,~ .~ _",tl. _.

THE

I . T III·: r ( ) ~ . l () I ~' ~ \_ ~ 4 \ ] ~ I ( ) ~ .. \ r _J (: I { I ~ 11 ~ .

I I . . l' I I I·: II I·: I ~ 1 ~ (_) I· ~ , ,~ _ \ I: ~ \ ~ 1 ) I ' I' ~ ]' I·: ~ ., J.J"r II·:~.

I I I . (' I : I 'II \ . \ I ~ . \ ( ; ( ~ I: 1·: ~ ~ 1 o x Il v '\·II()~I (i( ))1" rrn.n I~

WITH ~E'\· AH4~c:\rE:"Ts .\S TlrJ·: (,()~IlITI():'JS CIIA~(;I':

AXU DE\" EL( )11, w E EK BY \V E 1·:1\..

u THE ANTI-IMPERIALIST.tt

TO BE PUBLISHED \\'EEKL Y.

PROSPECTUS.

In order to meet the hrge and increasing demand for the three documents herewith printed, nnruclv, Xo. I. .•. The Cost of a Xatioual Crime; H No. II., '" The Hell of '''''ar and its Penalties : .. and X o. IlL ... Criminal Aggression: By""honl "'nnlDlitted? ~'-:1. ~\-.~kru:)tic method of distribution is now required.

:''hc~e 'InCllm(,l;t~. without the Addenda to ::\0. HI.. dated ~Iay ll\ 1899, are . : "'Iilnents which I mailed to the following persons in order h) test the right

/Im~ of the Tnited SI:1tC5 to the free use of the mail : Admiral George I I, ..•.. '. Prllf,·..;!"or ~('!tllnn:1n, Professor \Vor('e:o;ter. Gen. II. (;. Otis, Generul LI· .... r . :: • (;'-·nf·r;d ~lilI(~r, and .J. F. H:l5~1 correspondent of at H:U'Pl"l"'S ,r eekly.' It i~ r,!,(\rtt·d that for this act I have been unofllcially, or extra-officinlly, dunged wir h .1 j';'illlin:d offence by members of the Cabinet. and either with the approval (,r hy «r-lr-r of tilt! Cabinet the L'nited Slatps mail hns been opened in San FI':1II1'i"\'1I0 these doeuments have bcrn taken frOTU it, and orders arc said to have been ~in~n not to permit any citizen of the United States to send these documents to any other citizen in tilt' Philippine Islands.

I have, therefore, decided to i-su« a serial or weekly publicnt ion entitled ,. The Anti-Imperialist," in which week by week, for such a period as mny be judicious, information corresponding to that given in the Addenda to No. III. of this pamphlet will be published, and in each wcekly number tbe three articles, 1., II., and 111.. will he repeated.

The subscription for the serial will he three dollars ($3.00) for oue series of weekly numbers.

Subscribers may be sure of receiving not less than ten weokly numbers ; after that the series may be continuer} weekly or monthly, or may be discontinned, as the conditions may t.IH!Jl IJf~.

It is desirable to print 3. special edition of the first. number of "The AntiImperialist," in order that a cupy may he sent to every Stat..! and public library in the country, for which purpose between four and fi vc thousand copios will be requj~(!d. For this purpose special ~llhscriptions are nsked. Single copies will he mailed on «rders at. 10 cents each, including postage. Applica.tion will be ninde to enter this weekly publication as second-class mail mutter.

. TI~e !)ricc per hundred without postage will he $:J.oo, with pORt.ag-o $7.00.

S~hscnptlOns and orrlf~r~. are sollcito.l. 'Vheu mnillng-llsta are sent with re-

mittance, OW! nnmhor WIll be sent to each address.

Address: Edward Atkinson, Heath Hill, Brookline, Mass., or Box 112, Boston. Mass.

MAY 121 lk~tlJ.

TI-IE

Vol. I.

JUNE 3. 1899.

No.2.

:..:::::=====~~ . =-~-=

'TI-IF. (~OY·ERX)IEXT I)E F_·\l"Tl) ()F TIl E PIll LIPPI \ E I ~L~\ ~I l;-:'.

11ERE"-ITJJ j~ printed n )Il":)Iuorial hrou~ht hy Felipe .-\g-olll'i}]() from Emilio . \guillal(lo. President de facto of the Philippine (iovernlnent. to lie pre-cutocl to the ~tatc l){'part\lH.~1\t of' tlu- United ;-:'tat~-.. Asroncillo wn- refu-r-d any oflicial recoimit iou mul tho

..__ ..

~Ipnlorial was not otliciallv received In' the EXt't'utivc of tho T'nited

. ..

~tate~. Aguinaldo .. l}n·-...;iclcnt ,z~ .fill·tO of an oq!::luizl"\d (ioY(\rn-

ineut , had Ix-en induced or adv i-cd to return to _\la-nila hy tlu\ civil

.

rpprt·=",pntatiYr.~ of the I· nited ~tatt':-; holding consular nppointmcnt»

in ~jlJ~ap()l'e and IIon~ I~on~. IIi~ return \\':.~ :q>pro,"ed :IUtl 1'1'0" tlloh'cl h.," .Atlruirnl Pc-.wp.," .. n nr] h(' was l':t l'l'ied 011 :l '"('s:o;(' 1 of war of tht' L'nited Sfatl·:". 11 .. wu-, :,uppli,'d with urms and his u'H.lpl'tnking had t he ~l1l'port of t hl' otlic'(-'rs of t ln- \ r nit etl ~ta1f"s .\ nny then in conuuaud of Oil r force.... II,· r('t'Pi v~d his appoint meut from a hody of deh'g"ah"~ moro fnlly rc·l"·('.:-.(',nt'n~ tho iuhuhituuts of the Philippine l:illllH)~ and in larger proportion thnu those hy whom a gOYPl'llment hud been ~f't up ill thr lIawuiiall Islallds, with whom the (To\'~rntnent of the to n itt·<1 Statt":-4 lleg-otiat.ed a t rou ty of an IH'X:t.( ion. The proof of the intpilig('ncl' and cupucity of tho:wip who joined in thi~ undertnkinir to ol"g'anizc a ("~ facto (iov('rlllupnt will hn found ill the uccount of the IJl'oe(~cdjllg':-' thcr(,t.o :Iud jll Ihp oq!unie Jaw adopted h'y th,·s(· (h·I"g-ah"t:-; .

. Attention i:-l ('aJI(~d 10 till' pvic\f'n(·.t~ ~ivcll in 1ilt· letter of' Lir-ut. l lonry Page in the :uldnnda to No. :3 of th« en n-ful l'Plllpliant.'\' with the c~(Jllditi(ln,...; of thi:-; o)"~:lni(' law ill tlH~ cotuluct of t lu: ·PhiliJ>pillf~ (jovprnuU'tlt, wi1np~~"cl hy t.h« dlU'UlllPtltl"l :"wattnl'ed OJ' ('(l~tl'oyf'{l whr-n thr-ir Governnu-nt hnildin.!..!~ wvrv tukvn Ity the l' nited St.at", ... fnl'c·p,,;.

'rtH~ only po:o\:oIoil,I(" illf(~l'eIlC(~ that CHII he druwn frorn tlu' f'(,fus:d

(If the' EXP"'ut iv," P"f'll to l'("('piv(' trH'~(, l'('llIH,rkalll(~ S'atH I':Jpt'J' .... , ~1l"'!tni.Jf'd bv fill' l'e.'(·ld evitit"tll't' g-i\"('" I,y Uat' 11011. .lohu ~1ll'l'tlHlU, i~ thut th« ·Bl'iti .... h ('O)OIl;UJ I'0Jj(~." had 111'(')) ~p fully dl"'idl'd "pon,

; 1

rut: .-LYTI-IJIPERIALlST.

conplpd 'with the ~nhju~:ltion of' the ~hilip_pine .I~lan:l~'t a~ to l'~-'nd('r it expedient to jgnore the infol"lnatl\)11 ~"n-('n 111. thl~ ~I(~nlo:l:~l a:-: fully :L~ pfl~:=ihl('. Had this (lOC1UJl:I1.t ~)een r~:.cel\"ed :ll~d officla~ly .. lle It) the attention of Conzre-s. It 1:-: impossible to believe that its

( a .( ( . ._

members would not have had their -ympathv aroused and to :t large

extent have 21yen their support to this ~t\'ort to e:'tabH~h in dependence. Thu; we might have been spared the stain of the useless carnasre that we have inflicted. 'Y" e Blight ha ve ~a verI a part of the heavv taxation which ensues from the co-r of a. national crime now hein~ zraduaIlv made plain in the ti~llre~ of our nutionul uccounts , ,y e '~ight ha;e heen spared the gha::;t1y record of douth , diseuse,

<...-.

and permanent disability among the troop- now nbout to meet the

dangers of the rainy season, after having been oxhau-tcd in :l ealnpaign . in the hot and malarious swamp~ around ).Ianila. Private l('tter~ arc heginning to disclose the facts in this case so that they can no longer he concealed. Such are the penalties of the hell of "oar. Such arc the rC~I1Its of «riminnl ag'gre~~i()n which wr-rc forero lrl in the first edition of these documents. These facts cunno t he supproxsod by any idle charges of sedition or treason.

The civi1, naval, and military officers of the United States :t(Icepted the cooperation of this Government and its arzny in overcoming the resistance of the ~panish forces, wh ich were invested on the land side in :\lanila by the Philippine forces. Being well aware that the only lawful power to recognize this OOVC1'I1I11Cl1t as repl'csentntive of a State vested with the Congress of the r: nitcd Stutes, the civil, naval, and military authorities in ;\Iuuila cu refully refrained from any recognition in terms while co()pcrating iu fact with this (j'overnment and its armed forces.

Under the treaty of peace with Spain the cession of these islunus was granted to the United States su bjcct to the rntificut.ion of the treaty by the Senate and by the Cortes of ~pain. Before either :u't necessary to make the treaty binding OIl either party had hoou passed, the President of the United States asserted complete doruin .. ion and sovereignty over the entire area of the Philippine Islunds, and instructed the officer then in command of the militnry forces to publish that proclamation. The Philippine (~overrl1nellt and tho Philippine forces resisted this net of aggression, criruinnl or otherwise, as InHY hereafter he determined by pll hlic opi Ilion. Thoy have maintained their reaistuncn down to the present dnto , l\ilny 2:), 18!1~I.

:\ commiasion ellul"guo l,y the fiovcJ'llnH~llt of the Philippine Islunde has been received hy the military authorities :u1("1 the Peuco

------ _- .. _-_ .. _....----

TlIE .LYTI-LUPERI.II .. I .... t:

IU

----------"------

CODlInl~:,i()n, thu- sevuriusr a rccosmition de facto of the exi-tcnc«

.._ .._ ~

(If a Government with which neaotiutions nia v be held for ~ndin!.!

the ag_!-'Te~5ive carupaiuu which h~~ been condl~cted hy the militu r ~· f .. )rl·(>~ of the l~ nited ~tnte5. I t i~ admitted bv the President and

...

hy the Peace Counnis-iou that the future relations of the United

~tate.~ and of the Philippine Isl.mds are to he determined by Conere-s : but Conzre-s 1:<: not in session .

. A .. statement ha~ been published hy authority of tho Executive of the Tnited ~t:lte~ dis{·lo~ing an intention to adopt the Briti-h colonial poliey : to force n (ioYernor CiPHeral and other officers upon the Philippine Islunds : to di:"iopln~(' the existing de fact» (iO\~ernlllent: to annul the orzanie 1:1W and the acts which have

. ..__

Leen ndopred : nnd to force another form of (To,·ernUlent. constitu-

t ion, and hotly of rpgulati(_)n~ under the name of laws upon the people hy the exerci ... t' of militury power .. ttl he contiuucd tor a lorurcr or -horter period hy force of military ol·cupation.

111 the interval h~f,)r_' the meetiuu of COll!!re:-o:-o it IlPCOIUt':-o. th»

I. ,

right if net the duty of every citizen to put all the t:wt:=:. that may

influence public opinion hcforc the people. It is the rig'ht of cverv citizen to prf' .... (·IIt. ('\"pry f:1<,t and :lq.rlll111'nt that will stop the enlistment of voluutor-rs in thi-. ~\~~rl·:-'o .... iv e t_'a,npaign and that will enahh_" :III otlj('er~ :Ind pri,·nh):-\ who-«- term of cnli-tnu-nt has expired to return to tlu-i r hOI11(,:-4 :11)(1 to avoid the Iurth ... -r huzurd« (If a cumpniiru which i~ to many of t lu-m wronu and n-pulsivo, nnd for which tlu-y did not enli ... t. To that ('11<1 llli:-o l'uhlil'ation 1:-1 ninde.

Ell \\" ,.\H n .\TI\: 1 X~( .x,

JIEJ/nRIAL TO .';:XATE OF eSITED .'T_ITf:~.

1

Ttl

THE SE~.;\ TE ()F TfIE C'XITEll ~'T.:\ TE~,

_1"N/liljtaHying letter (0 the Secretary I_~" Sht.lt:.. '~f (~f.lt' .T,untary :IO. 18,f):J.

The interest of my (;ountry requires, because of th« pendency of the Pence Treaty before your honorable body. that 1 present to you some considerations bearing upon the relations between the United ~tates and the Philippine Islands.

It would be impertinent in me. and I shall not attempt, to make any suzues-

. ~~

tions relarivc to the treatment of the document in cllle5tion. At the same time, I

must he underst. )0<1 a~ protesting as the representative of the independent Philippine Republic that the United ~tiltcs has .. no jurisdicrion, natural or acquired. tbrough any of its agencie- to adjudicate in any manner upon the rights of Iny country and people. The Iar-t remains, however. that action is contemplated. which. we are informed. is proposed, if deemed necessary t to be the basis of military operations ag:\inst till' latest addition to the republics of the world, such action heing. as I shal l herein point out, without foundation in justice.

'Jest it Jrlay he thought that. in addressing you, I am (.~xceetling the just right~ of those whom I have the honor to represent, I may be pardoned fOI" ca.lling your attention to the fact that thr- Constitution of the United State:-, provides in sub.. tance that no pcr:'Oon, howsoever humble lu- may he, sha.ll be deprh-ed of his life, liberty. or property, e xer-pt, by due procf's:oo; of law - meaning after the prefermvnt of ,·har!!es, their careful exnminutiuu hy a tribunal competent alli' of acknowl e dged authority to rleul therewith, :\1111 at a trial where the accused 01' dfdfanrlant m:ly he present in person or hy attorney. This constitutional declaration is not the (Jl'igiu, hut tl,,: expression of a prlnciplu - a .oight inherent in tho nature of things - and which rt'ccj\"e~ 110 :ultletl 11101':11 suncti ry because of its recognition in wriUen papP":-i, and is of no Ic:-;:-\ application llt"(,:\\1~e vircumstancus require it to be called into play by a natiou seeking the l'ccng-nition of its indo. pendcnce ,

I cannot believe that in :LIlY possible action on the part of the American republic towards my country there is an intent to ignore a.s to the ten millions of human beings I represent the ('ight the free government oi' America preserves tl) the lowliest of her Inhabitants ~ but rather prefer to think that. in the rush of arm .. this right ff)r a moment ma.y have bl~en ohf·wurm' in the minds of some of AIBerica's liberty-Ioving anrl enlighten(,ll citizens.

:\Ij' [ustiflcntion 1'01" nddressinsr you is t.ha.t I am solicitous lest by any imul-

• 0 •

vertence or omission of my own a specious foundution may be laid, by virtue ol

which the rights of my Cl)lIntl'YlllPn Illay be jcopnrdized :tnd in.iul"i(·s intlidcc~ npon them, reclourHting hereafter, with adtletl force, agai"~t the well-heing ot

Allwt;cn.

In pl"f~sfmting the considerations I desirv 1l0W to suhmlt, it seems IlIJCOSs:u'y Ior

nw first to rr-Ier t.o the historiea] Iuct that :t. Iargc muuber of myeonnt.rynwll have nl~V~'l' lH~(~ll stl"dUt~rI hy Spanish power. a.nd. aM agoaillst thei r liberties, the (l'.)p"cs~ sive arm of Spa.in hn.~ never hl~l'n abll' to ~wo\ta,in it~(~lf i that tlw l'cm:untlt\IO,

Kf~ of their adhesion to the cuuse of liberty, have been in almost C"Il~tant

-'1

JIEJ[OJ,'I.1 r TO .']=:"Y.I TF of i".Y1TF.1> ."'TATF ....

° . ti .: ,t .' .. ". 1\-l'rllll)l'Tlt of ~l)~\in: these contlicts ex i-ring continu-

H1';llrr'~~ JOn :1~.ldl:-- L.,~ -' -

-1' '-rl rrr' -at -r PI" k..;,..; f urv fill' tIlt> l'~l .. t hundred year:-.

(Ilb \ \\ 1 1 :- t. t • , •

-Off.' -r·· -'I in 11'1 IIL'I'II "l't"l!rd in • .\nll'nea that at the time of the declara-

1 t' nI1 p e:"'~ I , :'" ,-,-

, f 0, t\"ePfl \ lJlc'ri.,O\ 'lllt! SI':lin the Philippine revolution no longer

non p war If> '-' " •

('~i~tetJ. Upou this poinl I m:,y lipt appeal to th~ nuthority of mY,cOUlll1'ynlell

f ' , .,. I" -ti )11 11111 pJ't·fer til invite "our attentton to a letter written by :\11'.

"I r nn L l:it II 1\ •. • •

"'ilIi:llll~, I' .:-\. (. '~I1I..;nl-( ;t"nt·r:d at :\Ianila. under date of :\fardl 19, 1,";~JS:

.. Rebe lliou nevvr more thl'\~:lt('ning to ~paill. Rebels getting arms, money. :lTlII Friends, aml they out nurnl«: r lht~ Sp:lniarcl~. resident and soldiery. probably

:1 hundred to one:"

.:\g3in, on l'l:1rch :?l. IS9~. he wrote, referring to the then condition of the

r-onflict :

•. The British shipmaster there (at Cape Bolinao) at the time reports about

illrt v killed and fOl1Y wounded. After surrender the Spanish put the dead and WI)I;llrl~'.1 together ir; a house, :\r14( by burning, cremated all:'

Fnder the same date he writes of the desertion of an entire l'egitnent of the Spanish fOl'L·f." . ..;. to tilt' ill~lIrgent:-;. saying Iurther :

., X ow tin' tholl:-':lnd armed rebels. which fur duvs have been in camp uear :\l:tnila awl 11:1\-" I.u~l'n reellfOl'cctl from the mountains, plan to attack the dty to-Tlia'itt. . .-\11 i ... ('XI'irCIJlt'lIt, :wd life um-ertnin."

. ~

Un April :!."<, 1~1",-,;" Jh, Pratt wrlltt':1 letter In )1 r. l iay, in which Ill' speaks

of U learning from (ieneral Aguinal,lo the state ami ouj('l"l ~onght to he ohtniued hy the present insurrectionary movement, which, though absent from the Philippines, he wns stil l clin~etillg."

"'irh0ut additional nnthority t it must he evident to your honorable boely that an extensive revolution t~xiioltml in thr- Philippine Islands at the time of the declaration of war by ,\ merica a~aillst Spain.

This revolutionary movement found at it:" heac1 (;cnernl Aguinaldo, now Pre .. ident of the Philippine G()\'f~rnrnent.. of whom :\Ir, Pratt wrote 1\(1'. Day: fA (;eneral AguilJ!l.ldo impressed me as :L man of intellectual ability, cnm'agt't and worthy .,f the confidence that. had I,~en plal'ed ill him," while again he H:Lid that II no close observer of what has trauspired in the Philippines during the past four year~ could have failed to recognize that General Aguinaldo enjoyed, above all (II hf~I''', the confidence of the Philippine insurgents and the respect alike of the Spani..;n and foreigners in the islands, all of which vouched for his justice alltl high sense of honor; " and ~II', \rilli:lrlJ~ wrote :\(1'. :\(OOrt~, on -Julv I~. )SHs, •. (;cTwral Aguinal~lo, Agonr-ill«, awl Sundico nr« all men who wo"uld all he leaders in thei r separate departments in any country."

The purpose of the Filipino patriots in condlletillg this revolution was to ... penn- the complete ind(~JJf!ndencc of t.llPir country, anti ill this effort they received thl! encouragement of the United Suues ; and WCI"O never informed thnt '.Iw obtcnt ir.n a~d preservation of ~Ut'h ilHI£'pf~ndeJwe would be rega.l"cloci as a hostile act by Amerleu, and they lIeYHI' helievr-d tluu thejr strllggle ill such :L ouusr- would load h) CIJ01'f)JOll8 aggrcgation,~ of A meri('an arm les and - nnvios a(. their doors.

A~ early a~ 1\Iav 20 tHIll'S 1\11' l'rutr (1 If' I t 'I J) tl 'f f

.. , • • ' • t " • • ! Ie )~Ct (1 n r. ay lC Ill:llli esto 0

the Ftllpinos, IWg'IIlIIIIIg' :t"l follows .

"(·"llIl'atri()t.~:"j\'irwPI·ovi4h·n'· I J' I ,.

, • - t e I~ a iout til p ~U'c~ HH opondenee w it.hiu 0111'

I'f~adl, and III ~\ ,,,:a.,v a ,I roe aut! ~rHh~llI!ndellt. nation eOtllt1 h:tnll,v wish tor.'

Had thr: ()'lIt.l·d Stalf!s dl!Hll"ed or "lltt'llt)"'1 thut ,", vi t f tJ 1"("

, . ..' ,.' • .• ' Ie OI'V 0 10 'I IfHUOS,

w heu g-amc41, should. like I)pad H~!a fruit 1111'111(" " .. h "' 'I tl: . I t

, • ',' . • • '" t!.-. n tull" gl'a~p. Slll'l~ y :t

flus moment Amerwlt ought not to havu heuu I'd ir-eut.

Luter, and 011 .lune 10, lX!I!i. C;erwl'al A~lJillalrl(l appmtltt" Ilit'l'dl." 10 Pt'csi-

JfEJ/ORIAL TO , .... ·E~VATE' (_)F TT

~ {_,~VITED 8T,tTE.".

----~_--- -~.

-

dent :\IcKinley, his letter baYing been forwarded under date of -Iulv 8 urzlur-

h he United S J' O~

t ~t.t e, mite :-tate:5 should mnke no endeavor to deliver the possession of the

PhIhppmes to England, but lease his country "free and independent, even if you make peace with Spain:'

, ~-\.gain .General Aguinaldo was not informed that it was the purpose of Amerrca, If possible, to purchase the Philippine Islands from an expelled tyrant without consulting the wishes of the inbubitants, who had established and were maintaining successfully a government satisfactory to them,

On ,J nne 8, 18~8, and before the declaration of independence of the Filipinos, the Filipinos of Singapore presented an address to 311'. Pratt, the American Consul. in which they said:

., Our countrymen at home and those of us residing here - refugees from ~panish misrule and tyranny in our beloved native land - hope that the United States, your nation, persevering in its humane policy, will efficaciously second the program arranged between you. sir. and General Aguinaldo in this port of Singapore, and secure to us our independence under the protection of the United Sta tee. ,: 0

........ ~ ..

Consul Pratt did not dissent from this understanding of his compact with General Aguinaldo. The State Department was informed of this affnir before .Iuly 20, 1898. and directed caution on the part of 1\11'. Pratt. but did not disavow his action to the parties most concerned. permitting them to continue to believe, as they had already an ample reason for believing, that the result of their struggle would be the independence of their native land.

In addition to the facts already enumerated, for the period of four months in and out of the harbor of Manila, vessels passed floating the nag of the Philippine Republic, saluting and being saluted by Americnn men-of-war, and these

acts continued without let 01' hindrance until the month of October, 1898. -

I have taken occasion in a commnnication to the Secretary of State to point out that by the rule of international law maintained without exception by the American (;overnnlCnt the Philippine Republic has heeu for Illany months entitled to national rccognition, possessing, as it has, since .Iune, 18fJ8, a government hoth de facto and de jure, capable of enforcing its laws at h0111e, of carrying ont its undertakings with foreign governments, and of maintaining itself against Spain.

Before the appointment of the Peace Commissioners on September 13, lxn~, American officials had fully recognized and had communicated to their government the fact that it wag no longer possible for Spain. under any circumstnnccs. to regain possession of the Philippines, a point most essential to be considered in determining whether a new, independent nation should be recognized.

In a memorandum concerning the Philippine Islands, made August 27, 18!)S, hy Gen. :F. V. Greene, he states:

U The Spanish Government is completely demoralized, and Spanish power is {lead, beyond the possibility of resurrection. Spain would be unable to govel·n those islands if we surrender them."

Under date of August 2D, Major .J. F, Bell reported to General Morrit; as fo110W3 :

" r have met no one eogni;t,a,nL of tho eouditinns HOW existing' in those Islands and in Spuin who believes that Spain call ever a.gain bring tho Philippine Islands

under snhjedioll to its government." ,

From tho fOl'egoing it must, appml1' tlm.t tho Philippine nation had uuhievcd , itH indcpeuflmwe free from any danger or loslug it. at tho hands of tho S~HLnin.l'd~, prinr even to the signing of' the protocol. Thi» is shown by tho oxccuuvo docu-

.J.lIEJIORIAL TO SE.YATE OF [_~_YITED SoT,,:! TE."".

- - -~ .-------

,- -') before tIlt:' .... en: ... te which document contains much testimony

men t .. ,,0. b:". now ' .. , ~l> , ••• • • •

. tl -oductive c·lp·\.cit,· of the Phllippine Islands, and their mineral

conp.crlllng le ('I . ~'. . . . ..

1 . It I wealth but little evidence touching the probability of muintain-

an, a.2'rtcn 11 ra. ..... . .' . . .

. 1.... ( ican ('I)'r-el'nment in those islands. irrespective of the desires of their

In o' t ie ."'\.men H·t . • . .- .

pe~pl€'. and no direct testhnony whatever :IS to the wishe~ of the people them-

selves. although it does contain ed~e.n~e that the Amen.can GO~e{'nment had known from the beginning that the FlhpU10S were strugglmg for independence and with success, and includes copies of the Declaration of Independence of the Philippine Republic and of the laws pass~d pursuant thereto, and .showing that. the (TOVenlment knew that there was in existence a regularly organized and COl1- :-;till~ed Republican government controlling the islands and having General

.:\truinaldo at itt' head.

;:::- J have already alluded to the fad that Spain had no power to deliver posses-

sion to the United States of the Philippine Islands, having been driven from these islands by the just wrath of their inhabitants; and by way of illustration of this point, r venture to file herewith a map of th~ Philippine Archipelago, designating the principal islands under the control of the respective nations, and showing that America is in actual possession at this time of 14;3 square miles of territory, with a population of :300.000. while the Philippine Government is in possession and control of I G7 .~45 square miles, with ~\ population of 9~39il.oOO, and only ::L few scattered Spanish garrisons are to be found in islands having an area of 51,630 square miles, with a population of :30[),000. The figures. as to the Spanish possessions, should be diminished, and those of the Philippine Government enlarged, by virtue of the fact that the inhahltants of the islands where Spanish troops yet remain have practically confined such troops to tlw narrow quarters of their gal'ligon towns.

Spain, therefore, having been driven :tway, as J have stated, uml the inhabitants having established a government satisfactory to themselves, and mnintnining order throughout the territories uruler its control, what justification can any other nation advance for interforing with my country or refusing to extend toward it the obligntions of international law? Could Spain give to :lny nation a better right than she possessed? She could not confer possessinn , for she did not enjoy it, and any former right of possession claimed by her had been extinguished Ly the destruc-tion of her sovereignty over my country. She conld not. create, hy treaty or otherwise, as against the Philippine Islands, any right, except it L(1 the right t.o conquer them; and if such right lie claimed, it exists, not, because of cession on the part of Spain, but because of its own inherent force, and must he .u.~ powerful on behalf of any other nation a,g it j~ on behalf of the United. Sta.tes. If, therefOl:e, AtJleri~a eluims the right to make war upon my countrymen for the purpose of conquermg them, and thus destroying another republic, so equal ly may Germauy, France, and England, or any other powerful nation, claim the same right.

" It may I,H! .~'micl that the United States has purchased from Spain by treaty

all t:he buildiugs, wharves, barracks, forts, strncturos. publ!e highwuy», and other immovable property, which, in conformity to Jaw helonz to tho Crown of

s· . " I' . t ., t 0

, ]Jam. ,ut I: wns not, IHI8sIbln tor Spain to yield any right as to property of this

n,atlJl'H Wi ag:t-III:-1t .1.JH~ (~o:eJ'nment of the Phil ippino Isluuds, fOI'. hyall nuthorities upon flw subjeet 01. internatlonal law, public property goes to the eapt;ol' of the eouutry, and may not IH~ transf'en'j!d by an expelled untion to :t fo)'oign govf!I'JJllwnl a.gainst tho 1'ight of the nation which lIaH gained POHHUSsioI1 of tll(.~ country hy (:(:nfj,LH~:-It. It thl:ndol'B follows that, tile public buildings, ete .• rocitud • <lH e.!th~d hy HI':wJ t.o tllf'~ Urnted SlatnM. (~l)llld not hnve 1)(!('11 So ('t!d(~d, but 0(" right

JIEJIORIAL TO SE..:.YATE OF UNITED STATES.

and by international law belong to the successor of the Spanish power in the Philtppines : that is to say, to the Philippine Government representing the independent people of those islands,

In the further discussion of the question whether the American Government could acquire any right in the Philippines from Spain by treaty, I am fortunately able to invite your attention to several notable and exact American precedents, and I could ask for my country no better fortune than to have the Republic of America, as at present constituted, adhere to the teachings of international law as laid down by some of its founders, to whom we appeal with the utmost confidence.

\Yhen it became necessary, as it did in 179~, for the American Government to appoint commissioners to negotiate a treaty with the Court of Spain. 1\1r. Thomas -Iefferson, under date of March 18, 1792, among other things wrote as follows:

" Spain was expressly bound to ha-ve delivered up the possessions she had taken within the limits of Georgia (during the Revolutionary 'Val' as an ally of the United States) to Great Britain, if they were conquests on Great Britain, who was to deliver them over to the United States; or rather she should have delivered them to the United States themselves, as standing quotul hoc in the place of Great Britain. And she was bound by natural right to deliver them to the same United States on a much strong-eta ground, as the real and only proprietors of those places which she had taken possession of in a moment of danger, without having had any cause of war with the United States, to whom they belonged, and without having declared any; but. on the contrary, conducting herself in other respects as a friend and nssociate." Vattel, 1,3, 132. It is still more palpable that. a war existing between two nations, as Spain and Great Britain, could give to neither the right to seize and appropriate the territory of a third, which is even neutral, much less which is an associate in the war, as the United States were with Spain,"· citing Grotins, Pufferulorf, and Vattel.

Again :\1 r. Pinckney, on August 10, 17!J;j, wrote to the Duke of Alcudia among other matters as follows:

.. Rut it has been snid (referring to the contention of Spain that she was entitled to retain territory within the limits of tho United States, the possession of which was obtained by her during the war against, Great Britain) that Spain had pretensions for passing the limits above mentioned by tho right of conquest, her troops having, (luring the war, seized a certain portion of territory heyond that limit; hut the answer to this pretension is as simple and as conclusive as that just developed, which is, that the territory conquered must have belonged, before the war, either to the United States or to Great Britain. If it belonged to the United States it is very clear that Spain could have no right to make conquests on a. nation with whom she was not at war, and [ will not, for no single moment, admit an idea. 80 disrespectful to Spain as to imagine that she could pretend to be the friend of the United States; to have succored them in the war; to have even lent them money f'or maintaining it, at the same time she wns depriving them of their

property." t

AH will be seen on a careful examination or the foregoing citations, tho eases

cited are to all intents parallel with that before 11S. Spain was, during the American Itevolution, engaged in warfare with Gt'eat Hritain, from which country the United States was seeking independence, as were tho Filipinos in the recent war with Spain, awl she had by her arms obtained possession of portions of the

--.. --------- -

- -~-----.

~ 1 Arnericsn Htllt.ll I'l1p(m~, Fornlgn JtellltlollR, Vol. 1, P: 252. t 1 Arnerleun Htntc Pnpcrs, Forelgrl Rulatlons, Vol, I, p. 1138.

---- -~-- ---_. --

JIEJ[ORIAL TO ,';;;'E_Y_1TE OF r;_VITED STATES.

. d -. H' ht to them was denied successfully by America. The only

U nrte <tates. er ng . ., .

ssibl diff between the two cases 15 that In the first. possession was

pO~~1 de b 1 ~retunce f onquest und as to the Philippines. the United States claims

clnime Y TIr e 0 C .:- •• ~ ..

. b irtu of c sssion from an expelled power ~ but whether the appar.

pos3e551On y VI . e t: . - • •• I J A'

. I b b d on conquest or CA';'';;IOn It IS clear y shown bv :\Ir. enersou

ent tit e e a5e up ~ -'" . .. .

d"'1 Pi k that it is contrary to the law of nations for one nation engaged

an ... , r. Inc ne'\"" . "' r p' k 1

. "'_ with another to despoil its associate. xrr, inc cney thoug it

In a common cau~e .. ~ ~ . . .

the idea. of such a. thinz disrespectful to Spain, and was unable to imagme that

she could pretend to b-; a friend of the United States and to hale helped them while at the same time she was seeking to rob them of their property.

That the view taken by )11'. .Iefferson and )lr. Pinckney. was the c~)rreet new is shown by the decision of the Supreme Court of the United States 111 the case of Harcourt rs. Gailliard, 12 Wheaton, page 523 :

"'Yar:' ~ays the Supreme Court, "is a suit prosecuted by the sword. and where the question to be decided is one of or~ginal claim to te.rritory: ~rants of soil made flagrante bello by the party that falls. can only derive validity from treaty stipulation."

'Ve have before us a case of a grant of territory undertaken to be Blade by Spain daring the existence of a war between her and the Philippine Islands, such a grant as the Supreme Court of the United States, under parallel circumstances, stated could only derive validity by reason of treaty stipulatiou, meanIng, in the case before the Supreme Court, treaty stipulation between England and America, and meaning. as to the present case, treaty stipulation between the Philippine Islands and Spain.

I venture to summarize the foregoing as follows :

1. The United States, not having received from the inhabitants of the Philippine Islands authority to pass laws affecting' them, its legislation :1S to their welfare, I respectfully submit, possesses no binding force as against my people.

2. American authorities herein cited demonstrate that the Philippine revolution was never more threatening than immediately before the breaking out of the Spanish-American war, five thousand revolutionists being encamped neal' Manila three weeks before the American declaration of war, this nrmy act.ing (though he was personally absent) under the direction of General .:\ zulnaldo, in

n

whom the consular repre~entatives of the United States reposed the highest con-

fidence.

3. The purpose of the revolution Was independence, and, nnderstandillO' this, the United States 8ncouraged the revolutionists to believe their desire~ would attain fruition, This is shown by citations from the archives of the State Department and the incidents above related.

4. The Philippine Republic was entitled to receive from the United States recognition as an independent nation before the signing of the protocol with Sp~in, t~at government knowing that Philippine independence hnd been proclaimed ,In -Iune, a gover.nnwnt defru;to and de jure established, laws prornulgutod, and Spain's further dommation iruposslbla, being acquainted with all those fadH ir~mediat~ly UI~O~ their happening, through documents and written reports sub, rnitterl to Jt by tts officers.

? The Ame.rican Government for months has had in its possession. :ttl herein shown, evlrlence of the actual in(lependcnr~e of tho Filipluos.

6. Spain could not deliver' pOH8e8siOll of the Philippines to the United States, being herself ousted hy their poopln, and in fact at the present moment tho United States holds only an entrcm:ho(l camp, eontrolling 14:3 square milos, with 300,000 people, while the Philippine Repuhlic reprosonts the destinies of nearly 10,000,000 souls, scattered OVAI' an area. appl'oaching 200,000 squure miles.

6

JIEJfORIAL TO .'E:SA TE OF l_YITED STATES.

T- • d S t - H rizht to them was denied successfully by America. The onlv

t.rure Sta es. er 0 .' ,"'

" ... ibl diff renee between the two cases 1:3 that In the first. possession was

po. 51 e e Philirmi 1 T-' d" 1 '

claimed by virtue of conquest, and 35 to the ppmes. t re L' mte :-o.tates c anus

possession by virtue of cession from an ~xpe~le~ power; but whether the a,ppal'ent title be based upon conquest or ceSSIOn It IS cIe~rly shown by )~r. J efferson and ~Ir, Pinckney that it is contrary to the law of nations for one nation engaged in a. common cause with another to despoil its associate, ::\lr, Pinckney thought the idea of such a thing disrespectful to Spain, and was unable to imagine that she could pretend to be a friend of the United States and to have helped them while at th~ same time she was seeking to rob them of their property.

That the new taken by )1r. .Iefferson and )lr. Pinckney was the correct new is shown by the decision of the Supreme Court of the United States in the case of Harcourt 1'$. Gail liard, 12 nrheaton. page 523 :

"""'ar,'~ says the Supreme Court, ., is a suit prosecuted by the sword, and where the question to be decided is one of original claim to territory. grants of soil made flagrante bello by the party that fails. can only derive valfditj' from treaty stipulation."

'Ve have before U5 a case of a grant of territory undertaken to be Blade hy Spain during the existence of a war between her and the Philippine Islands, such a grant as the Supreme Court of the United States, under parallel circumstances, stated could only derive validity by reason of treaty stipulation, meaning, in the case before the Supreme Court, treaty stipulation bet ween England and America, and meaning, as to the present cnse , treaty stipulation between the Philippine Islands and Spain,

I venture to summarize the foregoing as follows:

1. The United States, not having received from the inhabitants of tho Philippine Islands authority to pags lnws nrfecting them, its lcgislatiou as to their welfare, J respectfully submit, PQs~es~c~ no binding force as against my people.

2. American authorities herein cited demonstrate that the Philippino revolution was never more threatening than immorlintoly before the hreaking out of the Spanish-American war, five thousand revolutionists being nncn.mped neur Manila three weeks before the American declaration of war, thi!"! a.rlll,Y aeting (though he was personally absent) under the direction of (;encl'al Agninaldo, ill whom the consular representatives of the United States reposed the highest confidence.

3, The purpose of the revolution Was indepeudnnen, and, Ilndm'st.:lIHlillO" this, the United States ~Ileouraged the revolutionists to believe their desil'e~ would attain fruition. This is shown by citations from the archives of the State Department anrl the incidents above related.

4, The Philippine Repuhlic was entitled to receive from the United Sjale~ r,ec~gnition as an independent. nation before the signing of' the protocol with Sp~In, t?at government knowmg that Philippine illflopendence had hoen proclaimed In .Iune, a govornmonr de.f(u~l,()and /le jure established, laws promulgruod, ~nd Sp~jn's further dO~l lnation impossible, being aeqllaint.ed with nIl t,hm-I(~ fads 1T~medlat~1y uP.on their hapP'ming, through documents and written report.s sub, mitted to It hy Its officers.

? The Ame,rican (~overn1l1ent. for months has had in its PO.':lSOSSiOIl, a."l herem sh,ow,n, evidenea Of. the actual indllpolldmwe of the Filipinos.

6. Spain could not deliver pOHses~ion of' tho Philippinos to tho United States, b~i~g h?rself ousted by thair people, awl in fact ati tho present mumeut tho United States holds only an entrelll~h{!fl camp, contrnl ling 14:1 H1lWl,J'O milus, with 300,000 people, while the Phillpphn, Repllblic represents tho dm~t.illim:1 of fwal'ly 10,000,000 souls, scattered over an area uppro:tuhing 200,000 SfJW.LI·O rui los.

7, Spain having no possession (except minor garrison posts), and no right of possession in the Philippines, could confer no right to control them,

8. American purchase of public buildings, etc., in the Philippine Islands was ineffective. because the islands. having been lost by Spain to the Philippine Republic. the last-named government had already by conquest acquired public property.

9. Secretaries of State of your country (including ::\11'. Jefft~rson and Xlr.

Pinckney) have denied the right of an ally of America to acquire by conquest from Great Britain an, American territory while America was strug'g'lino- for

.. .. "'--J....." ~

independence. The United States Supreme Court ha .. .;; sustained this view. 'Ve

deny similarly the right of the United States to acquire Philippine territory by cession from Spain while the Filipinos were yet at war with that power.

I conclude this communication with the expression of the earnest hope that the representations I have thus ventured to make to yon will receive your gra,\"e consideration before you finally act upon the treaty that contains so much of consequence to my people, and if you do this, as I cannot for a moment doubt you wil1, in the spirit that has ever characterized your deliberations when discussing questions affecting the lives and liberties of individual:" or of nations, I am assured that the just and high aspirations of my countrymen will receive the prompt recognition and approval of your honorable body.

Respectfully submitted.

FELIl'E AGO~CILLo,

. .:\PPEXIlIX.

TO TIlE PIlJLIPPI~E PEOPLE.

Providence has placed me in a position ill which without its support I cannot hut recognize my natural incapacity : hut since the position is bestow ... «I upon me, to decline the duties which honor nml patriotism impose upon me would he to violate the laws of Providence.

r proclaim in the face of the whole world that tlu: nspirntions of my whole life and the final ohject of all my desires and efforts is no other thing than your independence, because I have the innate conviction that that constitutes yom' unalterable desire, as independence means for us the redemption from slavery and tyranny, the reconquest of our lost liberties, and our entry into tho concert of the civi lizerl nations.

r understand, on the other hand, that the first duty of all governments i:-i to interpret faithfully the aspirntions of the people. 'Vit.h this motive. if tho uhnormal circumstances of war have forced me to constitute this dictatorial goverllll1cnt that assumes the fulncss of all power civil and mil itary , my eonstnut desire is to surround myself with the 1110St prominent; persons of' overy proviueo who .Iosurvo hy their conduct the confidence of tho provinoo they represent, ill order that, they knowing the true neeessities of eaeh one, tho most, ellinient, remedies and mensIIrmJ may he adopter! to meet those llocHHsit,ins :lI~col'dilig to tho (h!~il'f!H of al I"

r underHtalld iJm'.lirloH the urgollt necessity of ostahlhdling" in euch town of the country a f!ltrong and united ol·gu.ni~ation, tho Htl'Otlg'l!st hnl wurk of public soeurity. and tho only moans to secure tho union and obedience iwfiHpcllsablu to ostab-

Iv

JfEJIORIAL

..:E\'" TE ar eSITED ~TA TE~.

TO . ,,_ ,,1

-~--

---~~--~-----

st tt nd the 'e~.;;ion" unless b~ shows in w ririn«

R Ie'-' Everv Dwmber mus at e ,- . ffi ' , ?

u- - -t. ..... ~ hi He who fails to attend without su ciont just»

iust cause -whlCh pre,enb rm. , '11 b 1 l' )

a J ~ - ~ II fiftT eeuts ;\.5 a penalty, which wr e p.aCf'H In t ie

ficatlon for absence sha pay .. .,

treason'" of the town. . l' Ii' ,

- ',' ~ "11 be held whenever any serrous or €'xtnll)rltl1l~lry :1~1ll"5

Rule 3. ~e:;'Slon:ooo W\ ' " •

di ~~ d 1 tine to either town or province, unless they be ot a· yer~'

ate to be rscusse re a 1 -==

arcrent ehs racter . ." hov w i

e The chiefs (jefes) may alone de(.~·ide thB. q(le~rlOn. ot urgcney" hut t wy ""111

notify the council (or junta). at the first ;-oe~~lOn tnst is snb~efluently held, what

thev have adopted .

.. ~eyertl1eleS5 the council and the junta ~h:1H hold a session at least fH1I..·C :\.

month,

Ru.le 4. Even- mernber of the jOJlta or council can prop(l~e any measure IH~

deems necessary f~r the interest of any town or provi nce he 111a.y represent, hut the proposition must he made short, clear. and concise.

,\-Vhen any propo~ition is pre~cnted the pre~illt'nt ~ha n Ill\tify the other nu-mhers to express their opinions and gi\"e their reasons shuilnrty for atHI t\~:lin~t. to ~\""oid wasting the hours in long speeches whivh serve no other pllrpn-",p than to confuse the question or proposition. 'V'twn the husiness 1~ suf)ieh\ll11y rli~cussed the president will ask each one ()f the members whether t.he IHl~in('~s. (II' proposition shall he affirmed or rejected, and it =-,h:l11 he de<·jdt·\l hy the tunuhcr (majority) of votes.

811./e .? Propositions of great importance ~h:\\l lw lWt"'io\1~ly l'x:l.min('(i hy a commission that shan be :lppointf"} to ~11l'1~' the '-Plf~:-;liIlJJ and report to the no x I session, ami that report sha.H h(' tlL ... ('u~";(·fl i" ~'\I,re."';:'i(',l (n.'guhr) fnl·m.

Ru.le (,', The elcerions. as wf'l1 :t~ tIll' "oting-, whkh reqlllr(~~ S'!(,I'(~('y for il~ importance (beneficial results}, will be (tarrit·d out hv :.:...\(~1"t·t scrutinv, t.h« n'~IJlf

. ,.

of which will he to flp~ignah .. t hy phlr:\Ii1~' of ,·ott·.... To ('m'd thi:-:. two :-\('l'uti-

nizers a.nd one secretary will sit twa,' or a.I'ound rfw (.ahln of till' }"'('sidpIIL

The voters will approach the table on(~ hy OIl(' alld "ote nllll will tdJ his \'otf'.

""

which the secretary will n!gi_.,tor in :to Iist LH'f'paff~d fpr I.hi .... pm'pn. .. u ill Ow f'n'~-

enef! of the voter. ,\}) the votes having- I)(~en insel'ih(~(l. irH'luditlg' those of the serutlnlzers and the secretary, th« counting of t.lw votes will he ~l(llle hv ttH'.1l\

and the result of the election will he l't'ad in a lond voie«. • ~

Brihing aillt f:tlsifi('(\tion of vntos will be l'('prl·~ ... ,~d hy ~.,e\'t'l·e p(!l1:tltj(~s.

