K = 0,50 f(2,y) (b) The initial point of C is r(0) Je F- dr = f(1.2) ~ $(0,1) 44. (a) fe(a, y) = y2/(1 +2”) implies f(x,y) = yParctanz + g(y) = fy(a,y) = 2yarctansr + g'(y). But Jula.y) = 2yarctan:z sog'(y) =0 = g(y) = K. Wecantake K = 0,50 f(z,y) = y? arctan. (b) The initial point of C is r(0) JoB-dr = f(1,2) — f(0,0) = 4arctanl -0=4- 5 =". 48. (a) fo(2-ys2) = yz implies f(x, y.2) = 2yz + g(y.2) and so fy(z,y,2) = 22 + gy(u.2)- But fy(2,y,2) = 22 so gy(y.z)=0 = g(ysz) = h(2). Thus f(x,y, 2) = tyz +h(z) and f(z yz) = 2y + W'(2). But Sole, y.2) = xy +22 s0h'(z)=22 > h(z) = 2? + K. Hence f(0,y.2) = aye + 2? (taking K = 0). (b) Jo. Pde = f(4.6,8) ~ f(1,0,-2) = 81-4 = 77, 16. (a) fe(x,y. 2) = 2x2 +y? implies f(,y,2) = 222 + xy? + g(y.2) and so fy(z, v,2) = 2zy + 9o(y. 2). But fule.y.z) = 2ry 0.Gy(y.2) =O => alys2) = h(z). Thus f(a, yz) = 222 + ay? + h(z) and f(a, y.2) = 0? + h'(2). But fe(@,y,2) = ©? + 32%, so A(z) = 32? => A(z) = 2° + K. Hence f(e.y.2) = 222 + ay? + 2 (taking K = 0). (b) t = 0 corresponds to the point (0,1, —1) and t = 1 corresponds to (1,2, 1), 80 Jo Pedr = f(1,2.1) ~ f(0,1,-1) =6-(-1) $7. (0, 1) and the terminal point is x(1) = (2,2), 80 4-0=4 (0,0) and the terminal point is r(1) = (1,2). soSECTION 17.3 THEFUNDAMENTAL THEOREM FOR LINEINTEGRALS ETSECTION163 579 17. (a) fo(z,y,2) = y? cos z implies f(x,y, 2) = xy? cosz + gly, 2) and so fy(, y, 2) = 2ey cos z + gy(y, 2). But Sulay,2) = 2xy cos so gy(y,2)=0 = g(y,2) = h(2). Thus f(e, y,2) = zy? cos + h(2) and fa(z,ys2) y? sinz +h’ (z). But f(x,y, z) = —ay*sinz,soh!(2)=0 => h(z) = K. Hence S(©,y,2) = ay? cos z (taking K = 0). (6) £(0) = (0,0, 0), x(n) = (n?,0,m) so fi, F-dr = f(n®,0, 7) — f(0,0,0) = 0-0 18. (a) f(x,y, 2) =e” implies f(x,y, z) = ze” + g(y, z) and so fy(x,y,z) = ze” + gy(y, 2). But Lula.y,2) = 2e¥ s0 gy(y,2)=0 => glys2) = A(z). Thus f(,y,2) = ze” + A(z) and fo(2,y,2) = 0+ R'(z). But fe(z,y,2) = (z+ Ve? soh'(z) = (2+ let > A(z) = 20° + K (using integration by parts). Hence f(r, y, z) = zreY + ze" (taking K = 0). (b) (0) = (0,0,0), (1) = (1,11) s0 fi, F-de = f(1,1,1) — f(0,0,0) = 2e ~ 0 = 2e. 19. Here F(z,y) = tanyi + xsec? yj. Then f(x,y) = x tany is a potential function for F, that is, ‘VJ = F so F is conservative and thus its line integral is independent of path, Hence Jotany dx + 2sec? ydy = J. F dr =f(2, 3) — f(1,0) = 2tan% ~tand = 2 20. Here F(x, y) = (1 — ye~*)i + e~* j. Then f(x,y) = x + ye~* is a potential function for F, that is, Vf = F so F is conservative and thus its line integral is independent of path. Hence Jo (1 = yer*) de + €°* dy = J, F-dr = f(1,2) — f(0,1) = (1 +2e71) — 1 = 2/e. 2. F(z,y) = 297i + 30 /9j, W = JF -dr. Since (2°) /dy = 3 Vy = A(3x /G)/Az, there exists a function f such that Vf = F. In fact, fe(z,y) = 2y/? => f(x,y) = 2zy*/? +9(y) => Sulz,y) = Bay'/? + g!(y). But fy (x,y) = 3x VG s0 g'(y) = Oor g(y) = K. We can take K=0 => f(x,y) = 2xy*?, Thus W = fF -dr = f(2,4) — f(1,1) = 2(2)(8) — 2(1) = 30. 2 — 2h = f Pedr. sine (4) = B= 2(- a oy vi = fey)=-v'Je+aly) = fy=-2y/zta'y) > gy) =0, so we can take f(x,y) = —y?/-r as a potential function for F. Thus W = foP-de = f(4,-2)~ f(0,1) = ~ {(-2)7/4] + (1/1) =0 2) . there exists a function f such 23, We know that ifthe vector field (call it F) is conservative, then around any closed path C, f., Pdr = 0. But take C tobe some circle centered atthe origin, oriented counterclockwise. All of the field vectors along C' oppose ‘motion along C, so the integral around C will be negative. Therefore the field is not conservative. a From the graph, it appears that F is conservative, since around all closed paths, the number and size of the field vectors pointing in directions similar to that ofthe path seem to be roughly the same as the number and size of the vectors pointing in the opposite direction. To check. we calculate ao a wy (2zy + sin y) = 2x + cosy, ie (zx? + xcosy) = 22 + cosy ‘Thus F is conservative, by Theorem 6,580 CHAPTERT7 VECTOR CALCULUS ET CHAPTER 16 25, From the graph, it appears that F is not conservative, For example, any closed curve containing the point (2, 1) seems to have many fietd vectors pointing counterclockwise along it, and none pointing clockwise. So along this path the integral fF - dr # 0. To confirm ‘our guess, we calculate & (a= _)_ oy\ Vises, a z-2 2 2 (2) = e-»| =", |+ SS = a ss) @-2) ae Jiteey ( These are not equal, so the field is not conservative, by Theorem 5 2. Vf(z,y) = cos(x ~ 2y)i— 2eos(e — 2y)j (a) Weuse Theorem 2: fo, Pde = fo, VF -dr = f(r(b)) ~ f(e(a)) where C; stars att = a and ends at t= b. So because (0,0) = sin0 = O and f(r.) = sin(x — 2x) = 0, one pos (0,0) to (x, 7); thats, x(t) = nti + tj.0 0, y > 0} = the first quadrant (excluding the axes). Here F(2,y, 2) (a) Dis open because around every point in D we can puta disk that lies in D. (b) Dis connected because the straight line segment joining any two points in D lies in D. (©) Dis simply-connected because it’s connected and has no holes. 30. D = {(2,y) | x #0} consists ofall points in the 2y-plane except for those on the y-axis. (a) Dis open. (b) Points on opposite sides of the y-axis cannot be joined by a path that lies in D. so D is not connected. (©) Dis not simply-connected because it is not connected, 31. D = {(z,y) |1 <2 +y? < 4} = the annular region between the circles with center (0,0) and radi 1 and 2. (a) Dis open. (b) Dis connected (c) Dis not simply-connected. For example, 2? + y? = (1.5)? is simple and closed and lies within D but encloses points that are not in D. (Or we ean say, D has a hole, so is not simply-connected.)SECTION 17.4 GREEN'S THEOREM ETSECTION164 © 581 3. D = { (x,y) | 2? +y? < Lord 1 1 oe (Sarae ~ Tare) =~ (6.97 x 10%) (1.99 x 10%) (6.67 x 10") (—2.2377 x 107) & 1.77 x 10° J (©) In this case, © 1Q = We «0Q( hr = mata) = (8.985 x 10"°)(1)(~1.6 x 10-9) (10!) = 1.4 x 1044. 17.4 Green’s Theorem ET 16.4 L@ Cua=t + de=dt.y=0 4 dy=0d,0 de=-diy=3 > dy=0do de=dty=0 + dy=0d0 dy=dt0 dy=-2dt0 dy=—dt,0 de=~-dty=1-(1-t?=2-? = (2-21) do UV) > dv Jew fam (Fe +o ) fate FE du aun) a = «fff lz (a0 3) - é (a0 ») eI 4A. [using Green's Theorem in the wv-plane} 2 S eff (22 +a(u,») pale ~ 22.88 — otu,0) we) A {using the Chain Rule) =t i f, (3H ba 2) A [by the equality of mixed partials) = + i] if 329) audy Is Ov du ‘The sign is chosen to be positive ifthe orientation that we gave to OS corresponds to the usual positive orientation, and itis negative otherwise. In either case, since A(R) is postive, the sign chosen must be the same as the sign of ae ‘Therefore A(R) = IL, de dy = ff Fe 17.5 Curl and Divergence ET 16.5 ijk 1. @ cul =VxF=| 0/02 d/dy d/dz| =(—2? —0)i—(—2ey— ay) j+(0-a2)k zy: 0 ~aty ? i+ 3eyj—a2k =v F=2 2 42 -aty = - (0) div P= V+ B= 5 (ave) + 5 (0) + 5, (-2°v) = ve +040 = ys i ij k 2 (aculF=VxF=|d/dx O/dy 8/02| = (w2* — xy*)i— (ys? — xy) j + (y2z - 272) k xyz zyz xyz? = a(2? —y)ity(a? — 2?) jt 2(y? -2?)k a pa 8 tyre ® (ays ©) div P= 0B = 5; (oty2) + 5 (avte) + 5. (eye?) = Days + Daye + 2oye = Gxye iG k a/0x Ajay ajaz 1 ortyz ay-ve =(@-wi-vitk 3. @ culF =VxF= (@ —y)i-(y-0)j+(1-O)k iv -pa2 (42 o @ dvF=V-F= 5 () +5 (e+u2) + 5 (oy ve)= 2-5 a588°C) CHAPTER17 VECTORCALCULUS ET CHAPTER 16, ij k 4 @culF=VxF=|0/de d/dy a/dz 0 coszz —sinzy = (-zeosy + xsinz2} (-ucosay ~ 0)j + (—z8ina2 — 0) k = a(sinzz — cosy) i+ yeossyj — zsinzzk a a a ©) dF = V-F= 5 (0) + 5, (cose) + 5, (-sinzy) =0+0+0=0 i j k 5. (a)culF=VxF=| 0/0r A/dy /dz| =(0-0)i- (0-0) + (€* cosy —e* cosy) k=0 e*siny ef cosy = 2 etsiny) + 22 2 (a) =e siny — ein ) dv F = V-F = 5, (e*siny) + 5 (CF cosw) + 5, (2) y y+ i j k 6 (aculF=VxF=| o/or o/ey o/dz ——_ _4¥__ __ 47 _ Pept! Pryse Pryts = wee ((-2y2 + 2y2) i — (-2ez + 2vz)j + (—2ay + 2ey) k) = -v-p-2(_* _),9(_» __),9(_z__ yeas? eye tay? ty 4 et 22" (++ ey @+ytey (+ + 22)? ety te _ 1 @rysey PrP Te ij k Bf Ajay afaz Inz In(xy) In(zy2) = Gee) ey dvP=0-F= 2 (ina) + z (in(ay)) + 2 nteve)) = 7. (a) cul F= Vx F ij k a/dx d/dy a/dz 8 (a) culF =VxF = (ze” — 2)i— (0-0) j + (2 ~ze-¥(-1)) kk ze¥ mz ze = (ze — 2,02 + 2e-¥) a = 2 (eer) 4 2 (a2) 4 2 (cet) se HOF HOHE @awPa=7-P= 2 eet 2 ort 2 Geer 4048 =e +eSECTION 17.5 CURLANO DIVERGENCE ETSECTION1ES © 589 9, If the vector field is F = Pi+ Qj + Rk, then we know R = 0. In addition, the 2-component of each vector of F _ oP _@P _OP _OR_@R_ OR 22 oo bu 180,50 P= O.hence 5 = 5 = Ge = Ge = Gy ~ ge 0° 2 deereases as y increases, so FE < 0, but Q doesn’t change in the 2- or 2-directions, 50 2 2 aP 0, aR_,, dive = Fo + E+ Fe 04 2 400 eemoe OP _ ORY; (8Q_ OP), _ Pee ee (b) curl F (# Ry +2 es Ee or) k=(0 0)i+ (0-0)j+(-0)k=0 10. If the vector field is F = Pi+ Qj + Rk, then we know R = 0. In addition, P and Q don’t vary in the z-direction, OR _OR_@AR_ AP _ AQ 0 = =>-5 Oz Oy Oz Oz Oz 0. As z increases, the x-component of each vector of F increases while the oP. xy-component remains constant, so — > 0 any ae 0. Similarly, as y increases, the y-component of each vector a IP increases while the 2-component remains constant, so 22 > 0 and 2 — o, Oy oy ivr 2? ,2Q, OR _aP , aQ (div = 5+ 5 + Se = Be toy T9798 (your = (2 22); , (OP _ OR) 5, (82 _ 2P\ yy) + (0-0) + (0-0) k=0 ay de O2 Oz Ox Oy If the vector field is F = Pi + Qj + Rk, then we know R = 0. In addition, the y-component of each vector of F bl _0Q _0Q_OR_AR_ AR 1. = 0. P increases as y increases, so 2P. > 0, but P ~ Oy ~ Oz ~ Oz ~ dy ~ de oy hoes t change inthe 2-oFzietions, so 9F = OP. — 0 = OP , 8, aR = (a divF = 3° + ay * Be TOtO+0 0 OR aQ OP OR\,. ) curl F = pron i) (#- 2): u(Z ie) i+ ( oP =(0-0)i+(0-0)5+ (0-2) x= (0-91+0-0)5+ (0- FF) Si eo 0, ee Kk ince FE. > 0, ~FE sa vector pointing inthe negative 2-rection 12. (@) curl f = V x f is meaningless because f is a scalar field. () grad f isa vector field (©) div F isa scalar fel. (@) curl (grad f) isa vector field (©) grad F is meaningless because F is not a scalar fel. (f) grad (div F) isa vector field. (8) div(grad f) is a scalar field, (h) grad (div f) is meaningless because f is a scalar field.590 O CHAPTER17 VECTORCALCULUS ET CHAPTER 16 curl (curl F) isa vector fel. () div(div F) is meaningless because div F is a scalar field (&) (grad f) x (div F) is meaningless because div F isa scalar field (D div(curl (grad f)) is a scalar fel. ij ok 13, cul F= Vx F =| 0/82 8/dy 8/02] = (e—2)i-(y—y)jt (2-2) k=0 ye omy and F is defined on all of R® with component functions which have continuous partial derivatives, so by Theorem 4, F is conservative. Thus, there exists a function f such that F = Vf. Then fe(c, 9,2) = yz implies f(x,y, 2) = zyz + g(y,z) and fy(z,y, 2) = 22 + gy(y, 2). But fy(2,y,2) = xz, so g(y,z) = h(z) and F(x,y,2) = xyz + h(2). Thus f.