Ruie 7. l{,psnJUlious will not. he rm~ogni7.t'd unless thu)' have I.hren vote .... in their fa,vol' in the eonoeiJ and fiVl! in th~ jUlIt.a H.r I,!:l .... t, aud if. is well nnd(JI,:-;to(JlI that said number eonstitutus t.h,~ only (~f)lH) majority_

Rule 8. 1\11 H{~3~jnns w il] hp llul,lie ex(:f'pt. in ('aSI~S w hurn reserve i~ '}I'\'(':.;sary j then thr: :.;;e:'lt~irm wi}) he hdd in secret.

Ilule t). At t.he end of e:H'h session the' JH'O('N~ding~ will he (lng'l·n~:-I{.d and

the ff!curd "hall lH~ a (~lfmr. emwis(~ r(~J)(JI't of ·tll 'he l'll('I'(I"I'(" 'If' I·r .. 1

. , .,. ,' .•. ., , , )0 SPSSIOU. alH

shall be s'gnt:d by all l'll'n~ellt.

. T}I(~r~ will h(~ delic:os'f!d to 1!H,ch nWIHhel' eh~f~lpd a lit.I!r:tl ('()I)Y f IJ

I Or ·10 :wt..,·;

81gn'~( by the tnm}}hon~.

In mv.:h jUllta. :lHcI eounei] will be kl'Jlt 'L 1)('1)1.. ,'11 ,,-,I.'l' I I II) )

" ' , • ( It ... ( (~I sJla 11I~ 1!111''TIlN~1'1I 01'

written the acts, ae(~oJ'lfjng 1.0 tll('il' dat. •. s. ,...

Itul« /0. Tltl~ Jln'~idnlJt wlll 1)),l'sidl' ()V('!' 'll (l 1'(· t' I' II .

, ," • . "r ". III 1 If!l'a IOtl~ II . IP ~PiJ.~JOI).

hut. will not vote (!.X(~'!l)t JJ) l~aSeli (If a l',I) I·,(,t .. · tll('ll lu ""11 ".1 .

. , • .,. ~ . ~ H I ~ q V I ~ I III "as U U t.r

vote. ~ b

Hul« J J. End, junta will Hllldy Hf(' Ih'.::;t 111('rr·~.,1 I'· f f' f' t II' I .

, " .• " I ,I :,,11 0,'111 01' 1'1'1 :1 ) IS l'l)ll"

th,: put/lie ,·wh()oh:l in eouJ'oJ"u)ily wil.~t til(' J'(':-\I)(lI'I'I'S or til t< w I '11 '"

. . '" . " . ('. .) II. itlll \\.j 1»'01'0:-10

JIE_ .. IORI .... L TO .' EX,' TE OF C·S ITED .~TATEs,

11

to the council that it shall prov-ide whatever is proper, provisional in charur-ter until tranquillity is established.

Sen:·rtheh~~5, the council will advise the government what they have '·O(I·tI u· do in this particular,

OF THE Y'lRlIATIO"S f)F TUE P-)UCE FORCF. AXl) TilE CHARAC"TEIl OF ~DIF."

Rule 12- The chief (jefe) of the towu will organize a force uf police in number whatever the resources of each town permit. This force will be under the command of the Delegate of Pollee, who will have the rank of lientenant in the arm,- .

.

Rule 1.1. ~aid forces will execute the orders ()f the chief (jefe) of the

town :1.:" immediate, and the chief of the- province as superior, and its. function is not only to maintain order in the interior, but also to defend the town,

Rule 14. The military commandant in eneh province has authority to use said fnfl'eS for military purpo-es in ar-tual necessity with the previous knowledge of the chief (jete) of the town, as well as the chief of the province, if it is possible.

Rule 1.->. All male persons who have reached the full agl~ of eighteen years shall l)e fI},liged to ~"rl"e in -aid force. hut tlu-y will not be recruited by cornpulsion jf volunteer .... pre-t-nt them .... l'1\"t·..;;.; neither will married 111l'1l he obliged to serve while there are unman-jed Olen tn be ohtniuvd. The only exceptions shall ht! those who exervi-e civil funetion- or who arc physi,":\l1~' ,1b:.abh_·t1.

Ill/If: Lt). I he Ilt·lt'gat{· of Police ... hall k"ep :l hook in whir-h shal] ht· notr-d not only the full ')I'.;(:ription of l·tll'h irulividuul, hut the merit» and :'l'l"\'il'l':' n'J1- dl'red by him. II~' will put himself ill l'lllllntnni('ation with the l·hief. who will 3l'l)()rtion to the furl'e tilt .. ' cl(Jthin~ and daily :-:.nh ... istvuce nl·(.'(~:o'..:ary u ... ·('.ortiing. to tlu> cla8~ of L';wh "n .. ; the Iplantity of which will bL' fixp\\ b)' the junta and will be drawn from r}w funds of tlu- tnw n ,

Rule 1 i. The military eonununduut will put himself into connuunicarion with the chh-f of the province nnd tilt' chief of the r"~I'('dh'c towns in order to srive the rnilitnrv instructions tu tJ u- fpn'l~s \wfore-nH'ntioll\"l,

~ "

01-' Til.: .·OH)IATIO~ (,..- TilE .U·PIf'L\){'r. ('1\')1. HEf;r. ... TEH. AXIl ('rxSt·~.

ltul« LH. The chief (jt!f,!) of the town :IS jwlgp. nnd tilt' I )elcg:lte of .'\18- tf,.(-, 3:'i sc-retury. will (}t·(·j.lt, the jllllgtllt'lIf~ tlurt runy he '.)IIIIe] ng'aill~l any neighbur. tu .. ginning hy n, clear und prctoi~t. n-lat ion of tlu- fad~, origin of the pl'O{~PSS, an'} th~ in'lt1iri'~l' i1lflisl't'll~ah1t· to muk» it l,\.':\r und di:",,~h.~~' t.lw rvul culpahle, anrl (·{IIH·)w1ing by a I)('cl'i!-\p nnd eal"gori('al ,1t'I!lal':ltiulJ of flU' t'lIar"g-c' aml of rho te:-:.tilllflllJ ,.f II ... witness for or H:!aitll'lt. TIll' :tlH"If>IIt. pradiPt's :\11'1 fll('lIIulas will hf~ avoirled, for tht,y -';"1'\'" for nothillg t'I~f' hut t.o rill lip pal'l'I'S :mcl reuder interminable tlu- {'O\ll"~t~ of jll~ti(~ ...

ltulr: }.'I. \Vllf'n tlw jllflg-f! f'~lpBnl:-:' that tho h1Ym~tigatilll1 io!'> Hnishetl Ill' will -t'nd tllP flll('tmwllt with till' Jll·f_· ... umt!rI ('lIll'J'it t.ogd.JIt·r to t.he pl'o\'ilwial euuu.-il , who will ele:oiigll:tle fI, "eff'rl'l: to exumin« the 1'1'''''f'''~ :lllfl inform tilt· council dtlwl" th.t.t tll4! illl,uiri.~ ... :U'f' tnrmiuntr-d or Iw dt~~in's further infurm.tf.ion , ill this la~1. ea!oit~ ~h"jng- tlw w·(~t~"'!mr)' order to th« clrief of II", town to ~ltpl'ly til(' deti-

r-ir-nr-y that lw ha~ 11014'''. •

ttulc '.!IJ. \\/}IPII fill' jurlir-iul irl\"'~fig":lrion 01" '''·0(·1· .... :-; iR tilJi:-lhl!() Ih"l.'PUlH'll

will 811mmOIJ!04 tho a(·l·lI~l·d to all "J'WI f'lIhli(~ court, alld ant'l" IIw "t'ft·rm, ha!-l fua.! a ('{)IlI'iw,t, 1'1'11411'( ~tl:--:tailling .uul fflt"lllllJatiug- the' 1'1·.H.· .. pdill~S. nlHl aflel' tIlt' pl.!l'~oll UI" thu~l! ,'c:i"ljgllale'~ 1")1' tlw dt~h~IU·t· shall lw IWI\.l'd, u. ""nlh·t will be r .. wlen'el after

1:2

JIEJJI)R TA.L

. F ----------t' 1';; _ .;;,~ntenN?- or verdict an appeal C:1U be m3d~ to

d rbers.tlf)D. rom n .. -

a prDper ,e 1, ;., -tice of the I~',.mzre=,::. (3$:,embly),

the ('ommJ~5j4m (If .I'i,:"" 1 :-h~nal code will nde pro'i~il)n!\lly. t(\g~the-r with the

Rule 21. TJw ~pal~l:-t''-''Pnt of' which is at the option in these islands of thn~e . ial 1 w the spp lea io

prQTlflC a ~ 1 1 - - - ... f the ren)lutionarv ~CtVernnlellt-

.h d not oppo~e t re ue<"rr~t'~ l • .._ .

'" 0 0 .).) On}. tht:' fullowing per~")DS shall be Judg~i by the corxcrr, nF

Rule --' b·' '0 the re\'"OlutilloarrarnlT and 1h~\ ... e who serve in the

WAR: Those w 0 ~ety"e I ..-.. • .

. f th t ns when the~ are under the command ('If the nlll1tal'Y com ...

pollee force 0 e ou- -_ ..

mandant of the pronol.'t?:.. ' . . .

The authors and perpetrator~ of crimes esteemed as military C~·ln1t's HI the d~~

cree that will be puhli_:.;hed to that e.ffeet will :\1:;0 be judged by the CC)l,~cil of \\":\.1'.

Rule 23. The chon cnotention5 rprote-t) .. whatever n}~l~~ be their class and quantity ~ will be decided in the first in~~ance by th: junta. of tt~e town. and in tht~ second instance by the provincial council. The brief demaudi o!-! recourse to ap~ pt'al shall be presented to the chief of the town or of the province, who will convoke the junta and the eouncil r,!,;; pecti'tt:'Jy.

One or the other wi11 form or render :l verdict, h:1\'iu;! summoned tht" eontenrUng parties with their respective proofs before them. and after twaring th~ aHpgatiofls of each side. examining the proofs submitted, dt~lihcl':\ljng t.hnI"Pllg'h~y. the.,,- will accord by majority of votes that which they c~tevlU tel bt~ in ac('~'nl:ult .. ·e with justice. These verdicts will be provisional, :\n,I t'M} hf" :llHrnwd. suuulled. or amfmlle(l when competent trihunnls for the adrninistrution of justice are duly org-anizf>d after the republic is proclaimed.

These decisions will he :ldjuclicateti unflpr the rf\g'1l1at il)n~ of tfH' Sp;mi..;h civil code. hut the provisional law will rule for all thuSt~ who do Hot (1ppns,~ tilt' decrees of this governm~nt.

Rule 24. The IJt:legat.e of .fU5tk-t~ shal l k~'('p 3 coll('('tin£\ of an the (It'('nw~ and r~gulatil)n8 Issued by this go\~ernlll('nt.

Rule 2:). The same dph.'ga.tf_~ ~h:lll keep three books, one in which shull he noted the hirt!ls. hY.Qrdel· of date, ~pec;fying the nam» of the reeNltly \)01'11, pJace, the date of birth, his h,am~. surname, and locution of his pal·,ml.-i. and thn nallH:, 8nma~et and the location of the godfather. who wil I also sigH in tf'~tiJlHmy \\'i1 II the chief of the snid ddeg-ate .

. hRule 2~. . AnotJw1' book will he kept wherein shall be no(ecl thn dpa.(,h:;;,

wit a fJe:!cnptlon (,f the name 1" f'

I t '~ s imume , pro eS:"IHm, e~t.:tto, and ndghborlwod (If

t re t eceased, and of the names S[II'O . I I . --

1 h . ,,-. ames, ann or-ation of tlw fat.hel"~ of tho .... aHlH

ar« t e cause of his death \ w't, 'f' -

d . , ., I '11· . " " 1. 1 nl~:-;8, one of Uw nmily or a noitrhbor of tho

~~C;;~l( '9W71 I~lgn th~, record with the chief (jefe) aud t.he flele~af.e,

u e z r . n the third hook will I· . 1 } . ~

to the f 11' . If- noter t If:! maITJ:l.C"O (~I_Hlt r acts ;I,('('ordinrJ"

e 0 OWlng regulatIOns: 1:, M

The (:ontracting parties will sir)' f. . '.' .

that by mutual aC'(';,rd t' 1- gn n 01 m Jlotlfymg the Judge of the town

• .,. n(~y )}l,V() uO'r('ed to H" • l' ,

this contract into th I I' . h ' nu ry t.:111( J'eqlloHlmg Uw enlTY oj

. .ne pn J JC l'egH~tel'. If t} ~ ~ ..' . •

twenty,three vears of a.o- tl f' Ie coutl,l,chug P:\I-tl(':-; :U'{' IIlldt~l'

" ,.-: .... r,e, Ie a.tllf~r~ f . t . r t • ,

d(~falJlt of the fa,thcrs tl", rnr tl.. ,nus S':-.,h t.rW Jl:ll'lW:i with thpllJ; III

11 I _, ) H,r~ mn~t ~I(rn . in f f' It f

e ~. flRt brothers jf tht'y} , . . .,' ..,! Ie aUI, 0 mwor' t.he {It.hel· r.}w

. , '. MHJ nnaHH!d twmlt .-tl '., _,. ' .

nlJm~ of these p'~I':-ions rJHmtiortP(l '.1' j , HU. YL.t1S of :tJ.{o. If t.lInl'n f~XISj.H

.' , ,If: Junta ot lh} t . '11)

Jt8 «onsent and itH (:(~ltitiCl1t(. wHJ. ' ' ., own WI nil nuthori:.'.ed to "'jvo

I / • LC(:O rn pa 11 y t h f I I . , I""

If t.JH~ f!Olltl'aetinfJ' Iml,r'(~HI lu v ' " ),'-pel Ii.

, ,., . -,,-, .t,~ ann·(·d . t tI

Wlt.nWj"f:( of (!:1(~h one wlll liirJ't1 tt • f' ,. ,I,.,)(~ a~r! of (,WIHlty-IJII·(!e y(!:I.l·s :l.

t.\. . I":! . Ie 01111 W It I! I.hfHH Tl .' . .• '{)HH rJf~/Hr,nH a}"t~:t(ly UH!utiOIH'rl ' 'I(I W)1.lHl.I;J."'l!~N lIIay },O nlH~ {II

,Ill ' • .'. IH Itflof.II1'1' l'('r~ort ( f f' II

anu nas tJH:U' couflduucl!. If (H({t of tI' . } II ag<! who is f.hf~jJ' fril!)Jd

, ., ~o C(IIllrll.eliuo· 1)'U't'I('U '1'" u l

~ I. < "-"7 ell{ 01' trw ago of

_- _-- ~--~- -~

JIEJInRIA.L TO ."E~"'*-l TE OF FXITED ST..t TE.~.

13

--~------ --

twenty-three be or she must obtain the consent of the junta and he accompunied by a wirnr-ss.

Presenting the documents or form with all the forrnnliries required, the chief of the town will proceed to publish the notice of the proposed marriage : in fad. to affix this notice to the door of the town hall. this notice lwing a literal eopy flf the prop('~€'d contract, demanding of thll:-'l' pf>l"sou:o" who couldtestify or pro\'c that one of the contracting parties has been already inscribed in the re,gi.ster of another location as party to :1 man-imonial e.mtraet with another person. This notice will also be read three times in publlv. during three consecutive wee-ks. one each week, once on !l market day 01' other day when the people a:,"~mhle lnnrelv.

=- ..

The three weeks b('ing past without any protest, the contracting parties. will

apP":lr before the judsre and the flt·lt'~:ltp. .uul in the Pl"''':''IH'P of nll contrncting p:lrli"~ will ~ign the papers. that with free a1'Hl :'P')llt~\111)"\\." will ant' dt'~irt' :Lnd mnr ual (·oust.·nt they have :lgreed to become man :1n«1 wife. bound together indi~"(llubly while they lite, and to this l·:l't·\_'t thp\- .rive .. ach other a. formnl

.... 'tit l""

pr.uu i-« of' mutual tide lity and to educate their (·hilI1n·l) in the lovv of God. phil-

unthropy , and the eountrv. This C01I~t'llt ;-;h:1.11 hl' ... i(TI1~c.l 1.1,- all thost' prv-unt.

•• 1'.:'" ..

Ride :18. If prote-t is pre-enter! no celebration nl' the contract can take

place until it is proved that the pron--t is wit hour flllllHbtion.

ltulc 2.? ~"e(·l'lt· ... iustical m:\n·ia.~t' {'(·It·lu"atitlll (';tl1 take pl!tt'P without the contracting parties presenting' .. ertiti("ate tlf contract :o'l;.,:-nt·tl hy the ehh-f ~\nl' the d..Je~alf" If this shouhl be done without this rel{ui . -ite le~al formality the marria.ge w il] he void and illf>~p'l.

Itul« .'10, The Dc1t:gatc of -Iustive will k('{'p a la-t hook in which shall be recorded annually the nurn her of souls «xi ... 1 iug in .. ach \'ill:lg'l!. heg-i1lning from th.· r-entre uf population. with dc~.u,:ripli'm of nnnu-. -urn.une. p~1atp. profp~sion, and Iwig-hbfll'huod of «ach Oll(>. l'1:u'ing at th« l~l\tl an illttl" IIf th« total number of .oo;ouls, t}1t! tota l number of men, the tot:Ll II U 1111,...' of births, d.'aths. :Ut11 mar ... riag'_'~ happening within a year.

fl'" TIII-: TAXF.:-; A:"iJ) 1t1-:'iI~TnATICIS OF '·H<~I'EHTY.

Hul« ,11. As soon as the popular org-:\Uil.:ltil'll is 1_~~tahlishp\l us pl'''~('''ibClt in the d""I'ee of th ... Ixth inst., :&11.1 in t ln- iU;,l,frw.·1ioll" '0 them (jt'f,'''). chief's of tllf~ towns, aifll'" awl a .... si~h!(1 "y the dj·ll'g"ah· uf thi .. "I';nu:h .. f .... «rv ic ... will take dl;\I-g(~ of an flf the prorwrty appertaining (,to 1,t'lon.!.dllg' tn till' town, :t~ we] l as that rc1in'lni",dH·,l hy tlu- Spani"'h. nllll will takt' .uul .ulmini-tvr the whole ill a \wnf·li"l'tlt wa)' len" all. with tlw ,1il"l'dioll lit' ttll' juntn.

ltu!« :1:1_ They will have eh:lq,~t~ a ... wr-l! of all of flip lo('al t:lXlh.\ ll',-it'd hy the ~panj ... h g-o\"ernment, with tIlt! cXl'f'plioli of t1J1' li"t'Il~" of gallJl)JiIl~. nurl thn tax on ('()I·k-fi~hting. both of which an! I'rohihit,~d ah .... o!ut,·ly; 1)(,(,:I\I:-,e tlwy do lI(lthjfJ~ hut ruin a~cl d'~JIHtI·a.lil.t! the [H~0l'le :Ind 1'1'{ulll(_'t' hilt a 1JlC':Lg'l'c protlt to the puhli(! rt~\·Nllre.

ltul« :1:1. I·:v(·.ry das:-l of gamhling- i~ ('oH:,titutl't1 u IH>fuLl c'('imo under the (~(1411·. wlll,thpl' it 1m ski]] or 11:t.1.al'(1, arnl tllf' "t1iC"i:tl who shalt tolt~l'al(! the s.uue !-Ihall \Jf~ ,liii1Ub~p.1 and ~hal1 ht~ fin!'" nn alllll\1ut to hl'~ tI"tt'rmiu("\ by tlu' pro .. virn-iul r-nunr-il aeeordillg 1.0 t.h» iml'0)'tallt'r~ Ill' Ih,' ;.!':tlllf' 01' 111(.' alllClllllts staked, bur. in no 1.':1"11' shal l it. 1m h~~., t.hal! lit'l) rlollal'~ (~;,O). 'I'h« :1I1101111t lit' all pennl- 1if!J~ of al l kinchlo Rhall 1m dcol'"!'".it,·" ill t.hu tOWII tJ'(~a","ri(· ....

{llIlt· :1'/. Th« (jeff') dli.!f of I1w Il)wn will t:lI~4' t'la~lI'g'P of all ,}w 1l1llutioncII PI'I'fw'ti'~s RTJI' 'axl's a.lld ~hall mak« a d"tail,·,1 iU\"I'1I1HI".V tit' fhe. :-,amo ill t.h(! following way: ~lc~taJlj(.; Ulf}IWY, jnwel "Y, f'urnit II I'll. JUo\·a.hI,~ and iuunovuble prop ...

,

1-+

t:» I TEf) _'r:.Y_t TE OF

...: r.i TE.'.

- - - • _" 1-:. ... '!nd t:l't:e~. In rhi- inventory the \ :1~1l.'

...J r.;: :'"lTlk. . " .! ,. '. "

erty. pnhhc nOCUOlen .. ' -''1 .' ~X()rt".";:,,. ,1 :lppn)Xlm:ltel~- and what ft"':l.l t''';', '.

.. d :r···-,r'I~·~ ,,11, •.• t' - t . 1 I h" '

each property an ,t. _ ,. co Y llf this in\t"otory. ';'!!Ilt"1 'Y t f.:lo l'lntl.f :'llill -', .

_..J for tax'lllOn. ..\ P. . - 1 '1 '

msy pruuuCC "." _ _ lrnment rhroucb pr."-: lh'J:l ,'t.)nnl..'l .

1 11 he sent to rhi- (?1)\t _

*;t'~~ . .; 1:\ ::". ~ . qe<>{ in kind ,)i indirect ltlf, .. ~,l contrihmi,,!!, ._

-. /. ry- The IImt:l nu\ 1."- ..'

(,II f .J')' . , " --'1.1ut.: ~:lan nnt ~\:l't"'t'c.l In value ttYe IHlll.j ,<I

.. , . I nt .\. 1",;,t' '"Tn~:"" v , • .,

e3(·h ('lnl _7u1 gme .' .- f ti,\"'~ d ..... U8N , . .'nntrihllri'ltl; t:'xl'e(_~dill;! tIlt' ;,:r, I, ..

d OJ, . I';:', I II, ) th e ;\ 11 J • m t ,'I - ••

{lj .u:- ',.. i ,', . it will be o ne I't.)r t.'pnt. tI,,), TIn ... ta\. Wl~: ",.,

If five hunrir"" '.I\,I.,~.

va uv 0 ' .' it The L"'l)UIll'i1 i:'o authorized to follow the "1".

p.."lirl by tbe UIl5ue",,:,-';'jl1, ~m I"!r. ' "

rule. r: The \ I'""I'\.' ) l'hi,~f of the to"" n t',1!1 ·l .... ol exact by this rul.- :llr":I'!1

Rule .1 '_J ° _ l I f bi I I f

. f . t:\ j ·)Ot.." , i,IT e:tl·.l r.·",,'Iru f) )tt't \ an\i p tI",I"

mentioned the alUl'llnt n one I*~e.. \ - .

f 1 (~.1 L ... ) t'flr eat:h public ann .. lttn('j·lU~nl oi marriag-l~ : :\IHI two n·all· ... I····

OUT rea E"S «r: ..._ ,

bead for re<'ordi!lg' th~ ntarri:Lge ,·"ntrl.t. .. t , •

R lc o> I'le ('an aj .. " inu«: ... •• d!! the nUlt~";' wh» til" not ~,·r\·,' t\itlwr 1~1 .

II " ., , _ - .

I· , armv or in tl.- 1I,.I:t't· Iii tilt' til\\'U. of tIlt' fu:! :lg"l' \if I·i~h!,.

reyo l1tlon:\~ o.J. • •. f ' ,

ye~lr ... :1. n'~ll!:lr p.'r .... onal c·~Jntrlj_'!jtijln «f twent~- cents (:?i ..... ) I ,t!\. pt·~'~ta Pt'!' :.

e"cr\' three nWllrh .. ,

T1tj .. C'nntr:buli, in will 1)(> Nltl:tlly ":lri~f;Ll-tor.\' tu lh(~ r ich aud tIll' pHtll', II

C:1n "lllIal1}" ilIli'f1"" IIptl!) lh .. ~ rich cia .... all ,'(tr;, ('lIlllt"ihutiuu, ",h":-;,,, anltll1l1t \\ 1 , he dt'[cnn ined ; n f·;lI·h ,_·:\ .. e hy thi- ::11 \"f' rn III' ..... :l fkr }",ari n ~ C Iw opill i ,In 411 1 ft.· rf>pr{'~f'nt.1ti,ol·" of the provinces, oiihl)lald ,'\ .':"" 1 iluin:: ur ~1't':" 'W,·l·:o>:,lti.·.; PC'I'III',

In this case thp. se-retary nf tJ .. ~ tr .. 'a.~nry will !H lk,· known tho l'l)llt'c'tiuli nn.l di ~

bur-o-ments of s:thl flln.1 ... for the knowle(t;!,· :til.! "ati"'lf:,('fitll\ of t lu- I·ontribtltfl(" .

Rul« oJ8. ;\t th,· (·"mm .. u'·"m .... nt nr ,'ai'll till"'" lnll1Jch~ tlu- r-hi .. f ckf{') !If lit.' town will order n eollection of the personal ,-'Intrihutinn (t:l') "." (':lI'h h,':I.I 'It the Vi1hl!!'f'. Eaeh one of them will kel'p a hook flf ,·ull'·t·tjon~ ill wh l.-h ... JI:I:' ent.ered the names :lnr) surnumes of tho..;e who h:1\" paill t lu-ir "111':-;. Till' J" I,i will ,1f~1iv .. r the amount col l .. ·t_'h.'4) to thl' .h·legaf.· of I'p\"pnlll", who nf'u-r 1'111,'1 ill.' the l\mI)Hnl~ ("flJlcdc,1 in tile cash hook, with 'ht' name .. of ttlf' l·tHJfriblllol':-o. \\ il ~ig'n f\ rcc";pt with the supervision of tlll~ \·hh,f (j.·f.,) in tl ... hllnk of t' .. l1'·I" j, u: whi-h is to hi! kp.pt hy the head of th.! "illll~f~ a.'i :~ \"nnr·JlI'r 01' ... af"!!II:lnl (III" h i ru self.

JlE.lfOR1411. TO $ES.-1TE OF r.V/TED .'-iT.ITI-: s.

15

~mme~t. where it. will be held in l·u~t(Jd.r of the counsellor of rents under th .... immediate inspecnon of the provisional council: everv member of which shall be personally and conjointly responsib!e for anv defalcation that may occur.

Rul~- .-l"2. "·ben each council is constituted it will organize imml'dh\t~lv, ~n~ submit to the approbation of this governm~nt an estimate of tilt.' ex pell~es indispensable for the well-being of the provinces, and the chief of each province can order no payment except it be in accordance with this estimate. The ehiefs of provinee« .will -end to thi~ go,crnDlent the remalninrr balance of lll<.1nC>ys by the most rapid and secure way when it is demauded for ii\e zeneral weil-bcin« of

the revul ution." 0 0

R,t1~_, -/-.1. The Dt:']~gate of Rents will keep a book for tht-' fl'gis.terof prope"ty aod the tr~t11~fer of cattle. There will be placed on illl cattle registered in this book. the town mark.

This will serve 10 gi\""e in future a title to the OW1Wl':o of the cattle by vert iticate (If record of tbe transfers, which the dt"1l'g-:ttt~:oO with the counterslsrn of th«

• .. hit·f (jefe ) n-HI issue. For rhis work the 1 )e1egate of Itents .. shall Ch~lJ'2'f* as a

lue-al contribution one peseta (~Qc-) per head for Uw certificate. "-

Ruff. .J..J. Fin~dly. he will kct'p another book in which shall be \"l·gi:o't~l'l~d fixed propertie..;; (inmeubl-s) within the boundar-ies of eaoh town hl'gillnill~ at the contre nf population and l"Onc)Ut)jng at e:lch \,j))a~t~ a ... much for agrit'u1tul'e :\S tnr urban. The houses and ground:, ~h:lll be recorded by pJ()t~ or p:l1·(_'d~. it ht,ju:z understood by parcel a portion of gl·olUH.I more or le:o\~ extensive thut belOli~:o to certain persons in one place.

In the record of each p:lrce) the measurr- shul) he ~"t")('itit'I'. tlw bouudnries or the kind f)f cultivution to which it i ... cfe\·c)tt~fi. the :tppl'o:dmatc \·:&lUt~. the llt't annual rent it may produce. finally. will he p(a c pl{ tlw ruune, surnuruo, and loe:ltion of t he known owner:'! or p,·opl"it·tors of it. I f it 1:01. rlmh~11 the p(,1"~o\1al d\'cU!J) ... tanccs of the tt'lJ:tot will hi! n'(_'orlh'IL TJw pal·cl·I:o:. which are t.hl· pl"O}lt'lty of towns or have no known owner- will he pJa(·t·t) in thi,:'; categ-of"y, For rhis work he can chargt'. one per ('pnt, (t%) of the value of each parcel, (kpo:-;itirag this tax in the treasury of the thwn.

Ill/It- -J.,j. Eaeh town shal) n."'· on th .. nni('ia\ lll'~p:\tdH-':-O n eirculnr i-tamp in whose centre ~hall be f'ngran·tl a sun with I'ight rays wilh '}lI'e(~ stnrs in the uppvr l·.<lflwr. ln the upp~r part of this st:LllIP by tIlt' :-;idt' of the ~tar:-i ~h:lJl htl in .. wrHwtl in a half-circle th~ nanw of the proviue«, .1 T(l~a.lo~:' uud ill the lower half. in h:&lf-cirdf~. 'he name of the town in )t.~ own lan;!ua,g"".

T1tl~ stamp wh iell ~hall tw u!'wll h~r the <-'olJrwil. ,h«· pl:tt'f' \\" ht'r"c t})p name of the town apP\.·ars ~h:\11 be occupied lJy this word: .4 Sa.ng'uuiall."

('at~tt a,t

C.\\"tTF., 20th of -June, 'S!J~.

nox 1·;;\f'Llo A(a.71X.\I.IH~ Y F.\:\IY,

I'rr3itln,t offhc U(!llol,tlifl1l-llr'l (J,-","·ru.ntt'tli of ilu: Phil/II/Jin.es, (/1/1/ f}c1lt:ra!-t'1I.-Cll.i,i

. . .

(~ll"(; . ,,.711.'1,

Til;::; ~(),,"erruneflt j~ wiJlin.!,! to 41"nJOn~t r a.tt' In thf' IWI~plc f'f tlw ~)hilipJ,litJes that on'- of its aims i~ t.o l~fJlll hat, with tll4! sfr'orr:; h:uJlI Ulf~ rn\'f'tt'rall~ \'H"'~ ",, ',Ih' Sp:lnisla admini .... t rut ion , ~IlIJ-!titlililig for thf~ ItI~III'Y al1~1 ~'xlran~!.!":Ul('f~ of Jts (Jmd;IJ~, who, with w~tpnl:tt.i"n~ nnd pompnll:J rout rne , iliad .. It sll~p)ll :w.d hl~:lvy. a,n()ttlf~" :uiruinj.-.tr:ltion. mOth·sf. ,~hHl'le. anti p"nmpt, rot' the puhlic servtce.

, hereby (le(:l"ce the fullowing:

SECTr()~ 1.

Article 1. TIIf! flidatorial gO\·OI"IIIJIOtlt. will 11f! (';dlf'd ill (ullin'. ttl., I'~\'~I~U# tr(Jruu'Y go\'ernmf'ut, WI!O:o:.f'. c!llj( .. r-t !~ tu fig-h,t fCH: tlw jlJdl'p(~lId(·n.c:1l ,ot. ,'w J:~II~I.pf'illf~!i 1111 tl J tlw freH lI:lt.Jf,U:oi. Jlw)UlIIII!! thl! Sp:Llllsh. -"hall t'XIIt'I'~sl) 1::el)g:I~I;r.1 It. and r.t) I'l'f!(HU'f! tho (~IHllltl"y fltt' tlw f~..;t:l,hti!'lhnJ(:"t of;l tI'lH~.n'puhllj" ~ lu~ tlidalo(· in '.hl! Iurur« wil l In-ur tlw titl« of IJl'I~."'lIll'lIt: flt 'hl~ I'H\'ollilloH:lry 1-'0\'llIIIIHI'II.t ..

sn.». 'I'her« will bn fOIll" :o;ec','pt:ll'i.·"'1 of rlw g-o\'j·rllllll'Il(. flnt! WI!) l)t~

Hf'CI'I!IIU'Y of for',!iJ,{tJ IIlrail'~. aWL,'hw, and t'(III)III~·I"~'·. til" ,o'IIt~" SI'('I't:f:lI'~' ~" '.\':u alld pui.lie WOl'kH, the other :-'IHTd:try of polll'l! nlld intcruul oldvl, JlI~lHe,

-

J/EJl()RIA.L ro 8E.Y.-l TE OF lJXITElJ ,"'1'.·1 rs»

17

SECTIOX ~.

OF THE REVOLrTIOXAHY CO'SGnF.:'-~ .

Art. 11: The revolutionarv congress is the reunion of the representntivos o~ the. provinces of the Archipelago of the Philippines. elected in the form provided In the decree of the 18th instant.

X evertheless, if any province could not yet elect her represontntivos because the most part of the towns in the same huve nut yet succeeded in li berati nO' themselves from ~panish domination, the g'Overmnent in that case can nomin:rtl' with provisional character representatives '-of the same, persons most esteemed for their enlightenment and social position, in such numbers as is determlnerl by the aforesaid decree - provided always that they have been born or residinv for a-

long time in the province which is thus treated. 0

Art. 12. In the town which is the seat of the revolutionary government and in the building which is designated, they will commence the pruliminurv work by desiQ'nating by a plurality of votes a commission composed of five individuuls charge(l with the dutv of examining the accreditiug documents of the personality of each one, and under commission of three individuals who will examine the documents, the first commission of th-e exhi bits.

Art_ 1.1. The day following the said representatives will meet again. and in as .. eruhly the two cornrmssions will read their respective reports upon the legitimacy of said documents. and deeiding upon the character of those that aplwar doubtful by an absolute majority of votes. Immediately after they will proceed to designate also by absolute majority. a presidt-ut., vice-president, and two sueretaries, They will be chosen from the representatives, whereupon the ('ong-rf'S5 shall he considered organized and shall inform the go\"cl'nnwut the result of the elections.

Art. 1-1. The locality where con~r(';o;~ shall tlt~liherate shall he sacred and

inviolable, and no armed force shal l enter therein 11n I <<':'is till' president of the body should usk for aid to rei'stuhlish interior order disturbed by those who do not honor themselves and their august functions.

Art. 1:)- The powers of congt'l~~s nrc to wutr-h and guard the g(mcral Interest of the Philippine people and the compl iunce with the laws of tho I'P,'OJution. discuss and vote upon said laws, di;-;ellss :lnd approvl', lll~f(ln.· ouch rutilicnt.l011. the trunties and loans, examine and approve the accuunts of the gl'nel'al costs and expenses, that will be pn·:-;p.ntl!d aunual ly hy tho scerul.al''y of t.hu treasury. as well as the extraordinary taxes, and those that Illay be imposed in the future.

Art. 1 tl. Likewise ('ongrr-ss will hp h(':11'<1 in all serious .uul e~t nwn1i.nal')" affairs, whose dc('i::;ion udmit« of delnv or dplibpl'atioll, hut. the p,'madl'llt. ot tho g-overnment ('an dpcirle upon the char;lC'tl'l' of Iht.~ H1'g'I~IH'y without }In'jllllit~(~ .tty !!iviTlg' advice to xairl hody of the 1't!solutioll which he hus adopted by 11le:UlS 01 a. tlll'ssage,

Art, 17. Any represnnrativo can present to eongrnsR any prol'os,'d law. anti

so can any sf'erd;iry hy or.lr-r of tho l'J",'sidl'nt of the g'()\'prIlIlHlIlt. . .

Ar/. 78. The ~f'<.I:"inn of ('OIlg-I'f'~~ shul l IJC~ puhlic unrl only 111 euses which

nn('I's~itatf! rr-scrve wil l tlu-v IH' held ill s(!erd, ~t!ssi(ln.

Art, If). AI~() ill 11H~ (;rdt'l' of t ln: df'lilwr:ll.inlls. :l~ in tho internal govern-

!Twnt. of the hod'y. the ins~I:ltl'til)n~, which .~h(II.J1d lu! rOI'IlI~J1:1t.:'d. hy thn CO,I!r.l'ess itself shall ~H~ olJ~n"\"f·d. r he prusident will direct. the tluhlwlaLlolls, but \\ III 110t vote, hut in (~aSB of a tin n)I(~ h e will g-i,"! t.ho pa~ljllg votl!_. •

.Arl.:JO TIII~ prcsirk-nt of tho g-ovnrnnwnt eatlll~)t pn'~rmlt. lit ally way ot

manner tJw Ilwdillg' of' (!{JlIgl'(~~S nnr '~lIIhaITass tho snHSIOIIS ,.)1 ~:nllo.". •

A rt, :J 1. (~()T1gn~ss sha II de:'!ig'lIatc :I. permanent. (~OmlnJSSIOI~ ot j ustlce o,vel which tho auxilinry vice-prushlunt will preside, :l!'l:"oistetl by one 01 tho SlWI't't.:tI'lCS. and it will 1m (:Olllpwwd of those lwrsom;, tOg'(!IIIer' with seven voturs, el.l~d,~d hy n. plurality of volos f'rom amollg' t.ht'. J"(q)J·(;:-Innlativ'~!o!. 'J'IJi~ P.Olllllll:-lloiIOIl. shull adjudi(~:ttn (jlld~{~) 011 :tpptlal. in thn ;~ne(Jn(.1 instance, the orill~llI:L1 ~!a~~~H. ,Inyd, I:~ LlrH provincial eflll1't~1 iuul Hh:dl :tl~o IIlvB~t.'gat.l· :u~d. ~o~II.(m(~n 111, ~I~{, II~:-II ',Lilt HOI ~ instanr:r: t.Jw af~f~Il~,LtHHI llIadn ag-alll~t, tho foIf!el'(d al'WS o[ the gil' t.I,I1IllCllt ,Llld t I

ehief (jefn) of tl)(' I'l'o\rjr)t:(~~ alld tl~WIlI'l and Illp jlldg'HS of t.ho I~I'()~'IIW'~H., ' J 'f'1r

Art -r-» And tilt! ~n(!l'ol.al'Y oj (:olprl'nH:'! :-;hall kn(:p 11. hook 01 1.101101 III W 11 "

t., 0.10.1' • ,""I I tit' SIlt." 1

will hr. 1'{H'ord,'.d tlu: frJ"(mt. H(~f'vin(!~ 1"f'lul(!J'nd tn the ('ollnll"Y alit ,:S,UOlIH:I.,:-;. .

1, the.' fomid IJody. All)' Fi1ipiIJO, wlu-l.hur in I.Jw mil itury PI' l'lVtl SI'I'VI('<'. (':.1;1 d;~llIalJd of r.:(lflgj·(!~8 a ,:u('.ord ill tltiH hook, 011 I't'I~.'"i(!111 illg' tlu: clOl'lIll1Pllt~ accl'etil -

SECTIU:-; :~,

OF }l1I.IT ,.\ RY .U- "T1Cf..

Art, 25, ""hen the ('hip.f~ of the militarj' .)t·IUl'hllwnt:o" -hal! have' nnth") that one of the armv ha .. ('fltllmittefl a crime or has ppl"}ll'trah'd any al't l"t.\PUh"li :b:l militarv erim- .... thev will ruak« it known tn til,· ,'nI\Ul.l:uHI:lnt of t ht.~ mi! itnry zone, who ''''ill nnnlinatc·the ju,l~e-al"·ut.·3.te "nt) th,' ';1·\'I,,'t;lry. wh» will ill:-:ritntt' prnceedin!! ... in the form pro\""hh.'fi in the instruction- tl:lh·,l tln- :?nth instant. If tJw culp1"it~~hl)ulll he of th.~ ,_'h:,ra("ter of 1iCtlh'1I:1II,t 01' hhdll·r. th« (.'oll1lu:tr~d:1I11 ~"ill be the jIH10"e-~uhoe\'f?'. :,ml If tht· eommamlnnt 1:-' tlu- ('111 pahJl' (lIP .supprlOr ollll't'l" of the pro~inef' will n.rrnr- a:ot jud.!!"~ :motJ ... r mi lir:lry n'li,·t'r wlao h .. I,I .. a higlwr rank, and if there i~ not another of highl'r runk th .... ~Upt·ri'll" olli"l'l" him~df will preside.

The .ilJd::P.-:tlh·I)f':\tf~ mu-t :\t\Vay~ Itf' of th~" rank of tho phi,·fs.

Art. :2';- At ttw close of the in"t,:-;.tig-:llinn till' stlJwrior r:lIIking- ~(lllllllandanf will de:"igna,tt! three voters f){ "'pla) or ~l1lu·rinr rnnk lo th« jwlg-,·.:uh·ot·at,·. nnd they will constitute a rouncil of wnr, that i~. till" ~:lir1 von-r-, tlan intl;:t'. th,' a~~t'~~r. nod thCJ)Tt.:o\ident. lit· wi] l he the t'ofl)tnund:1Il1 of tllP 7.11111'. 'if thn vulprit i~ ',f the gr4 e f)f ';f_!rgennt. indll~il'~' 01' 10\\"PI', :HHt t lu- ~llp(~ri(lr couuuundant, if of the grnde of lieun-nunt or hi~hel',

;!h~ council .will sentence by the proc..:f·~~ and I; .,.," folltlW .. d Ill' u.s,'.' h,v t he provincial council, hut the \"t;'rdld or sentence van lw appt·alt·tl Irum l,cot'ul'n r lie superior r-ouncll of war.

A t 0)'" 'J',' . .

r .... I . 1I~ superror COH1l1'll of war o.:holl1.1 lu- fOltlJlpns •. r] of .. j \: vou-r ...

whfJ shal l ht! at I .. ast of the rank of hl;g': .. li.·r.!!t~nt·r:ll~ nnd :111 :lllditor.,·II,'crlt-:uh·o-

eate. c' ._, • ~

If the n.\1~lhp.r f)~ g-encrals who rf'8idl~ in rill" ('apital of tilt' revohuiouurv g(tvernm~nt l~ Jn~""lIfficJfmt. th,~ ,letll'jpney will tu' slipplit~.1 h" tiH' l·'.lu·' .... ('ntati\'p;.

who .fl.hall he ~lfO!41,gnatf.fl arul c·omrni.'4sion.'" hr ('('lIlrl't.'S~. "

rllf" prc'"ul"nt of tl ',1& 'J '11 I .. .... . .

_.. . - . I. COunl~1 WI II' n, g"t'Ilt'I'a.1 nt till' )ug-Iw'" rank of all

p~ uu.nlt. hut »houlrl ther« Iw sr veral of tht, ~~lIU1~ rank. t 1m pre~id,'nt will lll!

~Iedf'( a,mOJlfJ'!4t th.·lnS(JI··f·..1 I)y I I ,.

- . • o~ .. ," ,'"' an :ltJ~o utt~ nl:llnr,tv of \,ulf'~.

Arl. 2H. Fh« ~u()"nol' ('Plltl -il '11' 1 : " . ,

.' '.., (1 WI 1111 "'(~ III t l ... JII"~L and :'oII)lf~ 11I~laIWf' tlw

snp('rJor 1(:ommaIHler:i of the Z()Ut.! a,ntl al f military "t1i'·t.I· ... who hold 1 h .. ruuk of

eounnunr ants. • . , .•

Art. z». 1H-:I'-ISJTloN 0,: :\fll.lT \tty (·Bl:\fE~.

1. Those who fail in the 1'f'~J "1 I '

t t'". • J' ~. H.L. nnr p,.otl·"'IOf! fltlf> It) fOl'pj(rll4'l'~ wlll·rh.'I·

n .r)l. J)fX~On or [0 t II' pl'op(lrt y ( r ' ....,. •

atnhulnnces of Hanit:u'Y or ";1111., t~ -um«, "" w_'oJl a~ to rlH' f'sl:d,lishllU'lits .uu]

which may bf! foulld'in' g. ':l 1011.;, w] ... ·h IJwJlldl'~ tl", 1'.'t'~lIl1:o1o :111,1 dr,·(,ts

. ()I"-\or tlleolhf'l' '~fl' J I r J • 'I

lOIlg' ax th"y are neutrul. . . , .W 11'( .0 l re :olt~l'\·lt·t~ tit t at! sail"!. :l~

~, '1"ulf·m Filipinos who fail to dl I '. 0 • •

their l~rrf!11I j(~"1 that. ~l1n'elJlt"I' thr.ir . I Y .' f· ... 'JI!(·t flIP, h\"m~, IU' 'IU'Y. JPWt'h'y HI

'{ Tl 1'''1'' t . III tll~ •• uul rill' pnsolH'l"s 1)1' \\"11'

• ". U)~{~ 1 IJUIUt!04 W 10 (!ut(!I' fllf' '" ' , " " " ' ", '

flll'l(~I/J~If1(' thto ~1'('I· •• t ... ,}' W'l.I' , I fJ' " 1.1 \-ICt. hi t Itl 4'IW111V In' l"·C·OIIIIII .... fr ~pw.o! or

,., , . ,~ - ~ . · a I ( 14' I' , I (. I ,...r , , , . I

r'~volulional.y l'UVf~rrJlnf'lIt a, J If . ',11'4 II t.1t~ P0!'4Il''''1 and torlllir':afIOIlS nt tit'

, ,.. , • H IO~p \\' HI In·t·~· ttl 1 . "" I .

m(~d,ary Of 31rUUtll wit)wUI I I . '., '0 '11 . 1I·1It~t' \'t'~ 1ft '1I1UIII,\" II III f!l·

!tonally. l'"J ( U Y JlhtllYIll~ :lJltl ~lIstaillillg- Ihuir 1II1~:iitJJl 1'('1'-

-----

-l. T],ln~e .who rvfu-« til rt'~pel't (he immunitv of tho..;e intvrtm-diuri» ... who ar» :ll"M"e~htcJ In tht: manner and fllrm lH"t'~I'riht.,l i.\, internutional rizht alld I'US-

torn -~- WIll ht:' e0n:o"lIt~rl'd .!!l1ilt\· of militarv t.'l'inlt'~: ~

. ')', At.1Y at~elllpt ag-ain .. t t1i(> union or ;t ...... t·llIbl\' Ilf the rvvolurion. pro\'okiu{r

or m~lt~:"t l1Ig rivalry a~;\iu ... t the chief's. 01' lOl'lnill:! div i .. j'lll'" in arnu-d luuuls. ~

IJ. I'hu-e who vnllect ('rlntrih1l1itHl ~ without tllt" authorjt v of till' (rOn~I'nllH'llt

and ~ni:-~~tlprnpri:lte tjie public fun.l-. ... ~ ..