(x,y, 2) = ry + h'(2) but f(z, ys potential function for F is f(0,y, 2) = ayz + K. 7y So h(2) = Ka constant. Hence a ii ok 14. cul F=VxF=|0/dx d/dy a/d2| = (0-0)i- (22 ~62)j + (0-0) k = 425 40, 32? cosy wz so F is not conservative, i j k 18.culF=VxF=|0/d2 0/0y 8/02| = (2y ~ 2y)i~ (0-0) j + (2x — 2) k = O, Fis defined on all Qey a+ dye y? of IR°, and the partial derivatives of the component functions are continuous, so F is conservative. Thus there exists a function f such that Vf = F. Then fe(,y, 2) = 2ay implies f(x, y,2) = x*y + g(y,2) and Fula, y,2) = 2? + gy(y,2). But fy(, y, 2) = 2? + 2yz, so g(y, 2) = y?2 + A(z) and Slesys2) = ay + ye +(e). Thus f.(2,y, 2) = 9? +h! (2) but fa(z,ys2) = v? 50 A(z) = fley2)=y tye K. i i k 16. cul F=VxF=|0/dx 0/dy 0/dz| = (0—0)i-(€* — €*)5 + (0 — 0) k = 0 and F is defined on all of e 1 ae B® with component functions that have continuous partial deriatives, so F is conservative. Thus there exists a function f such that Vf =F. Then fe(2, 9,2) = folesus2) = duly. 2)- But fy(2,y,2) = 1.50 g(y,2) = y+ h(2) and f(z,y,2) = ae" +y + h(z). Thus implies f(x,ysz) = xe* +9(y.2) > f-(,y,2) =e* + h'(z) but f.(z,y,2) = wee, so h(2) = Ka constant. Hence a potential function for F is F(x.y.z) =e" ty + K.SECTION 175 CUAL AND DIVERGENCE ET SECTION 165 ij ok W.culF=VxF=| 0/82 a/dy a/d2| = (0-0)i- (0-0) 5 + (-e~ vet et de yk 0 F is not conservative. i j k WcuwlF=VxF=| d/dr d/dy a/dz yeoszy xcosty —sinz = (0 = 0)i- (0 ~0) 5 + [(-aysin ay + cosy) — (-2ysinzy + cosay)]k = 0 F is defined on all of R*, and the partial derivatives of the component functions are continuous, so F is ‘conservative, Thus there exists a function f such that Vf = F. Then fa(z,y, 2) = ycos.2y implies J (x,y,z) =sinzy + 9(y,2) > fyle.y.2) =xcoscy + gy(y,2). But fy(x,y,2) = reoszy, so oly, 2) = h(2) and f(2,y,z) = sinzy + h(z). Thus f(x,y, 2) = h’(2) but fe(¢,y,z) = —sinz so A(z) = cos + K and a potential function for F is f(x, y,2) = sinay + cos + K. 19. No, Assume there is such a G. Then div(curl G) = y? + 2? + 2? # 0. which contradicts Theorem 11 ‘20. No. Assume there is such a G, Then div(curl G) = xz # 0 which contradicts Theorem 11 i i k 2. cul =|8/dx A/dy 0/8z| = (0-0)i+ (0~0)j +(0-0)k= F(z) gly) A(z) Hence F = f(x)i + g(y)j + h(2) k is irrotational wR = 2Fly.2)) , Ag(ez)) | A(h(z,y)) 2 div = ote = 050 F is incompressible. For Exercises 23-29, let (x,y, 2) = Pri+ Qij + Rik and G(x.y,z) = Pri+ Qoj+ Rok 23. div (F +) = 2A +P) , (Qi + Qs) | (Ri + Ra) Or by CU = (2B + 4 BY) 4 (OP 4 2M) cava manent (28-2) (98) (8-2) (B-B)» - [2% + Ro) Qi + 23) 4 [P+ Ps) a(R + Ro) Oy Oz Oz ‘Or Qi+Q2) _ APi + Pe) oe oy ]e= ene +e) —2e-*k £0, 0$82 C CHAPTER17. VECTORCALCULUS ET CHAPTER 16 2. div (fF) = eg) , fs) 4 ORs) Oy oz ~(ae Be) (FG +0) * (oe ae) -i(F + 931 BE) 5 (PQ) he 2) - pave +P. 9F - [Be nL - pg is [SB +n 2B + [Bra 1B nl OP: ORs), Qi _ OP, fi elie Be + [al -a.8h fix [Sl — me 2L) + fardl rn Z] ay ae = fowlF +(Vf)xF ajax a/dy a/dz * a [2 |% | a|h BQ |. div(F x G)=V-(FxG)=| Pi 1 ao roe + 0. div(F x G) (F x G) Q@ tole, ®l a a Po Qo £2). BM) on (B2-20)] GB) 02-8) 0-9) =G-curlF ~F-culG “oC 2B div(Vf x Vg) = Vg curl (Vf) — Vf - curl (Va) [by Exercise 27] = 0 (by Theorem 3)SECTION75 CURLANDDVERGENCE ETSECTION 165 © 589 i i k 28. curleurl F = V x (Vx F)= o/ae o/ay a/dz AR /dy —AQi/d2 OP/Oz~OR,/Ox 0Qs/dz - AP./Oy Frat pe Gat Ge) i+ (FE SH FO, OR), a2 * 200)! * \Bedy~ Oe? “Be? * Bxdy PR PR | PQ x? ~ Oy? +oo)K Now let's consider grad div F — VF and compare with the above. (Note that V?F is defined on page 1130 | ET 1094].) PR PP aaa) in (se (68-828) Ges grad div F — VF = [C +( Oe" PQ Bady (= PQ: PR oR), PR, OPP, PR), (PP, PR edz Oy Oz? )** Oydz Oz0r * Oxy Oa? “By? ‘Then applying Clairaut’s Theorem to reverse the order of differentiation in the second partial derivatives as needed and comparing, we have curl curl F = grad div F — VF as desired. &*) (wityjtzk)=14141=3 VP tP FR (eityjtzk) -(—_#_s wage aye 2 + (Ses tv (wo 1 Se (te? + ay? $42?) = aa PF = ar Fre eas Wt av + ae) wre Another method: By Exeise 2, V(r) = dv(re) = rv tr: Vr = art foe Bnei 31 ttow] =S94 CHAPTER 17 VECTORCALCULUS ET CHAPTER 16 (6) V2r8 = 92 (2? 4 4? +22)? = [fet +8 +400] + 2 [fe + +)00)| = 3[}le? ty? +220) 0) +(e? + y+ 2)'9] $3[}@2 +0? +24) n)(v) + @ +9? + 24)'9] +3[Lo? + y? + 2222) 2) +P Hv +27)" Ba? + y? + 27)" 9 (da? + dy? + 427) = 12(2? + y? + 2)? =r Another method: & (a? + y* +27)? =32 fa? +yP+2 > Vr9 = 3r(wityjtzk) =3rr. so V2r5 = V-Vr8 = V-(3rr) = 3(4r) = 12r by part (b). : v_, : M1. a) Vr = 0/2? Pt FP = i +t jt Sk Oo Wt!” Veapie | (eteee | Jetpee po i ® a 20-20) +|Zo- Zoli [ys os) +(e) : 1 ————— (22 SS (2 ess (22) erga 2 eeeea Tears Z wtypte Pip te wrete zityjt2k err +e als a (@) Vine =Vin(2? +y? +29)! = BVIn(x? +97 +22) itujtek or eyyte reSECTION 175 CURL AND DIVERGENCE ETSECTION165 0 = VPFP FF 90 BWracityjtzk + r= r 2 5 rot-_ 4 i mo rere Gap repel aos k Ty tape a = _ (tty? +22) ~ pe? pa? THO By Pa EA yh anew — —peee Similarly a 2 py a z Pp? A, Oy tay tape ~ pete 5s eT yay ates = gpa Thus divF=V-F= pete + pee (a? +y? +2) TPeE Consequently, if p = 3 we have div F = 25. But 33. By (13), fc (V9) nds = Jf pdiv(fV9) dA = ff p|f div(V9) + Vo- Vf] dA by Exerc div(Vg) = V?g. Hence [f', fV°gdA = §,. f(Vg) nds — ff, Vg- VF aA 4. By Exercise 33, [Jf fV?9dA = f.. f(V9) nds — ff, Vg- Vf dA and Sfp 9VFaA = f.. oVf) -nds — ff, Vf VodA. Hence Sn (S¥?9 — 9V*f) dA = $. [f(V 9) o(VF)-n]ds + ff, (VF-Va—Vo-Vf)dA =felfVo-gVf]|-nds Iw xr], But-v is 35, (a) We know that w = v/d, and from the diagram sin@ = d/r => perpendicular to both w and r, so that v= w X r. ik (b) From (a), v=wxr=]0 0 w]=(0-2-wy)it wx—0-2)j+(0-y—2-0)k=—wyit+wej rye ij k ©@culv=Vxv=|a/dr o/dy d/az wy wr 0 a a i - [20-Zeat[ = (-w)] k = 20k = 2w596 CHAPTER17 VECTORCALCULUS ET CHAPTER 16 36. Let H = (hi, ha, hs) and E = (Ex, B2, Bs) i j k afdx ajay a/az Ohi /At_ Aha/Ot Ahs/At 1[(®hs Pha), (Hh Fhe), , (She Hm) c [\ayat Ozat azat deat)? * drat dyat 10 [ (dhs dha), (Ohy dhe hz aby 0.) If we let x and z be the parameters, parametric equations are x = 2,2 = 2,y=VI-# +2 19. Solving the equation for y gives y? -p-awy , 2 = z where y? + 22? < A since x > 0. Then the associated vector equation is r(y.2) = (4-y? -22)ityi+2k 21. Since the cone intersects the sphere in the circle x? + y? = 2, z = V2 and we want the portion of the sphere above this, we can parametrize the surface as @ = 2, y = y,z = /4— a? — y? where x? +y? < 2. Alternate solution: Using spherical coordinates, x = 2sin 4 cos 6. y = 2sin @sin 8, z = 2cos } where 0. < < and 0 < @ < 2n. 2. In spherical coordinates, parametric equations are x = Asin $ cos 0, y = 4sin sin, z = 4.cos 6. The intersection ofthe sphere with the plane z = 2.corresponds to z = 4cos@=2 => cosp=3 - = 4. By symmetry, the intersection of the sphere with the plane z = —2 corresponds to ¢ = ~ $ = 2. Thus the surface is described by0 r(0,x)=(0,0.7). i+ wcosvj +cosu k. so i+sinvj—vsinukand ry = m= ‘anormal vector to the surface at the point (0,0, ) is Fu (0,) x ro(0,) = (i) x (kk) = 74. Thus an equation of the tangent plane is ~(y ~ 0) = Oor y = 0. 35. Here 2 = f(x,y) = 4 ~ x ~ 2y and Dis the disk 2? + y? <4. Thus, by Formula 9. (8) = [fp VIF CIP + HBP aA = V6 ff, dd = VOA(D) = 4 Vox 36. ry = (0,1, -5). ry = (1,-2.1), and ry x re = (-9, 5, -1). Then by Definition 6, 4(8)= ff irexretaa=f' [C0 3. 2 = f(a,y) =zywithO<2? +y? A(5)= ff VinPeFaa = [ [ PFivaeae= "betsy =["3eva-1)w0 2 (2v3-1) 1) | dude = V0 fa f° do = Vor BB. = f(x,y) = 1432 + 2y? with O sin dorsin(Z +4) > sindord—F<0< —¢. Hence D = {(4,0) |0S $< 3.6 - << 4-4}. Then A(Si) = fp? [51279 o? sing d0 de = a? (5? (x — 24) sinod a? ((—1 cos 6) — 2(—dcos d + sin @)|g/? = a?(m — 2) ‘Thus A(S) = 202 -2), Alternate solution: Working on $ we could parametrize the portion of the sphere by x = x. y = y. = Va? =a? =. Then |rz x ry] and a xt pocone A(Si) -ff ae f ose-wnnse sine Vee —P Sna cose = IT, ~a(e? - 9)9] 6 = 717, a{1 — (1 — cos? 0)"/?} a0 = [707, a°(1 = sin 6) d0 = 2a f2/?(1 — sin) d0 = 2a7(3 — 1) Thus A(S) = 4a?(¥ — 1) = 2a?(m — 2) Notes: (1) Pethaps working in spherical coordinates is the most obvious approach here. However, you must be careful in setting up D. (2) In the alternate solution, you can avoid having to use [sin | by working in the first octant and then multiplying by 4, However, if you set up $1 as above and arrived at A(S1) = a? 7, You now see your error, 4. ry = (cosv,sinv,0).r6 ‘usin v,ucosv,1),and ru x ry = (sin v, — cos v, u). Then A(S) = “[f Vis waudy= f wf a a[3Vie FT + dnl YerFil]! = 5[v2+m(1+v2)] 4. ry = (v,1,1).r A, -T) and ny X46 = (2a v0 — u). Then AUS) = Ia pea gs VOPR ERA = 2°» VEE BR dra = [2° a0 fo 2 VEE Tr =2n{§4+22)°"]! ~ 3(6v8-8) = x(2ve-8) a606 «© CHAPTER17 VECTOR CALCULUS ET CHAPTER 16 6. 2 = f(x,y) = cos(x? + y*) with 2? + y? <1. = fp V+ C2xsin(a? $y)? + (Dy sina? $y?) dA = [lp VUE aa sin ET + PRIME BFA = Wn VIF AGRE PY sin (a? + WGA = [2 f VU aR GR) dead = [2° a8 fo r/TE PEA ar = On [oir (T+ aT sin) dr & 4.1073 4. 2= flay) se? witha? +y? <4 = Llp 14 ae Cae Pal = Sfp VI+ AGP + Pe dA = [2° J2 Ve pdr dd = [2 ao fr VI ae ar aan [21 VISIO aw 19.9788 48. Let f(0.y) = Be 4 Then fe = 2. =(1+2)[- 2] - 42) ON i com +e)? ‘We use a CAS to estimate Pa ley VIF EEF Fh dude ~ 2.6959. In order to graph only the part ofthe surface above the square, we use ~ (1 |x|) 2°/a? + y2/0? = which is an elliptic paraboloid, To find D, notice that0 w) (sin ucosv)? + (sin usin v)? + (cos u)? = sin? u+cos*u=1 and since the ranges of u and v are sufficient to generate the entire graph, the parametric equations represent an ellipsoid, (©) From the parametric equations (with a = 1,6 = 2, and.¢ = 3), wwe calculate ry, = cos ucos vi + 2cosusinvj —3sinuk and ry = ~sinusinvi + 2sinucosvj. Sor, x ry = 6sin? ucosvi + 3sin? usinvj + 2sin ucos uk, and the surface area is given by A(S) = 3" Jf lew x tol dudv = (27 [ge V36sin* u cos? v + 9sin* usin? w+ 4.005? usin? udu de 54. (a) 2 = acosh ucosv, y= beoshusinv, z= csinhu => ) = cosh? ucos? v + cosh? usin? v — sinh? u = cosh? u — sinh? u and the parametric equations represent a hyperboloid of one sheet. (©) ru = sinh ueos vi + 2sinh usin j-+ 3cosh uk and ry = cosh usin vi + 2cosh weasy j, so ru X ry = —6 cosh? ucos vi — 3cosh? usin vj + 2cosh usinh wk. We integrate between w=sinh*(—1) = ~In(1 + V2) and w= sinh“? 