, , I hp:o:.p whll -urrender to the euemv or hehuve cowurdlv in t lu- faf'l" of the

l'1If-'m\', llt·ill!.!' armed. . ...

.... : Th""'t' w] H' di ... t r.: :my Pt'1''':''11 who ha:-, done 1111 injury to thu revolution,

\-1' <;lrt' WO!uen. and a..:..;.;t inan- Ill' intl ict .!!'1·:1\"l' wound ... nil ullprntt·(,tt·d per"'IIIl:o',

alltl commit rnhhl'ry or jlh,t>llfliul'Y ntrt"OCt':-' will be punished :l~ pn·~l~rilll'd .

Art . :/11. Tho .. !' who commit the crime- enumerated :L1'e dl~l'Ial'cc1 enemies of the:' rvvo lution, and tlw penaltie ... impos.«] upon them will h\· the max imum pl'nahie:, pre-vribed hy the "'I'ani ... h penal l·I,t!e. If the vrime i .. not enumernted a ... p- nal in ~ahl c04te. the culprit w iil he imp r i ..... ned until the n-volution triumph«, unl- ....... it w01I111 rv-ult in an irreparahl .. injuvy in t he juiljruu-ut of the tribunal, which would I.e a justifiulu« n.i-on to impose the IHHlalty ()( tll·:lth,

Art. 31 .. \il))JTlClX\I. ('I.At':o\£o::o.,

The ~'),"f:"l'l1mpnt will t· .. t:dlli ... h in (nn."i!!'11 \·Ilttntl'il'''' :l n-volutionnrv commith'f!. l·olllp,l .. ed of an uudeteru nn-«l number ;,[ the 11\1 .... 1 1'1\1Il1wlt'nt JII'I"~~III" of the Pnil ippiue .\rl'iaipd:lg'o. Thi ... ('oIl1111itlt'(' will lH~ divided into three ch'lt·ga.tinn:oi: one of diplom:u'y, on .. , of nuvy. and tlu- ot lu-r tho army,

TIU! 11td"'~;ltion ,,1' 41iplnlll.l"Y will tri-ut :1l1d llt·!!'lltiat,· with tlu- flln'i!!tl g-IlVernment- for the n·t·og-niliun of the ol·lligerellt')" and tlu- inclt'IH!IHIt~IH'P o( tho Filipir.o-.

That of the n:L\)' will han' t'han!,4' o ..... llIlt,\·illg' -uul ol',~:lIlil.ill!! the n:l\'Y Ilf the Filipill"", :twl )In'p:lrin~ tlu- e'Xlu'ditiulI:"o that the nevessity ot' tho revolution clem:' ncl~.

That of tlw arm" will -tu-lv 'lw mil it.u'v l;lI'tit·~ nn.l tlw IH~ ... t forms of nr!!:tI1- i1.lf1!! tlH~ :-.tatr I'orp:o\: urtil h- r v. ;lfI;1 PUg-illl'I·I: <. and :\11 that i~ Ih't't':"~:lL'y to g-i"l' tu the Pllilippirw al'lII)o' the IlI'lll'lit lIt" all IIllldl'l'll iItlJlI'O\·(·IIH'nt~ .

.jr'. :t:.!. l'h« ~n\·t·l'lIllH·1I1 will tliCLtll' tht' lH·et':o:.~al',\' in~ln11·tioH~ for tlu- clue

f u lti lnn-nt of thr- I'l't'~I'nf '("('n'I'

.·Irl. :la. Thi« dt~('I't't' anuu l- a l l ]lI'('\·j,lll." dl·t· ... ·e~ of .hi" g-O\'4'l'nmpnt that

[ Jat('d a~

('., v If E, .1 IIIII' :.!:I, 1 'i' ''''.

[),· .... iroll"l of ('arr\'ilJlr lint to Ih" filii c'xtf!l1t t lu- d.·'·I'I·I' of til(' :?;~tI instant, ruul of arra.fI~ill~ thut til,; fO~III:ltioll lit' till' adllliuisll';Ltive .·"l'edit·lIt·,· llIay 11111 ... igllilY in the future tl u- I';}raly:oli~ of tilt! puhli« hIlSill.·~ . ..;. 11I1f, UII th,~ l~olltt·:U'y •. l1Ia~· eunsrit ut« tlH~ h'~:-.f ::lIar:tnl.ep IIf fIll! 1·I'!.!ularity. prltllll'tiludl~. an~1 OPI'Ul'tllfllt\' til tlurwrform:IIU'p of t.lu- puhlh· ..... -rvicu, I !,!'ivi' tllf~ pn· ... ·tlL. IIlSl1'1h·~lo~,S. nml I tl~'"I'l~t.!:.

Itll./' I. The (·t·nl ral om .. I·" W ill I)I~ ill ... [:Lllnti til a hlilldlllg' thai will lit' III

•. !t:1I';.!'" of a juuitor 'II' l'oll'I'qllt'r (,'on:o:.l'l:ji). aud Iw will at tilt' :o.1l1ll" t.iuu- Iw at till' Iwad of t1w Itf'I'~llfI'" who I"'dlll'lll lIIal'~I'ial ~wl'dt't!s, :uld a .... such hi' Will kt'Pp

:L Ii -t of tlu- ... «· IH·(''';OJ)~. •

Till! j.mitor w il l hnve t hr- ('Ilargo" of (~OIlflllctillg' tho .... I'. who IH'l':oO!'lIt all." "'al~~I;oi 01' ... uluuit un v "1I ... ill(~~S III' 1lI',!.!olialilJlI III tlw ('OI'l'I'SJlOlldlll~ I·(·nfl't~ . ..;. and II.· n III t.rk« ell:lI'~I! :~.-I WId I of s.·ndillg' 0111 IIIP d'· ... p:LldlU ... to e:u·h c"'UII'(' aftC!1" t..lwy ;Ln' n~('onl •. d in a rt'g-j~ler w hivh lu- w i II kt,pp 1o I hat 1'11'('('1., alltl ;d~" 1.0 clldl ver the

('orn'''I''Hldt'ru'll t.hat II(' shall n~{'('i vr-. ....

/lnl,';!. '1'110 ol1j"I'~ ot' thc' IH'()\'irl('l'~ alld l.owlI:-; will III~ lII~l:dll't~ III ;L CUI III

~illlilal' to Ilw (~f·flt.I·;LI, alld it i-4 wul l IIl1dH~, ... lo"d i.h.u tilt' ~1'·"'J1;lll·h.· .. 01 :.:w.h I)I'~)vim-i.rl f:olllll'il will I}I' atldfl~ .... (!d III a :"I1!l'lltHl alld Iho~I' 411 Hat·h dtdt·~aft lit tow Il

to a. •• III·tT(H'iado H (11I·ad of till! 1~1'1I11'1'~)' . .. 'II

/11(/1 ..... :1. FOI' n:wh atl'ail' (IJlI .. ,dlll'-!l4) flu! a .... ··;j .. lallt·I' IIf t h« •• nl.:!ot·I:~do... WI,

("1'111 tlw 1!~llI'cli'~IlI.·1 or hrhd', ill whir'" :-Iii!! I I hc' Illlill.·" all the 1'1'11(":-; that :&.IU

.11·'

JI rJ[t)R 1_!L

~----- - -

th~ first deal:o: with all t',meernin~ the works of fortiticntions. roath, brt:i~t_',: and other elem,:~.t=, that ruilitm-y operations require, in aecordam t: wah the plans. I tit' -vcond. of :1.11 that relates to the works for th.e common use of the provinces and towns ; and a. third. the branches ot vommunicartons

3. The secretary of the interior will be established for th .. ~ time beinrr in ~me .centre. which "ill embrace three :,!-pdions: Fir:.:.t. police l""'ulHl mterior order; svcoud, justice, eivi 1 reirister. and censu- ; third,

under instruction 1)£ public health. ~

4. The secretarv of the treasurv will exist for the tim» beirnr as a sole centre, divided into th-e seetions : Ftrst , h} levv and l'ollel't the taxes ~ s-cond, orderinz the payments ann distribution of funds and forllling the vsthuntes : third. keeping the a('etllmt:-, by double entry in books; fourth, the custody of the fUIHI:-, of the ceutral treasury : fifth. reg-i~tel" of cattle. fixed properties. i:-':,uing pateuts of inventions and tnule marks, and other details ('onl'l'l"ning the development of the ugrieulturul and manufacturtnz industries.

e

Rule 8, In each centre and under the inuuo-Iinte (_'h:U"!!'e of the director- will

be a nr-gociatio. who will keep (a diary) a book wh e -re th~re will be entered an extract uf all corre ... pondence and claims that come in and all that go onto another copy-book of letters and .. nperior instructions, and another hook in which will he l"f-'!!l'4el'ed all personal and zencral employees in each centre and the services of

, ~.

each fine.

This ne~ociado will be C'ha.r;;ed, besides, with the dlstributiou of works and despatches. --

These nr-zocindos in the provincial towns and oHivt'!'O will be under the eontrol of their respective chiefs (jef'e).

Rule fl. Each nc~ociado may take or employ a number of assistants and clerks that lie considers necessarv in view of hi:-, work.

Rille Zo. The secretaries anri directors will suulv the instructions, which must he complied with to systematize the despatches of' the di tlerent affuirs contitled to their care,

CA VITE •• J une '.?7t h, 18!1~,

( Signed)

REVOLl"TIO~ ARY (~O'·EH~'\I E~T OF TIlE PHILIPPI:XES.

TilE Pl~ES[lJEXC'Y.

TO TilE .'''HF.If;S I ill\' f.H~OtEST:'--

The constitution of the revnlutionurv ,!!'on·l·tlrn~nl of the Philippines is explained by the nW:-l~age of tlu- daft: of fli .. 2;~d ultimo, The t1'1I1' cause of the Philippine revolution is rlemnnstratr-d hy rhp t>vicltHlc'p of t h .. l:l\vS to lw a popular and universal effort to regu1alt~ tlu- Iife (If a ppol'll' who aspIre to Pl'ogl'cs:-o runl

development. by the only- road. that of LHH~I't.Y' .

This revolution rules actually in till! provinces of (':lvitc_. Hatall~a~: l\1}~ltlOI'O.

Tayahns, Laguna. :\Inrong. Hnlacan, Batnan. P:uupallg":l.. i\(:I1\'a, J·.XIJ:l, ~:Ll'lac. 'P:lrg:L~ill:LIl, Union, Infanta, and Ztuubnles, :llId it has heswg-etl the cnpital of Manila,

In these provinces nrdm' and trunquil litv n·ig'lls. nrIministerod hy th« nuthoritips eluetr«l by the Iwopln themselves aeconling to the orgallic rllll' of thu dor-rees of the l~th and 2:~fl of .Iun« ultimo.

The revolutionary gO"ernnwnt likr-wis« ho}clH nenrly nine thOl!S:.lI.Hl pl'i~01.H'rS of war, who are treated ae(!ul'tiing 10 Uw ruh-s of war of till! lIIosT ('I\'I l izud Jlat-l,OIlS nTH) the IfLW!o' of humanity. It arso maintnins Oil a wnr footing' more 111:111 thirty thOWm.IHI soldiers, organized. COlHIlULlHlf!d. nnd adillg :IS a 1'(.~tllal' nl'l1I,~:-

(JntI4~" those eonditiun» tho ehiof)ol of the tOWIIS, situnted III Ilw 1H'~on'-nwtltion .. d 11I'(Jvince~, in1.erpn~ting nllel n!pJ'(~,"'l!lItillg- the :-i('IIf.iIlH,mt~ that :LII 1111:1 Il! tIll:

Inhnhitunt», who have cl~!c:wd them, - chwlaro for t.hr: Illtl'!PI'~H~UIJ(_'t! of t.1,,1 PJlilippirws and authoriziJlc" thl) revolutionary g"HVCI·IIIlH'IIl. III soliuit .nr~d O!,t:UIl of ,JIf~ fm'ni'gn govcl'nllltmt!'lr::ttIH! l'ceo:,!uilioll of hl!Il~:.rtWl'fI:'~ :LIld, its I!~t~tlll,g- ~~~IIt'- 1'0llflmH:e. in tJw full a.'"iHIII':UH~(! that. thu IH'ol'le of till' I JII"pPllW~ huvu ulrcudy ff~adll!(1 thut f~onf1itioll ill which they do unrl 1Il1l:-1t gllVOI'1J tlll'lfI:-!l~IHls,

."'):)

--

)fEJ/ORIA.L

.... T .. -tTf>::.

[SEAL.]

The nndersi!!'ned. CHIEFS OF THE TO\\-~:' that are !'-i.tll.:1.tP.tl in and r-onstituto the rovlnces hereinafter de-crihed, elected :1":' ~lJ~h dl~t'H-. IT~ Hill l~la.nnl:I' and fo"": pn.··wribt'd in the decree of t}~e t "'T~l and ln~trnl'tl('n:..; of the :?oth ot .r lIlI.'\ la-t. _:\ fr"r hal"in_g- been confirmed In their r"""pt·\'t1\·(> appIlJtltnlt'nl~ hy tlw pre-rdent or the (T1J,·prnnJent and ha\-jng taken the (I~lth before him. and h:n'in_g nu-t t(HT#:,ther in hI)) a ....... embly 1,,- notiee-- of {'on,Ot'ation. with and fllr the pUl'pP~t' of en;'ferring- on the solemn prochuuution of the independence of the people of tht' Philippines ;

And bavin!! di"('IJ~se{l it at length. and with prwh'IW(1 and t':tre that tIlt' im-

portam-e of thf; men-ure Ilt'fIJ~Uldpd, anti aftt'r a th"rough dcliherution, the t\}l1o\\"inz (Ipdarntion was ,'~.\s"rol":-if.Y :l~rl~l~d to:

~ The Philippine H.·\·o}ution. 1· .. W'nr£fin~ in OIH' p:lrt h,.iJIi:ult ft·a.l~ of nrms, J'p)it·d with l1n(Jualifit~~ll~onti(It'np{, on a \'olnnh"'I' arlllY almo~t unnrnu«], :lIhl ntlll'r fal't., not les~ nfltahh· of tlw 'u,h:a\'jHr nf tlu- JJf'fJph' :lflpr tfw ~11~:l.g'(·nwnt~. tlwy huv» not u;n·o way to O'l"aYt" "Xl'eq;;;f~S nor JU1\'" thvv hl't'U ('1'111·1 01' doll'ul townrd- thl'

"'" ... ~ ..

df'fpatf',J enemy. t1'f:.:\tin~ them. fill tlll'·('oll.r:ll·Y. wirh nohl('IH'~:-' and humanity. and

returning at on(',' to thvir hnbiruul lif .. arnl trau'lilillily.

These f:t('t .. dl_"ll\(Itlstrah' in an in.li.cplllalJJI' I1I:HIIWI' that tilt> PhiJippin,' })('()plt' have not hl~cnmp, a~ (tverylllll\y thllll~ht . .;pnil('. with rflf' onl,\' hopr:~ flf (h'a~~iJlg" the chains t)f servinul», hilt the,\' pO~!'1.'·:oiS th" pel'fed idea of ju .... ti('c :llttl ol'dt'l" shunning the S:l\'agf' life and luvjn~ ('iyi1iy,;ltinn.

But. that whieh is more "Ilirpri~ing in Ihis ))I'11,,1t' is r hat they :lI'(! g-i\'illg-I'I'onf~ that ,hpJ know how t" frnm« laws in Ptluformily to llw ht·j~ht. of pl'ogl"t!s:-t and developrnenr of the f~poch: oIH~yinS! a(l(l 'yic\t'in~ to t hr-m with hor,ol' :Llltl rt·~pt'(·(. showillg' that tlH'ir national ('II:-1tOfllS ure not 1'I'}IlI;!lIant 10 law . ..; which )0011:111 "·:tel tlu-m to flit ure :u 1 vnncr-mr-n t. Tfw~' nr« not cov .. t nns IJ f J)( I W r-r nor hOllor nor' ri(·hp~. but ,!{llith~(1 hy a rational HIlt) ju-t nspirution to leur] a fr('e irulr!l'pntic'ut life. in"pirf'fl by the hlt'auf Of(' hig-tH'~t patl'ifJti~m aud nut innu l hnuor ; :tlltl g'lIicll'" hy their hh·.:\ (rll~~i,.e). aud for the rpaJizOI.t;tln of t.ha.t !l~pirat.iIJJJ, tlwy han! 11 lit hesitnted to S;tl'ritll.',· thr-lr lin~!o1 :lI)d tlu-ir f'ortun«.

Th~··w admil'ah} .. udt'l. mOI'p' tharr :tdllliJ':Lhl(~, a~lfllli~hing-! will fll'('f'SS:If'ilv gh·,· birth tu th~ stl'OIlg-I'~t awl illl'vital,l,· f'OIl\'idillll of the IWl·P"..;jtv of t'r-t.l(.dlllil and ind(~pcllflem'('. to tlIP Philippi'lf' IH~I'plf" Thf!;!' ri~ht to fn,p.lom t.tll·r witl leavr- to posterity and history, hut uudr-r it."! jll~pil':triolls t.llt~'y will "fOf,'uet" it (0 (kath.

Thp Fj1ipino~ nrr- fully cOllviIH't',l, that if illllid.illaJ ,)I'rr,!f'tion, mat .. rial. mornl, am) HJh~)Jfwtllal. I~ "ef:f's~ary to (~ontl"llHllp to rlw wl'II-lwilJo' of thuir fldlo\\'~I)t)ilJ(r..; th~ p~~opl£! ntll-;t, .hn.\"(; tIll' fulrlf':o'!o\ o~' 1ifn-.n~qllil:iJlg JHu.';,} awl illltt'I'~'IH'I'n"I:--t(; e~lr!tn},ut,·to t.ho WilfUl,: PI'()~I·C:.-l~ ot hum:utlty. 'IIII'\" 1;~II' :111«1 will ti~ht ''''illl 11,,e)!"IJon aUt! ~;on,start(~.v. w'~houl tt';u:. alld IW"','!· 1'('('f'tlill~ III!flwt! .urv oIJ,-.;I:tt.'lc'!'> I hat ~·pP~)RI' HII:Jr:tlm ul.,d tlf!,";ln~. and w rt ",t'\,f'I'!;l~1 illg fa ith whu-h 1'I·:tJiz~~~ rIll' PUWPI' (If .lll;tw~~ :w,1 tlw fuHr}III~!"to~ nrc! IH'II\·ld~!llllallaw~. ~"llJillg JI:L."I fW'lJt'" "WIJllhllll ttll~ pat 11, not BVe!, Uw nn pn~o n J nc"l ~ • w " hOllt eau-«-, t1H~ t 01" 111'".'4. tJ II' :t,'oj."I:lssi 1m' ions, :u~d ~!t!u:r aet!oJ of va'ula.h .... 'H I~OJllnllHf'd by flit' Sp:lllial'ds, iullier('d 111'''11 I'I'r~oIlH (" l'II"JI(lo~. H{)n.(~(JI~ll,at:IJlt,~._ 1II,1:I,rlllf'd :lI11J dl'#'I'IW(dl~~s. Tlw S'J:Lui ... h h..til'\·~! th"JJlSfdvf"~ nd(~a~t~tl II'Orr! a.IJ .lUfII('J:" ollh~aIJolI~ 'o\\'lIrds tllI'S.' p,'opl". _ flll'rJw (,nJJ' l'f~aHtln that Hw lJI~III:.rc~l't·HI'y of tllf~ n'\'olill Ifill Was lIol I'Pl·l)ll'uizl'.1 _ ;'''''01'. ing that niJ"vl! rtl1 writteu law or u."(1ilJal'~' f'lISrOIll :U'f' illllHIS('" \;jth jlJli.I'(!~,~jpti- 1',I!!."~lara,d4~!,~ tllI~ r',U] III I·H. tlw lIa~ IOJllLl flonfl". nnr] II .. · la WIo{ of luunanity. No, J. !JJIHfI()H WJJ) IltW(~1 us« tlIP rC'Vfll-ial I Iwt::tIJ . .", tJII'} .. t~4~k i"du(J'~udmlec \\' it), cult-

... ,

JIEJ/nR lA L ro .... /:.·s ... TE OF t: S ITED ,~T.t TEs,

}"1 • h ,-

~r~~ 1 lerty. WIt the ~l.ncm~ditioual respect nf the law. - as the instrument of

ju-uce, -. :\ name purified In the crucible of bumumtv.

. In \-~rtue of the '?01l~itleration:s expressed. we, th~ undersigned subsr-i-ilu-rs

In~e.rp.retmg' the unanlmo.u~ a. .... piratinns of the people. whom \,;e repro ... «nr , ami fu,~llUlg- the ('har~e received from them, and the correlative duty of the f'uru-tion winch they b:\\'"e invested with- pro-Iaim. solenmlv in the face of the entire ~o_rld - the ID.d~penf.le.nl"e of the Philippines. rel'e;gllizing and honorinir the :--'·:110[' Don ,Emlho .. \~ulOaldo y ram)" as president of the revolutionary ~o\"ernmerit, constituted 10 the form prescribed U\' the ,h'l'ree of the 2~)tl and instructions of the 2,th of June ultimo, and request the said president to solicit and oht:lin. from the foreign go\"crnnwnts the recognition of the belligerency and the said Independence, not only because this act constitutes :l duty of justice, but al-« because no one can be j115.t and trans~rc~s the natural laws, nur drown the legitimate aspirations of the poop Ie for progress and dig-nity,

Given in the province of Cavite the first day of August, l~~'S, and the first year of the Independence of the Philippines,

The following are the signatur~s. of the local presidents (01· chiefs) of the twenty-one provinces of Cavite :

Don ~[ariano Penaflorida, Don ,Jo~t' Quiamson, Don .J()~P lIe Leon v Lizunlo,

Hon Damien Ermitano, I )00 ~il'ol:t:O: (;{'n7.altl~. I )on Phu-ido (_ 'umpos,

DOD Lorenzo Angeles, 'lOll ~'arbno Punsalon , Don Ciri:wo v Cuzureno,

Von Ag-n:;;tio Ha11105, Von En .. ebio t.ll· (':\:-,t)'o, Don (~l1itl'rit; Olunp»,

Don (·;'ytano Auri, Don (·ri:-,oslOl1ioHit.~1 y Rlll», Von Catulino AIlg" ltico,

Don C luan Bello. Don ~jxlo ~apin(}~e, I lOll Romon :,\la;.!'l~~lna~, y

Don (hiaco Beltran, I 'on Ramon Palmero ~l()s. I )on Tavinto I'uledo.

The following- are the ~ignalufL'~ of the lor-nl presidents of Hftl'l'll towns in the province of ~I:mila:

Von (~n'g(Jrie Ba.'''a. PliO ('alb;tfl ~anlh~t I 'on Elir.-jo V (·aval. 1'011 pf>(rrn Lazaro, Don Igna.ciu Sa.nto~,

Don Catalino Tuvlo,

I 'on Hamlin H:l "ilahln.

I )un Clpriun« yLuru, Don ('jl'riann Ht'yl'~' )lon Balhino tit' lu ( 'rux,

')011 \'\'o,ln1'o \h' \\e.f.:t.

1 )011 Haltazar t 'uplstruno. 1)011 Liberato I ):tllli:UI.

1 )nn Eslph:1II (lllitl~"w. v

,... .

'hm Timolcn H\·rnahe.

The following are the ~ign!\h)rt's of the lo('al presidents of the t wr-nty-two towns of the province of Buluvau, :\laill:l'lo!'<,:

Dun (·np~t.ano Bf~rnartlo, 1)00 Loili~ II. d.·1 Pilar.

I h.1l Froihm ( 'ajinut,

1 hm ~ahin() Vlctorio,

Don "I hino ( 'nmaeho, Don (luan Arnisol« Crux, Don :\tartin Hilario,

Don )li~lH.:l Fuentes,

Don ~I:trjano ltamil'('?, I )1J1l 'I'iburcio (~Ol1z:1.'ps.

1'011 ,\ n·a.dit~ y C 'orit'ga, DOli .vruu-leto Ht·\'I~ .....

POll ~lartill Yillal'ic'a, nlln .\Iuln!:-\ de I:l FPllIltC.

I ""1~illlon I )je·ksol1( )I·:lmpn.l )011 l'a.'oIt'llal Ma.tt·n y

1)011 "alltwl ('rioo:-,tollllJ, ;\lc·n.\oz:\,

Dnn 111 ..... to P:mis 1'1111 l l ilnrlou Hp,\'ps. y I)on

J )011 Ftdit'ililla cI(· 1:\ :\ll'l·l·(~l1.('atl'Jello ,pilanl .. ,

l ion FI·al1l'i:o'eu :\h'ndllza,

Thr- fllllnwing are tlu- signature:" of till! lot'al towns in tJw provinc« of the l'alll:LlI~a:

I )Ofl ('f·fe·rino Tovr-n. Utln 1.0l't·HZ() I'l'e~nn.

1)011 ;\lItnllin ('(In:-Ollnji, I 'on Vidoria T. (·I'II?,

I )"n!'-t it III JIJ \" f' r,!.!a rn B i ~t in go.1 Jon l{olllol" :\ I PJ'( 'al 10,

1)011 Paulill" :,\Ialm~a. 1)1111 Lur-inu» Bit illg'.

HOIl Vi('C'ntn ('l\\)iiting. \)111\ P'"101':lIlO En""oll.

VOIi L;Hli!'Ol:l~ I );th;it., 1>011 l'l'ud",wio [.:111"'01.11,

Dnn (luau V f'PPOUITH!PTlO, I )011 ~Ial'till (::I!!fli.

1'011 ~larce'JuTigia.;yl)bon,I'ofl :\lartiu ;\lt~n~:Jllo.

The following- arc' tile ~igllalun':-i or the JO('a) iJIC":~ of Bata:ul :

• )011 I'\ic~ola~ elf! In (-'Iwlltc" ))1111 11 dl·" .. u:-it) nata.l, I )'IJI SuI vadnr Liuus, Don lsaquiu HfJflriguc'z,

1)011 ;\ 1 al'('O~ Ta II t.1011 ~c~o • I 'on TIJI'jllill ,\cl\"illl'ula, 1)011 :\1 :tl'i:ulO Sa Idallo,

l ion ('iriac:o (i iall'ih"

pre .... id,·llts of tho t \\,Pllly.thrco

Pon Espil'idioll Fn.iardo, I )1111 I 'HlIling'1I SlIn:!a, 1)1111 ( 'a \'~t:tIlO I ):t1l1~illg. I )tlil (~li:1.11 .\ lIg'ulo•

1'011 Fr:llll'i:o:('" Ti"'nll.

1)011 t ~rf'~III'it) E,'allg't'lisl:l." 1 )011 (Jllintin I{OIlH·ro.

11011 )";:UH' TOII~,·n.

POll ,I i lo "('Iwin v uh-ro, I »oil l uuuiuu Ha\"yat. y IllIn Actu:-otin PILg'lIiu.

o

'E'- tTE OF C·_'-'TEIJ .... ;.tTF:.'·.

t» .... - - ~_

Don '-il'tnriann ~t" ~l1('r~\. Don Pedro Yil laneuv.i , IltH) Poncriano ~Il·r....'urio

•

Iron (~uam P~1I3t1~lr.

Don Ravmundo I harr ia , P'l1l Ellit-:lni\.) :\[I)l1l1tt.~~, ]),)11 X ivo h:" Rl·!'!":d:tdo. y IlllU t t uilleruio v ito.

The [nllnwin!!, are the ~j.~n8turt..'s of the )0("31 presidents of th« thirteen towns of the province of ),1 l'f')f1g' ;

Don Exequiel Arupil, I', -n Flavinnno I·::o'tani~'a~.

Don Apolonio Villaluz. 1 )un Tranquilino (lI ... on,

U"n Ceferino Peh~(.rrina, Pon Clemente Antipordu, Don Adavito Oe:ln:jJo, Von J·: .. tan islns A h'unt3 rat

Von Timoteo I'asav .

..

Don Civ ilo .\ nieso,

11011 ( 'r ispuio ('ll'4o(h's,

I '011 I lnmingo Ite H":o'ario. I hm Brighl" {'aji 11 i. Y

The f()J1owin~ are the signatures of the local l'rl'~itll'nt:oO of the towns of the teo provinr-es of Tnrlac :

nun Antonio Austria,

Don Artemio ~oeom ~()1i.

man,

Dlln Pabrielo N. Soliman. I)on Felip» Leal EnriftlH!Z, Don ~ligue] ( 'atajan.

Don (~f'romine Yelasco, Don Eulnli» ( 'almn,

Don f ;abrid C ;akhati:ln. Uon .'o ... ,~ Lorend.ma, Don :\lanue) Hdoll'·'~' 1)011 Ceeillo tuvauieu,

Don I'nhlo Rivera. I)on ('a.\'(!tano SjfJ·IJ:L.

. ,..

DIIIl "lIgl1~r in (;:mot.

Don (; "C'g'oriu ( 'nnt't'!'(' i Oil , non :\J :u·. ,,·Ii no :\ r a rn vi 11:1. y Hun Domingo Vil'SU'O ,·:i-

Jcriano.

The following are the signaturos of' the local presidents of th« towns of tho province of Ba.tanga~:

I )on I'atenr-iano Hilario, Don \·inr.(lntl~ AI mansor, Don B~rnado Soh"!~,

Don Lui» :\lalahanan, Ilflu Luis Lima. "on Esteh:11I de Villa.

Him Teofito Alien;!.a, DOli (Juan J l lurirln, 1.1111 Leoti ~Ia~tiha.

Don Agapih. Pati,2'anihan. Don (jl~I'omirlO Flornilla. DOH Si xto ( 'ustil lo,

Don Andres fie .JC.I.IlI"', Don ('(!Icstino (;nitf'fWZ, ))011 Dalm!wiCl fI,,'I'lmmh .. z;

Dou (~iriaeo Laurel, y Don Celestiu» I)edtu,\'('~.

A~d !ollow9 ,l~e ~jgllll~ures of tlw lr)('al 1))'t~~idf'lJt!oj of rho toWU!oI of tho 1)I'o\'jJJ{'e~ hi ~1 .. ~ulorl)4 I apl-ha~. Za',II"al~~s. P:ltI~:l.'''inan Ullion, nIH) l nfnnta.

. f h.~ !if'.e('f~.taJ'y of !JI~! mtertor, whe) ~\1h~PJ'Hw~. (:(,I'lili(';01 l.JJ:lt r,hi~ drH'III1H'nt i,"I a

literal i~flP.y of ,the or~~lna.l. and .:xi,~ts in lho ofli(~.~ or the! s(!('rl'lar,Y ill llis dUlI·ge. I,. proo.f of which r RIg-II WI,h the VI""to IHWHO (utt ..... 1atioll) of Ih .. 1)J·psiclt'ut of the rr:voIU!IOnaI'Y government at Brw(J{Jl", tld~ Mixth day oi' AII,,. ...... t, IM!'.'-'.

V JHto Bueuo : . ,.., -

(Sigrwd) (Sigtwcl )

LI':A NlIlte) I iU Hlt/\,

The 8ecrclreJ'!1 of tile Interior,

1. THE COST OFAXATIONAL CRDlE.

II. THE HELL OF W~lR ~lXD ITS PEN~~LTIES.

TBIRTEESTU EDITIOS. }fAKlNG TBIRTY-FI'"E TROt'!'IAND COMES.

SrGGE:-;TEI> BY TilE .\PPOI:ST:\IE:\T OF :\ DAY 01:1'

BT TUY.

FROM FIRST F.l'ITION.

This pamphlet if .. Tt'!'I('('c-tfully rl('lli("utl·.l to thr- Prt'~i.lpnt of the United St:lh':04, upon whom now rests a fvurf'ul responsibility,

II Oh. y(>t a nobler tBflk aW:J.1t14 thy hund

(For what CUD war hut ('nnlt'ltR war Mtlll hrecd P) , Ttli truth and right fruIl) violence he freed,

And puhlic fulth chmr'.1 from the MhllllWrul brand Of public (r'-lod!'·

J/i/ton.

FRO:\f t:II.IITH EIJlTION A~tlOU'~[).

Tllil'! pamphlet is submitted to till' Pr,·~itlel1t of the Unitr-.l StRt('~ in tho hope that uio act denounced hy him liS one of " criminal aJ.CKr(·~!'Iinn .. now lll'ing comrnittvd under his uut hurity will be ave rtud l.y the Congrvs» of till' U niterl Stutl'~.

BY

EI>\VA BD ATKINSOX,

l\ H 0 0 K LIS I':, :\1 ASH., C. S . A.

[Rc.puratl. COpiUH of this pumphlet I. and 1I .• two dollar» per luuulrcd.]

...

II

,

I.

THE COST OFAXATIOXAL ("RnIE.

ASALYSIS OF THE R£YE..'i"CE A~-P EXPE...'inITeRE or TilE USlTED STATF.S~ PAST AXO FCTl"I{E.

u I speak not of forcible ann~x~tion. for ~~,~t cannot be thought of. That by

our code of morality would be criminal a~grt:~::-lOn. ". '[ K

It lI~l1:\ It .l C IX LEi.

II EXBCCTrVI YAN!ltOY I .. April lit 1898."

:\(any problems are now pending in respect to the past and future of national taxation which may be stated in the following terms:

First, "'hat are the necessary or normal peat't' o xpenditures of this Govern-

ment when eeonomically administered ?

Second. From what sources have tlW:-"l~ revenues been dr-riv .. t1 P

Third. ,ras the revenue derived under the ad known a~ the \linglcy Bill sufficient to meet the norma) or pNlce »xpendlturos in till' lust fi~('al yc.~ar?

Fourth. 'Vas it likely to suffice in th» present ti~eal yl~a1' except for the war

with Spain? .

FiJ~h. \\~ill the Dingley Bill with the fPCt'})l war ,'e,'p'HIP act cotnlrined yitild a. sufficient revenue to meet the probable future expr-nditures. assumiug; that. tlw surplus cash in the Treasury at the lw:.!"inning of the war nnrl rho pro{'(~('d:ol of tlw war loan of $20t),oOO.UOO will have sufllced to eover the cost. elf the war, which may now be assumed?

In order to develop t.he fact~ in the case the ot1i("inl tirrun-s of the last fisenl

I":'

year wiJJ he gil-en and anal)'ze41 per capita.

These fi~'1Jres will then hp compared per cu pitn with th« figures of the pre· TioUR twenty years, 1 H7foi to P~!)7 inclusive,

The per capita method of enrnparison. ofll·n "ery delusive, is in this cnse tho only tit standard, because it ghoes fill accurnt« ~tan,lani of the c('ol)nm_)' or orJ,t'I·W i-o ()f each vnriatlon in our Iiscnl poli{'}', and also 'w('all~e down to thp PlladnH'lIl of tlw recent war rC\"CIIII(! measures the taxes hnve been derived almost wholly from articles of common use and consuruption, and JJ:lVI~ therefore h"l'll horne ill much grea.ter measure by consumers without distinction than with resrnrd to their n-la-

tive earnings or incomes and their ability to pay, eo

1o

What nrc the necessary or nOl'llJal eXp(~JUHlltrt~!i of Ow (;ov~~rlllJlC1l1t econotrlif~:l.lly atlrnifliMtcrl~d ~

From ]M7~ to lH!17 incl usivn, a. IJl'rinfl of t.w'~IIf,y YC:U'N, 1110 I-ltarHlar'" 01" unit of value W:L~ gold. and ul l tl'aIlSlLdif)II'" weru 1'iuJ'~t,lC.nt.ially nJ thul. Htltllll:tl'd. Hpedn paynlfmt on a gol,1 If:L:-IiH ha.ving hl~pn resuuu«] .Iun. I. 1.'t7!I, In (ho ~hoJ"t »t"riCHt C(lv(~r(~cl hy tlli!4 11'rll) a.lItt~ePfhmt tn--that datu tim Ho-ealJct) {Jn~lUium ou guld was 80 sma.H aH to h(~ fl Iwgligiltlt~ f~lt!llWllt lu tho case.

The f.)J)owjug tu!JI(~ gi Vm~ tllt.l fuots :

THE COST OF A. .VA TIO.YAL CRIJIE.

3

POPrLATIO!i. SET RE~E~TE, _",SD :'\ET EXPEXDlTrRES OF THE GO'-ERSMEST FROM 18i8 TO 169~ (.rrsE 30\ PER CAPIT_\. OF THE RETF.'SrE~ AND PER C'APIT.\. OF EXPESDnl"RES_

Per eap. Per cap-
Tear. Populatioo. ~et reveeue. ita of ~et expenses, ita lit President.
fe\" • expen.
eDUC. duures,
-~- - ---- ~--
1878 4j" ,598,O(t() S)·--~·l~-9 00 5 .... 2 $:.?~~IUlti4~82j 00 ~.~~ }
~,"}."6,;,,,,j
1879 48.866,000 273,B:!;,IS4 oo 5.60 166,H4 j ,~84 00 5.46 Hayes.
1880 I 50,155.783 333,526,611 00 6.65 2t.;;- .n42,958 00 ·5.34
1881 I 51.316.000 3()O.78~ .293 00 i.OO ..,CO -19 ~~s 00 1- OS
_) " _,.l." 'I l) '"
1882 52.4~.5.000 403,;;~:l.2:;0 00 ;.6~ 25i,H~I,"'~O 00 14.911
1883 5:{,693.000 3~t~,2S7 •. ~~:!. 00 ;.41 265,401:'1.138 00 J" .94 Arthur.
1884 ~ 54.911~OOO 34 <, 5 H-.SiO 00 I 6.:~1~ I 2·U,I:!n.244 00 14.·14 J
1885 56,H~.OO(J 3t3.tiHO.706 00 5.70 :WO.22ti.U:J5 00 ! 4.6:i
1886 57.404:.00U 333.~39, 727 on 5.~H 2t~,4,'3.13~ 00 14'2~}
1887 58.6S0,OOO 37 1,403.2jj 00 6.33 .J .- 9'~') I-t, 00 4·6
_(.1 .... "". ,.. !.:J Cleveland .
18S8 I 59,974,000 379.2fi6.07S 00 6.3~ 12117,924:.ft.01 00 ! -I.·it;
1889 I 61,2:";9,000 3~ -; ,050,059 00 6.31 ~ 29!l,!!t-I8,9f'~ 00 i 4.S8
1890 ' 1;2.622,2:;0 403,OtiO,~1~:! 00 6.4:~ 3318.040,710 00 ' . 0-1
~~_I
1891 fl3.!)75 ,000 3!'2.ta2,~47 31 6.14 .. ~~65, 773.tlO5 3,:; 11.1 1 Harrison.
1892 f);'j .5-16.000 3:'4,93;,; ~4 24- .~.42 345,023.3~~O 5~ ;"1.27
1893 66.946.000 3.~5.~19.628 ';~ 5.7H a~3," j 7 .~l54 49 • -3 j
, .l. ~
1894 6.'i,397.000 2~f1.j22,OI9 'r 4.37 36; ,52:l,2j~J sa .. 3-1
.. ;) , oJ. I
1895 ft!l, 8 '78.000 :31 3,3!Jc •• Oj ,'j 11 4.48 351),195,298 2!1 !UIl t Cleveland.
1896 -; 1 ,:J!'O,fJOO 326.971.,2"0 :-l~ 4.58 3.i2, 1 79,44(; O~ 4.93
1897 72,937,000 3~i.7:!lt70!i IG .... ;; 365,77 -1,159 57 .5.01 ___________________ i-

;,.81

---~~ .. ' _.- - -- ~

1 Thll Iucludes • "'.210,8-62..1" 01 CI premlume fJO purcbn.-c of bonds."

I Thill lnclndee • Ji .:,N2.362.6;, .. .. .. .. ..

• Thill ioclur)£'1'1 ':lO.3fU,:z-.!~.1I6 " .. u .. ..

• TbilJ IncJude!' fl0,,,ljJ ,:..120.&1 u " •• .. .,

Fr~eAr. l"E.\R F.NI)tNc.r Jl":'tiE 30. HI~.f1.

- -

- - --- -~-

Net revenue.

Percap.1

Ita of ! rev-

I enue. I

i 1'(' r en p.i

N II Ita uf Pr(.t'hlellt.

.. (>t ex 1)(·nflCI. ('x pen.

dltures,

----1--SH;I.31'X.58~ 00 I 5.Vr. I Md;:inl.y.

Tear. Populatton,

-1--------

1898 I 74 .3"!I,OOI) i

- _- ---- - -

- -------==

SrlUIAH1' ASH .·\SALY!-'I~ IH7H-IH!I7. I~TI.t':-IJVF..

(Made up by the cornpl It"r trom annual reports lllliKhtly ,·tarylng In th« totul Jrorn II tinal otncl,,) Mlllnrnary given above In thf.· total.]

ItEVKN17J1CR.

Amoullt.

Per capita.

Liquors nnrl tob:u'j'o, dorucHfie awl fordgn,

SU'1'ar and molasses,

P""\

IM7H to J H!JIJ at !JOe., $fi:18.ljx7,!,O!J

1~~'J tn PW7 . ~11!',9~J ,~n2

Lf'~~ 11011 ntif~H paid :Si),OOO,OOO X·I, !Ill ,:102

~fi~f~ellalJcl)lU" n~(~eipf~ • . . . . • • •

Inturnul laXf~H otlH~r than Jifltlfll"M alld loh:H'en .

J'J('I'IIIP Iroru J!1'lwral tnrlfl', oillittiug liquors, tobncco,

and I'IlIgllr - •

72:l.fiO!J,211 [dr..H7t, 102 liJM.·WO,lV4

.606 .4tl7 .116

2.16

------

Tota.l .

4

THE COST OF A ~YA TIO_YA.L CRIJ/E.

Chi) service . War.

~aq

Indians. Pensions Interest.

EXl"E~DITLRE5 •

~ 1 ~I\'"} ')-6 9~- ~ 1

~ .(J\I.'l._' ..... t. s , t..

-, - - - ..... ) 1.0 t~",.J~_. -t ."tt

422.336.204.95 163,005 .. 0-12.80

1. 80~ • 68-! ~ 568.94- 1,062,619,;331.00

.14 $3.066.200.37(L03 $2.57 1.51

.89 2.865.304,~19~.94 2.40

------- -.----.

$5.931,504,775.9, S-t,97

Excess rev. '78 to ~93, inc .. Deficiencv, '9-1: to '97, inc., Net payment of debt

Total.

~1 ]6') .-- ·4· ... ~. \. .n, , .i)-t:~

155,864,184

1.00-1.713,359.00 .S-1

•

$6,936,218,134.97 $j.81

II.

From what sources, have the revenues been derived P

A srlance at the above statement discloses the fact that the revenue from

o

liqnors and tobacco averaged:

Two dollars and forty-seven cents per hf':111 • •

Small internal taxes on hanks, oleomargarine. etc. Miscellaneous permanent receipts

Suzar and molasses . . . . . . . . . , ,

l\Ii~ellaneous duties on imports other than liquors, tobacco. and sugar

~:) ~-I! ~:. .-tt 0

.11 ()

A57 ,()06

2.160

$,).f: 1.S The excess of 84 cents per head of revenue above expomli lures yield, $1 ,OO·t,- 713,359 surplus, which was applied to the reduction of the debt.

It will he remarked that the revenue from ~\1ga.t' and molnssos from 1878 to 1890 came to 90 cents per head. The duties on ~mgar almtnd under tho AlcKinley act, partially restored under the \Vi]son act, were under the Dingley act somewhat less than from tRi8 to 1800.

Had these duties been maintained from 1891 to IH!J8 at 90 cents thoro would have been no deficiency in the revenue except the war expenditures of the present year, but on the contrary a surplus of about one hundred and fifty million dollars ($150,000,000) to he addor] to the previous reduction of debt.

It will also be remarked that tho revenue from liquors and tobacco, $2.47(j, with the small internal revenue taxes added, ,11o, making $2.592, covered the normal cost of conducting the go'·el'nrnent, Including tho cost of what is cnllcd the new navy, leaving only interest and pensions to he covered by revenue f'rorn all other sources.

It will also he remarked that if twenty years is a sutllcicut per iod on which to base a rule, the normal expenditures of the nation nrc fivo dollars pew head ($5). at which rate they are lesH than half the expenditures of tho United Kingdom of nreat Bl'itain aml Ireland, where the hurdcu of national taxution in ratio to person is much less than in any other Rtato 0]' nation Oil tJIO Cont inont of Europe where militarism and eompnl!=lOl'Y service ill :ll'my 01' navy renders tho masses of the pnople Hubol'!1inate to the military classes: very much loss in rnt.io to the annual product,

rn.

Was the revenue dt~rjvo(l 1111(101' thn J)in(1'loy bill sutllcient. to 1I11H\t, the uormul expenditures ill the lust Ilscu] yeur P '='

A eornpnr ison of tho HOIIIR will clhwlmw tho Incts.

Statement of revenue untler 1,110 I )illgloy ~L(!t in tho fiscal yoar ouding .Iune 18UH:

THE COST OJ" 4. Y

.. - A TIO.VAL CRIJIE.

Spirits and wines Beer .

Tobacco

Amount.

$~}7 ,()6~.838 40.135,722 46.146.805

•

Small internal revenues

$183,9.)1,365 2.607,6U9

:\li~{'ellaDeous: Permanent receipts .

Sugar and molasses. . .

$186,.5.59,064

1~ x;;,) 9-(8

c .. (...u_'\ ....

29,;)7~,938

----

)'liscellaneous duty other than liquor:'. tobacco, and sugar .

~')'''' I -00 ')00

~ ... V':l:,4" , .. 0

104,537,701

Per esptta,

$1.31 .54 .62

$2.47 .04

$2.51 .25 .40

$3.16 1.40

$4.56

It, therefore, appears that the ningley act did not yield the necessary sum, five dollars per head. for the conduct of the government economically administered. The deficiency was forty-four cents per head, which being computed on the estimated population of 74,389,000 persons amounts to $32, i31, 160.