1 = In(1 + v2). since then z varies between —3 and 3, as desired. So the surface area is ae pn(1+ 8) f [“ [ny x ruldudo ta(a+ v3) A(S) 1o(14-¥2) =f pn ‘6 cosh™ wos? v + 9cosh® usin” v + 4cosh? wsinh* udu dv a(t + v3) 55, r(u,v) = (cos* ueos* v, sin* wos" v, sin® v), so ra = (—3cos? wsin u cos" v, 3sin® u.cos ucos* v,0), ry = (—3c0s? wos? usin v, ~3sin® ucos? vsin v, 3sin® eos), and ru x rv = (9cosusin® ucos* usin? v,9.cos? usin ucos* vsin? v, 9 cos? usin? ucos® usin v). Then fra x re] =9 veos™ wsin® ucos® vin w+ cost usin? wu cos* v sin u + cost usin® uco5™ vsin? wv =9 y/cos? usin? wcos8 v sin? v (sin? v + cos? usin? u.cos? v) =9cos" v |cos usin usin v] sin? v + cos? usin? u cos? v Py + 00s? usin? u cos? v dv du ~ 4.4506. Using a CAS, we have A(S) = [5° 2" 9cos* v [cos usin usin v|SECTION 176 PARAMETRIC SURFACES AND THEIR AREAS ETSECTION166 ©) 609 86, (a) Here z = asina, y= |AB, and x = |OA|, But [OB| = |0C| + |CB| = b+ acosa and sing = 14 |OA| Y= |OB|sind = (6+ a00sa) sind. Similarly cos = TF 80 = (b+ acosa) cos#. Hence a parametric representation forthe torus is x = beos# + acosacosé, y = bsin# + acosasin8, 2 =asina, where 0 a, -1 < cosa < 150 |b +acosal = b+ acosa. Hence A(S) = [2° [2" a(6-+ cosa) dado = 20 [aba +02sina]2" = dn2ab610 CHAPTER 17 VECTOR CALCULUS ET CHAPTER 16 17.7 Surface Integrals ET 16.7 1. Each face of the cube has surface area 2” = 4, and the points P, are the points where the cube intersects the coordinate axes. Here, f(e,y,2) = /2? + Dy? + 32%. so by Definition 1, SIs £e,y,2) dS = [F(1, 0, 0))(4) + [F(—1,0, 0)](4) + [F, 1,0)](4) + LF(0, -1, 0)](4) + (£(0,0, 1))(4) + [£0,0, —1)](4) =4(1+14+2V3+2V3) =8(1+ v3-+4 v3) ~ 33.170 2, Each quarter-cylinder has surface area 427-(1)(2)) = x, and the top and bottom disks have surface area (1)? ‘We can take (0, 0,1) as a sample point in the top disk, (0, 0, —1) in the bottom disk, and (1, 0,0), (0, 1,0) in the four quarter-cylinders. Then [f, f(x,y. 2) dS can be approximated by the Riemann sum £(1,0,0)() + f(~1,0,0)(2r) + F(0, 1,0) (m) + F(0, -1, 0)(n) + £(0,0, 1)(x) + £(0,0, -1)(n) = (2424343444 4)x = 180 = 565 3. We can use the z~ and y2-planes to divide H into four patches of equal size, each with surface area equal to 4 the surface area of a sphere with radius ¥/50, so AS = }(4)m(\/50)? = 25m. Then (+3, +4, 5) are sample points in the four patches, and using a Riemann sum as in Definition 1, we have Sl flesy.2) dS = f(3,4,5) AS + f(3, -4,5) AS + f(-3,4,5) AS + f(—3, 4,5) AS =(7+849-+12)(25m 4. On the surface, f(x,y, 2) = 9 Vz® UF +=) = (2) = Sls fl@.u,2) dS = ff, 9(2)dS = -5 ff, aS = —5[an(2)?) 9 _ yang 22 = 5. Then ul & — vand FE = 3, Then by Formula 2, [em [lee [a> (yo = JB fe y(t 20 + 3y) VEFOF Ty de = VT f2 [2(e2y + 20%y + 8244?) dy de = Vid {8 [dey + 2'y? +2705] = V1 [3 (102? + 42°) de = VT [22° +24] = 171 VTE 900m = 2827 5, So since the area of a sphere is 4rr?, 80n. 5 z=1422+3yso dx — yover D = {(x,y)|O< #5 1,0 0). Then SfsyzdS = fo"? J (usinv)(ucosv) -uVTF AE dudv = fou? WTF Ae du f"/? sin v cos v dv Ulett =144u? = w= 1(¢—1) and d= udu) = [PE Mt 1vbat JF? sin veos du = 3 JP (18 - Bh vi) at fz sin weos vdv =4[207- ger]? [Jsin? v7? 3 (20) — 2(5)? 24 3) 41-0) 18. r, = cosvitsinuj,ry = -usinvitweosvj+k = ry xry=sinvi-cosuj+uk = VIF, s0 ff, VIF a? +H dS = fff) VIF ue? VIF wdudy 19. F(x,y,2) = 2yi+yzj+2rk, z= g(x,y) =4—- SfF a wand D is the square (0, 1] x [0,1], so by Equation & JSpl-2y(—22) ~ y2(~2y) + 22] dA = fo (2a? + wa ~y) +a(4—2? — y?)|dydz 20. P(x, y,z) = xyi + 42°j + yek, 2 = g(x,y) = xe¥, and D is the square [0, 1] x [0, 1], so by Equation 8 Sls F 4S = [fp[-ay(e") — 4x?(xe¥) + yz]dA = J} J} (—aye" — da*e¥ + aye") dy de So [-42%e"] = (e~1) fp(-40*) de 2. F(e,y,z) = 22e¥i— ne" j + 2k, 2 = olay) —yand D = {(2,y) |0S2<1,0 Oare — VT plana west ds = f ay (3 — 2x? ~ y?)* 162? ay? + I dy dz ~ 3.4895 If pale RATE nar616 CHAPTER 17 VECTORCALCULUS ET CHAPTER 16 32. The flux of F across $ is given by J, F -dS = J{, F -mdS. Now on S,z = g(x,y) = 2/1 —y?, 80 0g/8x = 0 and Ag/Ay = —2y(1 — y*)-'/?. Therefore. by (8). JTeP a8= 2,5, (-2y[-200 2)? ] + 2vImR] oe?) aya — 80¢-2/5) 3B. If S is given by y = h(a, 2), then S is also the level surface f(x,y, 2) = y — h(x, 2) = 0. Vilems) _ Wieu2)) ve+Ieh the derivation of (8). using Formula 2 to evaluate JSF 48 = fF -nds and —n is the unit normal that points to the left. Now we proceed as in hy -/ wis aien (2) Yiars(# aa p (2) (2) a where D is the projection of f(2, y,2) onto the «2-plane. Therefore [vos [[, (P&-a+8%)aa —k(y,2) =0. and since the z-component is positive this is the unit normal that points 34, If S is given by © = k(y,z), then S is also the level surface f(x,y, 2) _ Vile.vz) kyj— kek Wie.v2l I+ forward. Now we proceed as in the derivation of (8), using Formula 2 for SF -48 = ffsF-nds ok. ok rere where D is the projection of f (x, y, 2) onto the yz-plane. Therefore [o> [hlr-o% #8 y+ (3) a a (Pi+Qj+RK) D‘SECTION 17.7 SURFACE INTEGRALS ETSECTION167 QO 617 35. m= ff, KS = K -4n(3a*) = 2na?K; by symmetry Mz: = My: = 0. and May = [fg2K dS = K fy" [f""(acos $)(a? sind) dod0 = 2nKa*[—4 cos 26]5? = xKa°. Hence (3,2) = (0,0, 4a) + 36. Sis given by r(z,y) =2ityj+ Va? Fok. [re x ry) tv 4 1+ m=Jfs(- ver) ds= ff (10- (iP) Vida iste = [2° ff VB (10 ~ r) pdrdd = 2n V3 [5r? — 409 17 108 v20 F(a) Te = ff gz? +P )ola,y, 2) dS OL = foe +¥)(10- Var ¥vF)as= ff (at + y)(10- Va? Fy) vIaA leat byt cie = [3" ff V2 (100 — r4) drdo = 2 V2n( 22) = 822A e 38. Sis given by r(~,y) = it yj + V2?+w keand [re x Fy| = V3. (@m=JfgkdS=k — ff V2dS = V2a?kn: by symmetry Me: = Mys = 0, and o ffs, B-adS = 24e0 43. KVu = 6.5(4yj + 42k). S is given by r(x, 0) = cit V6 cosj + V6 sin@k and since we want the inward heat flow, we use rz x re = —V6 cos 4j — V6 sin Ok. Then the rate of heat flow inward is given by Sls (-K Vu) - dS = J2* ff -(6.5)(~24) de do = (2n)(156)(4) = 12487. 4. ule.y,2) =o (FFP EA, F=-KVu=-K ee eae! wigs wry ok a aye itu ta) Dennen and the outward unit normal isn = 7 (wi + yj +2). ck aeayr aye reat ow across Sis ff F.dS= Sf as = (ama?) = 4nKe. s @ IIs Hence the rate of ‘Thus Fen (2? +y? +2), buton $2? + y? +2‘SECTION 17.8 STOKES THEOREM ETSECTION168 © 619 17.8 Stokes’ Theorem ET 168 1, Both H and P are oriented piecewise-smooth surfaces that are bounded by the simple, closed, smooth curve 2 +y? = 4, 2 = 0 (which we can take to be oriented positively for both surfaces). Then Hand P satisfy the hypotheses of Stokes’ Theorem, so by (3) we know ff, curlF -dS = [.,F-dr = ff, curlF - dS (where Cis the boundary curve). 2. The plane z = 5 intersects the paraboloid z = 9 — 2? — y? in the circle 2? + y? = 4, z = 5. This boundary curve C is oriented in the counterclockwise direction, so the vector equation is r(t) = 2cos¢i + 2sintj +5, OSt< 2n. Then r'(t) = -2sinti + 2costj, F(r(t)) = 10sinti + 10costj + 4costsint k, and by Stokes’ Theorem, Jfscurl F dS = fF de = J2" F(r(t)) -¥/(t) dt = J?" (—20sin? ¢ + 20 cos? t) dt =20 f2" cos 2t dt = 0 3. The boundary curve C'is the circle 2? + y? = 4, z = 0 oriented in the counterclockwise direction. The vector equation is r(t) = 2eosti + 2sintj,0 ° Now curl F = —i ~ j — k, and S can be parametrized (see Example 17.6.10 [ET 16.6.10)) by 14,8) = sind cos0i + sin dsin8j + cospk,0 << 7.0 So < m. Then rg x ro = sin? $cos Oi + sin? ¢sin Oj + sin dcos dk and Sfp culF dS= ff curl F-(rg x r0)dA = fF [g\(—sin® 6008 ~ sin® sind — sin cos) dd dep = [z(—2sin® 6 — x sind cos) d6 = [} sin29 ~ @ ~ Fsin® d]5 = —m 16. The components of F are polynomials, which have continuous partial derivatives throughout R°, and both the curve C and the surface $ meet the requirements of Stokes’ Theorem. If there is a vector field G where F = curl G, then Stokes’ Theorem says ffs F -dS = J, curl G - dS depends only on the values of G on C, and hence is independent of the choice of S. By Theorem 17.5.11 [ET 16.5.11}, divcurlG = 0, sodivF =0 (Bax? ~ 322) + (0? + 3by4) + (Bes) =0 4 (a+ 1)" + By? + (Be— 327 =0 3.b=0,c=1SECTION 178 STOKES THEOREM ETSECTION168 =O 623 i i k WculF=| 8/dr d/dy —B/Oz | = 2yi+ 224+ 2ekand W = fF -de = ff,curlF dS. ee tat tty? To parametrize the surface, let x = 2cos sin 4. y = 2sinO sing, 2 = 2cos ¢, so that 1(6,0) = 2sin@cos@i + 2sindsinOj + 2cosdk,0 < $< $.0< 6 < F,and 16 X te = 4sin® ¢cosOi + Asin? psin8j + 4sindcos pk. Then curl F(r($,0)) = 4singsindi +4.cos dj + 4sin cos @k, and Gsin 8 cos + 16cos dsin® d sin + 16sin® @cos cos 9. Therefore curl - (tg x re) = 16 [JgcunlP -dS = [f,,curlF (rg x t9) dA =16[[7/7 sind eos aa] [fs oda] + 16[ fe? sin ad] [f-/? sin? cos 6a] +16 [7 cos 9d] [ fs"? sin? pcos pad] a 3? + 16(2)[3 sin® g]7/? + 16(1) [3 sin® 4]? =8[-cosd + 3 cos* 4] =8[0 +140 - 5] + 16(4) +16(4) = 8 + 28 4 8 = 16 3 3 saat e+e 18, Joy +sinz) de + (2? + cosy) dy +2° dz = f.,F de, where F(x, y,2) = (y+ sin2)i+ (2? +cosy)j+2°k = curlF = ~22i ~ 32” j — k. Since sin 2t = 2sint cost, C lies on the surface 2 = 2ry. Let S be the part of this surface that is bounded by C. Then the projection of $ onto the xy-plane is the unit disk D (x? +y* < 1). is traversed clockwise (when viewed from above) so S is oriented downward. Using Equation 17.7.8 [ET 16.7.8] with g(x,y) = 2xy, P = —2(2y) = —4ry. Q = -32?, R= -1, we have JoP-de=~ [f,ourlF «dS =~ ff, [-(—4ey)(2y) ~ (32°) (22) — 1] dA =~ [fp(Bey? + 62° — 1) dA = — [5" [2 (8r° cos Asin? @ + 6r° cos* @ — 1) rdrdO =—J0" ($cos@ sin? 0 + § cos® @~ 1) rdr dd 7 = —[sin°¢+ $(sin@ — 2 sina) — 19)?" is 5 5 24]o 19, Assume S is centered atthe origin with radius a and let H, and H2 be the upper and lower hemispheres, respectively, of S. Then [fs curlF dS = ff, curl -dS + [f y, curlP-dS =f, F-dr + f., P-drby Stokes’ Theorem, But Cy is the circle z* + y? = a? oriented in the counterclockwise direction while Cy is the same circle oriented in the clockwise direction. Hence f., F -dr = ~ §, F-dr so ff, curl -dS = 0as desired 20. (a) By Exercise 17.5.26 [ ET 16.5.26}, curl(fVg) = fcurl(Va) + VF x Vg = VF x Vg since curl( V9) Hence by Stokes’ Theorem [-(fVg) dr = [J .(Vf x Vg) - dS. ©) Asin @),curl(FVf) = Vf x Vf = 0, so by Stokes’ Theorem, [u(FVf) de = ff, [oul(FUf)] -dS = 0626 CHAPTER17 VECTORCALCULUS ET CHAPTER 16 (©) Asin part (a), curl(f¥g + gVf) =curl(fVg) + curl(gVf) (by Exercise 17.5.24 [ET 16.5.24)) =(VK Vg) +(VaxXVA=0 — [sinceuxv=—(vx u)} Hence by Stokes’ Theorem, [.(fVg + 9Vf)-de = [[[,curl(fVg + 9VJ) - dS = 0. 17.9 The Divergence Theorem ET 16.9 1. The vectors that end near P; are longer than the vectors that start near Py, 50 the net flow is inward near P, and div F(P;) is negative. The vectors that end near P, are shorter than the vectors that start near P2, so the net flow is outward near P, and div F(P2) is positive. 