The actual expenditures of the Government were greatly

increased by the war with Spain, amounting to five

dollars and ninety-six cents per head . .

Revenue

$5.96 4,56

Revenue deficiency

Received from Union Pacific R.lL

$1.40

Actual deficiency

$-U:1,368,582 33D,327,9tH

$104,040,601 65,9D3,354

$38,047,247

A comparison of the revenue under the Bing]('Y bill with the receipts per r-apita under the previous systems, of Ho\8:3, the l\ld\'inley hill, and the \rilson bill combined, will he interesting.

BUR.fF.CT OF TAXATION.

Revenue per capita yen r tty yenr, 18iH to 18117 inc.

$2.47H .116 .457 .606

Liquors and tobacco . Small internal revenue Miscellaneous permanent . Sugar

Miscellaneous imports other than li(Jl101'8, tobacco, and sugar

2.11)0

Revenue per cnpi til under Dingley ll4l1.

$2.47 .04 .25 .40

1.40

$:).81 $1.56

1t will be observed that the deflciency on duties on imports other than liquors, tobacco, and sugar is 7n cents per head as compared to previous acts, which amounts in round figures to $57,000,000.

TY.

'Vonld the Ding-1lly hi1l havo yielded a revenue in the presollt lisenl .year ollc1ing .Inno au, lH!Jk, sufflclent to lIWI!t. the 1I0t'IIHd rate of t.!XPolHlttul'e under normal conditions at. $;' fwr lnnul P

The total revenue on t.ho eo m pufrul popUlation .June 1, 18HR, which is the date cstablishr«] in the pl':wtli<~n of tho TrU:l!'H!l'Y J)ppartlllent f'or aSl'cl'taining the rH~r capita of re(~eipt8 nnrl «xperulituros at $;") fHH' III'ad Oil an estinuuud populution of 70,01 J ,000, would umount to $!}['O,Or)f,.()()(J,

Bmtring in mind that t ho J'(~VPIlIII~ in t I If: lust thwltl year wus at the rate of !fiH.r)fi JH!r Iwad, was nlt.ailled under' t1IB djsaclvallt:lg(~ of it very large stock of ~Uf"U' ilJlpo),t,!d Iwf'ore tJw inr-runse of dill.}" :11111 i luu t h« tax on ton had only lJ(J~lIn to yicdd rOVPrJlII:, it iH I'rolmIJI(~ f haf, IIIH pJ'(~~Wllt reveuue taxes on sligar,

d '11 c mie to an increase of not le..;.;,- than 44 cents per head.

tobacco. an tea WI ,t _ " -. ,. ,0 1"-

b :l tl e import of o-ood- whir h are subject to t ie nl1~eelbnt'ous

On the other anl. 1 ~ 0 ". 0'

o ° d' - . shi (r notwitbstandm2' the exhaustion l)t allY stock lllllh)rted

duties IS ImlDl~ In=- • ..__ '( _ •

h Do 1 ~ bill came into rorce • .Iulv 24. 1::--.1." On the whole. It rnav bf'

before t e 102' e., ". . .

d f 0 1 . ..__ 01)"'1)le that the DInO"lev act without the subsequent war tax€',

deeme mr \ pr..· e ... " . "" . .

ld h " .00 lded .;.: =, per head but this favorable Y\CW IS. rendered doubtful

won a' e ~ le -, " • . " "

bv the dtminishinc imports of ~1~l'ellsneou5 dut lal~l~ g'<,ol:ls since ,1 ~me ;{n.

J• this stirnate however man, tacts must be considered III ('lll1lparlll('l" the

n l~ e~ ..a "" 0 '.. -'='

verv small vield of revenue from the miscellaneous duties under the nin~ley act.

of ~l..!O per head, with the ~:!,lt) yieltI~d on the ~l\"eragt" of the previous twenty

vears.

.. XO oonsiderable revenue Illny hereafter be counted on from metals and

meta11ic goods- formerly yielding- a brgl' revenue. Xo sum of any moment will be secured from iron. steel. or l~l..)ppt'r. or their products, which formcrly , vielded a larue revenue. <upremaey ill making' thl' steel plates which are the principal ele~Jent in the ('j, ... t of tin plates 11:1. ... bor-n coupled with the suhstitution of machinery for the h.uul work of 'rale~ in t hi- br.uu-h of industry. Unih-r the-e conditions <1, relativelv Yen" small iorl't' of sk illed workmen at hisrh W:l\Te",

. .. ~ ~

are enabled to convert black plan- .. into tin pl:1tl':-; at :'0 Iowa cost that. it is mort:"

likely that we . -hull become large exporter- of tin pl:1ll):', r.ulu-r than importersThe rlutir-s on wool are vi'_')diflf1' much le ... ~ than' the I_'XIH·l'tl·tl rcveuuc, havinu

- ~ ~

rai-ed the cost of imported wOlll :-;'0 much a~ tn huv« fnl'Cl'd the mnnufuetun-rs to

resort to cotton and shoddy :If.; !l sub .... titutc. .\:,illt· from tlJ(':-Oo ~Ill~jl'd:; of former revenue the progress in m:l.ny lither manufncturvd prndut"ts formorly imported ha- enabled Wei to pxpnrt rather than to import. It tlu-rcforo fol low s th.u oven f the miscel lnneous duties of the I>ing-h·y hill were l"('t1tll'ed fol' the pnl'pOStl of

increaRing the revenue, the result would prnhably h\' tol luwerl hy a.~ gl't~al" a di~«ppointrnent as hn .... followed the enuctuu-ut of the Diusrlov ad, which W:l.:4

~ ~

"''tpe(;tefl to increase the reveuu« ill tin' sum of $11 :!,noo,O()() - if I rightly recull

t\H~ speech of the framer on its intro-hu-r.iou, wh ich :o't1IJJ, 1I:tll it. h('(~n renlizud, would han! enrriud the pf_'f" capita rnvr-nue in tIll' lnst Ii:'!<!:tl ynal" to six dullnrs (~I;) per head in place of fnur dollars a.nd flftv-si x l'Cl1t~ (:~q.r)G) :wtually

yif·.lfled. ..

v.

\\'ill the l>ingl(~y bill, ,with the receipts that m.iy he expectod frrnn the war rev~ntH~ ta~es now 111 force, suflice to meet the future exponditurcs on tho t-!~um,pt,H~n Um.t the surplus in the Treasury at. tho Iwginnillg' of tho war, with he 1'1 ()ce(!d~ of the war loan of ~iOO,OI)I },OOO, will IHtVt~ sullieeti to covur tho actual cost of the active war - which is a fail' ussu III pt.ion :)

r~he answer to this queation will depend wholly upon the 11)0l'e importnut fJt,t~HtlOn of l~ow ,lol~g we IlI11st enduro this statu of pas1-livo wur into which the

active war WIth SI)'un II' . I· I '

i',' ,." ,1H)) nug It us. By passive war li'l meant:

} irst, J o what extent ' , I I

, ( J, ~ •• Ll (~ We to convert ollr navy, now llI(ln~ t lau alllp P

for flefenslvfl pnrIJO!WH into an II' . f ..

, ' " t .... f) enslvn. oree.

Second. In what Hum} , J • ,

, • Jers, at wmu cost., and fot' what lerurtl: of tun« :LI'e \VI'

to be fmhJcd to the burden f ' ,. ~ . ."

J J 1, . ~ . (I. nHtlntallllnO' O'n~at nrnu.d f'orcos III tho PIIIII1'I'IIH'

H ant :-I, JIl Cuba and in P ,t I)' ro" ,., .. :, •• ,. ,

I I " fJJ ,0 uco ; also III l Iuwuii If I!XpnnSI\'oJOltlfJ('allOns

am nava statloflH IU'!, lIndl'l,t k} ,

I " I • ,I, .. 1 ." n «n , W iore 011 1y a pol iell fOI'l!o of not ovor two 111111-

( I cr IJiChU men w111 bn l'1'fl\tl'r" I 1 J I

" '. ,t,f () {(H:l' 01'. or.

Tkird, III whut lIH"lHHI' , I

L . _ •• , O.\.tll 1.0 what 1lI11Ilb(~J'H will t1w hurrlun of p()IJHiol1~

'w ullguwntml for the " ' .

•. " HtlPJlOI t of. the very lal'go proportlon of tho white

tlohIH~ (or thuir Widows and ('J 'J I' "" . , .

I " L I I t j'. . II f 1011), who w il l oltheJ' dill ot cl imutio du'wa.'-Io:~ 01'

WI 1 IHa,) f:1 Jy evers IU'l.hl'h. u I I

• 1 I l' ' •. '" III VOllf:I'na di~na.,t_l. SII :t.'" 1.0 lin IJIIH'U 01' 11~:oIi'I

Jrlf!a,p~t ) {J or sol f'-HUIJJJorl "1"·1'1' tl t. J

, "t. , Ill' f~I"JI Ia!'ol e x pirr«] of thulr (In liHtJlIII 11 t, 01" fot'

which UII~y !lJay JWf(~:l.ftnl' bl! II ":thud,

-

TH E COST OF .-t

~YA TIO.Y.I L CRIJI E.

-

~

---- -_ --

. ,F_r)'1 rth, How much will the present revenue from ~ug:\r and. tobaeeo be diminished when the products of Cuba, Porto Rico, and the Philippine Islunds come under the same revenue acts as those which now apply to the United ~tates and to Hawaii.

It has been made plain that the utmost revenue that can be hoped for

under the Di?gley set may be five dollars per head. . . .

In that computauon th: duties on ~ngar must go up from 40 cents to 7,.) cents per head. while the disudvantasre of toreisrn tobacco on account

of duties may now be about o cents per head. e Sum of reduction not les:-- than, probably Dlore. . . . . .. .

,80

Remainder

"The war revenue act is now yielding a little less than two dollars per head and may be safely computed at that sum, as the chief sources ure fro~ the stamp taxes, which took etlect at their probable per capita ~a~n~un! at once, an~ the ir1l'r~as(' on beer which will not probably diminish It.S consumptiou. Additional war taxes

$-1.20

2.00

Total

~6.:!O

.. On thi- estimate the increase in revenue above the normal expenditures of five dollars per head will be one dollar and twenty cents, which, :\~!'<e~sml 011 the computed population of the present tiscal year. would yield only $~n,:?l:~.:?t)U - a. sum probably wholly insufficient to meet the increasing burden of the stute of passive war which the occupation of the Philippine Islands, Cuba, Porto Rico • aud l luwuii has imposed upon the taxpayers of th is country. Others have computed the lo:-,s of revenue on ~mg'al". tobacco, rice. fruits. nud other products of the Philippine and \\·t.':"t India Islands. when brought under the revenue acts of the United ~tatt's and Hawaii. at ~ 100,OOO,00U, or over $1.2;') pel' heud, See II f. Ib-rbe r t ~1)Tick's nddress to the ~ .. at ionul ( ;rnngt..> ( 'onterence, in Concord, ~ .Il.

Under these conditions the puuliv will wail with some imputienee for the deve lopment of the proposed policy of the ~(·ert~tn.l'y of the 'I'reasury in meeting the danm-r IIf a continuous (t.·Heit- and with {Tnmt anxiety for the IIlc~sage of the

~ ~

President on the exi~ting conditions of passive war.

( 'ongress may then be called upon to tlt'('id .. whether or not this conditiun of passive war in the holding- of tropical ishuuls II)" urnu-d forces is ttl cease at an early dny or is to be continued under the ne(~t'ssity of nd'ling hy dirvot taxation a large sum to our prusr-nt burdr-n, cOllplt!,l with no )W:L\'Y increase in the future burden, in order to prov irl .. annually for :L \,I~ry l:lrgt~ port.ion of eneh ye:ll"s enli:-otl~cJ men who will he annual ly tlis:J.hlf~tl hy f(!H~I" mnlnria, and velll!real disp:t!'<t',

The figllres used in this analysis for tho lust tlscul yeal" nre from ollid:.ll datu, snlJjel't to vpry slight chnnjres ill the ensuing report of the Spcl"t'tary of the Tn~a~U1·Y· 1 have endeavon-d to present the e x.u-t data 011 which u\'t!ry porson can cornpule tilt! prohahlr: cost of the imperial 0)' expansion policy as it is now ('alled.

1 will append olle question to euch I'f!:tlh·r.

1I(,w rnur-h increase of tnxation nrn you willing to benr, and how many of your lIP,ighbul's' sou~ are ynu n~:Ldy to :-;:ll: r ilh~(! hy f'ever, tuuluriu, uml n:IH'I:t'al disease ill order to extend t he sovCl'ldgnty of the Uu ited ~tatm~ ovur tho ,~ t';..t JrHlim~ and the I'hilippiu« 1.-;1:J.llds? By slH'lI )Jo1it:y we throwaway 0111' IIl·I"'IIII.'S eXf!rIIl'tion from rui lit.u-ism , which cf)II:o;t.il,lItp~ 0110 of 0111' ehit'f :lll\·ant:l:!I:S III e!;tah1i~hillg- low (~nst. of pn)(ltwt.iolll:ollpled with hig-h ratps of wagons or t':l rill IIg'S , -(!{)JI)pll1.ed by IHY~H1f at six pm· etmt. pt~l' unuum 011 (Jill" tutul unnual prodlld,by which aclValJta~H we were attainillg' a P:lI':llIlOtillt cont.rol of tJ'ade on tho export (If our gom)..; to every port of the world of COlUlIIC:n:e,

EI.,r.\ lU) :\TI\ 1 :\S('~.

Bt,!4T(JN, Nov. tt. lKHH •

• 1'hl .. !:I.timn .... 1M une.thlrrl Il&r"I" t hun tht! otllclill tlStlrUlltl' ~1\,l'lI uut In l"UIt~'1 r0l'urltf lIirWl' pub. 1",bmJ, "'.",, 7, )IiUIJ.

PROSPECTlrE DEFICIT.

L~ THE FISCAL YE6-\R EXDIXG JC~E 30, 19(.10, 1150,000.000, probably more.

[COIPputed January "2. 1899.)

By EDWARD ATKI~SO~.

In previous guarded estimates of the prospective cost or the expansion or imperialist policy I have been too oonservative. The full report of the Secretary of the Treasury and the estimates submitted in detail by the several \h~p:\l"tlul"'nt5 are now before me. From these official document. .. the following fal'l~ are given:

The estimates of the "oar Department for the fiscal vear eudinsr .rune 30

.. e- ,

1900, are as follows;

Executive Department )filitarv Establishment Public \Vorks

Total

•

Executive Department N aval Estahlishment • Public 'Vorks

~.-IO:?:?~O 00 3~ •• 114,f;;)2 no x.,,\a,M'~t 00

----

Total

$17,f;:m,.1:n 00

Pensions • . . •

Civil, judicial, and a)) other exp~ndih;re~t incJu;linf1' posta] deli:

clency r:o

145t:?;\:\,ti:~O OU 15ti,$\7,729 00

Arm.v and navy .

Per capita Pensions

2:\7 ,n76 ,R 19 00

•

Per capita

•

•

•

•

Total. military, naval, and 'H'n",ioll~

Per capita . .

Civil, judicial, etc, . .

Per capita.

Total for all purpojO,e~ .

I'm' enpita .

$4 !))

•

2 0)

In order to meet thes« l!XI'Pllfll·tllr~.".· til"

h '.'.-, • Sf~en·tar\.· of t' T

t e probahl« revenue _ . J ne rO:lHIII'Y f'()IIIJHltCB

From 1~IH~Lomff • •

l-'rnrn Internal YI~v'mllf~ • From IJljs':f~lla'H!ow~ HOllrr:I:'S

•

•

$~05.0()(),ono 00 2X[J,OOo,ooo 00 20.000 t OO() 00

•

Tut.u.1 • •

I'(,r (~ftptta I}f!fid(m(~y. a fl'at~lhm Clv"r

aO,uootO(JO UO

PRO~PECTlrE DEFICIT.

10 res~t ~o revenue, if the sovereignty of the United states is eXlende(t over the Phihppina Islands. Porto Rico. and Cuba, the expected customs revenue computed by the Secretary of the Treasury at two hundred and five nlillio~ dollars (820.) .. 000.000). will be diminished about seventv-five million dollars ($;5.000l00), for reasons which will be subsequently gi\"en.

The army and navy estimates appear to be very inadequate. For reasons hereafter gh~en it is probable that the expenditures must be increased to about eight dollars (~"') per head .. or from th-e hundred and forty million dollars ($,)40 .. - OOO .. lX)() to six hundred and twenty-four million dollars (~ti:Z-l.OOO.OOO), In that event the deficiency of the year would come to one hundred and ninetv mil. lion dollars ($190,OOO,O<X'). A deduction lnay. perhaps. be made from this sum in view of the fact that the number of volunteer troops on which the computations of the Secretary of 'Yar are based exceeds the number cal led for by the oilicers of the army itself. \Ve may therefore possibly reduce the probable deficit to a. minimum of one hundred Rod fifty million dollars ($l.)O~OOO .. O()O).

In support of this computation the following facts are submitted:

It is the custom of the Secretary of the Treasury to vall upon the several tic'" partments to submit their estimates of what (·ach \Iep~ .. rtment will require, The basis of these estimates is published in full detail iu n quarto volume. For the year under considerution it is Document X 0, 12 of the House of Hepresontutives.

In the computation for the army service submitted to ami udopted by the Secretary of the Treasury no provision i~ made for a very l~lrg-e pmt of what must be the necessary expenses if the policy of expansion or of military oecnpalion of the Philippines, Cuba. and Porto Hico is ndopteu. The number of troops estimated upon is in exec-s of the one hundred thousand (10Q,OOO) demnnded by the army officers, hut there is no estimate implying all excess of cost in sustaining troops in tropical countries Dr in fur-distant pluces. There is no estimate for an increase of service-pay under such enr .. Iitions. There is no estitu:\tt~ of the cost of continuously moving troops to and from these (Ii:o'tant. points. There i~ 110 e:-otimn.te of the exc~!~~ of cost of maintaining troops in health 1L11t1 vigor in tropical climates. There is no f·~timatc of the nec'4':-;~al'y expense of l·ah.ing every )",':\r a new force equal to about one-third of lhe entire forve requiret\ in order to fill the annual g-aps which will he caused by ,h'ath an" disml!'<l', .-\ecording til the French expe-rience thl~ th_·;lth r. .. te in t.hu tropics is ten (10) PCI' cent. Aeeording to lhe experience (If the EngJj~h army in India the .lisahilitips from aickness r(~~ quil'iuu n. return or the troops year hy year is twenty (211) pe\' l~(·"t., more thuu

J:) I'

one-half of the Briti~h troops in Intlla becoming infected with vr-uereal ( Ise:1SC,

fiv.~ (f.) per cent. hdn~ invalided and sent home ench .\"£':11' From this class or lliseas« only. By comparison of all the data it becomes :tppa.nmt that abuut on6- third of the white troops stationed ill tropical cHmah~~ must he replaced yeal' by

year lJY fresh levies to make up for dca.lh und di!-ifLbility. "

t: ruler the title of " PuIJHl' "r orks of the \V 111' l iepnrt mvnt ' there IS no hint 01 :u'y probable expenditure outside tlH~ limits of thu present. United Stat~s. There is no ostlmnte of the eost of restoring ur m~\intaining fortilie:ltioll-'" :11111 111- c:reasing the land ar muruents of tlw Philippines, Porto ltico, Cuha. and lIaw~\ii. There is no (!Htinmle of IJw (!O!-1.t fOI' pernrnnent burrucks, hospitnls, or other

buildings.

Under the heud of th« navy tlH~n~ is no ustimat« snhmiUell for tho (·()~t of

(~OIl;oolrl1ding new ship:; of war'; only It)!, maintaining th« uxist.ing navy :\1,,\ colllph!ting tlu: Hhil'<oI a.JI'I·ady ordl'J"4'c) }'Y (~Ol1gl'l!S~, Tlwrp is no (·stitmUJ1 otrhe cost of l1stab1iHl,illg coaling- !"t.atiuu!o!, ma.intaining dq(~ks, 0(" 1(lr huilding-..; for the use of tlH~ navy, l~i'hpr :..1 lIawaii, 1'01'10 Hieot ('ulm, or 'Ii(! Phj)jppirlt!s.

In fa.d, UP"" till! ,'xamililltillll of the l!stirlJatl'_' submiltt'tI hy tlw ·\I'my I~nrl

I 11 I' III · , v "'lll fot' sJIt'nthUl'

Navy J "'l'arllJw'Jt~ 1141 o,w (~lJlIJII h~ 'tat lIH~rl! W(I\\ l H, ~ IIJ' ~I

10

PI: ,';SP ECTI J-"'~' lJ£ rrct r.

-- -------------

. th -. tropic-JIl) i~:and~. except for the support of troops on

~Dt" monel" In or upon t'~t •. " • " e •

". . ." f h . .,. .,).,;. pf troops ~tatioued wittun the limits of the L Olt~tl

the [I:1.5IS 0 t e :ll"eJ"aet" I - l • e

~ d ..... hole ... orne 'U1,1 'jc31thful ("t~ndltlPn~.

~tatl"::; un er" .. " '

. d the head of pen~h~n" ~~?l'l'etarT G:lS!'e calls for a less :o'U01 than

_ -\ f"" ;lln. un er au .. - " ..._ .

. =- ',' oended apparenlh· .... ounrinz npon th~\t le:,.,;€'nlO~ of the l>rl~:-,eJlt

1:" n,)"" l)€mg exl""- • .. - ": " "~ , •

. 11 hich must "''''le from 13I,I~" ')1 rime. There I~ no ~l~n or hint of

")el' ;"Ion ro WUJ ::"1 '., L. ' '-

1 L· • n bein .,. ~anted "" the survivors of the ~pani~h war or fur the support

an, peD;5:JO 'L" ~ e . • ~ ~ "

of -twentT per cent. at le:l.s[ ,'Ii all rroop s sent out each year to the tropics who will

be brnu;br hack wholly or partly disabled.

Ln-ler these eonditi- -ns it j, nor an excessive estimate to add front seventy-

five to one hundred mill ion dol lars (~7 .).W)'Oc K \ tl) ~ 100,1',\)0.000) to t.he figllrt>:o; of the ~t:I:retary. deductinz whatever may be ri;ht for It':,:,ening the number of tr- '()P~ estimated upon in the army estimates to the number of one hundred thousand or more demanded by tht:" military orlkt.·r;:; of experience,

In the matter of revenue :',:>,'·r..tary Gag'" hold=" out the expectation to srcure two hundred and five million dollar, ,.";';:.'t"l,onu.-IlIO) from duties on imports. That estimate j.;; hn .. ed on the continn- I receipt of duth-s on sugar, tobac .... o, eig-:lr:o', rice, and tropit-al fruit-s. The .te.'i:,ioTls of t he t.'Olll"ts are, however, continuous and tina) to tJJe dTect lh~\[ whenever tlw jurisdiction of tho rnih~d ~I:ltl'~ is extended over an area of territory [he' inhabitaut s thereof h""Onll" entitled to move without let or hindrance throughout thf~ l'III111IQ'_ un.l ~Uhjtll·t tn till' same 1aW.01 for the c(,llectiofl uf revenue as have been pr.'\+ioll:-,ly in force in the Uuitvd States, It therefore follows that if lilt! sO\"l'rei,!:lIty uf »>lIrto Bieo aud the Philippine Islands is assumed their ~u~:lr and otJ",r pnuhwts, lik« th(l"'c~ of Hawuii, are entitted to free entry. It would Iollow rhnr all tiUti4·.04 must h,· tukr-n from the sugary; of Cuba ~ otherwise ( 'Ill,s would be ruined, ( r/dl' S"d" 1 !'T7 l '. S Statutes. cited herewith.)

The Inss of revr-n n« under 1}1f~.,e condirion- would lit' apprnxilll:ltt'ly seventyfive million dollnr- (;':~.-J,OOO.OOO).

TlH! only ('on"j'l .. j"Il!4 which can he derived from rlH'~e ollj"i:d dat:l are therefore as Iollows :

Defid, computed by the SPI'r(!tarv of th4~ 'I'rvnsurv fo,' tilt' ti seul

year ending J uno ;u., 1 ~II II I. • • + • .' " " •

Add ,for the npees~:Hy iOl'l'ea.sc in the army. n:,,+y, find pr-nsion estimates to COVer the extra expense of millmry ftC('III':llion. a.rolaments, fnrtilil'alioni. renewal of f'nrr-es, i,wI"I''''''P of JU!U- 810n:4: ,and for other lllatter8 of positive 1l"cf'1oI:-iity 1II1(1t~1" such conditlons, say. . . . , . . . . "

Total ddidt on the Sec,'ctary':'! eoruplltnd revenue

J\dd prospective 10 ...... ()f r f .,

, :~'7 lWl!tJIW rom s1J~ar, tolJ:weo, (!Igar~, rice,

arid tropical fruits, unless ~hlHe way (;:111 lw fOllwl for evading

what ar .. aJ)p'trf'ntly tI J" • •

, " re (eel:wm~ of tI,., courts )11 this mutter,

Probahl f! ddi<:it

R.S,OQO.OOO

$115,OOtJ.O(lU

7.1,000,000

$1 ~'O,OO(),OOO

Sf) Iar R.~ wo h'1\'I' 'U v . f' I"

•• • '. ~. I., HI orma,' ron, flw ~tallf m,g' :u"my t~nn(~41 fOI" by tho

prinelpul "Uwm+ii of UII' " , '"

t' l •• -' " .tlmy WI IIlIrnlH!I' OIW hUIItII'f~d lholl~allcl (100.000) IllI'IJ,

I, WHom It, .~ (~omIHJtt'd by tJ I . I I .

f I .. . Will I.lat m~.ry ,housHIH (MIJ,{JOfJ) will hn 1'00111it'Oti

IH'l II! ruilitnry {J':r~1l1mli(Ju of P 'I I' . I ',..

. , , or 0 tleo, (,lil,a, l14' Pllllq'pIIUl J:.d au ti!'t , and for

"arr'IHOlJlt and militury "'4'I'Vh-(,' II .. ,.

"'( ." III ;,"Wall. J Inu would I'mvn ollly twenty t,hllll .... :wd

;t1'.I)IHI) Hum JIJ th(· d'JIIII' ti. ..' ,

, J ' .. "l, C SI,S VH:l!, wiwl"o twenty-Iiv« thouxnnd (!!~j UOO) UI'C

ijUlf l,) ha.ve fH!"n insuf1it·iellt. '

It. wit I b,~ uhloJe~r\'l:d that with 'Je} r,/J(J II I I' 'I '

.... ,' ! II!II a "WlC Y lit .l :til lIa mOl'e t.roop,i WOl'O

..

• r

PROSPECTlrE DEFICIT.

11

called for to meet insurgents at Iloilo. Three regiments were at once despatched -yet more troops have been computed for Cuba than for the Philippines!

The computation of the Secretary of 'Val' on which the estimates are submitted appears to contemplate a standing army of about fifty thousand (.50,(00) men and a volunteer arnlY of about one hundred thousand (100,000) men, but it is very difficult to make out on what basis the confused figures of this estimate are made up. The facts cannot be ascertained exactly witllo~t an officinl inquiry. It is probable that the estimates of the 'Y~lr Department contemplate the absolute necessity of permanent camps in addition to the regular army in domestic service wherein recruits may be trained to supply the gaps by disease and death in that part of the army which is in service in the tropics, According to the experience of the English and the French, more than two thousand (2,000) recruits would be required e¥ery month to muintain the force of ei~hty thousand

(80,000) men from the start. It is therefore probable that no reduction can be made for excess in the number of forces computed by the Secretary of ,V~W above the claims made by the army officers.

In order to forestall any possible criticism or charge of bias in this computation we In.-..y deduct forty mill ion dollars (8-10,000.000) from the sum previously added, still leaving the net deficiency one hundred and fifty 111i111011 dollars ($150,000,000). Excess of expenditures, $75,000,000. Probable deficiency of revenue, $75,000,000.

It will be remarked that the normal cost of the governtlH'nt of this country, civil, judicial, army, navy, public works, interest. and pensions. has been for twenty years, ending .Iune 30, 1807. :t fraction under live dollurs ($.5) per head, which rate assessed on 7x,OOO,OOI) would come to $;WO,OOO,OOO.

The lowest expenditure of which any suitable estimute can be made of the cost of the government Hodel' the expnusinn poll(·y. coupled with the mil itnry occupation of the Philippines. Cuba, und l'orto Rico, i~ eight dollars ($8) per head, which rate assessed on 7R,OOO,O:IO people would conic to $n2"~,OUO,oon, -a difference of three dollars ($:\). which heing assessed on 7~.OOO,OOO of people amounts to two hundred 3.n(1 thirty-four million dollars ($:!:H.OOO,OOO). Of this :-111m not less than one hundred and fifty million dol lars (:S};)O,OOO,OOU) must be raised by new taxes in addition to those which arc now in force.

In order to meet this estimate of cost, an increase in exports and imports yielding' ten (10) per cent., to the amount. of $~,:~40,OOO,()OO, must he attained. That is to say, our present volume of exports a.nel imports must he doubled, and this tax must he collected from them, before any pro lit can he gained from an increase of commerce under this policy of expansion. which has bcou so truly desismuted by President ~IeKjnley as "Criminal Aggression."

It will he observed that the excess of the money received from Pa.eific railroads on bonds previously paid has heon expended nuder the first npprnprlution of money in the Treasury to meet the beginning of the Spa.nish war. The. proceeds of the war loan have nearly al l bcon expcnrlod, and that SIIIll will be exhausted hy ~lay 1st or earlier in making payments still due to the aeti~'e ~var with Spain. It therefore follows thut the deficit, in the fiscnl Y(Htr beg~nlllllg July 1, 18!J!J, encling .Iune SO, l!JOO, must either he 1111lt. by inere:t~I:d taxatIOIl or must else be drawn from the prmolcnt reserve now in the l~nit(!d Statos Treasury. The first duty of the Congress now elected, which will meet Ill'cellihur, 1.H?U, will he to restore the reserve ill t.he 'l'rcasury to a ~a.fo and suitnbl« «onrlition by an immediate incrcusn of taxation to th« nmnuut of the c'omplll.ml t1l'fioit.

In thiH eOlllplltatiotl I have endeavored to stuto tho FaetH w hieh are devoloped

in the oflleiul reports, without h!n,~ 01" color. I ~hotlld lip, gla.,~ t •. , h:\;~ the ad~:~ cates of' expa,tH~ion go through this matter and POUlt out the errors, If uuy, wine

nlay exist in thiH statement .

..

PR' I."")E,"TI vt: flEFICIT.

13

C. - Hol1a.nd ?

SiIJ.h_ - \Yhat is the computed ratio of sickness in the tropics _ _ -\_ - From fevers, malaria. small-pox, and similar diseases?

B. - From venereal diseuse s ?

,';;';tT€nth_ - 'Yhat is the ratio of sickness in the British. French, and Dutch tropical pos-essions, separating venereal from other diseases?

Eighth. - 15 it contemplated to regulate venereal disease by a license SYstem

coupled with frequent examinations ? ..

.. Vinth_ - At what rate arul in what proportion is it computed that men will

be sent home invalided from disease -

A. - From Philippine Islamls ?

B. - From Cuba?

C. - From Porto Rico and Hawaii?

Tenth. - ""hat sum if any is included in the estimates for !\ permanent or adequate system of transport of troops P

Eleventh, - ''''hat sum if an~' i~ included in the estimates for the establish-

ment or renovation of fortifications und for the supply of guns - A_ - In Philippine Islands?

B. - In Porto Rico?

C. -In Cuba?

D. - In Hawaii ?

Tuieltlh: - "·hat sum is included, in the estimates for barracks or building:'! of any kind, separating the works on the CO:l ... st from the necessary health cantonmenu upon the hills. in the respective places ?

S"'I'!I Dtpnrfmflil.

In rnnkinz up the estimate of expenditure in the fiscal ye:il' ending .June 30, 1900, given in the report of the xecretnry of the Treasury, which is as follows:

Executive Department . Naval E!'\tahli~hment Public \Vorks

$;,)02. 2~O 00 ss. 111. ()f>~ 00 8,0 1 :_~,5UH 00

Total

. $47,630.581 00

First, - \Vhat computation if any i~ inehnled for the construction of naval vessels recommended hut not yet ol't1et'l~tl hy ('ollg-n'ss?

Second. - \Vhat computation if any is included for manning such :uhlition:tl

vess(!Il'J ?

Third. - \Vhat computation if any is included for the cstab1ishllwnt upon

land of coaling stations, piers, buildings, or other uppliunces necessary to the naval stut.inns contt!lIIplatetl-

A. - In the Philippine Islund . ..; ?

B. - In Porto Rico?

C. - In ('uba? )J, - III l lawnii P

Trensuru Ih'llflrlnu' nt,

In making IIp the estimate for pellsioll:i in the fiscul yea.r ending .Iuno ao, HJOO-

/"ir.'il, _ \Vhat suin wus lncluih-d it' all)' to eover pen'ii()l1~ that may lie

grallted for di:'lalJilitie!i incurred ill the Will' with Spaiu?

1-1

t: !:O.'PE"Tlrl-: DEFTCI T.

---

... ,. d "~h t ';'111"1 if snv was included to cover pen-ions that may bo

...... ,r.n ,- a. 1. ~ •

granted' for di~<lbnitie:o; incurred in the milit3~Y o('('Up:Ul(lO. of the rhilippine

I., d -. P rt R· ........ Cuba and Hawaii, or for widows and children of those who

!"J:lD~. 0 0 reo. •

thi ., may die in 5 service :

------------------------~~------

LSIFORllIIT OF TAXAno~ - EFFECT 01-- EXP_\S~h)~ cr-ox REVFXCE.

It i~ claimed that the Tnited St3t(,5 may assume ~,-,'ereh:nty over Porto Rico and the Philippine Islands, may estabfish military and civil control over their Inhabitants. and by act of CODgrt'~3 impose upon them internal taxes and duties on imports without regard to the revenue act in force within the present area of the United States. It i s also held that after haling accepted cession and "O\'t}_ reignry the import:' of sugar. tobacco. rice. and fruits from that part of the United State:' then known as Porto Rico and the Philippine Islands 111:1)" be ..... ibjecte.l to the same duties which are imposed on imports from ftlreig-n countries that may then be in force in that part of the United States which is upon the continent (If North America, "'ith the aid of counsel of repute (:\[r. :\I\)prrit,hl ~t(lrf'y) the subsequent decisions of the Supreme Court and other dict« a 1"(' cited. nearly all taken from an e xhau ... rive pamphlet entitled •• ~ arional Expansion under tho C\Hlstitution," by :\Ir. Edwin Burritt Smith, of the ('hh:ago bar. or from nn article on the "C'(m~titlltional Aspr-cts of Annexation," b)' l 'urrnan F. Randolph, of Morr-istown, New -Iersey, published in the" Harvard Luw Review," .lanuary , lK~HJ,

Before _!!'iving those citations, attention may be called to the provisions of the Statutes of the United States:

• Rcri s ted Statutes U,S. Tule XXII', Section l.'17i. - Equa! Riyllis under lite Law.

All pt'rsons within the jurisdiction of thr- United St:ltl'~ shall have the same right in every :-\tate and Terr itory to make and puforc't, eontructs, to suo, he parties, give evidr-nee, and to the fuJI and equal lwndit of all laws nud prOl'(!t~t1illgs for the security of person~ and property as i~ enjoYf·') hy white citizvns, and shul l be subjer-t to like punishment, pains, penalties. taxes, licenses, and e xnct.ions of every kind. and to no other.

Terruoru - A tract (If land hC"lon~ing to or under the dominion of a prince or stute , Iyillg' at a distance from tlu- parent country or from the :-It.~at of governnlent. - JVt;lp:{cr's DirllOnfl.r.'l'

(: if ruio ns,

, 1. - Our ln-tlturlons rest upon the proposttion that governments derive their Just powers from the cousent of the gnvPI"IH!(l. This ('OW-Wllt means tlw ae1.iv.' participation by the g'overnefl in a govr-rnm .. nt whk-h is their OWIJ and which tlu-v

alon? eon.t~()l. ('I~I' rulers n re Itw Olf~(:tetl S(!I'vants of llw people ~

7'.-, I he Pn'~I~pnt and tJH~ f :ollgrc:sg of' the Uniu-d Slat.!!:! must g-OVPI'Il all UI'\V 8A":qlll~ltloWI of terrlt.ory under and by virtue or ltw (~ollstit.tlt.ioll .

. In.thl~ langlJa~e of the SlIpn'lltC ('Olll't, H il cannot hu a.dlllirt.t'd that "w kine"

of Spalll could by treaty or fJtlwrwi:04p ilfltl'll't to t.lr .. United io..!t t 1'1 . t"'Il

• .• f' . ~ ...-, a, es any o· liS I'oyu.

pl"f~rog:thvl!"; ami, rnur-h JU!iH eun it he :LfJmitll:d that tlwy han: (~:LI':Lt~'ity to I't!('t"h'o

or power to f' XI'I'('I!W UII'IJl F ver " ..

• ~ " , ,'" " i CI Y nauou :L1'lfllIl'lng' t,I:lTit.ot'Y, I ')' t.1'f~:tf Y Ill' Cll.hl'I·~

WUW, lUUHt hold It Hub"I'f"t to til" C( ,', " I I . . . . .

, . ~ ..... HlM!,1I .1011 :Lllf uws 01 It!i ow u :;u\Ocrrllucnt,"

I'ollarrl 'V. II a.ga.u, a JJoward I a 1 t,

rno-r f:'_~TI t E tn .. -F/(_ '/ T.

3, - h All persons born or naturalized in the United ~tat(,5 and subject to the jurisdiction thereof are citizens of the L'nited ~tates and of the ~t.ate wherein they reside." - Fourteenth Amendment.

Con zress has no authority u to restrict the effect of birth. declared by the

Constitution to constitute 3. sufficient and complete right to citizenship.' "'

United ~tate5 v. 'Yong Kim Ark. 169 U .~, 'l.).).

All citizen .. of the United States have the right to enter its seaports, to pass freely from one part of its territory to another, anti to reside in :'lOY State.

Crandall t.', X evada. 6 wsn. 35.

By the annexation of territory, ~ays Chief-Justice :\lal'~h!lll, u the relations of the inhabitants with their former so,"creig-n are di-sol ved, and new relations are created between them and the gtlVCrnlllcnt which hus acquired their territory. The same ~W( which transfers the territorv transfers the alleziance of those who

- ~

remain in it."

American Ins. Co. 1'. tunter, 1 Peters, ;:)42.

Tbe transfer which imposes the allt'.~ii\nl'c confers the l'ig'ht~ of :\ citizen. From thv-e estabhshed principles it Iol lows that tlu- inhabitants of the Philippines - ~Ialay. Spanish, or (·hjnt''''t~ - hCC.:·OI11C .\Ilwricatl citizens, entitled to settle in :Lny ~late aru] to become citizens thereof'. Chinn will enter the Un ited xtates through the gate or :\I:mila.

4. - The Const itution :\1,,0 provides that •• all duti .. ·:.;, imposts, aud excises shan he uniform throughout the Unit.«l Sta.tl'S," COI1:!n':-;:-; has no power to cx.et'pt any Territory of tilt' l;nih·.) ~talt.·s from fill' operution of this provision,

.1, - The L'nited Stat(·~ is. in the l:Ln~lIag"l' of ( 'hit'f-,l ustico :\1 :1I·~·;'}U\11 .. • the name given to onr great l~epub1ict which is CtJlllpo . .:.ctl of Statc:-, anti Tm'd tori t· . ...;. The Di-trict of C"olumhia and the territory west of tho ~li ... :,;olll'i i:-; not lc~~ within the United Stah';oIo than :\1:Lrylanti or I'enn-y lvanin ; it is not It.)~S np.<.'essat·y, on the principles of tho Constitution, t.hat uniformity in the imposition of imports, duties, and excises should be observed in the nne than in the other. "

Louchborousrh r, Blake, ,) \\')waton, :~ 17.

o I:)

Hence all the duties now collt'l·tetl from sugar. tobacco. rice. nnd fruit - from seventy-five to one hundred mil lion dollnr« - will he lost. if \VI) nuue x the islands fn'f~cI f'rurn Spain, and this dvflcit must he met hy new faxes, ill mldit.ion to the III!W taxes which our in("n!a~'H'd t'XIH·Il:'i(,.~ will ruqnir«

These are result- from which 'VI...! vaunnt escap« 1I!H1t!!' HlII' (;()n~titlilion if we would. anti tho examples of other nutiuns do IIl1t lwlp U~, fur thu reason thus stated by Ahrahan Llm-oln :

" ~Iq~t govPI"I)l1lenls hnvn been lJ:Lsl~d practicnl ly on the dt'llial of the {'l(l1al right9 of men ; om's IJ('gill~ hy aflirming those I'ights, 'I'hey said. SOIllO men are tC){J lznorant :11111 viciou- to shure ill !!oVt·rnml'llt.. Po.~~ihl}· HO, said WP,

~ .~.

al111 hy your sy stum you would always kt!ep thuni ignorant nml vir-ions.

u ~o man is g'oo,l en{JlI~h t.o g()\'t~1'T1 :luoUIe)' man without thai. othvr's consent.

I Ha.y this j'l the It!a.ding' princip!e, Uw shet,l .uu-hor of .\lIwri(~:lIl l'opnhlicani::-llll.H

The nutho r ~ of the I )et:ial'alioll of IlIdppClld{'III'e .. muunt to set up a sl:mdanl maxim for free ~H)f~idYt which Hhoultl 1m Iumil iu.r to al l, and n}\'t'n~tI by all; collfo4tantly Jook,~d tn, cOIl.;l.ulltl.y lahol'ecl rOl', alill e vur , thOll~h uever l'lll'feet.ly attuim«], (~oll!'itallt)y U'l'l'l'oxilllalnd, 1L1II1 thpl',·I,y eOIl ... t.uu ly :-iPI'l~:lIlill~ :\I1d deepeniug it,.; influence alJd aUg'1U1mtillg the hapl'ilH~:-;:; :Lmi value or lifu to nil peofJk (~I

1 .)

PRO~~PECTIJ-E DEFICIT,

II ~.r~ ~~nr"ere,"" Its authors meant it to be. as, thank God, it is

a CfHl.lTS t"~':T- h . f' , h

no. pronnO" itself, :1 stumbling-block to all those w 0 In a. ter times mig t

,::, h f 1 h f d ti , ••

seek to tum a free people back into the ate u pat S 0 epo 151ll •

Lincoln at Springfield. June 269 1857.

It W33 Stephen A. Douglas who said in reply: "They .de5ired to express by that phrase (all men) white men, men of European birth :l.nd European descent. and bad no reference either to the negro. the sa{'sge. Indians. the Feegee, the )la1ay, or any other inferior and degraded race. when they spoke of the

equality of men:"

And Lincoln who said:

.6 "-hen the white man go,ems himself. that is self-government : but when

he governs himself and ~1150 governs another wan. that is more than self-government, that is despotism."

CO!llCLCSIO:S "

The pretexts upon which this so-called policy of lmperlnllsru is promoted consist of mixed motives of piety, profits, anti patriotism,

To the advocates who hope for a great field in missionary service we may put the question, How many of the youth of .AIUC1"j.'<L will you subject to vice as :l sacrifice for each heathen convert that you may make P

To the advocates of the expansion of commerce we will put the question, How much will you increase the power of the people of th« Philippine Islunds to consume American good~ when in fact during the la~t ten yeal"~ they hnvc bought. of us on the a\Oerage one hundred thousand dol lnrs' (~lI)O,OOO) worth :&. year? Yet we have hought of them annually in the snme period :111 nn~rage of :OW\'PH m'[llion dollars' ($7.0f)O.O(JO) worth. mainly of slIg'ar a III I lu-mp, :tu(1 from the export duties on these products the Spanish go\'ernmcllt has !'il~curc(l jt~ }Jrint'ipal revenue; such export taxes being forbidden tty the Constitution of the United States.

To those who set lip the pretext of patriotism we cul l attention to th« retlex of militarism, the pauper labor of Continental Europe waiting fOI" its remedy until the masses who carry the guns turn them :lg-ain~t the classes who e.u-ry tho sword - to their oppression in the conscript service, which is 'mting out the heart of Europe.

To the workmen we put the question. flow long will YOII hear an udditionnl tax on the articles of common U,':W which ure eonsunnvl not in proportion tu ability t but in proportion to numuers, from which the principal revenues of t.hu United States are colJeetcd, such additional tux upon CVt~ry one of your fumi liue of five persons surely coming to not less titan liftl!(~n dollars ($I.j) a. year.

The pretexts are piety. profits. and patriotism j the COliC) lIsions vice. veunlity, and pauperism. The~l! ure the cunxtunts which ~ul"dy uecompnny the rule of blood and iron awl the control of the masses by the military classes.

EU\VAHJ) ,\TJ\.l.NSO~.

•

......

"

THE HELL OF

TVAll A . .YD ITS PI';.VA L 1'1 I-:S,

17

-------- -----

-------

II.

THE HELL OF 'YAR .AXD ITS PENALTIES.

President )IcKinley said rightly that to allow a war undertaken in the name of humanity to be perverted into a war of conquest would be a crime, but I doubt if he was fully aware of the penalty which would at once be met by the criminal nation.

A war of conquest or any permanent occupation of tropical countries by white troops brings not only fevers and malaria upon them of well-known kinds, but yet worse, more fatal and more certain to bring moral and physical degeneration upon them, is the infection of venereal disease.

There are many good people whose sympathies have been aroused by the anticipation of being enabled to carry the benefits of Protestant Christianity and of personal liberty to the oppressed in the 'Ye~t Indies and the Philippine Islands. 'Ve ulay even admit all that is urged in favor of making the conquest of these islands upon these grounds, but before we undertake this philanthropic enterprise may it not be judicious to count the cost? I do not lucan the nlOlll'Y cost nml the necessity which has lately been made very plain of adding new taxes even to the war revenues now being collected. That burden we can bear if we HUlst. The greater cost will be the corruption of the blood through the infection of evcry force that will be annually called out to maintain our rule.