2. (a) The vectors that end near Py are shorter than the vectors that start near Pi, so the net flow is outward and Py is a source, The vectors that end near P; are longer than the vectors that start near P, so the net flow is inward and Prisasink (b) F(e,y) =(2,y?) = divF = V-F =1+2y. The y-value at P; is positive, so div F = 1 + 2y is positive, thus Py is a source. At Ps, y < —1, so div F = 1 + 2y is negative, and Pp isa sink 3. divF = 340422 =3+32,s0 Sl fg div dV = J} ft Jp (Ba + 3) dx dy dz = 3 (notice the triple integral is three times the volume of the cube plus three times Z). To compute ff, F dS, on $1: n =i, P Shs, F 48 = ffs, 348 So: F = S0i+2j+2ezk,n=jand ff, F-dS = [f,,cdS = 4; Ss: F = 80i+xyj+2rk,n=kand ff... F-dS = ff,, 2edS = 1; SaF =0, [fg,F dS = 0; So: F = 30i + 2rk,n = —Jjand ff, F-dS = ff,, 0d = 0; F = 30i+2yj.n=—kand ff, F dS = J, 0dS = 0. Thus [fF dS = 5. 4. divF = 22 +2+1=32+150 Sif div av = fffg(32+ NAV = fo" Jo So = = 2" r(8r cos + 1)(4 =r?) d0 dr 2 op ityj+22kand *(8rcos@ + 1)rdzdrd8 = [2 r(4—r?) [Srsind + 6] = 2m J2(4r — 19) dr = 2n[2r? = 2r(8—4) =8r (On Si: The surface is 2 = 4 — 2? — y?, 2? + y? <4, with upward orientation, and ayjt+ (4-2? — oe ‘Then Sis, 48 = [fpl-(e*)(—22) ~ (ey)(—2y) + (4-2? = y")] aa = [fp [2a(e? + ¥°) +4 — (2? + ¥?)] dA = fo" Jo Ar cosO-r? +4—1?) rdrdd 9 = [2" (S cost+ 4) db = [2 [2r° cos + 204 — Br] = [sino +402" = 8SECTION 17.9 THEDIVERGENCE THEOREM ETSECTION169 625 and ‘On So: The surface is 2 = 0 with downward orientation, so F = 2?i-+ 2yj,m = Sfs,F nds = ffs, 045 = 0. Thus ff;F dS = ffs, F-dS + ffs, F dS = 87. 5 dvF=2+yt2s0 ISfe div PaV = fo" fp [g(r 0080 + rsin8 + 2)rdzdrdd =f." Jf (r?cosd + r?sin@ + 3r) ded o ($0088 + 4sin@ + 3) dO = 3(2m) = 5 and Let $1 be the top of the cylinder, Sa the bottom, and Sg the vertical edge. On Si, z F=2yityj+ek,so Js, P-d8 = ff, F-ndS = fg, 245 = 3" [(rcos6) rdr dé = (sin6]2" [3r5]2 = 0. On Sz, z = 0, and F = ayiso ff[,, F-dS = f,, 0dS =0. Sy is given by r(0, 2) = cosdi + sin0j+ 2k, O ff ,F-ndS = fff, Vf dV. In particular, if ¢ = i then Ligttonds Siig eeuav = ff mas ff av cmten=mt+ns emt Similarly, ife=Jwehwe [ff fnadS = ILE Lav. ande= eves [| fra = ILE 2f av. Then Sls Inds = (JJ's fra d8)i + (fy m2 dS) j+ (fg fms dS) ke ~(W 2) Bo") UL) =I, (fi + Shi+ Fou) av = [ff vsav as desired.628 © CHAPTER17 VECTORCALCULUS ET CHAPTER 16, 30, By Exercise 29, ff, pndS = fff, VpdV. so F =~ f[gpnds =— fff, VpdV = — [IIe V(eg2)dV = — ff Je(egk) av =~ p9(S Tle aV) «= —pgV(E) But the weight of the displaced liquid is voluine x density x g = pgV(E). thus F = —Wk as desired 17 Review ET 16 CONCEPT CHECK 1. See Definitions 1 and 2 in Section 17.1 [ET 16.1}. A vector field can represent, for example, the wind velocity at any location in space, the speed and direction of the ocean current at any location, or the force vectors of Earth’s gravitational field at a location in space 2. (a) A conservative vector field F is a vector field which isthe gradient of some scalar function f. (b) The function f in part (a) is called a potential function for F, that is, F = Uf. 3. (a) See Definition 17.2.2 [ET 16.2.2] (b) We normally evaluate the line integral using Formula 17.2.3 (ET 16.2.3] (c) The mass ism = f-, p (x,y) ds, and the center of mass is (#9) where F = +b [-,xp (x,y) ds, U= + ow(a,y) ds. (4) See (5) and (6) in Section 17.2 [ ET 16.2] for plane curves: we have similar definitions when Cis a space curve (see the equation preceding (10) in Section 17.2 [ET 16.2}) (©) For plane curves, see Equations 17.2.7 [ET 16.2.7]. We have similar results for space curves (see the equation preceding (10) in Section 17.2 [ET 16.2}) 4, (a) See Definition 17.2.13 [ET 16.2.13] (b) IF F is a force field, [, F - dr represents the work done by F in moving a particle along the curve C. (© JoP de = [Pde +Qdy+ Raz 5. See Theorem 17.3.2 (ET 16.3.2] 6. (a) [(F -dris independent of path if the line integral has the same value for any two curves that have the same initial and terminal points. () See Theorem 17.3.4 [ET 16.3.4] 7. See the statement of Green’s Theorem on page 1119 {ET 1083} 8. See Equations 17.4.5 [ET 16.4.5] 9. (@) cwlF (B-Be (FE SB) s+ (8 Baa vxE (b) divF (c) For curl, see the discussion accompanying Figure 1 on page 1129 [ET 1093] as well as Figure 6 and the accompanying discussion on page 1160 [ET 1124]. For div F, see the discussion following Example 5 on page 1130 [ET 1094] as well as the discussion preceding (8) on page 1167 (ET 1131] 10. Sce Theorem 17.3.6 [ET 16.3.6]; see Theorem 17.5.4 [ET 16.5.4]CHAPTER 17 REVIEW ETCHAPTER16 © 629 ‘WM. (a) See (1) and (2) and the accompanying discussion in Section 17.6 [ ET 16.6]: See Figure 4 and the accompanying discussion on page 1135 [ ET 1099}. (b) See Definition 17.6.6 [ ET 16.6.6]. (c) See Equation 17.6.9 [ET 16.6.9] 12. (a) See (1) in Section 17.7 [ ET 16.7]. (b) We normally evaluate the surface integral using Formula 17.7.3 [ ET 16.7.3]. (c) See Formula 17.7.2 [ET 16.7.2]. (A) The mass is m = ff, (x,y,z) dS and the center of mass is (#,],2) where = + ff’, xp(x,y,2)dS, U= Ms uele.v,2) 48.2 = 5 [Js zee y.2) as. 13. (a) See Figures 7 and 8 and the accompanying discussion in Section 17.7 [ET 16.7]. A Mobius strip is a nonorientable surface; see Figures 5 and 6 and the accompanying discussion on page 1149 [ET 1113], (b) See Definition 17.7.7 [ET 16.7.7]. (c) See Formula 17.7.9 [ET 16.7.9]. (d) See Formula 17.7.8 [ET 16.7.8]. 14, See the statement of Stokes’ Theorem on page 1157 [ET 1121]. 