It may be well to ask all who art! imbued with this missionary sympathy l how many young own of our own brotherhood are yon willing to sacrifice for each convert? How many of your own sons will you expose to sure infection and degtmeration in the conduct of your philanthropic purpose? Or will you satisfy your own consciences hy consenting to the necessary conscription of other people's sons when it presently becomes impossible to maintain our armed forces in these islands without a draft ?

I know thj1t this i~ a very unsavory subject aud that I am using terms which are not commonly spoken aloud, hut it happens that in the course of my sociul studies my attention has heen called to this soda} evil, anti [ think I should be wanting in my duty if I did not call public attention to the dangers ill the pluluvst

way.

To that end I lately addressed a letter to President 1\Icl\ inley, of which the

following i .. a. slightly condensed f!Opy :

... PHE8I1JENT 'VILLI")f ~lc'\ ISLEY:

H Hilt: I venture to present :L protest against any longpr occupn.tion of the Philippine Islands, of (:uha, und of Porto Itico, or the lise of any larger forces than are needed to enuhlu tho people of these islaml« to f'rntue and form n method bf ('OVf!rllfllfmt under which I'e)'sollal liberty ami imlividuul l"ights lIlay he ustub- 1iS}~t~", and to eut.or upon this uudertuking. \Vlwthet" 01' not tlu-y are capahle of maintaining such govurnuwnt:-; aftul" their beillg mwh1pd to do so by thu romovnl .of the Spanish rule i~ not a mutter with which we huv« any perIlULIl~H1t cOIIl'c.rn.

u I present this ease, as hereiuufter stated, ill Illy persunul (·npal'.lty, IHm:h~lg the organization of what will probahly Lee'ollw a g"I'l'a.t nntiounl Antl-llIll'ermllst J~ague. founded on the principles of \\' ulo!hiugton's Furewull Address, for

1:0\

THE HELL OJ'" n~_4R A • .YD ITS PE . .YA L TIES.

-_-_

. beinz made and the oonsultarions are being had

which the preparstlOOs are ::-

throughout the eountrv- .

t . ed the burden of telnpo['Sn" occupation must bf' assumed;

., To the esten Dam • • ~ _ .

ise of dominion or soverercnrv would be as unw arranted In

be!o~dlthat7dany .exercn~l~_tent with the maintenan:'e :}f our republican institutions

pnn(·lp e an as lOCO :,:, .

~ . rld be danzerous to the armed forces required.

a:s: It WOlu . C • f

u The poljtieal wrong of assuming sovereignty by ~r('e over any part of

these islands after a war undertaken in the. name of hl~m:ullty ha: ~ee? so forcefully stated by yourself that DO words of nune could bring out the IDIQll1ty .of 5tH."!l a course more plainly, but it i!" feared th~t your hand olay be for~t"d ag:un. as It was apparently, into a premature declarauon of war by t?e ~cts of ~en:l~ors whose appareotjudieial reports of what they thought they saw 10 l uba wc.re disproved a week later by one of the constituents of the one who had the 1110st Influence, who followed after him, and has since been fully disproved by the facts of the case, It is therefore now the right and duty of every- true and patriotic citizen to ~lIPport you in resistance to these evil influences by bringing out in the plainest terms the physical and social dangers and evils which I11U5t :UHI will ensue if large armed forces are kept upon land for any length of time upon any of these islands and from which naval forces can only be protected by kcepinir them on" the land.

u The ~eatest and most unavoidable danger to which these forces will be

o ~

exposed will neither be fevers nor malaria; it will be venereal diseases in their

worst and most malignant form. It is this which hus reduced the population of Hawaii to a degenerated remnant, four per cent. of whom arc isoluted under sentence of death from leprosy; a disease of :I similar type. perhaps nut from tlnsame cause, which gi\"eg evidence of the utter dl)generaey of these poor people. It is fortunate, on the testimony of one of the highest judlcial ofllcers of the Sandwich Islands lately in Boston, that no large armed force will be required in Hawaii, admitting that none such could be sustained without infocrion. l li» view is that one hundred and fifty to two hundred mlddle-nged men of establishc.l character would suffice for all the exhibition of force that may be needed to maintain order.

" The records of the British army in India anti China, and t.lw condition of the English troops in Hong Kong, lately reported to me by all ElIglish gentleman who has been studying social conditions throughout till" world, are horrible in the extreme. lIe stated that fifty per cent, of the EngliHh troops in Hong Ko?g were infected with venereal disease every yf~:lr. It i:-: well known that while there may be an apparent cure this diseuse works corruption of tho blood to the third and fourth generation, cnding in c1cgeneraey.

" The records of the ~Iedical Department and the testimony of the visitors to our own camps in this country, eouple.l with tim observntious of members of COile gress ~ith whom J havn consulted. P"O\'f~ that this phase of the hell of war luul taken firm hold of our troops even Iwfore they had been l~xpo:'it!d to the greuter hazard at their points of destlnatlon in Cubu, 1'00·to Hico, and :\laniJa .

. '~ The .precautions reported to flU! by commerciul men who :Ln~ thoroughly familiar With the conditions of theHe plaoes, especinlly ~Ia"ila, uuulu IIceCSS:Lry even on the part of privata JH~rRonR lest tlte infection should 1m cnrrh«] from Javatories and the like, inclicatc the utterly (:OI'I'Upt eonditlou of all tJw 1'1'i11C'il'a.1 cities in these islands .

. " It it; ~J~) time to mince words 01' to furbour plain ~l'cBdl 11114101' It falso :-;j~lI~e of delieaey. I heRe words must lm spukeu , This dangpr uuist 1Je' 1'"IJJidy JI:lIIWtl and these facts must tJ(! witll!1y kUf)Wn, nnrl flU' (>XIHJSlln~ to rho ('OITliptioll of' the young blood 'J( thiM nution must be Htopl'l!d. It is not u pln:ts:tllt. duty, hut I shull BHHunw this duty. The final J'esponsibility will ro .. t, IIpOri YOllI'sldf :11111 all who have uuthority. liulf!SH you would invite the execrutiou of Lhu IljOLJII~I'S of our

THE HELL OF n"AR A .. VD ITS PE1VALTIES. 19

land and cause your administration to stand recorded in history with utter condemnation. yon cannot ignore or slight these fads and this danger. which is an evil worse than death, worse than war; to try to ignore it and not to provide azuinst it in every possible manner by avoiding the inclusion of these islands i~ onr domain will be to the disgrace of those who shall bring this danger of corruption of the blood upon our country, - a greater disgrace than all other losses of honor combined.

h lIeasures are being taken to bring conclusive evidence of the facts which I have stated before Congress at the earliest possible date. I have sent to England for the medical records. I trust that vou will order the Commission now enzasred

J I::) e

in the investigation of the war to deal with this subject.

" I pledge to you the support of elery right-minded man and. woman ill your effort to carry out your declared purpose of limiting the exercise of force by this country to the cause of humanity without permitting it to degenerate into a war of conquest" ' Imperialism,' so-called, i~ an evil in all its phuses, whether viewed from the political or economical side, but it is more sure to promote moral, physical. and social degradation than it is to work evil in any other direction.

U It is my purpose as soon as our organizations are completed, and :\8 fast as measures can be taken. to give publicity to these facts throughout the country .

.. I hope it may be consistent with your present duty to reply to this letter for publication, to the end tbat we may again have occasion to exprt'~s our sympathy with you for the dit1icult position in which you h~IXH been placed, and to giYO you the assurance of our continued support; not only Republicans. but the great hody of Independent and Sound )Ioney Democrats who turned the scale in the presidential election, who will give you continued assurance of their support in the declaration which yon made agaiust the perversion of the war conducted in the name of humanity into n war of conquest. That pcrverslon is now disguised by those who advocate it, but the forced extension of the sovereignty of this nation over great populations who can never he ussimiluted with us politicnlly, socially, or industrially is nothing more and nothing less than for this country to undertake a war of conquest which will be condemned and is condemned by every rightminded man and woman in our land.

" I know from previous experience how dense il'l tho screen by which the supporters of bar! measures attempt to surround the chief executive of the nation. \Vhcn the Inflation Bill of IH7·1 was impending. Vk-c-Pn-shlent \filsoll culled upon me, - knowJng I had a, wide eorrespondeuce with sound money men throughout the 'Vest; he stated to me that tinder the pressure which was being brought to bear upon the President in \Vashington he was bciug misled into the belief that public opinion required him to sign the Inllntion Bill, und ,Mr. \YiIson called upon me to hring t.u henr upon him the true public opinion of the country to the utmost of my ability. I immediutely telcgra.phml to a numbel' of men in the great \\' estern cities who had agreed to ad togethel' in any euu-rgency to send in protests against tho Iutlation Bill day by clay, signed by it few men of prnminencev-e- preferably those known to the President, -whilu proh'sting meetings in New York and Bo:-;ton wure immediately organized, tho lntter by myself. The evidence was thus pln(:f~d lx-fore President Grnnt of an overwhelm-

J·nO' kind that he was beintr misled and deceived hy the udvocates of luul legisla~

o t (:I

tion who surrounded him.

"After hili term had expired I met I'reaident Grunt. J Io turuud the convcrsa-

tion to the finaneial issue, saying to me that r wns f!llt.itlt~d to know tllP history of the veto of tho Inllution Bill. I r f! snid, • I hall IH'PlliLl'cd a IIwssage to uccoiupuny tim bill Higncd, 8tating lUy objectiou to it, awl that. I had yielded to what f al'l)oJulJIPd to be the puhlic opinioll of till! country i hut pres(!utly tho protests r-ame in to me from the leadiug rucu of n.11 tim great \V"HtUI'Il eiti()s uccompunled by tim

20

Jr.-IR ... 4_YD ITS PE.Y..! L TIES."·

'" THE HELL OF - __

. _ d I found that the true public opinion of the

'-ew Tork and Boston Dlee~Dg~._ an hat was rizbt and what 1 knew would be

... '.1. • In doinz w ~ e th bill si d

countrr ,,"ould sustam me_ ~ whi~h I had written to sccompany e 1 signed,

right ... I read o,"er~~ m~hi,;;:tn- I do Dot believe it myself. ~d no on~ else I said to my~lf, this IS ~l sop ~d" ~u~tituted the veto mC5~~\ge.. To Whll~h ~

will belieye It. I tox:e It up the victory of Peace and the victory of ":\t.

replied .. ''\eto and 'lcksb~g .. - rted as vou wHI be bv the true public opin-

b th pportuDlty suppo.. .. ..

You now ave e 0 1 t ·th e,,"ample of that ~rand man to maintain peace,

hi .._.... to emu a e e _,,,, ._ ·d:l . "- hinzt .

ion of t IS eotmrry, 0 • I t"D{7' the principles lai down In as ingron ~

d . du stry wtthout no ale ..• I"" • to I th

order. sn ID ~ d"th t riolatioo- the spirtt of the '- onstttu Ion. u at

Farewell Address, ad ;-~e°'!ontinned ~upport of all men to WhOID you would yoo may rest a5S1lre1"be° te and sound J·ud~ent throughout the country.

resort for cool, de 1 ra , '-

" Yours with great respect,

.• ED"'· AHll .A TKIX50X.

-

~ I

h Bo!ITO~, NOT. l4. BPS.!'

Snpplement to "The Hell of War and its Penalties."

o I li -..I:tions of this p:lmpblt't were printed I have re('('in'.\ I'arlia-

Since t Ie ear er ~u .. ,. 1 d ,. '\ (1 ")-~

R rt E .. st India (ContalZiou!i Diseases \ - ... ,0. an .' o. · :"i. • .•

mentary epo 8 - -= \. -

'S 1 - Report of Departmental Committee .. presented to Par~i:~nwnt. N~: 3: - Report of. Committee of the Royal College of PhYS1ClUDS.

These documents prove tbat if this dancer i .. not fully in\"(.~t!~.~~d .3Il1\ duly consid-

d i ..I aling wl°th the disposal of Cuba. Porto Rico. un.l tlu- Philippine Isluuds, both

E're In lie . . . I . f thci J tv

Executive and Congress may hereafter be held guilty of a crmnna l'\O:I~10n 0 t ioir t 11 J"

Euw .UtD ATKIS~t)S.

BotITO., Dec. IS, 1898,

HEPUHTS. x». 1.

u THE EARL OF ONSLO'W, G,C.:\I.C ~o, Chairmnn :

.. It must not be forzotten that these :Ll"C all young men, not much more than lads, who upon enterin~ the service were medk-ully (,x3'!lin~·d. :\lH\.\\'o\lhl have been rejected had they then shown any symptoms of coustitutionul tmnt,

U Durinz tbeir short term of military service l\ great part. (in some cast's more than half) of their time has been spent in hospital, either in India or ut home. Before reaching the aze of twenty-five ycar~ thuse yOlln~ n~en hnve come home presenting a most shockinO" appearance: some lay there 11:1.V1I1g ohviously but a short time to live; other~ were unrccogniznhle f'rom di~tig'uremellt b_y reason of the destruction of their features. or hadlost 1 heir palates, their c),(:- 81~ht, or their sense of hearing ; others azain were in a state of extreme l'IlUW1- ation, their joints distorted and' diseased. ~'l ot a few are time-expired, but «nnnot he discharged in their present condition, incnpacitnted as they are to earn their livelihood, and in a condition 80 repulsive that they could not mix with their fellow-men" Their friends and relatives r .. fUSH to receive them, nnd it is iuexpedie.nt to ~ischar~e. them ~nly to seck the asylum of the poorhouse; 81). they remain at Netley In lncreasmg numbers, which, as matters now are, seem Hkely to continue to increase."

. . . . .

" Injlucnc.e on the hClflllt r1lhr. populrtlirm: at h~rnc":_ SOI~lO or" its \:ictim'~ arc completely crippled, while the danger exists, in the cnso of each 01 thorn who may afle-:ward~ ma.r~1 that he nlay transmit to his wife urul child r en a. loathsome ~nd ~ornble complalnt. This danger is not. indeed conflned t.o the Netley lnvalids, but ~xtends to a far larger and incrt!:tsillg number of nu-n who anlllHLlly come horne With the seeds of eonstitutionul disuasu in their systems.

u More than 13,00U British soldiers annually lnnve l mliu, 1II0:-lt of whrnn nro e.ventlJalll absort!ed among the civil IJOpnlation at horne. How J:LI"g'H a. IU'opol"tum of t fl!~e brmg home the IWf~llli Clf communicnblu :11111 inherituhle di~unso nJ~y to 8tJIOe cxt~f1~ tH!. ~HtilHat':d from tho I"ollowillg Iiglll'(!H: It was as('m"~ tamed that of 70,61~ BntlHh Holdiflrs !-ll'rVillfr in Imliu on tim );)L11 .J Illy, 1 H!).l ,

J~1,~~2, or 2H pf;r eent., Imcllwl!Jl aclmiUflil to1HJ8l'ita.1 1"01" HyphiliH since arriva.l in J,lIdla. O~ly :tl,,217 men, 01'":$1 )H!I' ClHlL., land 11I!\'(!r Hlllr(!r't~d, in ur HUt. ot' IIUIiIl, j"'(!m .an.~ for~JI o.f VfHH:I'~al tlll'Hm!i~. ,All" :~11 tho ovirlunoo wu huvu I'uillt:-t to th« ~,xIHtA·nLL of., 8t111 WOIK.'. ""tatfl fl. thlilKH HIII(~I· tluu, dutu. )."HI4 t hun .& 1'1\1' ("ont. flf these melt ure murried, It 1M to 1m Ieured thut fL considurubl e 1I1111llwI" wilt)

......

..

I

... THE HELL OF IVA R A.YD ITS PE1VALTIES:~ il

------~-~-------"-.~-

b~,e cODtract~(l disease marry afterwards, and are liable to transmit it to their Wl,:,es and ~~lldren. Xor is intercourse between the sexes the onlv means by wh~ch syphilIs can be communicated, Doctors contract it in the performance of their duties. It may be cauzht throuzh drinkinz out of a. cup or smokins- a.

• hO h h e eo e , 0

pIpe, W ie . as been touched by diseased lips ~ nurses can comrnunieate it to

infants, and mfan~s.to nurses. It is nltogetber a most easily communicable poison. The prese~t condition of the army in India. with the enormous prevalence of venereal disease which has been shown to exist, yearly sendinz home thousands of men infected with constitutional taint. is therefore :\ srreut ~1I~1 srrowinsr source of dan~er to the whole community. T!le i~tiuence whi~h it. is li:ilile to ~xercise upon tne health of the home population IS one of the grayest aspects of the whole question."

. .

" Further. a zreat amount of sickness and inefficiency not cominc under the h~a.d of vene.reaf disease (e.g., man~ cases of rheumatism, dysen~rY9 heartdisease, etc.) 15 well known to be attributnble to, or aggravated by, the specific disease .. '

. . .....,..,...

H The bard fact remains that among a body of 111(>11 mostly ,ery vounz, and nearly all obliged by the conditions of the service to remain unmarrIed. r~moved from home ties and restraints into a country where climate and environments conduce to sexual indulgence, comparatively few arc able to control the strongest passion in human nature, with the disastrous consequences, -uuder present conditions, which the preceding parag-raphs have described,"

xo, 3.

From Report of Committee of Royal College of Physicialls, Dr. Wilks, President, " Your committee beg leave to report as follows:

" They have referred to a. number of ofllcial and other reports and publications hearin~ upon the subject of the prevalence of venereal disease in the British Army in Iudia ; and some of their number proceeded to X etley, in order to inspect the numerous patients at present under treatment in the wards of tho Royal Victoria Hospital, with the view of personally ascertaining the nature and type of the disease {rom which they arc SUffering. On the day they visited the hospital it contained 7b2 putients, of whom 21V were syphilitic cases. The lust troopship brought 312 invalids, amonrr whom were 76 eases of syphilis. It is ditU(',ult to describe the painful imprc~sion made hy the inspection of these sick soldiers. Almost every variety of constitutional syphilitic rlisense was represented, those of a virulent Iorm heincr very numerous, und the results of the disease were in many cases cleplorahle. ~'hile the uppenranco of the sufferers was most pitiable. The records of the hospital show that the number of such cases has largely and steadily increased in recent years, and tha.t almost nll have arrived from India."

• • .. • • III .. • .. • • • .. •

" The constitutional form of the diseuse is one of the most serious, insidious, and lasting of all the contus-ions diseases that af11iet humanity. Other contagious complaints, c.g" small-pox °or scurlutlnn (which in thi~ and other' civilized countries are made the subject of legi81ativt~ interference in the interest of, the I!opula.tion at la.rge). arc trnnsmissihle on ly for a. limited time urul not by inheritunce : yet the sufferers arc separated during- the course of the disease, and for as much longer per-iods thereafter as experieuee h:\.s found to 1,0 nocessury for sar~&mu'ding others from infection. 'Vith syphilitic dise:t~e it is fur otherwlse : It ,1~ tho JOost lasting in its effects and mnst vnrierl ill the chnractur of its specific muuifestations; it frcquently give~ rise to cousequuuees far removed from its initial syml!toms, most seriously impl icating nnd aflectillg various. orgalls. of tho hotly; It complicates other diseases : its eontng-iulls properties extend OV,Cl' lengthen,cd periods of time, .turing which tho sllm~r('r!i are often u source of danger to mnocent people, while they may he, and frequently uro, as purunta, the source whence Hpnf!itic infection i~ trunsmittud to their ehlldreu."

. . .

:, Ah~lIt 1:1,000' :;f)l(ijf~"fi ;'ntllr;l to '.':lIgl;LlICI f:rolll 'Inclia' every yea.l', :~IHI of these, in lK~H, over GO per (~Hnt. had sullurerl from sonu: Iorrn of venoreal th~enso~ 'I'hes» fj.rurus aI'l~ '1llotl~d al'l HIIOWillg' mor« Inroihly than words (mil the rlsk _of (~olltallli~ation, Bot ouly to tIll! pl~CHelit population of thi~, l'~)\l1l~1·y. l~ut also to its futur« ~ellC~l"atilln!i. ()f tJW~I: HH!II :t number clie, 01·, "l!In:LIIIJIlg' ""':LIllIs, are Il~rre or II~Hli Jllfmpadtatef) Iroru oarllilJg their OW" livellhuod, awl thus heeorue u bur ell

011 l) It: ruu ~;;. n

-- -

22

THE BELL OF n-AR .. ·LYD ITS PE .. Y.tLTfE.'.

Addenda to "The Hell of War and its Penalties."

~Jannary, tSHH.

Only a part of the horrors of military con~l in tropical climates hale yt~t been exposed, The fol1oW'ing official report wil l be followed by others :l~ soon

83 received.

This report should be considered in l'"iew. of ,the forc~loret:nti(ln in the arm)"

of the volunteers for the Cuban war for service In the Philippine Islands: attention may be called to what that service means.

In 1895 France took possession of )Iadag:\scar. a compact island oft" the African coast, 2:lO,OOO square miles in area. of which about one-third is rnouutain, ous and therefore reasonably healthy. The northern end is in latitude 1 "2~~ ~ ~ the southern end 2.50 S. The inhabitants are computed at 3,~)OO,0l)().

The followinz extracts from an official report of Drs, Burot nml Lczrand

o ~ ,

Naval Physicians of the Campaign in )[:\ibga.. .. car. will surely indicate tilt'

probable results of our present campaign in the Philippine Islands, which nro much nearer tbe equator, and where our force ... mu ... t of IWl·(·..;...;.ity Ill' confined to the most dangerous section of the malarious and pestilential eO:l~f stations until we have conquered the savage tribes of the interior who have never been subdued by Spain.

[ Tra.nllllllion·l

(rnEXCH) ('A~I PA IG:\" OF ~L\ IlAG.\ Sf ' .. \ It

.. The mortality in the body of tronp ... svnt on this flxpe1litinn (lx('l!mlf") :\11 the pre-visions. In 10 months, from .:\lan'h to December, without anv bloorlv en~ounter with the. enemy, the army lost nearly 3!' many allen, all due proportions beID~ kept, ~s durmg the five years of the ~1"xi(Oan eamp:lign. from 1~'((.2 to lMH7. Yet. In Mexico onr soldiers hall nlso hnd to tight again~t n tr-rrlble climnto,

azatnst the dreaded fevers of h t· tri I -I . I . .

e - . 0 <01111 rles, anr H~~l1 es , ag:unst an implnenhlo

and well-armed foe. -

" In ~lada(Tascar out (If an .. fl.·(ot.' .. • f f 12 ur.;() k I

, . e' , ,we OTCP 0 • ",,) IlWIl fa -en from lun'a

and military troo~~St 4, lk!' deaths were reckoned, viz.. about one-third, or. to slH'ak. more exactly, 32:) out of eVt~ry 1,000.

H Amonzst the militar-e tr tl

1 0 J oop~ ie g'fmcl"al murtnl ity wns of :15() per t ,Oil!),

am amongst the naval troop~ of 2:J7 per) 000

"The body which was the. ,.

. .• ( -. . most severely af11ietud was that. of (.lit' militnrv

engm(...f~r8 lUljJcnrs du YCIlU>,) whl I k .

brldzes : two-thlr 1. f 'I <r » • ic 1 wor f~d to the COIH". ruetlon of the roads and

e, I I t ~ 0 t lC m d It'd Th 0

1,0(4) the 40th 1. tt ll f -. en comes, with a proportion of fi!l:? pm·

, h1 .a Ion (, • cllfl"lfir. •. I' . .

forecd march on T' . . .. urs a pvu, which wux worn out by It."

s.l.ra~ot1"a and of wi 0 J t

The ~(lu:ulron o( tl ,. , ' lie 1 no one man rea('heel Tunnnurive-

J If. conloy troops (I. .: I .

half of its (!ff(!ctive forc« the m (~(IIn (.f?S C(j111I)(lYI'.'l) lo~t a little more thun

Vl do the work of . I:' , .. en JCmg ofr.pn obliged to tnrry 011 the way anel

coo IeS. I he flnll ·11 - ·

Finally, the 200th inf'mtrl' itl ,( arti (Hoy al. .. " sufr,'rl!tl seriuus losst_·s.

• J' WI lout havinr,. f J tIl

Mend 163 men to Tn.rmna.riv to I C r.) O\l~ I I was H'ok'~1J 11)1 and could 011 y

" \V .• 0, 0 .If! rel'l'eSf!fltfld

hen affi.'IIIIJlf,. In IJ"I'I'I'lll t -

~ •• f lI'n ((1 I ( Il

have about fj(J per 100 of tJ • " • rc ,ulmIJrc) that orB! had (0 (1XI"'t~r to

II. 1J1f>1I HJ('k (V if ) .

were taken, MI', Isw .... UH"t ·'1 ' "l en J t w IIIO!olt minute )I1'1'.':LlItIOIiS

I 0 '" WI.I u&a.l'ks of ' . ,I 10• ".

t If! reulity, It was not' . t'. rnLru II .ty. ) (d. liP WWi tal' hOIll

.1 f lUes Ion 0 I sic·k I

of deaths for Hit! milit.u.y l ' lHH-4K, Hit of dnath· l1J4~ Irplwral :l\"(!J'ag'u

'. • roop!i .·"tLchc:d • (" 'I . I( '. ,.." '

IJI troop8 It was over GO IU'" 100. I.LI,) J l'eI' 100, wllJh~' III ~OIl1ll IJ(Jlllo~

THE If ELL OF Tl"AR ~LYD ITS PE .. YAlTTES. 2:1

•

• ~ Out of 2,000 men, the colonial regiment composed of volunteers from La.

Reunion and of the ~ malqach« ~ and <haoussas: battalions, there were 309 deaths

•

which gives an average of hardly 15 per 100. This proves that native troops.

strongly supported by Europeans, are the most enduring in colonial expeditions.

H (Signed) BrRoT & LEGRAXD,

" .Yul'fll Physicians."

The last statement will be remarked. These volunteers were acclimated.

In any contest in the Philippines with tile so-cal led insurgents our forces will lw the unacclimated, less able to meet the bad conditions than even French troops; their adversaries will be men inured by resistance to Spanish forces, but now trying to establish their right to control their own affairs against the policy named by President }[cKinley u Crlminal Aggre:o'sion.'·

The Philippine Islands extend from latitude 4.40° ~. to 200 N. They number 1,200, but the total area is not well settled, probably about 60,000 square miles; inhabitants about 9.000,000. Luzon is the largest area, 40,000 square miles; population very mixed : about 100,000 Chinese and a much h\1'ger number of half-breed Chinese and ~lalays.

If we are rightly informed there were 23,.500 United States troops at )Ianila, but on an apparent danger that the native forces might take possession of Iloilo, and pro\·c capable of establishing horne rule, n~i._~nforcen\ents were urgently called for, and three regiments have been hastily dispatched,

The United States forces sent to the Philippines are therefore now about double rhe number of regular French soldiers in tho campulgn in ~[adagnscal'.

By the rule of proportion, without lnnking any allowance for the hotter and more pestilential conditions of the Philippine Islands, the "path-rate in our forces in the Philippines in the first year will be one-third, or about 8,000 men,probably n. larger number will be sent home invulldcd.

As these conditions must be known to the executive officers of the government, through the records of the Surgeon-General's otlice, the reason becomes plain why volunteers enlisted for the Cuban or Spanish war are now held on a. technical agreement for two years' service to be sacrificed in the Philippine Islands,

Lest others should be entrapped into enlistment ill the regulal' tlrlll)' or the volunteer service in the tropics it will only he fail' and honest on the part of the recruiting ot1icers to be put in possession of these facts. :\(allY sel f-sacritieing men might enlist on the certainty of death or dlsubility within the two years, but will of course he married before leaving fur :'tla.nila. ill order to be ussurud of adequate pensions f01' their widows ami children.

The way to avoid all these penalties is plain. It i~ simply not to commit :1.11 act of U Criminal ,\ggrcssioll." a term so well chosen hy l'n!~i(lellt ::\(cI\'illh~y.

These islands «nn be neutralized ; their commerce eun he uxtended : the peace of nCHl can ~w kept in all their ports. The peoplu, already in purt organizerl, can 1m sustuined in the maintcuunr:e of ord er , if nlwl':.I,sary hy foreign officers serving by a.gl"t~'~lw~nt among natlous. It is only the will tha.t has been wanting, hut when that will is expresser] as it is now (wing the Executive nnd Congress alike will cease to drift. a~ they are now tlrifling without any apparently deflnite plan 01' purpose, without any comprelu-nsive estlmute of cost, uml without any method yet tlevhwcl to Jill the gap!i in our forces, (_'ul1stHl by deuth and ,Ih;t:a.!it!, already so apparent.

En'VAltV ATKINSON.

,;")J

- .

_\.DDE~D-.\. TO EIG·IITH EDITIO~

\')F

.' THE HELL OF '\~\_R ~\.xn IT~ I>EX ~\L.Tlf:S.'· .;;,ICK RATE IS TilE BRITI~II .\R~IY I~ I~DL\.

JIedval DeJXIrtmo~t Rq)()'" if')" l~.Q~; (Parliam« 'i/a~~~ BI((f R!Jt"I.,·).

I 'omputin~ the prohable rate of ~lckn~:"-:, and lil:"!lbllity :uuml~ .\1l1l'rican troop~ i~ tropicat countries. e~pet"ially in the Pbilipl?ine Islands, it nl~l~t. he ke-'pt in mind that the latter are e1o~ to ~-: equator. latitude 4.-lll~ to ~.l'" ~ .• whih .. India enenl15 £rom :3': to ;).j:' :\. India Is :l~ a rule dry and P('~"t.\s:"-~:, numer.«, .... health stations or cantonm~nt5 ~n the bilI.s. while the climate ~t the Philippin,· ... i s damp and mslarious. Even In COI_Dp~ll~ng the h~lt a~d malarious parts of India with the Philippine.- it mu~t. be ~ept I". mind that Engh"h troops are all. regular -, that the Dumber at each stauon ]5 relau'f"ely 5111311. and that at each station all tlh' precautions known to.":lod~rn sanitary science are t3.k~n in order t" keep the ~il"krate low. In the Phihppm~~ none of these precaunon- have been taken, - 11.' well prepared stations exist, ::'3~itat"): ~('ien~e is ~l~known= and our troops 1ll115t ~ mostly volon~~p.rs under the ~Irel:tton ma~nh- ot. Inl"~pf'n('n('l'd ant~ il l-preparod line officer::;. "Jth these facts In DllOO the fpllo",ng hg'lIrt,:o' IIl:ly g'1\'l' warniuc :

General averaze of India. number of warrant IIt1i"t'r~, non-coin- '-

missioned officers, and men in servic-e. 1 ~~I,~ ;t) -Is I

Admission to hospitals .. 9;: ;:\.~

Admissions ~r l.nf}l) . • • 1 .~~' -

r.~ • •• 1, h .•

Average sick time, each soldier, days ;H .:t!)

Number constantly sick • '" ~);l.s.)

The above av('r:1~p:s cover th •. , so-called health stntions us \",,11 :l:' the plains, For a .true comparison with the Philippine Islands the eondit ion of f tw fl'OOPS on the plains must b~ t.a.ke!l' although the stations art! as a rule dry Slut urc nuu-h

further north. Dealing WIth stations of above IfJU men. -

~hmedabad, admlssions to hospital pi'r 1,000 men

!'ii ~em neh" · · • · • • ..

Newgnng '" .... u "

. . :?, :?!IH

~BI:\lda_l;al. fever shout 0!le-lu~I(: venereal di"''''a ... f''~ one-third in p:wh cu-e. y rstrtcts the followmg hgure~ nrc instructive :

A~lahabad. average number of men in dist rict . .

Diseased IS, small-pox. enteric, yellow, and other f .. vr-rs dlfll"r'\'

an ( ysenterv" .' ,

~falarial fever ".

Venereal diseases

All other disease-

. . . .

Total admission- to hospital

N erbudda, ayerage gtl'ength Diseases, small-pox, etc.

malaria venereal all othar .

Admissions to ho~pital

:l,117

I,;) 1

-

•

],:111;

1')-

...

!)l ) J

(d:-'t Loon

2 r,'-

.,) I.')

~I.how, average strrmO'th

Diseases, enterie f('\'(.'='.' It· .

" , ( ysen f'ry ('14'

nmlarial fr~\'er ' ... ,.

Vfmerm\)

all other

AdrnifolsjC)n~ to hospit~1

-

:i.O I·t

I. )Ii 1 1.7!1,,", ~.Oll;

-

.... I

•

-

THE HELL OF n~AR --LYD ITS PE .. YALTIES.

b~ng ~n _al"erage mength of over 1.)0 men ~abuthn gu\""c the hizhest admission rano, l.,(l) per 1.000; the lou-est rate occurred at Cherat. :186 petl.000."

It may be safely assumed .that the sick rate in the Philippines will in 80m ... ' measure corresp0I!d to. the stations on the plains in Indin, adding whatever mav be due to the bu.mld climate, the lack of hospitals, etc .• ami the ignorance of line officers.. The sick rate in the hill stations will correspond to \vhat mav be expected In Cuba and Porto Rico in the country districts, while the cities \\;11 for the pre~en~ b~ worse than Bombay, )Iadras. Calcutta. etc., where about the avcraze of India IS found. 1.400 admissions to hospital in each 1,000 and a fraction le~s than ten per cent. constantly sick. Some of the regiments suffer more than others: apparently those most recentlv recruited. The tizures of the proportion

constantly in hospital are suzzestive : .. 0

.. eo'

5trengtb. Conetantly Sick.

~)31 1l~.61

~ •. 15 126.35

~'7 I-lO.H)

921 1:12.21

. Another fact will be ?bseITed; natlle.1y. the increasing tendency to venereal diseases of the most mahgnant type which develops rapidly when the hopeless conditions of military service in the tropics become apparent.

Ist Royal Fusilier- 2nd Royal Irish

Ist Roval \Yelsh 2nd "~elsh

YEXEREAL I )I~EASE~, 189lL

Admissions to Hospital per 1,000 men in service :

In Scotland 112.7 In India as a. whole in 18n.~. 4-14,4

In Ireland 123.7 In India as a whole in 1896. 522.3

In England , 1.53,0 In ~lho\V District in 1~95 .5!Iti.5

In 'Vest Indies 314,8 I In Belga.nul , 57-!. 1

In Ceylon 33:-1.1 In Hundelkhand 671.3

In China 359.b In Rohilkhnnd 711.8

In Straits Settlement -ti~.:l In lhnnsi ~bn,H

In Xewgong- 1013.:j

"There is a marked increase in till' severity of the disease, the a.verage duration of each case having risen from 27 days in tR~ •• =) to :t» days in 1896."

In the special report of the London College of Physicians. previously quoted. it is observed that this class of (Ii~t~a. ... e~ is still incrensing in number and malignity. See difference between IH!J.1 and 1~~J6,

In the conditions of the British Army in India in cantonments and bnrrncks supplied with good water and fitted with all po~~ihh! npplicunev» we have the averaze rate of sickness requiriug ndmission to hospitals under much better ('011- dition~ than can he found in the Philippines and equal to allY that can ue estabIished in Cuba,

In the ten months' carupnign of the French troops in ~lada(Tascar we have the tl~a.th rate unrler better conditions than can be expor-ted in the Philippille Islands.

The young men of the United States who volunteered in n war undertaken in the name of humanity arc now heinz compelled to serve in the " torcihlo nnnexntion" which hnd not been thought 07 by \Villiam :\lcKinley 011 th~ l lth of April, 18~'~t and to take part in a campnign of conquest which he then snid " that hy 0\11'

corle of morality would hf! erimjn:~ ng:!I'c,..;sion." .

It h~ now plain that this act will not. rt'('ein~ th« assent of the Senate at this sesaion.

Before tile next ('ollgress call he h1"oug-lit togethm' it wil l 1H't'ollw plain:

First. - That the wuy to avoid the inuuolutfon of our troops is for (~ol1grcss

to forbid COIHJlwst and criminal nggTPssinn. •

Second. - That tim way j~ plain to SP(~lI"P Jlt':we wit hout :It!eept~ng the (·H,";~JOn of the Philippine I."IlamIH awl without mnking' thr-ir inhuhitunts «itizeus hy hrlnging thorn lIIHI(lr the jurlsdiction of t h« l "nitcrl Slat.e~,

Third. - That tile way to suvr- the lives alit I health of tho tl'O~)P'''; now expO!-wcl is by ordering them horne, since afte.· IW:U"l is d(~elan'cl ~hCl'(: JS no :.It!thority of law to k(~'~p them nhrond und then! euu he 110 luwf'ul IUlld101l which

they can perform in fOl'eign territory in t.imu of )l(l:H'O, ,

Fourth, - The wa.y has alrendy b.·('OIlW plain fOI' the youth 01 tlw, la.1Il1 to avoid disease and rleuth ill tilt! trflpi,~foI hy refusing to vul uut.eer 01' to enll!'it IJl tho army OJ' ll:Lvy of tim United HtnttlS.

F'ifllt. - r~'h'~ '.vay w,iI1 hn rOIlIl~1 fOJ' t,he will to gf!t their release f'rom unlnwlul :iet'VICC after pe:u:n i!04 dClei ured.

voluutuers now he lrl a.gailJ~t their in any o11wI'colllltry t!I!"~1 tI.H:il'(!Wn ED'" AltP A 1 h,I~S()~.

BIlOfJKI..N'-:, .JIlIi. la, IHUO.

26

HOW TO I ... YCRE..:!~E E.TPORTS.

III ..

TREATISE SCB:\II-rp:n AT THE )IEETIXl-; OF TilE A~[ERIC'AX ASSOCIATIOX FOR THE AD'·AXCE~IEXT OF :-\CIEXCE ~\T THE ~I£ETL"G HELD IX BOSTO~ O~ .·\CGr~T ~.). lS~.~.

By EDWARD .ATKlXSOS.

How TO IXCRE . .\SE EXPORT~.

It is a common remark that the machinery which i", now applied to production in the CDited States is so effective on nearly every line of work that :1 few months' time, l"arying in different estimates from .. ix to nine, would suffice to meet the necessary consumption of the people of this country under 1101'111:11 conditions. Hence the necessity for foreign markets. I believe all these estimates are exaggerated. There is but one product, cotton, of which 111Orl' than one-half is exported. There are miscellaneons products of agrieulturt"l. such :l~ grain, provisions, and dairy products, - of which the (. x port vnries from ten (10) to twenty (20) per cent. of the farm value, ch:lnging- ael"(lrcJing to conditions und according to the relative product of this and other counrries. There are \"tll"y few branches of what arc called manufncturing industrles of whlch we IIOW export in excess of ten (10) fK~r cent., awl from that (Io\\' II tn a frow! ion of the total product.

Yet with hr-re and there nn e xcr-ptionnl }wriocl dllf' to ~pf~ei:ll l'nndition~. such as the wide discredit nnrl paralysis of indu-try which fo llnw .. «1 the :,ih'~'r craz« of 18~3, it is not often that the means of production of mnnuf.u-turr-d goculs have been largely in ex('c~~ of the consumption, The real truth i~ that it is now possible to increase productiv« mechanism either on the fil~hl. ill tlu: fort·st. ill tlw mine or the factory, with "cry gn~:lt rapidity, thus n~ry quickly 1Il1'ding- a reuuwr-d demand after a period of dr-pression or any IICW t·xl'0t·t d.-maIICI whlch 'Wl) IJe opened. ~upply is, thurefore. prc~sing nn dml1:LlHl. nml tlll' n~lit'f of t':xports ls, therefore, a constant ne,·,1. It j~ also trne that with tlH' f!X('t'l'tioli of a \'pry f'ew branches of in(Il1~try. -ueh a.-:: th« woollen nml worsted m.mufuctur«. in which, however low the prices may be, the cost of domestlc prndru-tion i~ yd g'reatl.'" enhanced in this as eomparerl to competinjr countr-ies hy }wa.v)' ta xes fill wool and other mnterinls of foreign origin which an' ~lIpp1i('(l to our' ,~olJll'l·rir"l's free of taxation, there is hanlly a hrnnch of production fift •. d to lilfl d illl:!t!! of 'his couutry, either in agrlcultur«, for(!:-Itry, metailnl'g.r. or III all ufad uri IIg'. ill which we have not now such an a()\,ant.ago over. ntIH!I' ('011111 ril'~ :1."1 In j'lIal,)p II.-i to illcrease our exports in \"f~ry large n;(!:l'illrc HO far a~ thr- IHJWf'" of "'plll'l n· . ..;ls OIJ the cost of the produetlon of any urticl« w hich i . ..;, in ell'rlland in fond,!!11 1:(llIlIlrh'~.

VA.~T ISf:ICI':A:-IE IS EXl"oHTS.

'~'hf! nXpOJ'~8 of the fhwal ynar '~ndillg .fluw :~I). J ,ioi!I7. I"'fon' ,III' rlll',~ig'rr 8e~r~!lry (If gram had cXf~"'(!d any (~tJUi04idl!r-:t1JI,' illl1l1P'II'f', j'.\f,.",.J"d a Ihllll:-l:lIId JlJlll.(1JI d"lIal'S (~J ,f)(JO,OOO,{J(J{J) ill val u«. TI.H "X 1'01'1 ~ • II' r hr' la ... t Ij .. w:d .rpar HX(·(!p(lf~d f\.WdVB hundrr-d millif)u dollar"! (~l ,tOO,OOIl.(JOO) ill va luo : r 111' g-ailJ in r ht· export of lllaullfaf'flll'(!') ~o.,ds t)f~jng "elali\'(d~' aIlllosl a..; ~n'al :1." nit' g':lill ill thf~ f~XI'0'-t of rfH~ l'J'ofilld!; 0(' ag'l'i"llltl"": "\'I~1l ;lIld"I' tJll' illtlIWII"" of Illn !-H':tl'dty

which p ... :vailc~d Iu EUI'ol"!' 'l'IH~ .... (, gt}{lfl~ ,'ou..,bl of III':U",\' !'VI'I'Y r-rurl«, partly ..

ru:ulUfad IIn~d. and JiIl;HJIf~d 1"'OIIIll:t. of llll! (;011111 r)'. w if" ,III' 1"'\1'('1" iuliS mUlled;

uow 1'0 I.YCREASE EXPORTS.

t7

?amely, those of which the cost has been relatively enhanced by taxes on the rmport of the materials .. These goods are sent to every corner of the zlobe.

Large quantities go to the manufacturing States of Europe with whi~h we compete, notwithstanding the fact that the wages which are recovered from the sale of these goods in this country are twenty-five (25) to one hundred (100) per cent. bigher than they are ill the manufacturing countries of Europe. Our goods are also sent in competition with the manufacturers of Europe to continents. nations, and States, in which the rates of wages are not one-quarter, and in some cases not one-tenth, as much as the wages earned on wheat and on other similar products are in this country. If the rate of wages governed the cost of labor, not one dollar's worth of any of our products could be sent to any part of the globe in competition with the products of the labor of other countries,

To ''''HAT orR SrPREJIACY I:' DL"E.

Our manifest supremacy is due to several causes: First, This is the only manufacturing country which produces within its own area an excess of food, of fuel. of timber, of every metal except tin, an excess of cotton, the most important fibre. ""e do not produce an excess of wool. but whenever common sense is applied to the production of wool in the cotton States, nlternately or concurrently with cotton on the same fields. we shall become large exporters of wool. It is not probable that we shall ever produce our own raw silk ; ccrt aiuly not so long a .. the reeling of the silk from the cocoon must be done by hand.

Our second paramount advnntage is this : Our national taxes do not exceed two and a half (2~) per cent. upon our annual product, of which they constitute a. share . set apart for the support of government, Even with the incrense of taxnlion which may follow the present war, our national taxes cannot exceed four (4) percent. of our product. I compute the national taxes of (;n~:lt Britain, which are double ours per head. and which are derived from a lesser product, at six (6) to seven (7), possibly eight (8), Iwr cent. ; (;ermany at ten (10) lwr cent.; Frauce at fifteen (15) to eighteen (Hi) per cent.j while in poor Italy it is allegl·d that the national expenditures absorb a third of the entire product. Such ure the relative disadvantages of militarism.

From the best information and study of the systems of tn xntion of nl l countries I am of opinion that the advantage of this country in the ratio which taxation for national purposes bears to the total annual product is nut l ess than -I per cent, in our favor, as compared to Great Britain, aud from :-< t.o 1.) per cent. as compared to the manufacturing Sf.at(~~ of contlnental Europe. Our uverugo :ulvantagc Is not less than fi per cent IIpOIl our total produd. Now, ns (; per cent. is a large margin to be carried to profit and los!-I :t('('Ollllt in this count.rj', where other countries would have no IIIjLrgin, WI! lIlay d,'clII 0111' advantages in this matter apparently establlshr-d unless we oursulves have the folly to enter upon a period of imperialism and militarism, with the 1_!()n~t'qll('tlt result of a very Jarge increase in the burden of taxation.

OIH' third udva.ntagn is in tho stimulus of climute a.pplied thl'(JUgJlOUt tho more northern or distinctly manllfadm'illg sediol1:-4 of thn cOllntry to the most versatile, energetic, and wull-truined hody of work uun takr-n a:ot a whnlu that call bf~ found in the world. Under these comlltions high wages hnvu Iuwolllt! iL ~ynonym for low (~o~t of production, allfl WI! an! now seeking huw to extend tho heneflts of our counnun-e throughout tlIP ""'01"1.1.

I'UBI.JC ;\1'''1) (;UAVELr :\IOVEH,

Tho puhlic mind is heing g"uvoly moved 011 this 'llIl~~tioll. Eac!,h :'iOeti(~IJ. (!u('h State, anr] tho l"f!prf!Hf!lItativHl4 of nvm'Y hranch of' ludustry an~ tUI"IIIIIg' t,IWIl' at1t'~Ition lo the wldeulng of their market. Admitting thaI the home lIIarkd IS und Will

now TO I ... V("REASE E_\PORTS.

alwavs be the Iarzest and the most important. yet the representatives, especially of agriculture, ha-;'e found out that the price of their entire. product is fixed by what the surplus will bring for export. The export demand is the balant'e-wheel of the whole traffic of this country. The prosperity. indeed the very exi~tt'nce. of our present system of agriculture depends upon the development of exports and since half the population is occupied either directly in agriculture or in the secondary processes of converting the crude products of the farm into their secondary forms for sale, the prosperity of manufacturers depends. upon that of the fanners. who are their principal customers. :\hly there not be a great deul of misdirected energy unless the principles which govern the trade and COIDmerL'(·

are fully considered?

The paramount powf'r of supplying nearly all the necossaries of life. which

the world must have at the highest rates of wages and the lowr .. ~t cost of production, bas fallen to the United States. The demand for these goods exists throneh-

~

out the world, but the purchasing power which must exist in order to supply that

demand is very limited. The reasons for this limitation 11l11!'t be considered, It"~t time be wasted in efforts to open trade with nations that hare the lea .... t power of purchase, while we neglect States and nations which posses- the greatest power,

TUE Dzs'rtxvrtox OF OrR EXl'OHT:o'.

'Vbat makes the power of purchns- (If foreign countrics P Bef ore denlinv with that question, the following facts and tables should be fu1ly considered : eo

T AALE x». 1.1

Valutuum and Destination of the Exports from the C'nited States.

United Kinzdorn or r.reat Britain and Ire-

land ... . • . ... . • • . • I11III .. III • •

British colonie" and dependencies (whjte ggcnlatioD lO,OOO,ono, mixed 300.000,-

) .

France, Germany, Holland, and Belgium.

Russia, A usrria, and other European St.ates,

China, -Iapan, Bn(~ ~ther countries in Asia not under Bl'lh"lh rule

Africa not II Drier Hritish ("on'tr~I' • . . •

lIawaii '. Polynesin, and i'llllnd~ not' ririti;h or :-;punl~h '..

SmRJI unenumcrated pJ~;!t: : : . . ..

HOllt)! A meric~, omitting Brit.i~h nlliana ~pa'II"Ih anr] Ii rc',lci.I \Vc~t Indies, IIa -ti'

1:'rlll Han I lOUIl ugo • • , • • },

1\1 e J: Hr~(" 11-.. . • • •

O:J1f1'a) America, Ol~itti~g' B·riii~il . J io~-

dura~ . , ••

United ~tatcs ••

. . . . .. . .. . . . .

. .

. .

Exporta. 19.,;. to 189".

712,OM,131

Annu,,1 Pr-r eent. Approxlmnto

a\-eralil(~. of total. pupulullon,

$104;,01:1':162 51.1:! 40 ,O{)O, O()O

il,20:1,·113 ~.97 31O,(lO(l,OOO

,., tt ,:21 H,H7iJ IHO,Uf)3,3B6

$6fJX, I 72,371 'I ~,237 ,9'17

,700,410,298 11.fHH,182 mU,i82

·1,·1:l t,N7n 1 ,:~!v).:J:U

flO.on 22.71'

:l;.o ,000 ,000 10·' ,000,000

f",772.lS9,1r>o 1 ,R09,!l33, !}t;2

$721,u7:i,.1(i2 2!J ,r)~H, ;1~H

... .,. ..

--.--

H2.H7 6,07

Hf:UH

1.47 ,09

.rl6 ,17

642,000,000

$1),MH,72.1,112 ·IR2,:179,273

91.23 3,70

36 ,oot) I 000 2,r.OO,OOO 12,{)(Hl,OOO

116, ·IR 1 ,W.?6 6,fHi ,RIK

H,3IH,7;.7 la.g'~J:J,2·';,

2·", 7r'!'!,7i) 113,M 7 ,5 l!J

44 ,O,j:J ,nnr,

• • • It ..

~J l'OO, 000 7 (). uoo ,UOO

e7,!Ha,:H(j,n;,ij :;l!7!H,3:JI,nHr, 100 1,·1;,0,0041,00"

From the almvf! tahl« ('( v • " } .

lk'H.t lll ~) Ultlg t W (lXPOJ"t of h~1t (10) ),par':;, PII~llIIg .Iune :to,

} '," '] w~ uppl!ar t1~at the UlJitt!fl I\iugtlorll of {;I'I~at Britaill :Llld fl'd:lIHI au(1

U!. co onlf~H hourdrl from us ! , I' .

}• I II I' ~, ,III IOIUIl fig-III'OS si xty (nO) JHl!" e(~lIt,. of what wo

J.U tfl liB ; 'raw'.' ( ... I'tiI·Lny B I' . 1 I

I '-" < , fJ gllrrJl, aliI t If.~ !\J'dlwl"la.ud.'i twuuty-thrue (2:')

I'f~" I:,mt. ; t II~ I'f!loIt (lY tllf! world .. ·"-'.·.1 I (J 7)

........ II'IHI I"'.· (~(~IIt.

J Authority,

,

;1

H01F TO I~VCREASE EXPORTS.

--- ----_-- ------

In the fiscal yea~ ending June 30, 189.5. 1896. and 1897, a ~light c._'hange occurred, due to the Increasing proportion of manufactures exported to other than British countries.

. In the fiscal year ending June 30. 1898. although bad crops created an exces~l"e de~and for the products of agriculture among European States, yet the mcreasmg exports of manufactured products to all parts of the world chanced the relative proportions of foreign purchases in a considerable measure. e

TABLE X o. 2.

Etzporls of tltel:lIited States for Tu:elr:e J/onths tnding June 30, 1898.

Per cent.

43,~)2

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland British colonies and dependencies :

Gibraltar :5=304.829

)Ialta 64,352

Bermuda • 998.9U

British Honduras . .15.).179

British Xorth America . 81.911,260

British 'Vest Indies 8,88:?, t 40

British Guiana 1.792.912

Australia 15,603.76:3

British Africa 12.027.14:2

British Asia lU,~)61 ,0.;5

Germany France . Netherlands . Belgium

$1')b,O!l9,972 9,),4.:)2.1)92 64,27·1,612 47,600,311

Austria-Hungary. Italy, Spain. and all other European States

South and Central America, )Iexico. nnd \Vt!~t Indies

not British, including Cuha and Porto Rico .

Asia not British .,..

Oceanica not British, including Philippine Islands Africa not British .

!'>- to '~O 1- ~ ::-')"1; ,t'lv , a:.

1;~.1,602,li:3 11.0)

-.. (' - .~ f .: 0) '3 r ::' t i 1.I,~u .. ,t :"0

-'311) 3-'1 ~9- 29A:~
::',:.. •• I. ,i) j
tin, i rs ,41 tf 5.66
--- --
:::1.lO.~.5tJ.l,:l41 !'O.O2
77, 19-1, Hi~ 6.27
3:},Hf,:i, 21 ~~ 2.75
G,:>H7.f) l~ .,)2
t),:i;~O, ttl 0 .4-l
~1 ,2:H ,32V,tf50 100.00 By this table it i~ made plain that in the last fiscnl year the Pnitc(l Kingdom of (~reat Britain and Ireland took from us n fraction unih-r Iorty-Iour CII) Pt.'}" clmt.; the British colonies and «lcpcndeneics cloven (II) P"!' eent,; France, Germany, Belgium, and the Netherland» twenty-nine and Iorty-thrr-e one hundredths (2!J..l3) per ccntv ; Anstriu-Ilungury, Italy, and the 1"('st of Em'ope fin' and sixty-six one-hundredths (;'.66), while )'lexic:o. South anti (r-ntru] A merion, Asia, Africa, nrul Oceauica other than British wure ahl« to buy from us ollly a fraction under ten (10) pel' ('fmt. of what we hall to sell.

I 111\\· "'E AHE I'AJl~ POI' Ex J'f )1:'1'8.·

But there is auothcr aspect of this C:l.!'lO which il-§ of tho most profound iIllPOI'ta,ru!f.'. flow (lif1 Europe )Ja.y for out' exports P In tl.., fhwal yuat' emJing .JUIIH :W. JH9H, tho impnrt of goml8 wus a!oJ fol IOWA, I!VI!il a part of thu:-;u itllpol'tl'l (!ollsi:o;.t in~ Hf AU:-Itl'alialJ wool, Egyptian cotton. ltussiuu hemp, alld some othUIO urtieles bouirht in Loudon, which iii the centro of trude :

n

30

sow TO J..YCRE.-tSE E . .',(PORTS.

Great Britain Germany France Belgium . S etherlands

$109.13~,365 6~.ti96,907 52,730,OOa 8.741.826 1~,535, 110

•

Rest of Europe

•

S~106.091.~ 14

It will be remarked that in round figure~ we sold food, fibres. and fabrics to European States to the amount of over nine hundred and seventy mil lion dnllurs ($970,000,000). 'Ve bought from Europe good~. including Australian wool and Egyptian cotton, to the amount of three hundred and six million dollars (~:~Oti,- 000.000). The difference of over six hundred and fifty million dollars <.$ti50,OO(J,OOO) was passed to our credit in gold by weight at the mensure of the pound sterling, which is the standard or unit of value in the conduct of foreign commerce.

SILVER EXT.n"SL\ST5 ARE ILLo(aCAL,

This huge sum was subject to our drafts. which we made for such go1t} coin as we needed to sustain our credit, also for the purchase of our own ~l'l'l1l'itit'!'O I'Cturned to this country, by so much Iiquidnting our foreign debt, now \,(H'Y small; lastly, for the purchase of our tea. coffee. sugar, and other products l'hietl~" hOllgh~ in States or continents where silver m(Jn(~y or papt'r tnonpy is used for local plll'pose."l, securing at the gold standard double the quunt ity that could hu ve hcen bought at the market price of silver. Yet, grott.srllll'ly st ":luge as it may :-:f'l~lllt there are still a few illogical 1)(!I'~()n~ in this country who sinl."t'I·e1y hl'1ie\'e that it would be for the benefit of our f:trJlH'rS and manufacturers to make silver dullars a fl1ll1t~gal tender at the rate of sixteen of silver to one of gold. or at the ratio of a dollar twenty-nine and a h:,lf cents ($1. 2!'~) JWI' ounce of sit vel', alHl thereby to enable our European debtors to pay Us on our contracts for wheat anti corn und cotton at that rate with coin malll .. in our own mint for silver' which ('osts the British silver miners less than twenty-five t2.1) cents an ouucu, :lIHI on which they are still ma.king very large profits awl incren-ing their product 011 a market price of about tifty cents,

L..; it not m:tniff!~t that the trade with Eurnpn cannot be lOllg 111'011 these terms unless we become large h'n(lcrs of cnpital to EUl"opea.n eountries P ""I' cannot 'year after year sell our products for double or more of the vnluo (If what we buy from Europe, drawing gold in payments. In on.' Ill" two venrs we should drain every bank in Europe, nnrl We should hav» no lise for the ~ol~l of which Wt! !lOW have enough. \V care :ulding year by year to our stock ~, gold the product of our own minus, mOl": than urnple to mr-ot UIIY l'oHsihle 1I1'{'~1 of an :uldHiollaJ reserve, FOl' this reason, if for no otlier , in onll'l' to kp"p 0111' large~t runrk et we ~nu~..,t ol'e~ up our ports frf!(! from all)' obstl'udion c!xe'('pl what, is lIIadu nee('ssal'Y In ,Iluposmg duties fOl' n'VCfIlW finly. or plsp th,' whole of t1w Pl'f' . ..;t!flt tIIHlt'rt:ddllgto merease our (!XPlll't t r arlf~ will utterly fail. '1'110 1101I.IJI:U'hiJlf'.usillg nutious of the wur ld Iravn riot tlw plIl'dHl~illg }WWI'I' til rnlievn us of 0111' ex('(!s!'4, Ullel will lIot have it fOI' def~ad"H a.llel 1'1!rhapli generations.

(";IC t;fCEAT {'{JN~lntl:-';(f POWElL

III rna.king an dl'())'t to irwnm.'ifl OUI' «xport» \VI! IlIlISl IrjVt: I"'franl l.o t.lw fudfU'S which make tho f~(mHUlIJing a.UfI Ulf~"f!fo"f! till! plll'r~h:t:ijnf;I'(Iwe'I'~.r lIuliolll't gTf'al('" tJl' JC811. Tlw eOflHwniug powt-r of tlw IH~01'141 of tilt! Uul"l.d Stat"~ i:i crl'l~afl!" thuu tbat of U.IIY other State or nutiou, fIJI' liw rWl~(J1l that itM powel' of p~,ducti()11 ill

I

}IOn~ ro I_YCREASE EXPORTS.

----------------------------------------------~

ratio to numbers is in eXCC:,5 of all others. 'Ye number about five (5) per cent. of the population of the globe. Yet we consume more than a third part of the commercial product of iron and steel, and are rapidly increasing our proportion while at the same time making heavy exports. ". e consume more than twentyfive (25) pl'r cent. of the commercial product of cotton, producing about sixty(60) per cent .. subject to variation. "~e consume nearly twenty-five (25) per cent. of the commercial product of wool, being for the present slightly deficient in production.

". e consume nearly twenty-five ('25) per cent. of the commercial product of sugar, nearly half the commercial product of coffee, ""hut proportion of the meats and other animal food we consume as compared to other nations it is impossible to say, but it is enormously in excess. In respect to food products in generaly we produce va~tly. more than we can consume, and our potential in production cannot yet be measured. ". e have the greatest capacity in tilt' production of coal at low cost as yet developed in any part of the world. especially of the coals suitable for conversion into coke, and thereby for the munufueture of steel, But in this matter inventions which give an almost certain promise of succes .... in the conversion of coal into power without wasting energy upon light or heat may ere long change all the conditions of the world in the development of power.

In dealing with the purchasing power of other States we nlay be govt>.rncd 1.y the same rule. In the ~talt's in which the potential energy has been most. fully developed we find the most abundant consumption of food of high nutrition. thereby giving the sL"lying power of men who are occupied in the direction of machinery and modern tools" As we puss from one State to another we lind its consuming and therefore its purchasing power diminishiug with the lessened quantity and lower quality of the food consumed, :u1I1 tho lessened staying power in the application of labor to the direction of mechanism. Helativc nutrition and innutrition are prime factors in the npplication of labor to nl l arts.

"rllO o(:n BF.:"T CO;r..;S!·:'I1 F.H:-l .\HE.

Following these lines, where do we find ill fact our best con811111CrS in ratio to numbers P First - In British North America, where approximately five million (.),000,000) well-endowed, wen-fed, and well-bred men and women mainly of the same origin with ourselves bought from us goods and wares of every kind ill the last fiscal year at the rate of neurly S4!\'4!ut4·tm dollurs ($17) per head of the whole population, being relatively to numbers 0111" lurgcst customers,

Xext-Tlu: English :;)H'aking pellph! of tIlt! I'nile'c) Kingdom of(:rcat Britaiu and Ireland, approximately forty mil lion (IO.I)()o.o~IO) in number, houg-ht from us at the rate of thirteen dollars und a half ($1 :LtJO) P(·" head. hJ far our largest customers on tlw a(T(JTf~!!atc - s4'('owl ill amount lIe.' ('apita.,

OM <.'

Next- The people of British Guiunu, or the British 'Vest Indies, and of the

Bf~rmllflas, under tilt, .iIlSI alllt efJllitahl(~ 1'1I1t~ (If 1114' English common law, were enabled to buy from us ill flxee:-iS of six clollars ($Ii) IH!IO head. '1'11(' people of Australia. about five million (.1.000,000) in munhor, fal' away, with industry as yf!t but slightly rlnvdoped, WhO~I~ "roduco'. of \\'001 we tirw heuvlly. thereby l'l'ducing their power of purchasing' filiI' produvt», .YPt bought from LIS ill r-xuess of three dollurs ($:!) IH~r herul. \\'., lIlay Hot meusure the purchases of British Africa. alii I British ,\sia IW4°:lIl:-,U lll~! g-oods t.lu-n-to St'lit art' c)islt"ihuh!tl among rhOHf~ who ff!ly tlpOIi the ElIgli~h I'l"ot.t!ct.ioll for their ilH'l'I_~asing pro:-ipurity, the grf!:Lu.!1" part of our exporta iJeillg' to BI'jtislJ Asia a.lld .\fdc:a.

Est.uSB SI'E/\Ii.I~HS 'r rt t: BEST Br·l'EI::oI.

HlIm(~/! it, that «ither the ElIglif;h HIH~akiug- 111'01'10 Iht·III . .,.')nHi o~· those of other racr-s who havr: eOl1u~ under tile protection and ju .... t adlllilliMtl'atloll of tho

HOJJ~ TO I~VCRE.ASE E_\.PORTS.

-------

------

d 1 ped the srreate~t purchs5ing power in respect to the

English law bare rodel"e 0 _ It ll"~ult1 therefore be consistent with the ordina~'

f own P nets. • \

excess 0 our th duct of business that we should look to the people o'f

rol hich Q"Ol"ern e COD 1 f

es W' .' .; and ber colonies for the greate:"-t dele op~ent 0 _ our exports. and

Great Bntal id and increasinO" markets we might nghtly remove the

. o-der to promote WI er 0 d' he ]

lD ~ . ti - with wbich we have attempte to restrict t e Import of

lecrislatIl"e ob5trOC OD~ d 1 ' .

e ith hi h they mi!!'ht pa, us for larger an urger q\l:l.ntiht'~ of OUI'

the (roods WI W C - ._ -

e

own products. . th 1·) •• f"

bo t five million (5 OOO.(()O) In e onnrnon 0 Canada and

There are au· _. _ ." ..

_ hat in excess of fixe milfion (.).0(.)0,000) people III the State of

there are someW' • _ .

- Y k The people of the State of ~ew York exchange the products of that

~ew or. d h v-

S ith the people of other States on the east. west, an soutu. .'\0 one can

tate W1 rad f· 1 b . hi

measure in terms of money the \""olu~e of t . e or mutua enetit W .1('h unit- ..

the peopJe of this country for mu~allnt('re~- O_?e mny b: Ter~· certain that thl' volume of the exports from the State of ~ ell" ): ork to ~ ew England, to other lIiddle States and to the ',estern States, vastly exceeds the share of the exports of the State of Xew York to the people of the Dominion of Canada. It may be possible that all Canada CODsumC5 two (:S:?) or three dolla:s (~:3) per-head of the products of the State of X ew York, How much does all ~ ew England consume. and all the other )liddle Slates? Yet if there were no grotesque obstructions to the mutual sen-ice which the people of ~ ew York and Cnnada Blight render to each other, the trade with these two sections luight be equal to the trade with the neighboring States with which I have compared it.

LAH(;E )lAHKF.T IS .\ S:\(AJ.l .. ~F.('TIOS_

Reverting to the purchasing power of other States, [he people of France, nermany, Holland and Belgium now number about one hundred aml 'hoe million (105,000,000). They bought from tH under the pre~:oOlirc of u gn'at ~(,:lreit.r of grain in the last fiscal year at the rate of three dollars and a hal f ($:1.50) Iwt" head. It \\;11 be observed that so fa.' we have dealt with the pllrcha:oiing power of the States which have applied modern science and invention to a great(~r extent than the people of any other countries except our 0\\-11. A 11 that have Iwen nnmed, except (;reat Britain, are customarily deficient in the kinds of fom} which appi-nr to be necessary for the development of the greatest physical elwrgy. mainly animal food; and in proportion to their deficiency, or we might. :'lay to their innutrition, is the purchasing power of nntion- redu.-ed. Y4!t ill this relatively small section of the world with which I have d.-alt, wo found our mnrket for ninety (90) per cent. of our total export.

\\r ANT OF GOOf' (;()vF.n:-alJo:~T.

Another prime factor in the development of purchasing power or ill lts diminution is the existence or want of good gO\·PI'nment., of sotlr~d 1Il0lWY alld fl't!t,dnll) from militarism. Mi1ital'islJI is th« curse of modern EIIJ'OrH~; bad IlWIII'Y the gre.atest evil ne~t to ba.d government among the Sl'anish-.:\mcri,·:ul eOlllltrit's; while the necessrty of arduous conditions of huml work still f'xiRting Ihl'OIlg'holit the greater part of Asia and Afriea gl'(~atly limits the pUI'l'1l11sing pOWt!I' of tho gn'ah~1' part of the population of the glolJc.

The five minion (!j.OOO,OOO) peoplf~ of Bl'iti~h North Aun-ricu hought of' us last year eighty-five million ,lollarH' ($~~j,OOO,OOO) worth of goods; thn thil'fotm

million (l!3,OOO,O()O) pf~oplf' of l\ft~xic~1I hOlla-ht. only tWf'nty-ono million dollars' ($~J ,f.H)O.OOfJ) worth, 'nit! Englhch l'4}Jcak~lg' )H!oplo of Ulfl I 'lirninioll rH~al'1y Hf!Vf!f1.tl~f!n, dolJarl'J .($17) a. head ; tho Spa.fli:ih-AIII(H"if~all:-l of ).Iflxieo, Ulf~ IIII1~t pl'O~ gr'f!IiHJVe Htatt, which haH 1J(!(!f) und!!I' lhn evil illl1UCIICUl'4 of tho ~p:lIIi/;h 1'1I1e, less f han two tlrJllal's ($2) pel" JH!tUl.

III. CRIMIX~iL ~A.GGRESSIOX: BY 'VHO)l C(_))I)IIrlvl'}~D ~

.. n 'tistsoever a man soweth that shall he also reap. to

BY

ED,r ~\RD ATKI~SO~, LL.D., PIl.D.~ BROOK 1..1 X E. ~l.-\S~.. FEBBe _-\ H Y 22. 18~.~.

1. 1'IIE C()S'r (Jl{ A NA1'ION1~Ij CnI~Il~.

II. 'rIll~ IIELlj OF 'V~11{ l~~D ns PENAljrI'LES.

c>. '.

-

· -, 1.

"

ll.;

I. I· •••• ' •

..

- . ._,

.. ~ ~

-, :1,

, -.1"

p'h'purl:Lte copies of tllis pamphlet 11 L, two dollar:'! "l'r hundred. ]

.. TO THIP}) EDITIO~.

PREFACE \.

G(j-'RE';;'~IO'· IX THE pnILIPp(~E I~I.~\~n~.

CRI~IIY.\L A "-... -' ..

THB CO)l)(F.Rl.~l.l.L ."\:' }·ECT.

f B . _ Franklin upon the burning of the coast towns of the -r:he remark~ o_ t~nJ~~~ of the He¥olution may h e rt~atl in connection with the Ame!lcan Colo_:ue::a l!1on :f tow-ns and cities in the Philippine I:,l:ml!" :

burning ~nl~ de- truct1rta"nl_ be distracted Xo tradesman out of Bedlam ever tl1(''1u~ht

'" Britain must ce 1 ~ - ... l.' I h 1 1

. . h - "-- .... of his customers by kn"f."b.In1! t rem on t e It'at. or of

of mcreasmz t e namoer -.. -h· b _ _"

enabling them to pay their debts by ournmg t err OUH~~,

~hS:'IOS.-lRT .-\ ~PEeT.

Th .; f the clerzv and of others who advocate .. the enforceru e nt of Chris-

e atten ... on o~. b f 11 _ f I f

tianit ... at the point of the bayonet is called to teo owmg extract row 3. ettcr 0 a

correspondent of the l. Evening Post ... :

t betW~D llari1.o aDd )faull" p~!ot'nt" a picture of desolation, ~mokt! it" ~urlin~

~bel:'IlD 7 b beaps aDd tbe remain., of IJ"PE'!! and fencvs t;.·rD bv shrapuel nrc to be ll~en t'\'l'r~ from DDi1.e" 0 ~ ap~~ce of the country is as if it h:ld been l'''·t"pl by Ii cy,,·I')lll". Tht· road", ;If\' =~ wiLlI f~~flUre aDd elolbing dropped in di~bl by the "'liPl~O", ThE' oDly pf'~on~ rt"muioillt.: ~ind are. te« a.ged peT!WlO". t-.lO lofirm w escape. Tl~t"f, ("amp be-ide tb~ ~11n§ of their form.t"T hllm,':O&

d ~2 p&t1!'ers-by for .oy kiDd of.._" .. j:JIADt>e. Tbe majIJnty of lhem Are ~tVtD~ on the !_lE"nertltlolty of our

aDld· -00 give them por.ioo. of thrtr ".UODS. Tbe d(l~" of the Flhpinos eow e ·r in tbe bushes, I'lill

:~' aDd barkinr. wblle hundreds of pi~ are to be Hen t'lH.l1y :o._'arcbing for food. " •

Bodies 01 dead FilipiDo" are .,tfllDdeJ in tbe I!Ih4110W"~ ~f tbe rn't"f, (If are IY~t!1l to tho JIlU,1l1,. wbere tbey en •• ed 10 dle.or were lef'l. in tbe .all::e of1be hurriedly relr~ulin(l! Intu)". 1 b('tll.' bodi\'s J;l\'C

lorth • borrible ,.&e1K'h. but there ,. DO time DOW to bury thl'Q1. .

Tbe lahabitant .. wbo tlord (rOfll lIarUao aod ~1..,yc .. ,u.yaQ leotI tn !Oucb a .~aUlc thai on the tatilt'li oor Mldlen round mODeY aDd valuabl(>la. and In the f'04.)lll!J ""('re tranks coullunlug prorefty uf vnluo, This Watl tbe cue In rao4t o( tbe boU4M d(,-..:·nN. They Wt're not molested by our lloldi('N'. but 1l1p (lliDetie wbo flhp In bet-e.G llH' armloH. art" IDOltnl( -h .. o lh.,y can, alld have to.kt,'o PORf'I(,MliOD or eev;ta1 hoo" •• oU-r which lb.,. nlMd ~~iDel!le d~lI. ",",lTI" of wbicb Wert.· all("r\\";lrdt1 ,torn tlnwu.

An old .omaD w •• (DODd hlddeu In • house al YCycaU3Y:llD yt'tll('r,lilY. JU!51 dead, IlPPI\!"t'ntly from Irh,be and bunler.

Tbe old woman named in the l.~t paracraph m;l~· be cite.l :l~ nne conn'rft'll in this missiouarj' enterprise,

S"'tTA.Rr .\"I'E(·T,

(;.eneral (Hj", rE'portlI that only ('ight to nine pl'r cent. of the army was in hospital or on the sick list in ~14rch. before the hot ~.·:'''()n nr thr- a~grl'8:!o1h'(. campaign 11;111 been entered upon. O~I .... ! The na\·y hAS If'nt St"'t'ral navnl .. ur~t"on~ to tilt' army to a~sj8t in the care of the sick an·) ,,"ol1nll('d. The medical IlIItlwritit'~ have oTlil'rl'11 that alll'oilliers att:lclu·.1 with dy~~nt('ry anf' rheumnti .. m. tWI) of 111t~ most ,',)01111011 causes of di"ea~e in the tropics, must be immt'{Jiat("ly n-movo.! from the Philippine Islands, us tbey cannot he cured in that climate,

Nine per cent, on ",0.1)00 comes to u only " a.f~I)O sick. tl) w hom mny bo I1IM"t! over 1,000 "oun.IE-ri. 'Vhen the hot and 'hen the wet ~(,A!ilOnl th e maillri:.lair of the junule , and the bn.l water outside of camp begin to (lI('rr their malignant int11It'nl'(l, how many will then become the victims ot the criruinal R.'Cgrt'!CJ4ion now twiliK elin'cll'll hy Prl'!'Iident McKinley, who, havlng 3!u{'rtell that the rt'l'pon~ihilit\' rt'~IM with c \mgr.'!'i!lo 111111 with the American people, now fails to elill COnJlre!l8 tl)~(~fh~'r\ 111111 continues the car. nag~ of the Filipinos and the gha8tly .acrifice of Amvricnn sc)i,lil'r!'l in u ba.l cnuso to tbem n'puhiYe, on hie !lole responstbillty.

RF:f>L"[.IU\"E A:,([) G'U~TLli .\~I'.:CT OF Ih:RSI~H\~" Sr.~.\f:I.llrJ-:I(,

Privnte letters from officers. arnl their wiv('!i1, from w hir-h vxtrut-ts have been priuted , coupled with numerous privQt(' ll'tt('rA frolll vnlnnu-er-s in t he nrmv which enunot be printc~1 wit~ollt dangf:'r t,o them, have fully rJi!4rlll!ll'11 tllf' !lhuekillK 'atrIJl'ity now h •. illg committed In the si:lllg'htr.r of the Filipino!l. Their ACCOlll)tM of di'l"llpole nu-l ell'lIth alNo convey t~e ~ruth tr,. the people of this country, while the telegraph is nut free, such eommUntcatlOn!l bf'lng under c(>n!4nr~hip.

. It doe" not yN appear hy ~h'.m tho fighrinL(' WIUI begun, It dm's appear, hUW('Vl'T, In ~he latf'f~t reports, that the 11Ill'8 of the Philippine army WNt' f()rc~t"d ".r troops of till' United Htat(>~ before ,any attnr-k of nny organiU'd furco taafl ht'(,11 lJIadp "1'011 the )jill'''' of our troop~, flow tlll14 h:IJlpenrl,1 may JwrliJlps he cXl'lairwri by till' fnlh""inJ{ uh",trnet fT(~m a prrvate letter frfJfI) a vpry nr-uu- A rnerif!JlI1 ()h~t'rver now ill .lupnu , w hieh \\'flM wrlUt!n after the arlrlY ufficen whl) harl plne"ll '\KlIi'IlII.lu in couuuuml uf til(' PhiliPllilw forcf'M had be('n 8uJI('rA~d('d hy tll{~ g"IIl'ral now in ddt'f l'ommllT1d :

•. [,left hefore, n.ctual fi~htin5( "f"gllfl, hilt ( Maw Ii. (!ullliition nf thilll(H thnt wn!ol 111'4 ~uch like ~ar IlH It could ttl' "'frI'll war WaH flot; nllli nu\\' flip ft'rrihll' I'Ppoi til t, of" tlU' l~nOr"nCf!, JrWOIIIP(:tf!lICf> nlill IIlIhuppy t.l~JJI'H'rllllH'nt of our Mallila "UIIIIII:lIl1lt'r IJu" (.ollle. The ArJmlnultrutlnn IJilt tilt.' 1(1'1H'rlll ill COlUfllnnd in tlu' wuy uf t'III~)lw~i1.inK his OW~I1JII.fl(JrtutU1lh! JJlC!tlirJ{J of IIIlumJ(inJ{ thing ... Cllit.fJy i~ rtw ,\ IIlC'rieun tilrl'diun of Iltl"airM ',It ~:" a to t, arne for tho fuet that tile irumrg('lIt8 dlllllg(~t1 from friendl'l to being ttll r

O.~I'I.

. \Vt'~e .'hiM COrrl!lIpfHlrlefit h(>.re IliH nIUJH~ WUllld ('Ilrry uUlhority. SuI Iwing hl'r"

C.lllOut Kit. it, hut r vouch 'fJr 1111 cU)Jlldty JUI ara ohHI'rVt'r.

Jt:IHV.\HI) ,\TI\I~SUN,

I II.

CRI)[IX_\L AGGRESSIOX:

In So.ember. 1~:1~. a danger became dimly foreseen that this country nlight be committed to acts. of criminal :lggr('~sion which the President had denounced in April in his message to Congress gh·ing the reasons why the oppressive rule of Spain should be removed by force from the Island of Cuba.

)Iany persons who had believed and who still believe that the rule of Spain could have been removed without resort to war, vet when war was declared srnve

. ~

their support to the Government and their approval to l~vcry measure deemed

necessary to 'the conduct of the war.

A few distrusted the sincerity of the President and anticipated the evil events that have ensued. The writer was not then one of those who shared in the distrust of the Executive, although he feared the influence of those hy whom he then believed and still believes the President had been forced to a premature and unseasonable exercise of force. Is there not sufficient proof of a. combination organized for the purpose of crhuinnl aggre~sion which the President had denounced, but to which he has for the time submitted?

,rith the purpo~e of sustaining the President and to aid him in suppressing these malignant influences the writer prepared two treatises upon

r. The Cost. of a X atiouul Crime.

II. The lIell of \Var and its Penalties.

\Vhen the forecast of a deficiency of $l;;O,OUO,1 '00 in the next fiscal year WH,8 first published in November the estimate wus received with derision by thoughtless persons. )[any times the writer was :lsk('ll why tlu: reveuucs of the tropicnl islands falling into our pH~:"e~gion on which ~pllin had buttoned should not sutllce to sustain their governmellt.

The venal yellow pl'e~s not only derided this estimate, hut attempted to discredit the writer hy gib(~~ nnrl !"nCPi"S which simply inercused tho '~ontplllpt. ill which such paper3 nre held.

1I0w stumls thr- el~C in February, 1~~J!', fonr months lutur P TIl(> rvpreseutatives of the (;o\"crnmcnt in the I I ouse of [tc~pr(>S[lntal ivos IIO\\' fOl'el·a.~t a. clefil'icnc.r in the next fiscal year of 1U1I.'h gl'catl'r amount than the writer's g'lI:1.l"ch·cI c'~limatt!. while the deficiency of the presr-ut year wil l 4·Xl'C~l·d the estimnto of thn SI'cl'ctary nf the Trca~IJI'Y given in his annual report hy at least forty pel' cent.

In order to sustain the I'rosidnnt in avoiding criminal ag'gr(·~sion. thu writer also secured from abroad the ghastly evidence of the penaltles of the l Iell of \Va.l' contained in the second treatise.

It is not a pleasant duty to prnparn this third t.n·aliso ~howjllg how puhlh: trust IIILH h~~(m betrayed :UHI by whom, It will ngain invoke obloquy nud abuse, but to any nne who was lm«l ill t.IH~ time when n'Histam'l! to till! national erinn- of slavery hrollg-ht out similar' nhus«, and evun pursonul dallgt·.', llw:-Io uttncks hut givn suppurt to tho opponents of crhninnl aggl'cs-.;joll as tlH~y did tlfty Jl!:lI'S ago to the a~ita.tion ag:Liust. sluvcry thc!1l I'PIJl',!s'mtt~d hy f ::lI'1'iSOIl and Surun .. I', hy Giddillf's of Ohio ane] Halo of Xuw l lumpshire, hy .Iolui f.~uin('y .\dalll~ uf ~la:oOsa-

,..,

J N"TII:-T(;1'I;~J~ EUlTIClN, !\t.\J~nl :In, IH:I\., - Thill warning WIU4 MuiHclclIl. nnd MOUIlI of tho gro.MCIlt. mcnaures (It 1'J'l'(·,u.lvu 1I1'l'ruprlntiolll' Wt'rc fttoPPt'cl. '" nether t lu- lldllll) upproprlalloliH uuulu I,,, Hit! ('oruJIH:t fIr lilt! w .. r wUl • .,I11c'c III VNy doubtful. '1"11114.' only will 8ulllcl! 10 II «term I 110 Iht.· r"d.

(an)

3t;

n-ITO.V COJIJlITTED!

d b .,;.",,_.. ... rd of Sell" r ork, These personal attacks are but t?\-i-

chusetts. an l" .... ""t; '" ~

f th tn-bote that UD5CruPU}OU5- and depraved men have always paid to

dence 0 e d . . fl' 1 . .

b b defended the honor an tntezrtty tl t re nattou : t us tnbutt?

those W' 0 3,e ue:u • ~. .

d red to th .... men who ~eemetI It from the crnne of slaverv, so it

'~!l.S ren e o.;c • •

will be to the men who hope snd expect now to redeem It from l'riminal

3.(p~:::~iOD •

. ~::: It was 3.5~umed that President ::H~Kinle~- would avail himself of the opportu,

it O'j'ren at the dinner of the Home )Isrket Club to announce n positive pollcy

01 ¥ _ ••

Yet ;e find in that ~peech but two positive statements.

The first is in the following words: .. Every present obligation has been 111('t and fulfilled in the expulsion of Spanish sovereignty from the islands."

The set.'Ond declaration is in these terrns : .. :\"0 imperial dl~~igns lurk in the American mind. They are alien to American sentiment, thought. and purpose."

In these worth the President adopts the principles of the Auti-Imperiulisr League and justifies all that has been done or said hy that league. It becomes neeessarr. howe,-er, to renew the rest of the speech. Respect f o r the office of

President ID!l.V not release the bumble-r citizens from the dutv of brincinc its

.. • eo e

incumbent before the bar of public opinion when he trunsgresscs. 1I:"'ing been

called upon to address a club or clergy men , I have recast Ill)" address to them in this treatise. X o, S. under the title ... Criminal .\g-grt·:.;sion. by ""hom ('01U· witted ? ...

Gentlemen: I was. very glad tu re .. ·eh·.· the invitation to !ltlth'r~~ members of the clergy in this emergency. for it seems to me that a duty has ('oml\ upon the clergy of this country eorrespondinz to th:,t which It-d tel the protest of the three thousand ministers against the crime of slavery n few years before the Civil "·:lr ensued in which :ollavery destroyed itself,

\Ve are in an emcrgen('y to-tby :l~ serious :l~ that which then threatened the life of thi~ uation. The honor of thi!'1 nation i:4 ItIlW compromised hy all aggressive war of forcible annexation under ttw 1t~:ul of n President who nttnined the confidence of this country a short yt~!lr ~illt'f' by ,It'daring th:,t he then spoke not .. of forcible annexation, for that. h,· onr ('och~ or morality. \\,0111,1 btl criminnl

- .

aggre~sion." Have we {"hang-PI1 our ('odt'? I f Hot. who j..: responsible for tho

criminal :1ggrc~~innB upon and the ~l:11'~hlt'r of tilt" I"'"plp of th« Philippine i~lan,I ... by thousands ?

I wa~ reading la~t evening Trevelyan's " [I i~tOl'Y of the ,.\ uu-rh-an Revolution," and I came across this report. In onr- of tlu~ rl'rt"at d .. hates of 177·J Stpplll'n

v ~

cOX, the brother of Charles -Iarnes Fox. ~peaking" of the couditiun of nlfuirs ill

this country •. ~aifl: "r rise, Sir, with nil uttr-r ddt.station :Lnd abhorrence of tlupresent measures. 'Ve are either to trent tilt! Amerlcnn- (reiul, if you pl,'a~t" I Fi1ipino~ .) a~ ~ub.iects or us rebels. If we treat them :l!i slIltjeds the hill gOt'S too far i if as rchf!l!'l. it lim's not go far euousrh. \\' t~ huve refused to heal' tlupartie» in th~il' ~h~renec, nnrl Wt! are going to :It'stl'0Y their "hartt't' (read tlt"ltt'in' tt:em of their ngh~) without kll()wing the coustit.utiou of their (;o\·ern meut." Coul'l a. clo~c~r parallel hc! brought between tlw conditions of 177 I w lu-n we wore the rebels urul the condltions of t.he FiJipino/i to-dar in thui .. 1'(!JoIi~talleB tu lilt! e~()rt tlJ p11.t a. foreign rule upon them, in their' rpf;."al to IH' d"I))·h-l'd IIf th .. lr l·l~ht.iI, .awlill their ot~jedil)fJ to :t.et~t~pt the go~p(d of IH'aC'(! at tilt' poillt "I' tilt' Im)'-

fJJII,t With the AlnugJ.t·"r of tl I I I '. ,

• ...... 10 U1it\fl , s 11111 "1' t W ruphl-Iir« gun~?

Xow, f propose to df~a.l with thi» IJtll~~tif)1I ('Ofl:-l4'I'utivdy, \\'t~ w eru dl'ivun

pn-ruaturely intrJ '\ wur wi . '1 ' I . If'

• ." III I m,lY I:LVI! h"l~1I 11""t~JoI:ml'y lor' lilt' nuuovu I) Span·

I~h ol'l'r(!!'I!4101J Irnru tlie J,..I:uul uf 1'lIlm. It i~ wlcI4.i~ IIUW to di"4clls.; tlw '1llcstion wiletJll'l' that WUI' Wit." 1If'I'4'Hl1RI'Y 01' IJOt.

-

---- -------~--- -- - --

'","e entered into what one mav at least declare was an unsensonable dec-

~ .

laration of war before we were prepared and at the time when the utmost

hazard of the tropical climate was upon U~. But even if that war was inevitable does any ODe suppose that the war would have occurred had Lincoln been President, who resisted even the moral purpose of this country for two years until he knew the country would support him in emancipation? Does anyone suppose that if he had been the President of the United States any men of the char-

..

ueter and quality of the jingo Senators could have forced his hand? Does any

one suppose that Grant would have submitted to such dictation? noes anyone suppose that if Cleveland had been there .. even though he himself had declared that it might become necessary to deal with Cuba by force, he would have allowed his hand to be forced by the venal pressu r e of the yellow pn'~~ and its Senatorial emissaries to Cuba? I~ it not our misfortune to have hud in the chair of the President of the United States a man of weak and uncertain purpose without convlctions and unequal to the emct'gency: who, having declared that an uet of aggression would be a national crime .. has trifled with the question P Did he not in his recent apologetic speech before the Home ~[arket Club seek' to find a W.lY ont of the evil conditions into which he has led the country by divesting himself of the responsibility and trying to throw it all on the Congl'e~s of the L'nited States? I think it is time to speak and to speak plainly. 'Villiam :\lcKin)ey is the President of the United States, He was treated with respect ill Boston as the President of the L'nited States, but it. was a grent misfortune that even the members of the 110m£!' :\Iarkl't Club who utterly oppose expunsiou were under such obligation that none were able. owing to the courtesy of the occasion, to say one word in resistance to expansion or to the appurent policy of the Prosid.·nt. Therefore the President m:l.y hnve returned unrh-r the impression that he is sustained in acts of criminal :lgg-n\~"ion lu-ru in Boston when we know that the moral sense of the community - the conscience of tho conununlty - is ht·ing aroused day by dny :a;;;tin:-;t the polit·,'" which ho rcpn-souts.

:.;ct us look a little into the hi ... tory of this mutter.

In a. speech, Dec. I.j, lSHX, when the I'residvnt was swinging' uruuud the circlet dealing with audiences from the r('ar eml of a ruilwuy truin anti taking the shouts of the crowd as an indicntlon of publi« sentimunt., lit' l'l\:ldll'tl .. \t lnntu, and there he used these words:

AI That tlag has been planted in two hemisphere» :11 It I there it. remnins, tho symbol of liberty anrl lnw , of peace and l)l'o~r'p~~, \rho will withdraw from the people OVer whom it tloats H~ protecting- fnlds P ""ho will pull it down?"

rr that is not a declaration of Imperlnlism, what is it?

\Vho tonk down the f1a.~ in ~rcx.ieo anel ga\'c buck to the )Icxicans the control of their own affairs after we had nnulo couquest of their «ountry P There is 110 such word in the President's sl'c'(!eh to the llmlle :\1 nrket Club. Sincu the d.ue of the Atlanta speech ho has had cause to l'hange his tPIlC, I ~t11let' t.11(~ hruvc lead of our Senator Honr, supportr«! by Senator's .loIWs, of Arkunsas, alit I (iall'l'L'Y. (If Louisinna, and by mnuy others too 1I1111J('I'o1t~ to h(' nnmed here, it has 11(1011 nuulc apparent that neither tho couuuon H(!II~f~ lIor Ow eousciem-o of this l'olllltry will permit criminal aggrc~sion. \\'e have failed in dtd'Bating- cession UlJIlt'I' tho treaty because there were many true 1IH'1L who al°B with t lu: ol'pOIll'nts of ('X~ panslon absolutely t who thought it tll'st that tho trenty shouh] lUI stlstairwtl in order that Spain lIJi~ht III, di v(!stf!cI of allY further word to say 011 t Iii 1'1 m.utor. The opponents of ilJll'el'ia.lisrn, of expunsion, awl of l~ r imina! aggression who volt!fl for the trenty .ioinnfl with th« op)lo'H'Jlls of the tn·nty are a Ulajority of tho JH'f!Hf!f1t. Senate; muny of them fptdiug' indi!!IHlllt heeuusu I hey huvo beell fo,·,'('d

38 CRIJll_Y ...... L .-tGGRE:i-.";lO~Y.- Rr wnost CO.V.VITTED!

-----

bv the false eonditicns into which we had been brought. by the President t,) ~Pt the treaty. Though there are grave tf:lng{'~ ¥n.lwmg out of the al~e('ptance of tbe ce:o;~ion of the PhiIippine5. they are not insurmountable, and when the will of the countrT" is exerted. ns it is now being manifested, the Execntiva will be compelled to take the country ont of the f:llse position in which we now

are.

50w then. (rentlemen. as to this speech of the President of the United States,

Is it Dot an adroit rhetorical evasion of the pending question? Does it not show that be is stil l waiting to find out what will be popular rather than what will b~ rifP'ht? Or what win control the future politics of this country rather tl1:111 what will be for the true interest and honor of the nation? "·he11 before in the history of this country bas a treaty been sent into the Senate of the L'nited Srates by tile President without a rues-age giving the ';P,l"'S of the Executive, or the grounds and reasons on Q r bich such a treaty should be sustained P "-as not that evasion Number One? Or ratber. wa._ .. it not one evasion among m:lny ?

The President ~3y5: •• ~Isny who were impatient for the conflict a yt":tr :lgO. apparently heedless of its larger results. are the first to L'r~- out against the farreaching consequences of their own act." .. \g:lin~t WhOl11 does he make that insinuation? Does he not attempt to put discredit, without naming them. upon :-\lllll:ltnl'~ who voted unwillingly for war, unwillingly for the treaty. and who are now tryInsr to avoid the evil consequences of the conditions in which he and his udmiuis-

c

tration have put them?

AQ"3.in the President savs : •• The evolution t_lf events, which no mall "'nuhl

o •

control, has brought these problems upon UC'i, 4 'vrtain it is that tllt''y have not

come through any fault on our own part:' ILuf there hPlll1 a man with :luy power of will to direct that evolution it would han" been dirt_'l'tt',1 as human ("'·0- lution may alway~ be - by mental erwr::::J, in the ri~ht and not ill the \\"l'on~ direction. It is e:l..~y to '1l10h~ f~\"olutinn in evasion of dllt~, ; C:L~y to Jalk about mnnifr-st destiny to cover a crime. It is the weak man who say~ U I couldn't help it. ,.