15. See the statement of the Divergence Theorem on page 1163 [ET 1127], 16. In each theorem, we have an integral of a “derivative” over a region on the left side, while the right side involves the values of the original function only on the boundary of the region. TRUE-FALSE QUIZ 1, False; div F is a scalar field. 2. True, (See Definition 17.5.1 [ET 16.5.1].) 3. True, by Theorem 17.5.3 [ET 16.5.3] and the fact that div 0 = 0. 4, True, by Theorem 17.3.2 [ET 16.3.2}. 5, False, See Exercise 17.3.33 [ET 16.3.33]. (But the assertion is true if D is simply-connected; see ‘Theorem 17.3.6 [ET 16.3.6],) 6, False. See the discussion accompanying Figure 8 on page 1103 [ET 1067]. 7. True. Apply the Divergence Theorem and use the fact that div F = 0. 8. False by Theorem 17.5.11 [ET 16.5.1], because if it were true, then div curl F = 3 # 0. EXERCISES 1. (@) Vectors starting on C point in roughly the direction opposite to C’, so the tangential component F . Tis negative. Thus f.,F -dr = [., F- Ts is negative (b) The vectors that end near P are shorter than the vectors that start near P, so the net flow is outward near P and div F (P) is positive 2 We can parametrize C by 2 = 2,y = 2°.0 Sz <1s0 Jowds = fp 2/14 Czy de = Ba tant]? =3 v5-1).630 CHAPTER17 VECTORCALCULUS ETCHAPTER 16, 3 foa®zds = f."/?(2sint)*(2 cost) /(2cost)? + (1)? + (—2sint}? dt = [-"/?(16sin® tcost) V5 dt = 4vBsint 3? = 45 4 forudx + ydy = [57 (esina +sinzcose) dx = —xcose + sinx ~ } cos 2x}"/? = 3 5. = cost + dr = ~sintat, y = sint = dy = costdt, 0 BUFF dv du = 2 J22, Vay AUPOT Hv dd (d) By Equation 17.7.9 [ET 16.7.9], the surface integral is Te 8= 0 ee St) ct.) at LLG = f(x,y) = 2? + y? with <2? +y? < 4sor, x ry = —2xi — 2yj + k (using upward orientation). Then Slgz4S= ff (a? +9?) MMPS ay FTA = "fo r'sVT FAP dr dd = br (s01 Vi7 +1) aut 1+u =) dv du © 1524.0190 (Substitute u = 1+ 4r? and use tables.) 2B. z= f(x,y) =4+etywithO <2? +y? <4Asory x ry =—i-j+k. Then Sfslate+v2)dS= ff (2 +y° tatu) v3dA wives = J2)2" V3r9 (4 + re0s6 + rsin8) dO dr = fj 8r V3r* dr = 320 V3 28, Since the sphere bounds a simple solid region, the Divergence Theorem applies and IfsF 48 = Jffp(@-2)4V = [fp 24V ~2 [lp aV = mz — 2(312?) = ~ Sx Alternate solution: F(t(d,8)) = 4sin $ e080 cos i — 4sin dsin 8 + Gsin @cos Ok. rg r9 = sin? @cos i+ dsin® psinBj + Asin dcos kk, and F - (rg x re) = 16sin? dcos* 8.cos } — 16sin* sin? @ + 24 sin? cos 6.c0s8. Then [fF aS = [2" [5 (16sin® ¢cos $ cos? 6 — W6sin® dsin® 8 + 24sin® gcos pcos 0) di dB = [2° 4(-16 sin? 9) a9 =~CHAPTER 17 REVIEW ETCHAPTER 16 © 635 30. 2 = f(a,y) = 2? +y?. re x ty = —2xi — 2yj + k (because of upward orientation) and F(r(x,y)) - (rz x ry) = —22° - ry? +2? + y?. Then F-dS= (229 - Qry? +2? +y") dA . a4yRer 2m (—2r° cos? @ — 2r° cos sin? @ + 1?) rdrdé = J} r°(2n) dr = § 31. Since curl F = 0, [f,(curlF) - dS = 0, We parametrize C: r(t) = costi+sintj,0 o= [., dS = Les [Leerll Se - [[ Sees I. Bas = [[Pe-- Los Notice thaton S(a).r=a > n=— mi La = Lag My 8 May 8° SO = iad ls 2. By Green’s Theorem Le vide —20%dy = ff [22 ae ]e4= [foo By?) dA Notice that for 62 + 3y* > 1, the integrand is negative. The integral has maximum value if itis evaluated only in ‘the region where the integrand is positive, which is within the ellipse 62? + 3y” that gives a maximum value for the line integral is the ellipse 62? + 3y® = 1 Therefore |92(5)] 1, So the simple closed curve 3. The given line integral } f_,(bz — cy) de + (ex ~ a2) dy + (ay — br) dz can be expressed as [,, F - dr if we define the vector field F by F(z, y,2) = Pi+Qj+ Rk = }(b2—cy)i+ }(ce—az)j + $(ay — bx) k. Then define S to be the planar interior of C, so $ is an oriented, smooth surface. Stokes’ Theorem says JoF dr = ff,curlF -d8 = ff,,curlF -ndS. Now “(Be (E-B)ss(B-) = (a4 Ja) it (40+ $0)+ (Jet Jo) ke= ait bj tek =n socurl Fn =n-n =n)? = 1.hence ff, curlF-ndS = [Jd which is simply the surface area of S. Thus, JF -de = 3 [o(bz ~ cy) de + (ex ~ az) dy + (ay ~ br) de is the plane area enclosed by C. or© PROBLEMS PLUS 4, (a) First we place the piston on coordinate axes so the top of the cylinder is at the origin and x(t) > Os the distance from the top of the cylinder to the piston at time #. Let C be the curve traced out by the piston during one four-stroke cycle, so C; is given by r(t) = x(t) i, a < t < b. (Thus, the curve lies on the positive x-axis and reverses direction several times.) The force on the piston is AP(t) i, where A is the area of the top of the piston and P(t) is the pressure in the cylinder at time t. As in Section 17.2 { ET 16.2] the work done on the piston is Joy Fide = J? AP(t)i-a!(t)idt = J? AP(t)2'(t) dt. Here, the volume of the cylinder at time t is =Ax(t) + Vi(t)=Az'(t) + [2 AP(t)a'(t) dt = J? P(t)V"(t) dt. Since the curve C in the PV -plane corresponds to the values of P and V at time t, a < t AP(é,)[2(t.) — 2(t,-1)) Ifwe allow n — 00, we have W= Jim SS AP(t)la(t.) —2(6-2)] = im, z P(t) [Az(ts) - Az(ti-1)] P(t)IV (ts) —V(ti-1)] = fo PAV (b) Let Cr be the lower loop of the curve C’and Cry the upper loop. Then C= Cx U Cu. Cr is positively oriented, so from Formula 17.4.5 [ET 16.4.5] we know the area of the lower loop in the PV-plane is given by ~ fo, PAV. Cy is negatively oriented, so the area of the upper loop is given by = (~ fey PaV) = fy, PAV. From par (a), W = [PAV = Jo, vey PAV = fo, PAV + fo,, PAV = fo, PAV — (- fo, Pav) the difference of the areas enclosed by the two loops of C.