Again the President says: '" In its prosecution nml conclusion the great majority of our countrymen of e\'p.ry ~pl"tioll helic\"I.'d they were fighting in :l .i~I~t cause." This it true ~ they W("Tt' fi~hting in the cnu ... e of lihf'l"ty, :lI1I1 tlu-y had confidence in the declurntion of the Pre-ident that to k-t the \\,:\1' ~n lwyollti th« restoration of llberty to an oppressed t)fOopl.' would ht' nn ad of cr imiuul :lg;;l't'~sion,

The President :;ays: "The Phillppines. like ('uha a III I Porto Hieo, wore Intrusted to our hawt!i by the war. and to that great trust, nmh-r the provirh-nco of God, and in the name of human progre..;!o\ :lIHI civilization, we nrc committed.' Intrusted to om' hnnds P By whom? How (lid we gf't l'ossf·ssion of all an':\' of about ten square miles or 1{!"!04 whk-h was all there W:L~ in the possession of Spain and which i~ all there is to-day in our po~ .. «,~~ion? \Ye sr-eurcd it. he('atl~e the people trusted tis. \Ve found in thr- Phi lippine islands nil orgall iZtJd army which haft driven the Spaniards from f!\"f'ry part of the islntu1."1 WX('(~pt 011(" or two cities where, thrnujrh their lIavy, the Spaniard:ol were t'nah](~d to snstuin thvmselves. \\'e called lhplII to our aid, Admil'a.l I h~wey promoting the return of their chosen leader, Aguinal1lo, to tak« the ('Olllillancl nml aiel in tlu- rr-movul of' tlw oppr(~~"ion of Spain from that littlu corner which W:L:<I all thnt wus Itot then ill tho 1't)!'4!o1t~~!4.ior~ of tfw inhubltants of thO~11 island«. That I'ity of :\fanila nud flIP It'!'!:i",ry within l'angf! of our gUII~ have b'!COIIlI' U intrusu«! to om' huuds ' w it It Ollt' (~ity. Iloilo, since rul,lflfl. All the n~"t i", inh·II."itcd lo Ilw inhuhit.urt « r_ht'Ill~BI\'el-~. Th« J :4larlll of Lu /':011 po!i!4e!;)ou'_'i I H r~e! II U III I H!I'!-I 0 f IIWIl of ill tc ·11 i ~PI J('p w 110 II a rn l)r(Jvf~n their C'aplU!ity. [t il'l tltillel' a 1' .. nst itutiou (If whir-h S.'n:tlor' Iloar say~;

CRIJII_y_.tL ..:J.GGRES:~IO~,t: Br If-J1(_)J[ CO .. \[)IITl"ED! ;'Hl

---------------------- ---~-.-- ~.-

u There are not ten men on the planet who could have made one better," Tlwv have an organized army, They have rightfully supplied themselves with arms. Yet these people who trusted us have been slaughtered by thousands by American troops acting under the orders of President )lcKinley.

In apology and excuse for his previous course the President says: "Congres~ can declare war, but :l higher power decrees its bounds and fixes its relations and responsibilities. The President can direct the movements of soldiers upon the field. and the fleets upon the sea, but he cannot foresee the close of such IllO\"'Ciuents or prescribe their Iiruits." Perhaps he could not prescribe the limits - the more reason to count the cost in blood and treasure. The very moment this war was entered upon I sent to Europe for the sick and death rates of the British armies in India, of the French army in the tropics, and of the Dutch army in their colonies. In the treatise on the Hell of "·ar may he found the whole ghnstly record to which for want of foresight we are about to expose the young 111en of this country unless we stop this national crime where it is. One example m:ly here be given:

A few years ago France undertook the conquest of ~I:ld:l(l'ascar. and to C3.1"l'V

o ..

Christian civiljzation to the inhabitants at the point of the bayonet. They landed

12.:300 troops. men from the army and navy. 2,UUO of whom were in colonial regiments and were acclimated. ~latlag:l~r:Lr is a. heulthier island than Luzon, not as near the equator. In ten months -1,200 of these men died. The rest were so disabled that in one regiment. of which sixty per cent. died, not one single mnu reached the objective point. III ~I:lllagasear the French are now trying to maintain troops under a sick and death rate that they ure afrnid to have published even in their own country.

Again, witness the condition of the white troops in India. There were 70,000 British troops in India in 1,~~)G. In that y(,:\r the udmissions to hospital were nearly fourteen hundred men to each thous.uul Oil the uveruge ; that is tu say, the whole force admlttcd once, nearly fonr hundred twice; the :l\'cl'age term of each stay in ho-pital, thirty-five day:.;. That average includes tho health statious on the hilts. There were -10,000 nu-n on the plains. where it i~ hot and mostly dry . . \t some of these stations ndruissinn to hospitals l'ang"d from :?,OOO til :~,"lOO for every thousand mcn. Tho conditions in India are not m-urly as bad as the malarious conditions in the Philippines tlt~~('rilH·tl by Professor ,,'orC'I'stt'I', In such hot climates, where every thought of morality und self-restraint is lost, ;;fj() in every 1.000 in India, and in some stations Ht,O anti 1,()l'~)t a.re infected with venereal diseases, of which thr dt~t:LiIs are given in lily treatise on the 11011 of \\' ar. The accounts of tho Surgeon-C ;pneral of tho Cnit.l'cl Stntes have been ,h~Jllanded so that the people of this country muy learn what the hell of' war realty is even when no shot or shell j~ Ilred.

I claim no mort! fore:o;ight than any other iuun of common ~l'1I~l', hut when the dunzcr of war was clisclosecl I sent for these dru-umunts ami I han' secured

r.) • 1

the printing of these details ill a. Sl~tmt'! document which Senator Lodge tt'WC to

Mtop on the ground of saving the expense of' l'l'1nting trontisus by private !,,,rSOll:i, lie was obliged to withdraw his uh.ieetion when Sonatol' ,lOTH'S, of Arkansas, insisted on the n:eonllu:ing made. YOII may contrast, if JOu please, tho dements of politics and l'u.trjoti~1Il ill the nets a.lld SI)(,p(!heH of tho senior alii I till' junior Senators of ~1:lHSa(:hu~(!t.t:i. Choose then who hOllol'1'I and who rllshounrs tho Sture,

Again the IJn~:iilltmt Hnys: " \Ve e:LtlllOt. unticipnto OJ' a\'oill the C(lII:ioqllew'u:;, hut we must meet them." No, I'l'l!sichmt ;\lc'l\illll~y was neither l':l)mhlo of foroIweiTlg or lLvoicling the com!('(IIlI:JH~mi of hi-i net. l l« 110\"" t!(!l,lul'ns hi 111 .... 01 f to lJ" lneupable of IIIcctiJlg tho con~.;c'lIWIH'(·Ht und uttr-mpt« to t hrow HII' wholtl 11111'11t~1l

upon the Cungrcolis of the {rnih~cl xtutes,

_-- ~~--.---

.. h ~ There ............ but one altemative. and that was either ~p:tin

:\ (J"!llD e says:· ... ....- u

or thee l-nited ~·tates in the Philippines.- "-a~ there D.O other alternativs s If

h th r ~hv did A.-Jmirsl neWel" bnng Azuinaldo back to take the

t ere was no 0 e ... _ •. -. .

I t f th Fili . n~!J "-h,. did be accept the aid of the orzsnized forces whu."h

ea,. 0 e 1 IpIDv~. • • •• • ..... _ _ •

h invested our G~""" .00 'Janda as It inve-ted It when we " ere engosC'r'€'ll In

are DOW lny-£>:- t:U -- ~J _. ,.. ~ ~

" th oppre,,"'1"\""e forces of Spain from there. Did not Admiral newey

removing e _._ .0 0 • • • 0

foresee tbe need of a land force to ('O(lper.\te with the na~) In reluonng tht.~

. of "pain when he Ilromnted the return of Azuinaldo to :\Ianil:\ to

oppresSlon .- .' . .. .

command that force? "-ho is yet entitled to pas~ Jllci21uent upon Agutnaldo>

Our own officials have promoted his movements and perhaps unwisely made promises of support, "nat if he should pron? to he :\ born l.tl:\de~ of men? ,Tho will then be shamed? 'Vhen shall we know the truth III this nlatter? When will the evidence of United =-,tates Consul-General Pratt, of Singapore and of Consul \Vildmao on this matter be laid before C"ongre:,:-,? "-e have as yet but indirect evidence of their interTiel\"'~ with .\gninsldoo ""hat purports to he an anthentic statement publjshed by 3 friend and correspondent of Con-ul-Gencrat Pratt in Binnin~ham~ Als.; i50 35 follows:

.1 Alluding' -to the first conference, the writer say : • Then" were present

(;enernl EmiJj'; .\guinaldo y Femi : E. xpencer Pratt. Con ul-t ;"'I1\'r3) of the United

States; Howard II. Bray : .I. Leyba. Agnin:lhlo', private «x-retary : Colonel lJarceJo del Pilar; and :\1. ~a.ntn~."

.. J)tlrin~ the conference, Zit which Bray acted as interpreter . ..\ ~lin:lldo explained to Consul-t -eneral Pratt incident- and t.lujrod .. of the late rebellion. and described the then disturbed !OL n t~ or the country. 11(' then prnc(,(ltlf',l tn .lvtail 'he nature of the cooperation he would gi,·e. in which he, in the «vent of till' American forcc~ from the .. 11ua,lron It\ndilJ~ nml taking pn~".":o::-:ion of :\Ianilat wonld ~u:u-antt'e t» maintain order and tlisciplilw :lmnn:.: the native troops :1Il11 inhabitants in the same humane way in which he h:.d hitherto conducted war. and prevent Utero from committing outra.ge~ on tlefpn'·t·I.· ..... Spani:ll'tls beyond the inevitable in fair and honorable war.

" lie further declared hi" ability to establish a proper :uHI responsible go,'· emment on lihf'.ral principh-«, and would he wil1ing to !U'c·ppr tilt" ":UI1f' tr-rms for the country a~ the Lnit(',l Statt~~ intr-nded gh-ing- f 'uhn. The ( 'onsul-t ; ("1H'l"al of t~e United Stat~:.t, coincicling with the general \·i.·,w>ol .·xpn· .... C!,1 during tilt' di .. · "-IS~IOn, pl:t.f'(!fl himself at once in holt'graphic eommunicntinn with Admiral "ewf~y at II(m;,; Kong. A:i 1\ result, anothr-r private lntr-rview W:\." a1"ranO'c!d at the Arm-rican consular residence, between Agnin:Lhto. I'rutt, Bra v. and 1:.,\,11:1. A~ a sequel to this interview I nnd in response to the lIrgf'nt n'fl'u:~t of Acln'liral I )ewey, .\gllinnld'J left Singapore at on{'p for Hong Kong. nnil ncr-ompuni.«! Hewey with the Ih:c·t to :\Ianila.

II (~encral Ag1linalclo·s policy I :l..~ clr-ar ly stat .. d in his lntervlews at Rin~n-

I'(Jrt~t embraced the in,lependfmc(! of tllf~ PhiJippilws. A murican protC'dioll

would he fle~irab)c ternpr r' rilv . tl)' ..

• ., J .1 I }, on te ;';:lIlW IIlt'S:I"I that winch III100hl, lI)t1n'~

ufter be Institutefl in ('Uh'L The ·t f tl Pl 'I'· II ~ I

' •• 1'01 <~ n u- 11 11')11111""4 won. he f'ruo tot ILl

trade of the world 8at'eO'I1'trd~ I . I" ,

, , ~. ,mlllg enaetfH agJLm~t. an inllu x of ('hiup)'olO nlwlI:-I

who would compere with tlu- i It·" ,

• . ~ Of liS" lfll)-l populatJon of the (:utJlltry, Tlw eutir«

freedom n' th« pl"'~!'4~ would he I t· I r I · 1 ' ,

• " U~ ,I J IS H.I • a~ well as of thourrht arid l'uhlw nu-et-

mg!4. I fwrt: would lJP ""cn"r-'Ll r 'I"f ' I· ""' .

} • ' ~ . ( I, I~JOl1'" to '~I·atlOn. anfl !-«t,"P:-4 would he' tukun fo)'

t If! '~X:l'l1hunn or the r,.liU'ifJU8 (r' t • • • •

• • • •• '.0 .t OIIlI'If~.~ \V )0 had u strollg hall" 011 ('\'to.·y brunch

lIt 111f~ civil ad rutntstrutlon .

.. Tlwfolf! I'romi~f'K Wf'rfl r",t4"~ . ' ttl' t . I

J' It, t Io.!' I <, • , .lS ~ n C( , III t 10 lIIt.f!rvil·w~ w lth C iowml-( :f~IWI'n

ra ,1 ,-,lOgapfU'o. tf! errl'npllf'd to Dow. . I J I .

,.,. ..y .t. f)ng I\flllg ouly a fc~\V claylol buCoru

- L . ~ for-RE";; ..:It) v . B r JrUO_\{ CO£V.VI1 TED!

CR l.l/I.\.-i #"' ... I < • - •

--~---------------

CRLlfIS_tL ~tGGRES~10_V: n t: lrnOJl '''O.\[.lflTTED! ~1

the dee~ sailed. an~ .\guinalt]o accompanied the fleet at Dewey's urgent request on recel.pt of ~tt 5 telegrams, Subsequent events proved that Aguinaldo kept all of his promises. but the Interestinz feature of this incident is that 110 ofllcial

.....

announcements or publiearions of the facts have emanated from the Government

at 'Ya.shington:~

The President savs : u The second alternative was that they be left to the anarchy and chaos of ~o protectorate at all:" The common s-ense" of this country will reject that statement. There existed 3. protectorate capable of protecting persons and property. Under that protectorate the Philippine forces held Iloilo, where they committed no looting, no interference with per:"ons or property, no meddling with the foreigners. There they maintained their rights until we attacked them,. and then they retired.

By whom was this attack authorized? \Yhat induced the F'ilipinos to resist the forces of the United States? "'ho began that tight? As yet we have no evidence. ""ho is responsible? Aguinaldo says: "The President of the United States is responsible," and I think he goes far to prove it. "Yhat order did the President of the United States utter December 27 before the treaty had been ratified, either by the United States or Spain, without authority of law, usurping power not then vested in him? lie ordered General Otis to take possession of the Philippine islands. lie says: "The actual occupation urul administration of the entire group of the Philippine islands becomes immediately necessnry and n. military go,"ernment heretofore maintained in the United States. in the city, harbor, and bay of ~Ianila and the whole of the ceded territory." ~l:\rk the words, .. the whole of the ceded territory" from which Spain had ulready been expelled by the Filipinos themselves, with the exception of ports under the control of the Spanish navy. The advocates of expansion uml of continuous possession assume that there are no Filipinos who have n. sense of their own rights or any power to maintain them. \rhat ~ays your cnac1jutol", Hey. Clay ~rac("anley, on this matter? Is he a competent witness P Visiting these islands with a feeling bred of the missionary spirit that it was our duty to retain thorn, he found evidence on the spot which wholly change his opinion. lie says:

.. It should he known, to hegin with, that the people of the Philippines are opposed to such annexation. By the Philippine • people 1 I do not mean the sa.vage . tribes of the hills of Luzon and of the remote) islumls. Those tribes have always ignored or antagonized every other than their own inheriuxl ~()Vm·nnH\nts, They won ld, for an indefinite time. he a .. s hostile to the rule of the United States as the North American Indians ever were. Constantly recurring conflicts with them woul •• await us in our government of the islands, even were all other sourves of opposition removed. The Philippine I people' are the hundreds of thousands of Christianized natives and person~ of half or mixed cnsto who now oecnpy numerous cities, towns, and plantations; who pos:;css necumulnted wealth ; conduct agri('ultnre, own factories, and direct foreign conuuerce ; and who have attained to u considerable dezree of educntlnn and culture in tho urts nud in the learned profussions.

'='

These people have developed in large measure a political consciousness :UHf

amhition, and are now represented in tho' Philippine Republlc.' The proposed assumption of political sovereignty over them hy the Unite •• States ha~ l'e('ently become magnified to them a~ their grrmtcst danger. By common impulse thoy are throughout united to oppose it, anrl uuless their four ~~:1TI ho quieted, or t1u:h' alleviance to American soverdgllLy sucured hy IWl'stUl!oJlO1l Ol' rewnrd, they Will carr; their ol'poRitioll into opml w:LrCa.I'I!. Ahovo nil, they t1u,nmlul that tho (~tJvernment tha.t directs their atrail't~ shnl! have place through their OWII consent. They resent the agrecJlteJlls of Spain lLlIII the I ;nited Stutes, or the nets of tlln

•• _;') • r _..(GGRE < · ';;;[03-: B r lrHOJ[ COJIJIITTED.J

.,. CR[_VI3"~

~----------------~-=-~------ ---- ---

AmericsD COD~~. that di$pose of them 1l()1iti~ny like so manJ: pi~l'~ of ('hat-

.... Th claim to hare DOW an establrshed and svstematized !!(Il"t"'nl-

tel property- ey . I eo

ment, self Cb05eD; and evidently they have s large an~l well-anne. anny g:lth(l'r~d

to defend what they claim to be their freed~m sod )ndE'p~nd:n ... ·(I'_ I have he~n Informed on good authority that more tha~ eIghty thousand ritles have h:en HU-

rted bv the Philippine insurgents donng the pa...:or few months. "h:ltel-er !:dtt .,.; done to win the Filipinos from allegiance to their' republic.' certain . .: th t n --I..I·-Pr ... ct of anue xation now would only arouse them to !l ~tru~"("'le

It 10;; 3. a acu LI cu •• ~ - - ~~

lor freedom' nnd national autonomy.~"

Edifl'"ino- ~pectacle it would be. that of this new republic of the f~\r East

5triving- to ilie death to defend itself from a gret·tf of conquest ~:\ti:lting' itself upon it~ in the old republic of the '\~e5t. u the land of the free and the horne of

the brave."

06 And next, the people of the United States should know that their fl~llow-("iti.

zens DOW in the Philippines. the soldiers and sailors ,)f the Americun !ll"luy and navy there. are generally opposed to or indifferent to the proposed annexation. "·ith the most intelligent and thouzhtful among them, antagonism i~ supported by judgment drawn from many consideratiou-, ~'Inh~ of which are hvre summarized. :-\urelV' it is worth the attention nf t JIt~ lwoplt.' at homo who are

.

willing to commit our (io,·emment to an attempt at the nnne xation of the

Philippine islands, the fact that most of their fellow-t'iti7.f·n~ who have for month ... been dwellers in the islands, in contact with the n.uive p.'nplo there, and who have learned much of the various conditions there, - phJ"il·nl. ~nc.oi:\I. and vouuuercia), - should have grown increa.qingly opposed if) tho proposiriun to incorporate the Philippine people into the American body politic."

Aguinaldo has ntt~rf'41 a protr-st. II,~ ~in',~ the T .. usnn why tlw c'onHIIt'nl'p (If the Filipinos was destroyed by this nnwnrrnnted an.l unlawful OJ't!I'r of rlw President of the t"nit,·d State~ before the treaty had tU'('n :lC'I·l·pll·,I. til t:lkp p" .... - ~e .... sion and administer th .. whole islnnrls. ~nw. l--t any ,\IIlf'I-i(,!l1l put lrimself ill the place of an intellhrent citizen of the t"lnn.1 of I.117.nn, what would bo hi~ COIIception of such an assumption of power over him buckr-d hy militu r y fOI'(~t·:l 'Vould he not prorest P \ritne~s the simple digllit)" of ,,\!!"nin:t.ldCl·~ word .... :

.. I solemnly prou-st in the name of (ind, the root and fountain of all justiv« ~nd of ~ll right. anti who has giV'en to me the powt!r to tlin'ct m}" .lp:\1" brothers In the difficult work of regeneration, again~t this intrusion of till' (;o'·ernnlf'nt of the United States in tlw sovereignty of the islands. Equally I protl'!'t. in the nnmn of the Philippine people against this intrusjon, because \\");"11 tlwy gav.· IlW their vote or eonfldenee, electing mr-, though unworthy. ns I'n~sillt'lIt of tJIf~ nation. when they did this they imposed on me the dutv to sustain to df!al h I lu-ir liberty

ami indf'penclencp.." ..

That i~ the answer of the man whom Admirnl I )I'Wf'Y found lit to pl:w(i where

he could nssurnn the reul ur 'l ili! ··tl I · I J • I . I . .

• _ • J ~) , 1~1 n I y Yt 1 1 W Jlt' 1 W 1:01 charged, and Oil W 111' w\ HI

Side the firAt "hot was tin!tl in t.lm Hlal1ghh'I' of llH"'-I~ pf'nplc' the ~mln 1"'~IH,n~ihility (fIr thls act of erirninal ag'grf!~!iirJlJ "I'..,t~ UpOI1 the Prl!8hfmlt of t IH' '~nif.('cl St:LIt'~,

y (!L th« PI'e~i(h'nt W1Y:i' ., 1'J . ,

, ". .• In tn~atv J.(:tVf· them to the l1Jlltnti ~1:ltt~~.

(.(Juld we 11".\'4) refillirud ](,111- I I ~ If. . I

.. • • J • ., nm «nile our ( IIty ~ ('01l1d WO, afh"· tl'C~nll1g t It'

f IIIJlln(H' from the ti'IOlinir, f S .' J " I

. '1 f) 1 pnru, I:lVt! 1,.ll them Without (;OVt'I'llllHmt. :11)1

without power tf, !Jroh·(·t life fir , . .

• , • ' If propp!"ty. or til IJ4'lf()rru t lu: iuturuutionul obllg-:L-

tlllllJol ""'i.~f:llfJal to au lJulclwn,If., t Sl t !l " '1'1' •

• • • ,1 • u,·: II,", 'IUt':4tiOIl J"{~."It~ Oil f:aI1"l1' I'n·lIIlsl·~.

J IH:y lI:ul n '''nvprnmf'nt TJ· J. 1

~ .' ." II,Y I.Lt POWI'I' to proll!c·t Pl'oP('l'ly. TIH~V hnve flit'

pow.,.' tl, enter IIlll) mt'·""'ltion·d I . I '. I I

. .'" ru ILIUJII!4, :In. Ih~'''' lIIay vet III! I"lHJO_g"III;1,C" all(

rl~t.lly 1'I!.·(J~'''1.f!tl "y otlH!r lJOW(~I'~. ••

CRI_VI_Y.A.L _4GGRESSIO~~: R r lI-({OJf COJI JCITTElJ .' -!:l

The President ~ay5 in speaking of other nations . .. Did we ask their consent to liberate them from ='panish sovereignty or to enter )[anila bay and destroy the ~panish sea power there? ,,- e did not ask these; we were obeying a hizher moral obligation which rested on us. and which did not require anybody's consent. ,,- e were doing our duty by then} with the consent of our own consciences and with the approval of civilization." Are we now doinz our duty by them by slnusrhteriue

~ w.... 0- 0'

them bv the thousands, and by burninz and -hellinsr their villasres without O'i\"inO'

.. .., '-" .0 e- 0.0

the women and children :\ chance to escape P "-hat sort of a conscience warrants

such acts - what civilized man approve:, ?

But witness the inconsistency in this speech. The President says: .. Every present obligation has been met and fulfilled in the expulsion of Spanish Soyereignty from their islands," True. and nearly the only simple and plain statement of a fact to be found in the whole speech. Then why not withdraw? •. During the progre~~ of the war with Spain we could not ask their views. N or can we now ask their consent:' ""hy not? Arc not the people of the Island of Luzon entitled to be consu Ited P Are they to be governed by military force under an arbitrary order from a foreign ruler? They have an established form of gO\'ernment. They have presented state papers of unequalled excellence and force which have been refused by the State Department, and rejected in terms of contempt by the military officers of the l 'nited States.

The President S!\ys in eXCU3C or palliation of this offence : •• lt i:o: not :l. good time for the liberator to .. ubmit important quest ions couceruing liberty and go\"'ernm~nt to the liberated while they arc engaged in shooting down their rescuers." Surely it may not he a zoof1 time to deal with them when they are being Iiberaterl by death and when our forces are rescuing them with n_'IH'at.ing- rilles. but why were these important qur-stion« not submlttcd to them before the Pnlsident on his own authority a. ... ~ertf'd un unlawful dominion over thcm P

The President having brought this shame upon us : having said that tlutlarr should not come down ; havinz a~ .. crh·fl 1)(Jsst':o:sioll before the cession from

~ . 0

Spain had been accepted hy the Senate and befor .. he had any rightful authority,

thus inciting the F'ilipinos to resistnnce, now declnres : u I do 110t intend to obtrude upon the rlutir-» of Cnngrf'S9 01' seek t.o unticipate or Iorestnll its action. I only ~ay that the treaty of p,.ac·e. honorably secured, having" been ratified hy the United :-oit:l.te~, awl. ns WP confidently expect, shortly to btl ratified in ~pain. Congress will have the pow('r, and I am sure the purpol'le, to do what ill gomt morals is right and just and humane I .... thesr- peoplel-l in distant. seas." l Iaving found himself incapable of ml'(~ting the duties and I"m~ponsihi1itie:-; of his position. h,· is now ~hifting upon C;on~rt!s~ the dreurlful ptma1t.if's of his own incapacity, .\::!ain:" t~ntil the treaty was ratified or rejected the EXt\l'lttin~ Department of this (;overnl1wnt could only pn~~Pt'n' the peaco and proll·(·t lifo and property. That treaty now commits the free at It I «nf'rnnchisorl Filipiuo« to the c'uidin(r hand and the libernlixinrr inlluences, the zeneruua sy mpathir-», till!

n .., ,., ~ J

uplifting education, not of their Aurericau musters, hut of their Amerlrun

eruunciputors. "

'Vhy difl he ussr-rt dominion lJOfor(~ t.he treaty was rutillcd ? \\'hy oppl'eg~ ill

the flame flf enfranchisement ~

Enfrunehisrvl, imlerul, umlur the gniding hand anti 1ilwrnli:dng Influences of rl;pea.tillg rHlI!!'j, thu IIpliftilig (!tillf'ation of dynumito gnns, turned against them by armed fon'oR OI',I(~red to g'O\'f}I'1i them without thuir eonseut.

Atfaill Uw I'rm~idmlt !"ays: ., I know 110 OTW at thi» h01l1' who is wise CllOlIJ!h or !o4Un~~im,t1y informed 1.0 ddt!l'lIIilu! what form of govOI'lIJ1lUllt will Iw:-;t suhsr-rve their' Interests allll «nr lnturests, their und our wull-hulng," thus ulilllitt.iug inca-

plu'ity.

H _ to deelare : •• l~Dtil Con!n'e~~ shnll direct othr-rw ise it will be the

e {l"0€'~ on ""'"'. '<0 • e

duty of ~e Executive to p<ls"e:,' and bold the Phillppines ' (we hold ten tnile::;.

• I . - from co oart of which we have retreated) •• , g;\"ing to the Jleople

5quare. 01" .. ~ ~. ~ r- .' .... ~

thereof peace and order, and beneficent fOt"ernm~nt ". :ltrording , them. every

o rtunirr to prosecute their lawful pursuits, encouragmg them In thrift and

ppo • th h ° f - 1 t h . .

industry, making them feel and know at we. are t err rrenu-, DO t el~ ellemlt.':.

that their g-ood is our aim, that their welfare 1:: our welfare. but that neither then' aspiration; nor ours can be realized until our authority I:' acknowledged and

unquestioned, -

If it were Dot for the atrocities which have been committed in the name of

dutv, peace, and order. there would be something groh~',)n~ iu the absurdlty of 511Ch platitudes spoken by the President before the reverberation of the guns dis, cbarO"ed in the slanzhrer of the Filipinos have ceased to echo around the world to

o ~.

the dishonor of this country.

But still we win welcome the President to the ranks of the Auti-Iuiporlallsr

League if we can trust hi .. word~: ··:\0 imperial dl'~ign~ lurk in the .tuicrlcuu mind. They are alien to American sentiment, thought, and ])ut"pose. ()ur pricele-s principles undergo no change under a tropical -un. They go with the flag. If in the years of the future they are cst:\hli~ill~\l in g~)Yl·t"nn1Cnt under Jaw and liberty. who will regret our perils and s:Lerilkt>~ ?" But if the~p pt~{lple are DOW in the present established in law and capabl .... uf muintaining Iiberty. a~ they have proved themselves to he. who will not I'pg-not the ~1:1tJ~htc'1· which we have indicted upon them? \\·ill not the mothers of the 1.\11\1 regtet the 10:-;:-' of their sons, now on the w~~y to or now in ~Janila. only h('giranin~ to be exposed to worse dangers than the re .. i. .. ranee of tlw Filipinos under the gh:l.~tly conditions of the worst of tropical climate- ill the r:ainy :o't':\SOU:' I n all n~~I·('~~i\"t' eumpaign away from the sea Wf~ may fear that of the :!t,.OClO men who h:, ve 1,.° .. 11 despatched to :\fanita, if kept there three or rour months long-l'I', not nne-half will ever see their native law) again; we may fear that nearly aJ1 of tlln other half who may return will come back impaired in JlI':l)th and ~trell;;th. Tho .. ~vhlenc.·e of these dangers i~ conclusive. The (act~ di:01cio!'lPcl hy the records of tl1l' Briti~h. French. and Hutch armies almost pron! that such will he the fnte that we art' bringing upon the children (If Americans. f know no men who~ .. name's will go down nmong the mothers of the Inn'), (!""U in the neal" rllr nr«, .... UhjPl·t to gr~ater execration than the names of the IW.'U who hav« brought lhi!'> net of «riruinal aggres~ion UPOll the nation.

Professor \Voree~tcr statr~s the only conditions unit",. w lrich white men lIlay he able to retain their health and strength in thf~ PIlHippirw i.~ralJds in t.JIP fnllowin.z terrns : "Bri.~ny litat(·c1 the fads are as follows: If OIW i!'\ pcrmnnently situated in a good locality wher« he can secure suitubl« fnod ami goot! drinkin~ wuter ; if he i~ scrupulously carefll) as to hi~ rliet, nvokl ... eXI't'~,"If~=, of :I.]) kinds, kf~(~PM out of the sun in tile middle of the flay, and refruius Irorn severe and long continued physical pxertioll, Jw is likely to retnniu well, always stlppo~ing that he is fortunate enough to escape mulariul in Iectiou."

If tfw regular army of the (;nit.~d States is stationed in the Philippine j~landH or in Cuha, anrl kept ther« si x lJJollt.iI!'4, it iI'J pt·adie:dly certain that :1.((('1' that term haf§ ~Iap·md there will II(! 110 l"f~gul:lI' ILI'my of tlw United St.ah~s in f~xi~t,l'rJl!'~ eapable of' arlY etTf!dl!a.1 servle« e\"I'JI 011 th e part flf fltf! survivors, '\,IIt~1l flu! fU(:t.~ become known voluntary (~UIi~tflH'fltli will eca~~~, ami tim ur-t of i-riuuuul agg'n'~!04i("1 ('aU rJlJly he C()f)titllu~d hy J\. fOI'PI:" eulistnn-ru IIIJfler a. draft.

Let tllf~rH h,~ no mi",apprelwmlioll ill rhiH mutt«r. \V(~ (~llli e xt .. ,)!1 our atlIllJl'atio" tf' o"r army :uul navy; to tlH~ privall!.'·j :lUll IIIIIS'. of Ilw ,,1Jl!-I!r.IoJ of our army awl t,) tfl(~ omc":I'~ of the uavy :1"1 \\'pJl as tllf' IJI·ivalf~ol,. \Val' ha!4 lIut ('4':lsl'll

-------- - __ .. -~-

CRIJII_YdL AGGRESSIO_Y: B l~ JI-lIOJf COJ/JfIT

•

among men and how soon it will ceuse none can tell. thought it might become necessary to make forceful intervention in the Island of Cuba, "nen the war was prematurely entered upon it found our 11:.l'Y governed by the eh-il-serncp rules, thoroughly well organized. the right men in the right pisces and no power or influence of any Representative or Senator capable of moving the authorities of the n:n-y, or of putting men in their places unqualified for the position 5 .

..:\t the Xary Department there were no Senators or Representatives in the lobby, no seekers for place and position around the doors. Everything was done with effective energy, and the work of the lla\"y bears witness to the civil-service rules by which it has been governed. But when we gi\-e regard to the Wnr Department, there the lobbies were filled; there political intluence was paramount. There men who were wanted to take important places in the Commissary Department, folly qualified, were rejected. and incapable persons put in at the instance of politicians. And what did we get? \Ye brought together an army onder conditions which rendered it almost incapable of effective service, One of the members of the Commission on the conduct of the war said to me that the conditions at, Tampa were almost those of a. mob without head PI" leader, In some way the line officers got the troops over the sea. There they blundered into a direct attack upon xantiago, where the bravery of the troops and the iucapucity of the enemy saved them from a great disaster, :\len who knew the couditious allege that had the officers in command been willing to wait for the coiiperution of the na\'Y there was an easy plae« to land a. Iew miles a.way, free of Iortitlcutinn, from which a railway leads. by which :,,11 OUI' troops could have moved to the rear of the Santiago forts where, under the protection of the navy, thc lh'flml'cs could have been turned, and a large part of the risk might have been avoided .

. Although giving credit to the Xuvy lll'(laI·tllH'nt :I11tl its chief, when 1 read the following paragraph closing the speech of the Secretary in support of the action of his chief: " Is not that the stnn-sruunship of the great :\rash.'l· who limited not His mission or that of His disciples to His own chosen peopl« hut proclaimed that His go~pel should he preached in all tilt' world unto all nations, that grea.test Statesman of all time,.J esus (hrtst," it ~pempel to IlW hlnsphumy to cite the authority of .Iesus Christ in justiticntion of tho slang-hft'l" of till' Filipinos. I can conceive of nothing more ~acril('gi()lIs than that C"itatioll. ,,'h(,11 I was speaking the other night to the chit-Is of the labor organizations who arc moved most deeply in this matter I said, If that is Christlnnity you may call me Infidel or cal] me Pagan, hut it is not; it is servile rululnt ion in profuue tr-rurs.

The advocates of aggn~fo;sive expansion tull us that. We' hnve 110 ulteruntive, hut when our alternative is presented he who pruso nts it is ('ailed a visionary. There is an alternative nnd everything is propitious for its adoption, Tho edl'ort, has been made by the .iingol'~ to get. up puhl ir- (h~IIl:LJ1(l for maintaining possession or annex ing these islands by alleging dungur of scizuru by (;t'I'I1I:wy 01' F'1':11 reo. They do not dare to imputu sur-h )Jurposn to Great ltrltuin. Ally such inteutiou has been repudiated hy the .\Iinistl"y of C;PI'many. It is .I.'nied hy CHII' :Llnh:l~_.;a· dor, Andrew D, \Vhitc, und it. i~ It Iulse imputntion mrule for all .wil I'tII·po:-oe. France i!4 Rlrugglin~ to surruount tlw ensl of live:'! and 111OII('.\" in the ll"opil~al eolonn-s now held, and wants 110 more,

\Vhat, then, are t.lw f:u:tH nbout the Philippine islands. No OIW \\,:101:-; tlu:m . .No one W:LUt.H to 3KHUIIW tllf~ f'Xlwn.,tl, 41an~('I" uud {'O:-lt of suhduing' alld g;CI\'I~l'lllUg them. Hut no 0110 unrion wants the OtlH~1' to muko a. ba:-;(~ of om~nr'tl ngainst uny other nation. Then why not 1lf'lIt.I'alizp 1.h(·11I P \r., eun lend thu Filipinos men like ~i1' ItolJert Hart of Englaud, 01" III)' turtuur townsmnn I E, B, Un'\\", ",_ho ,w.us furrru!rly R high-school teucher in Bronklilw. Those t wu 111011 ure IIO\\' :uIJIIllIIS·

13-.AL AGGRE.'SIO-Y.- B r U-HO.V COJ/_VITTED.J

•

~ the crstorns of Chins. Lon! Cromer sdministers the 3tf:t.irs of Egypt unuer the Kht_.Jiye. The Philippine:-- may be neutrslizetl as Belgium is neutrallzed : as ";witzerland is neutralized ; as. the Congo Free State is neutralize .. 1. Is not t!¥erythi!l~ propitious? President lIcKinley has the opportunity to make hi~5elf a rero~ in history as the great man of tbe century could he comprehend his true mi~,;;j"ID :and take sdvantage of the existing conditions .. All nations to have their coaling starions ; all nations to land their cables; all to have equal right:' and DO hostile shots to be fired upon the land. and no contest upon the waters thereof.

\Ve can make the Philippine Islands the sanctuary of comruerce ; we can :lid the inhabitants to bring order out of Cb30~; we can help them work out their OW;I national salration : and joined with the Czar we can take the first measures lut abating the hell of war upon the earth .

.. caD these thiD~ come to pas ... : ~.Y, if' il be, alas, a TloljOD !

Still let M sleep aDd dream 11 true; Or, ~De aud broad .wllk~,

For It"" great ~()aDd and sake

Take i1 aod make It earth',.

ADd peace ensue."

1 have remarked that whenever right-minded men muke an effort tn establish peace upon earth and good-will among nations those who art' imbued with tho military spirit or with the survival of the brute element in Ulan "r,Y, Visionury ~ These are the men who to-day, on this twenty-second of February, the birthday of \Yashington, are trying to put him in contempt by (":L'\lin;; rldlcule on hi~ furewell aridr~s 88 having no relation tn present tin1t':"I. \V:L" he not :t soldier? I ~id he Dot fight to redeem hrs countrymen from oppression, and clid Iw not show wlwl1 the conflict was ended that in him there wa" no survival of the Itrult' ehunvnt , which actuates many of the advocates of cxpan~i"lI? Dill lit' not. ch-clan' :&1111 enforce the principles of peace? It is not only expnusion, hut milituristu that is upon 1J~. but that evil once reco~nize.t has already been ~upprt'~St~d, The I'bill~ tide of popular opinion amnng workingmr-n, arwmg- farlllt'rs, among clm'gymclI, aOfl among all thoughtful men who c~an rightfully claim tu he ~(}o.l citiznu«, will resist criminal aggression and will Jet eompe] the Congr.~ss anti the Executive of the nation to remedy the wrongs whk-h have IW('n iul1i('tf!d upon these people. Then will be found the ea:oiY W:'Ly to rio right; then the present EXl'('utl VI' Iliny «pen that way by neutralizing the Philippin« i~lalHls and waking" them the Jlta.nt'luary of commerce TIU! opponents of criminal aggTt!ssion will then join III Having the President from the execration which JlJay rest upon him :ulfl hi~ -upporters when the death rate in om' army in ttll! tropic« begins to he recorded. IlIde:-l!i this great wrong is IfuiekJy right(~'l. I f that right way is tnkuu then Ille name of William ~[d\'jnlcy JIIay yet go down ill hi~tory. when all thu (wil~ r,1 till! present have hf!f!O buried in the rernute past, a.mong tJw great 1I:11JJl'S of the lU~'H!faeh,rH of the world.

I have thus endl~llvt)reu to put before you, lIlCfIltH'rS of till' dCI"g'Y, a full ,uHI frank xtatement of our pr'~:-Ient conditions, without (pa.r 01" favor. \\'Ju~1I r.hl~ OPPfJ"'!lIts of expansion fir-Ht enterer] .. pon Uw work they s(~lInwcl to ito f'ow. ~J;UJy now active anti earfJf!~tly workillg with II~ then Hf~I!lIl1'd to fl!;U' that rhe nation had tWf!CI su tar t;fJfI)lIIittf!11 that tJH~l'e was 110 w:ty nut, All that. hn.1i dH:UJgl~d. r:rmgl"f~H~ flat! l'f~flHwd to warrunt a. 1"!I'IIl1L1wlIlJy Jnrf"e Hi.lLlltiiIlO· urruv, a~HI. ial 1J"giflfling to f~~l Uu: ifJJ1uolle.., uf lIu, I'wlwl" Hl!c:owl t.r.ol~gllt, of t.JH~ I'(!Op"')0 J(JVUlJ.( tlH!1JI u. wuruwg ~Jl~ loug-'H' to I!olumit cr] nrl lIal aggn~l>i!'4jolJ. \\" U HOW call upon tJw dcrgy 'n JCJllJ HI thi~ righwouIJ CLLIIHU, aUII tu aid II" with IJlI'ir "anlf'~l work.

CRI_l/I_YdL AGGRE~~IOS: nv: }I-1l0J/ CO.\/.lIITTE[).' .f'

... -\.PPEXDIX.

In order to support the statements submitted in the fon'lO'oin~ treatise by

~.... ""

adequate proofs I have endeavored to get a copy of Senate Document Xo, 62.

containing the evidence and information submitted by the President with the treaty of peace, - a document of five hundred pages. But having as yet failed tg secure a copy. I may rightly make citations from this document which were submitted by Hon. Henry e. Johnson and by 11011. Hice .\. Pierce in their speeches in the House of Representatives.

In support of the right of the Eilipinos to self-govormuent :\Ir .. Johnson sui.l, U Are you aware that Admiral Dewey made 1l~C' of this language in his communicution to the Secretary of the Navy on the 29th of last Aug-ust ?-

U Thc population of Luzon is reported to he something' over 3.000.OllO. mostly natives. These are gentle, docile, and, under just law- and with the benefits of popular education, would soou make good citizens •

• , In a telegram sent to the department .TUDC 23 I expressed the opinion that these people are rar superior in their intelligence, aud more capable of self-govcrnmcut, thuu the natives of (..uba, and I am familiar with both races. Further intercourse with them has confirmed me ill this opinion:'

~[r •• JOII:-.iSOS-

lias it escaped your notice that tilt' United Statl~s Consul-General at Horur Kong, China. made usc of the following languaze in his communicution to ~lr. ~(oon-' of the Department of State?-

I consider the forty or finy Philippine lenders, with whose fortuuc- I have heen ,-cry clo~ly connected, both the superiors of the :\Ialays and thc Cllhuns. A:.rllinnldo, Agoncillu, and Sandico IlI'C all meo who would all be leaders in their sepnrutc departments in uny country.

Tn conelusion I wish to put myself on record as iltatiug' that the in~ltl'l!cnt. g-O\'Cl'll111Pnlof the Philippine islands cannot be dealt with as thollgh they were :\ol'th .\ mer icau I ndians, williD~ to be moved from one resers .. atiun to unothcr or the whim of their lUa~t.C1'S_ If tilt' United States decide! Dot to retarn the Philippine islands it~ W,O{)O,O(l() people will dr-maud iudcpeudeoce, and the attempt or any foreizn nation to obtai n territory 1)1' eoali Il~ stutious will he resisted with the same spirit with which they fought the Spauinrds,

In the very able speech of lion. Rice A. Pierce many citations a.I'O given. lie said, It And now we come to the eonsitlerution of the pvrnuun-ut holt1in~ of the Philippine islands. to do which General ,,'hillier, in his tvstimony before the Paris Commission, said:

H H we attempt the unwise thing of ignoring the native all anll)" of :10,000 men will he none too small. - Sennte Doe., No. f;2, part 1, pBJ!C ;,08."

In reply to the charge that Sefiur Aguinahln had beun bribed hy Spain to leave the islands and hall upproprhued the TIlOIWY 1\11'. Piereo ]'l·ft'rs tu the fad that on the 2·lth day of Muy, 1~!.I~, :\11'. Oscar F. \VilliamH. United States Consul to ~lani1n., telcgra.phcfl to thc Secretary of Statu a!ol follows:

To-dny I executed a power of attorney whereby Agllinaldo rcleuses to his I1ttOI'l1CYs, in fact l100,(J{)(J now in bunk in IT()n~ Kong, so that the IIIOIICY eUII pay fur 3,nO() stuuds of urms bought there awl expected here to-morrow.

Acaln Mr. PiCI·(!C l'f~eitt'H from Document f;2:

o

On the 4th.,f .luly , lH~IR, (it'n. T'hotuus 1\1 .. \n,lt.'r!inn, ('ollllllundiuJ{ tllP 1~llitl'd

At&t"R troops at Cavit«, u(ldn~fu4('d n Ipu.'r to Sl'lwr I )Oll Elnilu .\f,{lIiualdu, "UIIlIll:lwlinK the PhHippim' fore"" at til" f41IIII(I 1'11I1~e, in w hich II(' !'utill ()IllJ,(\' ;WO) :

t ;~NERAJ,: I hnve the IHIIIIII' tf, iuform YOII thut the I; lIill'd :-;'IIIL'~ flf J\ rucricu, \\'h':!'1~ II&.IHI

I" ... J L U\'C the hfJUor to "(lflUmml! ill tlri'4 viduity, huiu}! nt. Will' with the killg"dulII 01 Splllll,

101 ft. "I II I IT' . I I

11M ent ire "ympa.,hy owllUlI~t fricudly scntunents for the uutive people of the j 11 IPIHnc 1:'1 Ulli ,.

4~ C3IJlI_YAL ...JGGRE~.~10-Y: nr lrHOJI COJfJfITTED.'

For these- ressons I d(·~ire to ba.ve most amiC3hle relatious with Y\.)ll. "D<' to bah' ~'OLl snd yo.r people coOper"3te with as in the military operations ~T'3inst the ~pani .. h forces.

To this AcuinaUo made an earnest sod instant response .. which wa~ ack.no·,~l('d~l~,l In- Gene-ral . Andersen in 3 Dote dated July 6, in wbich. after informing Az uinaldo that l~r2"€' reenforcements 1I't-re expected from the Fnited ~tatt:"'$_ for whom more ~pace "~Id be required far camps an.I storehouses. he sai.l (page 3!) 1) :

For thi- I 1foa.ld like to have your Excellency's 3.hice aml eooperation, as you are best acqo.sinted with the I'e$OIlJ'C'e'S of th:.,; country.

He added that they did not intend to remain inactive, hut to move promptl~·

. "

u 3galD.st our common enemy.

Referring to the Spaniards' fear of the Fjlipinos, General Whittier said I..p~gt?- 4~1) ;

I think tbe C.aP'&iD-GeDe~l W1; much frighteDed. He reported in great trepidation that the iD...41J~eDtOi were eominz ioto the dtY7 sad I said lhst [ knew thst th:.t was impossible. becsuse !~eb precauUoD5 had been taken as rendered it :-0.

General ,,"'hittier said. in an~.er to a question put by Senator Gray i..p:l~e 4!):!' :

They are ~mewh&t undersized, are fairly good iu appearance. arc brave, will ShlD,) :UI,Y aml)1Jnt of hunger and b~bip, Dd, w~llle\', would be very ;:,oot1 soldiers.

SpE'aking of tnE'ir !ertiCE'~ in u driving the Spaniards from Cavitt" twenty o.ld miJe!! into ,he defences of ~lani1a." General 'Vhiuil'r !'iaitl (pa!lt' 4:)~1):

AD the snecess W&i on the nativc1' side, and the :;ll8.0l11nts surrendered between -; ,noo aod 8,()('O men well armed, plenty or ammunstion, ami in good phy:-ieal conditlun, The ("l'II~C or tbe latter may be that their enemy w.~ in ~mall baIU) .. : but they never captured one of t hese , aDd the 51D&11 bauda dfOTe them to their .. alh.

The most conclusive evidence, however. (If ~, complete understanding of the several military and naval officers of the Unlted ~tatt's in this mutter is to he funud in the report of Consul 'Vildmnn, which was brought into thl" debate ns follows:

llr. PJEkCE, of Tennes-ee-«

Con~'01 \VitdmaD 8tah·.!II, and thp r('('orlb ~how it. that o,..'n),'. in tllp Sp:mi!ilh Cort.-» General Rivera, who wat' the Spanish Govcrnor-Gem-rnl. !'ftat"II that of tIll' IIlUt'll'Y tiltH .a ... to be paid only ~~OO,f)()U of it, and that in ~(l'XiCan ,lnHar .. , wns pnid, when they hart to pay over 81.000,000; that be dill nut prOpf)~H' tu curry out what was stipulated at tbe time.

In 1~91 Aguinaldo. AJit'oncillo, and other loader .. tlf tilt' "hitippint'~ agT£"(',l to leave the island. and that certain civil reforms w£'r£' to hi' ('ntt--rp,) upon. hut U!'1 Hil't'rn savs himself, be did not propose to carry them out, am] Ill' ,lid not propmll' to plly uny of the money : and this i.~ what th£' Consul at lion$( Kon.c !'Ia~'!1, nnll I will rt~all what he I.Y', ae 1 do not wish to state it mys{'lf. Here i!'\ what Consul \Vildllum says :

CO~SUL<\TE 01" TilE t;:VITfl:O l';TATE8, }losn I{o~w, -Iul v 18, l!'m~ .

.

There baa been a systematic attempt to blacken the Dame of .\~lIjllaJdo nnd his cnhinct un

account of tbe questionable terms of thei r surrender to Spnniilh forces a Yl·ut·ll~O t hi" month. It lin .. been aaid that they sold their country for <JCold ; hut thii ha~ been eoueluaively lli"pI'O\'CII, not ollly by their own statement-it hilt hy the speech of the late (~ovcrnnl'-nen('l':ll Hivora in the Spnnisl:

Senate, June 11. IH!.Iti. I (e. ~"id that Ag-uiul\Ido undertook to suhrnit if tile SpulJi,,1I govel'UUll'lIt would J[ive a certain IUID t41 the widnw~ an,i orphans of the ill~nl·g("IIt,.;. I J(~ then udmir .... thllt on1y a tenth part of Ihi!1 811m was CVCI' Jliven to A"uiualdo. lind that the other promise- tlludl' Iw ,J,t) Dol, flnd it expedient to keep.

I "al in Hong Kong September, IH07, when Ag-uiutt.ldo and hi~ h~I"ll'l'~ 1\l'ri\"(·,1 nuder coutract "ith the fipani"h (iovcrnrllcnt. 'fhey waite" until Ihe fin~l or :-';o\'eruhcl' rIJ" tho PU."lJlCflt vr ttlf! prnm ised RIfHteyallel the fulfihllcnL of ttlf' pl'OlJIi~f'lc) 1'(·rCJI'IJI". Ouly $WO,()(N" ,\lexle'BII, wall n ... r "llt.(·ell to their ~rcllit. in the IJUllk!'!, unrl 011 till! thirrl III' ~(1\'(,III"N :\'1". F •. \~tJ'willu. I&u: minilllt,cr of fOl'eigfl atl'''In in Aguinalflo's ('ohirH'l, cullud upuu IIII! null III1Ull~ IL 1'I'0l'lI~lll, whir'" I trall'"uitt.cr, to tlte fo;tl1te IJqllu"rnf'flr ill Illy de .. "ntf'll ~o. W, duted SIIV. a, lKH7.

JrJ reply ti,e Htut.c Department imtl'lH't('d 11&0 " tn l~()III'tc'uu'4ly tll~I'litln to corunmuieutc with the departeneut further l'egurdiuK the allcgc(.l ulinion." I uhcyc,1 thu ... c iu .. tl'lI('titlll~ til the Idler

CRIJlIYAL --tGGRESSI0~·: B r wuost COJ/J1ITTED! -Hl

------ ---- -_ -

-~--------- -

until the breaking out of the war. when, after con-ultanon with Admiral Dewev, I received :\ Moleg'atioo. from the insurgent junta, and thev bound themselves to obey all 11:W", of civilized watfar~ and to place themselves absolutely \~ndcr the orders. of Adml~l Dew ev if thev were permi~e~ to return to )faniJa_ At this time their president, Aguinaldo, w3.s- i.n ~ingapQ\-e negobSl1ng, through Coosul-li-enersi Pratt. with Admirnl Dewey for his return,

On April Z7. in company with Consul o. F. Williaru-, we received another delegatlon, composed of ~eiior Sandieo, -Iose llaria Basa, Tomas lla",;,canlo, Lorenzo L_ Zialcita. Andres E, Garcbitorena, )Ianuel ~I8h'ar, )larisno Llanzn, Salvatore Estrella. We 3~I'Cetl. 00 behalf of Dewey, to alloW' two of their number to accompany the tiect to Mauila , Consequently, 011 tho S:lme.day, I took in the tug" Fame." .\lizanu\'ino and G!\rchitol"ell:\, accompeuied by )h-. i:'andico. 10 the " Olympia," in )[ir's Bay. 00 )l:1y 2 A)'!uiu:lhlo arrived in Ilong Kong and immediately called on me,

It was Yay 16th before ( could obtain permission from Admiral Dewey to allow Aguinaldo 10 go by the United States ship H lIc<._'llllocb;· and I put him aboard in the night so as to save any eomplicstions with tbe local government, Immediately 011 the arriva! of Ag-uinaldo at C.vite be issued a proclamation, wbicb I batt outlined for him before he left, forbidding pillage, and making it a criminal otfence to maltreat neutrals. He, of course, organized ~, government of which he Wa3 dictator. an absolutely neccs-ary step if he hoped to maiutaiu control OWl' the natives, and from that date until the present time he hns been uninterruptedly successful in the field, and. dignified and just at the bead of his government.

In conclusion, I wh.b to put myself on record as statimr that the insurgent government of the Philippine jOl130d~ cannot be dealt with as though they were X orth . \mel'iCRn Indians, willing to be moved from one reservation to another at the whuu of their masters. I f the U nited States decides nor to retain the Philippine islands it.-. 10,000,000 people will demand independence, and the attempt of any fOTei~n nation to obta.in tcrritocy or eOt\\in~ sta.tious will he resisted with tile flame 'ilpirit with which they fought the Spaninrcls.

I hove the honor, etc,

nOUS~E,"ELLE \\Y1L1l:\L\X, ('(m$u/·(~mtral.

)Ir, Pn:HCE-

Anti that mom')" .\Iluinaldo. a~ shown hy :,\lr. \Villi:lIUs. Consul of the United State8, ha._1i1 turned over tu buy arms. Ill' l'Xl'('utt'll n power of attorney arul turned it over to him, that ht' might (.ay for the arms that ha,\ bovn pureuased, 1 repent heft" that the arms camp un.h-r .vmerieun control, nn,' wvn- turned over through Amercan otlicial~ to Aguinalclo t» arm the nutivr-s in their fi).:tht ag;,;n~t till' Spuninrds, to a;,l the Arnr-riean« in the capture of 'IaniJa. (Al1l)\au!'p,) W"tO ha,"\' thi~ plain h·th.·r. It is not manufactured by me. \\"c ~t'(' Jwn' tilt' sam» po)ky p\lr~Hh'll by ~\.·nl\\'l\\l'n on the other ~illc of the IIUIl:4l' to carry out rho Tll>1icy of M r. l\h'Kinll'Y,

Finally, in support of the right of the Filipinos :\Ir. Pierce quotes Arlmirnl Dewey ill the Co11owing terms :

These people, the F'ilipiuos, arc far superior in their iurcllizcnco nrul uro re capnhle of sclf-gO\ .. crurnent than the n:.tive~ of ell ha, nud i :UIl fumi Ihu' wit II btlt h races,

Closinv as follows :

n

Anll y(>t we prl)pn~t' ttl JllVl' a fr~e g()vcrnnwut tn tlw (~"\I\ll df Cuhu , to HlP natives of Culm; ani) (;POfil\' l h·Wl~y. 1\ man 1'1001111 tu bl'l~OI1H.~ un .\tlmiml, a title which lw richly m~'rits anll ,h·tWfVl·:iI, BllyS those nutivcs uf till' Philippine i~lanlls nrv superior to ttu: n~tiv('M of Cuh«. Con~n':t~ hu'!l ~ai,t that tht, natives uf Cllh<l I'Iholllll hl' frvc. \Vhat tlw Pr('~irlent suid to till' Filipinos walt givr-n to theru through tlu-ir I'rpss.

Tht. F'ilipino« romlered .·vt!ry ussistance that. tlll'Y could tu aitl tlu- I ~l1ih·d Htah'g, They drove the Hpani:udl'l intu the-ir wIIII.·r) dty of ~'nniJII, 111,1.1 all thl' uun-r liru-s uml fortification!'!, cut off tilt.' AII)lplil'!oI. cut l.tT tht, fowl .1fI,1 wutvr, nu-l n-ndererl Il~Sistllm~(' to the Arm~ri('nn nrrny which wuuld huvr- nuuh- it impuJ>1sihh' for them without that 1l1'41'1istuner- tl) have tukr-n till! Sl'a.ni~h army. fur if it laud Hut hpl'n for .\g-uinlddu's nrmy the Sl'lIniarrll't f!ollill IlIlVP rl'tn·atl'rl f'rurn till' city of 'lanila and IIl'yond the Tt.'II('1t uf

J)t'Wt'y'H Run".

Tlw!-\., dtal.ion!o\ at·p from the otlidal docnmunt pl"Cpal'otl in the o!lice of the Sm:l'da.ry of Slt\h~ ~"1lI1 sulunlttvd to Cltngn~s.; hy Preaidvut ""illiam ~kl\illlt!y

-~--~--

with the treaty of pe3Ce. It i~ apparent. t~~t the several IHil.itar)· and n:u':ll officer~ of the [-Diced ~tate5 acted upon their fanh on tIw l~l.'(:laratlt.>ll o! the P"('~i.

d t wben he announced that be (lid not contemplate •. forcible annexation," whil'h

en 1 :I b ., 1 '"

by out" code of morality he declared won l (0.': crnmna ;l.:;gT't"~Sl(ln.. •

It .. therefore~ appears that c;'lrefuHy refraining from an~- :let outside their law. ful functions. Commodore Dewey. General An .. Ierson, Celn'lll-G~lh.·\·al ~lllith of :'in~pore. and Consul \YiJdm:ln of I r • .lng Kong. ~t>l"'tU'etl the t'Otipel~\tion (If _\~iD~do, promoted his return in :1 go,errllUl~nt vessel to )[:lnila. supplied him a:d hls forces with arms taken from the Spaniards, anti invited his ("ooperation in the common undertaking to remove the oppressive rule of ~paiJl from rill" Philippine islands in order that the people might enjny liberty. The President of the United States .. having knowledge of all these facts, then turns back Oil hi .... declaration. git"es orders without authority of law, un'\t .... r an assumed power. ttl (jenera) Otis to take possession and .uhninister till' g'ol-t_'rnnwnt of the Philippine

islands.

This bald statement of the fact...;; of the case calls I~.l· 110 W01·tl~. The question

before the country now is how to remedy this wron~ :uul how to remove from the Philippine i51antl~ the opprc-sion which has h c l·)) substituted 101' that of ~pain with the least delay and the least humiliation.

At the very time when the fort.·going te xt W!\~ \wing put in type ("OUh'~ the tirst information yet received by mail of which til(" public hus any knuwlpllg-e. in regard to the eondlrinn of affairs at the time and in the ,,"e(\k:o' p1"l~L'etling the slaughter of the Fifipinos by our army. from a ("PUJpc..·tcnt observer who wus on the spot.

Many rumors have ht'(>n in circulnrion, ha ..... -d «n 11I'j\-:ltt! letters in r('ganJ fll the OIigin of that attar-k , hut in tilt' following letn-r of H .... v. ('lay :\Iat'l 'alllt~y. whose evidence has h~~t'n dh,.1 in tht~ hocly of lhi:" p:uuphJer. we l)f'gin to g-ct (\ddence Crom an in') •. -pendent ... 0 nn.'t' not lik e that ov cr till! telegraph l im- under Government censorship :

: 8/",.;11' ('o""f'.#pOlltl"'U-#j 0/ tit .. 7i'''''~'''';I'(' J

TIlh,\O, .J.""AS, Ft'hruary !).

If it Iw true, a~ h.'Il'JlrnplH'd by 10 H('ntf'r" thi~ mornin«, that u tlu- \r:l~hin~t(}11 eabinet h:l!t cI"ej,l .. d on a \'"il.roruu~ uff'I'n .. ivr- attack on IluHu lUll' un all l'lIdpU\'nr to ('lIr.· ture the Filil,inn Jluvernmf'nt of ~'ulolo:ol." tlu-n, tile) it 1'it"l'mSi tu IIIl', the ~T('atL'!'It mistllkl' ,f't n!luh, hy the prr-sr-nt .\dmini!ftration and one of tllf' I'_-Ill'lt jll~tifiuhh' wrtll1g-~ in AnH'ri(~an pnlitical history have lx-vn committed :tllli huvv hrol1~ht w ith tlu-m tlu-ir penalty. It way 11(0, noW' that tlw Fif ipin» in-urjn-nt« han' ntr:H'kl"l our army 1\1)11 kil1ed some (If our Moldi,'rM, that fllPrf' he nu WilY h-ft for our (;u\"l'rnlJJl'nt but rhal of otT(_'nji!iv(~ war and nn attempt e ,l COfHIUPl!It of tht' I'hilippin« islaml to Hut, «vvn under tbi14 necessity, I cannot I",·)p reuremberina thai hUll tilt' {\mt'rie'lIl Uun'rnlllt'nt h.·t'll J('l'nerOU8 UT wi~!' thruugh th.· months just P:''''~l'cl no n~~au1t Ity a Filtpinu nrmy WI)1I1,( hAve bet'n rn.ule upon tho ~l)ldj .... rpol of tlU' ["uih". St:tt('~t !In,( 1\U 1'11\('h ,lr('lIdflll future H.'t that nuw prohahly awaiting the'!"c' p('oJ,I(' "," u 111 fllIn' conf'rontod t lu-m. htnUranel~ an.I rf'f..'kl"Mt4 aI.C1oCr"H~iv,'nl''''s in high r,fuc('1j in .. \ fllt'rielL und ttlU pro"ai,! nn (l1)('dh'n(~c_'. a te'flll'eranwnt.al fauh, unll1Jlin~Jf'fl timidity nrnl muhility in tl ... Udllliuistrllli\'l' :tllth"ri'it· . .., at :\Ianilll., wiJJ jn rilll(' II(' known aH tl,.. chief oecn~i'JII" of t his n-rrib!« (·alaruir.\", I do not a('efl,cl' without fI'II!oHm"..

,\t the fjrlCt, in MIt)' 'U!'It, t lu- Filipino in!olllrJ,(t'nhl wvr« ('[\('Hura~t',1 hy th .. , AIIH'ric'ull Huthoriti.!. in tlu·jr r"nC'wl'.1 hm,!ility tu tlu' Sl'nnillr,I.... Tllf'y ,,",'n' rvudy th\'" tu Iotiv\' any anll full nlh'Kllln,·.' tf., thl' Unir.·,1 Slutp". .\t tlU' dowurlill ut' .\(anilll no t'flthll~ill~rn cuuld t'f' grl'utA'r frum a. P,·ul,I,· rhun HUll of Uu' FiJillillU!" fur till' .\ IIII'rie'IIIII'I, \\,hflt ut rim' fI"lf> wI'r .. t.lu- MUl'rC'ruC' .lir,·c,ti',lll'l froll! \V IPtllill)(tol1 ~ I. If.1 \'C' IIU '·llIharrn."fMilll{ rv Jati"n" with tlw inlturgl'nu; IImJu· 1I1I e(l"lpr"lIli""in~ Ilrumio(t·!>\ j IH' c'lIrcoful t hu t the' wily

CRIJ1IS.J.L AGGRE~,"'l(_JS: n v lI'lJOJI COJIJIlTl'f."/J.~ ;")1

------------------------------ -------------------

for the United States he clear into thl' future, ,. Hl'!_.!llJation~ that were doubtlos .. wisE" and. under the circumstances. jnrperative, But how were they applied? In the answer to th'is question Iies in largest part the explanation of the struggle just bt>~un. Some evil fate seems to have guided the movement step by step from its insignifi.~ant beginnings to its present portentous issues, Clearly the United States author itio s had DO right in August last or since then, even to to-day. to offer to the eager Filipinos any definite policy for the direction of their mutual relations. But. cleurly, too, these authorities had not only right, hut they were in duty hound not to let the Filipinos misunderstand them or their country during the critical progress of events. Under the circumstances mutual confidence, sympathy, and patience WE're imperative, It "';1:01 above all needed tbat the representatives in ~[ani1:l of the United States Government should go to these people, just emancipated from Spanish rule, and with kind sympathy tell them until they understood the facts without doubt that, more than anything- else, botb peoples must wait for the law's delays. for a treaty of peace, for ratification of the' treaty. and then fOT a definite policy that should direct thorn in the future, In II way these things were known by and made known to the Ftlipinos. But that was not enough. So fearful .ere the A merican authorities that the futu re might be embarrassed hy their wOrdA or acts that very soon after the capture of ~lanilH not only had official intercourse with the insurgent leaders become almost nil, and what there was of it almost wholly mandatory on the part of the Americans, hut the social intercourse also that had begun in the most cordial .... 1'Y8 was rapidly lessened anti constrained. Then, it is true tbat 80 far as movements wert" made by the A rncricans either in A mericn or tho Philippine! appearances more and more indicated that the United States (tovernml'nt wns more and more tending to assume 'he sovereignty of the islund«. Wbcther this assumption "II"a" to be for" protectorate or for incorporation of the Philippines into the A rne rican body pelitic W88 not evident, aml no one responsible for hi« opinions offcro.l to talk the matter over .... ith the l,,:ull'n of the Philippine' repuhlic, then corning into life ,

Through the suuuner and the "arly autumn the FiHpino lenders wen' not averse to annexation to the enitecl Stutes. Imk-cd, I am under the impression that they at. the fint looked for an-I wished for union with thr- Anwrkan rvpublic, Aml though I 1\111 not in favor of the annexation of thr-se far-away lands to thv United Stutos, [ am confldent that until towards the close of the year any politic rr-prr-sentati're of our government at :\Ianila could han' enrolled .\JCuinalclo and his fril'nels among the most ardent supporters of the proposed annexation. Our whn((' attiuulc arnl action, however, Sl't'l1ll'll determined towards alienation ami not fr'ie ndship. The Filipino leudors WPT o , from almost the first, repelled arul ignored, Hardly could own have flPt uhout in a better way to arouse resentment. suspicion, anger, an.l rphellion than the men in churgu of the administration of American interests in :\Ianilll.

The Filipino!' wert:' madr- to ft.·el that Arncricuns r-onsidcred tlu-tu not worth t'itlll'r political or social conaiderntiun. Driven buck npon themse lvos, tlu-ir loIoltlirTS trcuterl with contempt, their wishes not listened to or respected, if hounl, tolel nothing of our Government' .. ultimate {h'l'Iirt~l'I or purposvs, Hr. if told. Il·ft without judicious, syruputhetic explanations of the course of events in \VnAhington, - the Filipinos gmllulIll.\' accepted their isolation, organized their go\,prnmf.'nt more IlTl,1 more thoroughly, uml began to import nrms and ammunition fur tlU'ir own support arul dl'ft.'JlCt,. I ('III1I1Ot blarm- them for having done this. They could I!lO eusily hnve ln-o n retained ns our 1,1Ii('~ anfl'rh.nrlR, A sympathizer , a conciliutor, 0. pnlitieinn. in the guocl sense of the word, could have kept thom with him ~t(·p hy ste-p, while the ndministratiun nt \Vul!!hiuf,:ton wa' coming to a ('omwi01Unf'!ut of itl!! own wislH'R and IllIIIH. Bllt. Wl' k-t thorn go; we let them mif!lUnlh'rHtllncl us, or we dill not try ttl keep the-m with \I!>I IHI w o Clime tu under"taJIII ourlwhl'8 ('l'th'r. On our own author-ities, not on tJw F'illplno», ful ls till' hlume U.,lt ttw Filipino« ehangl'cI {rom fri(,TIIh. to ('Demil''"', and ut lust turned towards us ill thc' tr('nctIf'8 at. Manila It hOHtilc' front. A more lumentablc [wri('101 (If lu~t opportunitil'H, ()f rlC'"h'(~ll~11 ()1'(~ninK" for having nrw's own way, of dvlihcrut« munufueture of cn('IIIil-!ot, it w(}1JI,) III' difficult to flnd in till' hh'tnry of nutions, I utn not ulonv in tlli!'t jud;:-lIll·nt. Could iruparf inl o),,,crVt.·n froln IIIHong fOrl.·ilo{llurlf, IOJlK rt'Hich'nt in .\(alliln, h,' lu-nrtl ,

--------------------------

.tarE"d mtellizenr .lmeriC'an officers aDtJ soldiers at )Ianila speak. could .\ ~linahlo and hi .. friends be belie-ved. my cb~ar~ would Dot stand withont ample support.

Our own Government and tbe administrative authorities at )13.nil~\ who actt:"\l for tM home Government, both in iznoranee and w-itb recklessness. cust :bitle a~ain and :"":.110 the T(>ry ag-encit's that .. onld bave brought about the l'n,! that the annt.:t:\tioni~ts Daf'e ~ sought. Throuzh the mistake of not having had the right men in the r€'~pon...q_blf' plact"s" and thron eh the E"XC':-!'i~iTt" caution arrendinz a policy in the process of formation at "-3~hingtoD. rbe Americans hare lo:"t the allt'~YjaD~ and incurred the hostility of a 1fhole people. The Fifipinos once idealized the r nired ~(att'~. They ""t'rt> ready to 1"10 our bidding' to the utmost, had ""t' but USl~ the> wands of sympathv and eonfidence, And now bert- we art' at bayonet points. and the American Government b:1S IJecitie'l t· .... tte mpt tbe •. capture of the Pilipinos' ~o¥ernnwnt at )[alo1os:~ It will br .. doubtless tbe poliey of the imperialist press now to te ll the American people that the Filipino, are fal~~ to their promises of last year: are treach .. -rous : not fit for ~l'lf-lll)\'ernment and should be suppressed. and that this war should be carrted to its dl'~,tll.\· end, \"'f>ry well! Let an the cbaril't ... of this kind he true; the fact ~'l't remains that our own bungliD$r rule in ~fanila bas impt .. I1t:-41 them Co treacbery and rebellion. But the pity of it. when another record W'a.4 so ea!y to make ! Had a man of the Presidvnt's own temperament been in command at :\(anil:t, notwith .. tanllioSl the caution of the uncertain yf'ta2'~e!ll~iTe \\~uhinllton .\flmjni~rration, the new year, I it·t·l surv, would have opened with the "" Filipino Republic,' .DJ:iou~ to tw> made an int.'iCTal part of thl' !-!,r .. 'at republic of the ,V f'~r.

Were nation~ amenable to r~l)t>ntanCt~ anlJ reform, sornet hin I{ miulu yet Iw done ttl remedy this gr.-at mi.fltakE" an.) • run",. Hut historv, I ft'3r. jll~titit·.": no hupi- fur such {·han'f'·. Ratlu.·r (lot· .. the prf'''t'nt calamity. if this mornine'« h'l~gram tl'll~ flit' truth, tempt one to !lay: Let II~ I" a nBcinn It'l all pretence at philanthrnJl~' nn.l nationnl justice 110, Let u- admit tbat Cflf' Anirlo·:"i:l%,l0 in .\nh'rinl Btl WI,II n~ in Eurnpl' is !l raH'nin}l beast ~till_ lit' foq~ht for Ii~rty nn.l jndt·l .. -ndence n hun.lrvd ~'t'nr!' :ll{tJ. hilt IH~ fought not for the to glith'rinll ICI'n('ralitw!I" of the Dt·rlaratitln of [ndf·,wnrll'fll'e.· till' prmciple of human frp(>flom. - but fur hj~ own lift'. lilH'rt~·, 3n.1 till' pursuit of happiness. Sball tbill nf'W war in th« I'hilippim-« hf" proclaimed a W8r uf riJllJh'()II!o1nl'~/4, sa w ar for thE' 8ak~ of humanity? So! it i8 the penalty of uur ow n incompvtc ncv nnll fully. I "ould n(It if I ('ollM, rnak» th« I'hilippine» a pnrt of tflt, '-nikl) Stun-s. Sooru-r or larer out of !111Ich union would come rt'~f'ntm(·nt. rt:'Vl'ngp, aml n-b.-llion, evr-n could it have hf.f>n brought about in PP8C(> an.l of IC~I will. nut nnw. tu mnki- of llli!ol pI'nph.' our conque n-d tl1Ihjf'f't.lll when tllt·y might ut 1("J)!lt han' ht't'n mn.le fri('ndly fvlluw-eitizr-ns, what shame to Arnerjca. whnt a fl.-nalty tu pay fur ignorunce und impon-nce !

C'I.A.. M.\ cC" r I. E .. · •

'Vitll this, the cnse :1..'" it now st:HHI ... is submitted to the' pl~oplf~ of tlli:-l «ountry.

The first (·,Hr.ioll of my treatise 011 The Cost of a ~a'ion:tl ("'inw mul Th« I ff~1I of \Val' was dl'di('at'~11 to the PI'f'i04id.'nt of the United ~tatcs, ill tilt' ItOPf! thaJ h« would I(W(~t the responsibility ~o as to justif'y tilt' quotatiun from ~I ilton :

.. ott, yet 11 nouler lBlik a.wlllte tby hnnd

(Yor whflll'nll war but oodl(',," "'"r .tlll "rfOed ~) Till trulh nDi.J rhtht 'rorn ,,·Ioft'flet· bt· fn'l-II,

Aud public; '"ilh Clf'nr·tJ Irorn tt .. , shnmeful hrund 0' 11IIlJllc (rlllld! It

Tho l'I'I!·~idNlt Jill'" failf~d. It now rPIJI:LiJl~ for C\'f'I'Y eitizun to dl'IIULlld lhn.t 'JW' I'Uh)if: faill. Mhall Iw (·Imu·.~d Irom tilt! sh.uucf'ul lmuul of plIl,1 in fraud.

E()\\'" I: D ATI\ I NSO~.

CRLVIXAL AGGRES.":If)Y· nr 11-110.\[ COJIJIITTED " 5:3

MAY 10, 1899,

TO THE SEVENTH EDITIO~ OP

III. "-CHL\IIX.:\L .:\(i(_THE~~IOX: BY '\~II(_)~[ ("()~I~IITTEI>'!'"

Xo_ 1. Extract from the speech of :,enator George F. Hoar before the ~1:L~sa.chusetts Club of Boston. 011 April :?~),

" I can see no difference in the lynching of a Southern postmaster and lynching a people because they think a go\""el'lment derives its just powers from the consent-of the gOl"erned. and got those ideas from the Constitution of the United States. But we can tell better what our political duties in the future will be when the present troubled conditions have become more settled:'

'-~ ;")

.,:~ O. :..

Letter of Lieut. Henry Paze of the United ~tatl':O: Armv to the Chicnsro

•• Record." "- • 0

Sputal Correspondence of the Clli('ago" RU01·d,"

~IAXH ... \. Februarv =15. -.\ curious collection of widely diverrrent ith'a:-;

.; • t=I

would be presented were one to compile in a volume the answers which would

be made by Americans ill )Innila to the questiou : .. Are the Filipinos cupablc of self-govenlO1Pnt?"

The answers would vary from nn unqnnlith-d u yes " to a d"l'i:-oh~e oL 110."

And perhaps the evidences, if condensed, would still express doubt.

After n ~tay or about eight months among tlws(' people, tluring- which time no opportunity ha.~ been lost to study their qunlities, I find myself still uuuhlo to f'xpres!" :L (h'(,j(1ed opinion about the matter, hut I ('an uuroscrvedly atflrm that the morr- evidence collected the fl'rcatcl' my respect for tile native uml his

I"'" "

capacities.

Fil led with tho overwhehning magnitude of OUI' own g-l'(':ltnl':-;~, strongly

imbued with the patriotic jingo of our political orators. nnd confident that 0111' own repnhlic 13 the model governmcnt."ll ~yst('m. W~~ lean! homo rather projudiced agnin-t anythillg' w hk-h :o'a\'or~ of monarchy. \r(~ have :O;CH"n how imperf'ect and perishable wnre the structures built over the ruins of monarchy in South Amerieu, and our lngical thought is that if the white race is uuuhlo to l'egenCl'alt· republican g'ovl'rnment on sni] in which monurvhy has dwelt, how small is thu «hnuce that a ~I ulay tribe can accomplish this uudertuk injr. TIlt' argument i~ eonviuclng, and wlu-n we arrive in the Orient wu meet tho En~lb;}l1ll:Ln, who knows, or ought to know, everything about Asiutlc IH~oples. \rhat he iuuuediately hegin:ol to toll you settles the q\H~~tion for guml and nil, 111111 lIn1t~ss YOII are of an infl'liring turn of mind yon ean accept yom' first impression as a fad ami

never change.

)-'11.11'1 'iCl~' F'I oIITISt;. ~I ETIII)II~,

The recent hattle of February .1 wus snmuwhut of a ruvelutiuu to Americuns.

They f!XIH!(~It~d t,tlt: motley horde to ,'1111 at t.11I~ !irillg of 1I1(~ tlrst gtill. It wus Illy ,"ood (orhHlH lo Iff! plael'd - ahflut ten holt!'!'! an(~t'\\'al"ll ~ Iwa)' th« 1'iput whore ;tli~ first gun w~,,~ tired. I foulld tho Allwrienll:-4 sf ill held ill ('Jwek. (hll" nrtlllery

then becan to assail the enemy's posjtiotr, and it W:LS only hy the stoutest kind of fizhtinz that the Tennessee and Xebraska regiments were able to drive him out.

~ The Filipino5' retreat. moreover, W3:, more creditable th.ui their stand.

Perfect order prel"siled. ('tIle of their companies would hold our advance until the company in their rear lX)uld retire and reload. when in turn this cOlUp:\n~' would stand until the former had retired and reloaded. _.\ frequent ('Xl"l:lnl:ltit)U alonz our lines ,,":\5: ., lIal""eu't these little fellows got ~"Tit?" They had more tban' mt - thev had orzanizativn-

c J 0

In their trenches we found exploded tire-crackers, wooden toy guns" and

u C3DnuD "" made of bamboo, and we were inclined td laugh at their slmpllcuj, but thev were not 5-0 simple 3S they seemed to he. They only mistook their man. The fire-crackers were to make the tiring -vem strunjrer, the bamboo caunon

POked throuzh their excellent trenches had :1 sinister look at two hundred vard-

e •

distance and as for the wooden zuns thev 31:0'(1 helped III muke :l show of strensrth.

.. ...... ~

"nen a rideman was killed. a native havinz a wood .. -u gun would Ct":lSf' to hold

it over the trenche .. and would seize the real ritl», which \\":&:0' a St'ar"·l" article in Aguinaldo'. .. amly.

By these means the Filipino .. increased their -how of ~tl'engt.h. and intltled their real strength, for the tov riflemen :1dt·.J ns a reserve. :-00 that thouvh many

D. ~ ..

were killed the line was not weakened. TIlt' b .. t W:l:oi :1 real :HI\":lnt:l~p. and till'

former hall proved a ~at success s;!Jlin~t tlat' "'pani~h. who had :llway!'l :1 ruore dignirled ht"~irancy about tlashing :lgail1~t -uch t,,·idl·tH .. ·t":-; of stl'Pug-lh than we Amerlcans h:tll.

1-"'11.1 p'r\u !' FoI .• · _( ;~ ~ \" EU:'Ii)( f::\ T.

\rhen we reached the headquarters at Santa .\11:\ unother sut-prl,«- :lwaittltl 11:01. (or here was lotmtl ~nm~ of the machinery of .\gllill:Lldo·:-; gO\"l'J'lllIlcnt. Amonz the paper:" scattered almut in e()nftl~inn "r the rotreuting ollidal:-o werv telegrams. letters. and commi-sion-, ~howing sOIl1t'thillg' of their sy steiu. (hw letter was from :\ township gO\'emor !l,:iikin~ relief from his duth-s ; :L su r gtlon·~ certificate \\0":1." inclosed, It had been forwurrled tlll'ollgh otllciul ehunnoIs to Aguinaldu'!o( seeretnry of ~t:,t.! and ret II rm-rl with nbumlunt indorsvmeuts approved. "'ith it W:l.~ :\11 order to the hun-nlHl' of the prnviuce to have n nnw election. Another leiter wn ... a complaint nuule again .... t another loeul govUI'nOl' for mal-ndrninistration. It stated the (~IHlrgf>~ in reul It'gal form, mul was duly si.!,''flf!d. The numerous paper~ coner-rning ~('hnol teachers' appuilltrlllmts showed that the Filipinos had ulrendy perfecn-rl arrang'emcnt~ fOI" the l~(hH':ttioll of till' youth on a large scale.

[ might also mention the deeds of property, records of births. 11,·a1.h!-l, t\((.' •• t» show that Aguinaldo's orgnnbr.atioll is at least nut a laughn.hlH Iuree , 1 lIIiglll mention also meteorological and other sclr-utitio instruments nnd rc~t'ord~ to show that the Frlipinos didn't neglect science during tho:-l.p IJII~y t wurl ike times. Lcoll('r:-; dated Februnry j from :\Ialolo~ showed that they had n. good courh-r systoru. A hook (1) tactics, engravings or the several uniforms, lx-nutiful Lnpogl'apldeal maps, copies of' the .h!clu.ration of illdplwlldml("f~ HIHI tlU! rr-vulutiouury eonstitution, military and stnte Rf~:tIR, :UHI other nrtich-s all w,·nt. to show that lnbor :lIHI lntelllgence Were united in thelr pro.luetlon.

V'~ry nuturnlly thr- whole Filipino structure i~ built upon tllf~ Sl'alli~h 1I11)1)ul.

Their unifnrrus, llke Hn~ry d(!tail 01' gO\'"1'1111 Ie nt , urn C'flpil'" 1IIorc' or" 1('1'lS cXlldJy, But th.~ Filipino is an ituitutiv« l ittlu hotly, Ih~ i~ nl wuys un xluu- 10 lunru IHlW lJwthOfls, and he 1I1:.:-;tcr!4 tlll! II I "C!I"Y Ijllil~k Iy.

Thix lrultatlve trnlt, till! EfI~li~h 1dl 11:01, is olin ('OllllllOIl to all Asiatic's, f~Ml'edn.lly till! ,'al'alll~S(" If HIII)\\'~ it~l'lf ill 1J11l1I,\" :IIIIII-.ill#; WItJ~ :l1J)(II1g- tlw Fili-

...

CRIJ/LV.1L .A.GGRESSIO_Y: 11}- II-IIDJ{ Cf)J/JIIT'fft:IJ.'

pinos. For instance. the tune" A Hot Time in the Old Town To-Nizbt .. miO"ht be called their national air. Their at'my buglers have lately begun ~ blow ~he American calls, and they put our buglers to shame when reveille, asserublv, iuul taps float from their lines over to ours in the sweetest tones we eyer heard.

CAPACITY OF TilE X_\TIYE~.

For the last month I have occupied an official military position in the town of San -Iose, which through chance or force of necessity is loyal to Americans. From this residence has been gained an insight into the natives' method of government which is worth relatinz : The ruler of the villasre is the U little zov-

..... - 0 0

ernor,' as he is called in Spanish. The ruler of the province is the" governor .. ,

To the latter the village ruler is directly responsible. The" little gnveruor " was always a native. The gOlernor of a province was often a native, but more generally a Spanish army officer, as long as Spain held her sway, but now he is elected by popular vote and commissioned by the president, Aguinaldo.

The duties of the u little governor" are to promptly punish all offenders except for major offences, which come under the sole jurisdiction of the ., gO\Yernor," to whom all dangerous prisoners arc svnt , Each vllluge contains the old-fashioned "stf)('k~~' and whipping posts, which are worn smooth by much usage. The petty criminals are contined in the" culubozu;' or jail, at night. and during the day they clean the streets and do other public work. Ami this work is well done. for nearly all the towns are well ditched and are quite clean. The village governor also keeps a written record of everything pertaining to the public interests. Births, deaths. inveuto r je~ of real o-rute, transfers of property, ownership of live-stock. and everything else that is taxable is all registered in neatly arranged columns.

Since the Filipino war has begun it has been impossible for 0\1t' vncciue physicians in )Ianila to get young cnribou fur their vaccine farm, and I was requested to hunt SOIllP. up in this district. I went to the gOVCl'Il01' to inquire about the matter, and to my astonishment h." produced a paper coutuining au exact list of all the live-stock in the district. Moreover, Ill' had rcenrded the exact age of each animal.

SYSTF.~r OF TAXATION.

The next village official in importance to the" little govCl'nor" is the tax collector. The go\·crnor·s record- SCI'VP this individual in good stead. for it falls to his lot to collect tuxes on every conceivable ubject, of which his chief supplies the list. Even the individunl is taxed. TIlt! receipt gi\'cn the citizen after paying his tax serves as all identilicatiou card III' pa:-;spOl'l. It is called the .. ceduln personal." The cedulus under ~\guillaldo ure precisely the sume :\:0\ those zrnnted. under Spanish rule,

TI~c tax collector and the governors, hig and little, had their 0\\'11 distinctive

lJa<Jfre of ofllee. The villntre "little govel'nor" wore u dress which was a rirlicnlou:imitation of nn Alllel'i~lln full-dress costume, Agnill:Lldo t'njoys the distlnctive pff.!rogntiYe of carrying' a gold.headcd cane with n gold tassel. TIH.~ viIll~ge srunrd or police are chosen at will hy the ,. little g'1l\'prnol'," who caeh day deslg~atc!i a. certain number of the men of the tuwn 10 serve in this capuclty. t~'h.c other village dignitary Iwl'lmps should hnve been meuf.luned first (~f all, for Jt IS he who iH govcl'nOl' ruul tax-gnthurur all ill one: This is the priest. I III wns gennrn.lly a Hpanhlnl, hilt ocr-nsional ly a nutive wus so luvky :LS 1.0 get tho

positioll.

--- -- - - -----

PLA~~ ·t·OR EDl-CA.. TIO~-

In each town ~l church, a eonvenr, or priest's home. a io trib~mat- .. whic-h I:' eourt-bouse. jail, anti record office all in on~. and. :I .school. l:onstltu~: the pUblic butldinzs. The schools 'We're neat, substantial buildings, which testified that the ~panish made an honest effort to educate the IDa5SeS_ The Filipino is Yet-y ~XiOU5 to learn, and the new gol"emment of _\guinaldo used every effort to start afresh these schools. The number of Datives who speak Spanish :1.5 well :\S their native tonzne, and who also know how to read and write, is remarkable. X I) school te::her has been appointed in San .Iose, 3n,1 the school buildings are held by the American officers. In spite of this discouragement there is 3 private school flourishing in a native hut.

The educated and polished Filipino is not at all :\ bad fellow. lie is very rloick to comprehend, and he possesses :\ peculiar ,tt'xterity in accomplishing his work.

•

S.4. TI v ~ AUF. :-\KILLF.D :\1l"~ICI.\:'\5,

Jle is. amon~ other things, a natural musician. The IlE:'gTo r:ll"t' is l':lIl~(1 musical, but the Filipino also pOii5esse..; the .. oul of mu-ie an,l can easily riso to lo(ty heighl.04• 'Vhen I :--ee IhE'~e rn.2'ged beggs r- pl:1yin~ selection- from ., Faust." .. Rizoletto," "Cannenl~ and •. Tannhnuser ' on home-mad .. inst rumonr s, with

,~

an expression an,1 ttlllt'h likp a t 'enn:1.f) orchestra, I am imlwllt·d hl Iwlic."n' that

there is somewhere an undeveloped capacity, Such mnslc ctnt'~ not d wel l in a mind barren of all el"e S3\'e mu-ic. Sueh music appeals alorw to hijrhcr qualitlos. undeveloped though they m;,y hr-.

\\,ilh rare exceptions the native i~ " l"t'ry lazy fpllow. hilt in all chit, l'()~pe('t tf) my own nationa1ity I believe we would 1m the -ame under like eonditions. The cost of livin~ i~ too cheap to rnak .. labor a nC('I·~ .. iIJ. nml the Sprrn ish SJ~tC)ltI of taxation was too thorough to allow a '.{'''y ~I· .. :\t uceumulntion or riches without grea; danger to the pO~~E'~wr_ Rich natives hall n n"ry troubled eXi!'iIt'IH'P, whk-h few e01l1,1 envy ~o long as the Srani~h ofliciul remained as his •• pl·ofc·etor." Even these odd:oc flid not destroy the native's thrjftirH'~s entirely, fur 'warty all of them have comfortable little nest-eg"g~ buried in some !'l('l'n't spot, uwniting :L rainy (lay. Some invest their saving~ in rliurnomls, an.) nne 01«1 fr-llow told me be had :!~t_)O HI go1d hidden where the Spanish eye (,(HII,t nut tinct it.

PItf)~"F.CT:-I rSPFn A)IEHlC.\:\ ('O:\THO'u

Under American gO\iernmrmt this ('apital won lei .... 0011 seek investment in channels of trade, for the Flllpiuo loves tu bargain, and ali goon ns he feels ~:tfl~ this instinct will assert itself.

In conclusion, it must he admitted that at I' r esont the Filipino should hnve a g'lJitling hand to help him lJa\"igah~ his ~hip of state. 'Vhen pea('f~ flIH'C~ more ., .. int.{M ~n(~lJrity of llfe and Amf~rk:Ln control mukus proper·ry sarI!; when coulicJf!lJI.·I~ in law and order ht assured, then Jlfol"haps thl' native su'ength will show its p~Jwe-r. To desert tlw Filipino now would be fnr us It. natlouul disgraen. To ,-PVI, them all hilt actual control i:'ol worth Il'yiug. awl it would tH~ illtcrC'~ting to mark the result,

IJr.:sJCY 1',\4;r.;,

Licnouuuu, (/ . .'-1 • .'1 .

............

CRI_VI);.A.L .A.GGRE$SIO~~: B r 1I·I/OJI COJ1JIITTRI>.'

.. l' ""t

--~----------------

nts L.-\='T I~QCIRY.

\rthur H. Vickars, of Omaha. first sergeant in the X ebraska resriment on d,:ty with" the army of benevolent assimilation:' in his lust letter to l~s parents 53Jd:

U I am not afraid, and am nl ways ready to do Illy duty. but I would lik« some one to tell me tcha; leC are fighting for," But before a solution of the problem is reached he has given up his life. lie W~ one of three brothers who with patriotic purpose enlisted 13.5t year to serve in the •• war against Spain." Aml now their bereaved father writes Governor Poynter:

H I am an old soldier myself. and know that the worst in the fortune of war is always to be expected. but I would be more rcsiqued ill file loss of m!! son llml hefallen fighli"gfor a better cause, I have had three sons in the war with Spaiu, and no one was more proud than I when they marched away to battle f01· tho liberty of a downtrodden people; but u-hlle [ am proud oj tile !Jullanlr!1 of our brace boys iI' the recent brUtle.>: i71 the Philippines I cannot .~!Jmptltlll::(: in II- war

for imperialism. I cannot see th'll th« sacrifices the boy . .: in. tile field and the fathers and mothers at home arc making u'ill result ill good."

Xo. 4. ~(easure of the work before us (from the •• Economist," London •. \pril, t2. 189U), if agg'res~ion is not stopped .

• \:\IEI:ICA~ DIFFICuLTIES IX rrn: PIIILIl:PI~ES,

There is R little too much readiness in Europe to smile at tilt' Anu-rlcnn attempt to conquer the Philippines, and to believe that the people of the Union are already wearying of their task. They have hardly yet a.ldressc.l themselves to it in earne-r, and are suffering mainly from the results of iuexpcrlence. 'I'hey know little of bush fighting, for they han"! forgo\t(_·n their cnmpuigns against the Seminoles, nne) nothing whatever of tighting within tropical t'OI't'st:-, \\'ith inadequate forces, for the most purt improperly clothed, with no muuntuin guns. few beasts of burden, and scnrcely any loea) allif~:ol,t tlwy are earl'ying on thl' vutupaign Just as Aguinaldo would have them e:1.rry it 011 -that is, they are f'ol lowing lightly armed insurgents into forest \"ill:lg't!~, the capture of which :-;ignilics nothing, in the vain hope of forcing them into a. g-nllCraJ cngagt·tIlcnt.. The Tagnls are at once too clever anti too timid to risk anything of the kind. Luzon is nearly as large as England, the fnrest vilIag('/i a ll'ol'C I plenty of provisions, there is, for the moment, an ample supply of arms and prnnlt'I", and the insurg-cnts simply lure on their pursuers dCPPI'I' and clt~epl'r into the jtlngle. They fight no battles, care little for small lo:-;~es, and ox pect more from t.lw Iorest .uul ihe climate than from auy feat~ of urms they muy perform. \rhen the invaders. weary with fruitless mal'ehing. Ill-fed. uml with BHWh ~kklw~:i ill camp. are compelled to fnl l hack upon their only large dppot in ~laJ1il:t.. th« insurguuts rl!gain their abandoned U cities," plum« themselves 011 victory, and with umusing audacity offer to lIf~gf)t inte on eflwti terms.

They will, we think, 1m di:'4appoint.(!(1. The .\IlH!rh~:tllg will SO(_~ll IC:U'II, what

any Angln-Imlian ofllcer of (~xlH'rienc(J will tell theru , tha.t eorHI'II·'·1I1g':I. fOI! like the Tuzuls reqniros time. that, in~lIl'gelll al'Jllil~:oI 1lH'lt nwny when not uttackcrl, :ulfl fh:~ axes and !4l'a,)j'!oi will .1" 11101'0 1'01' them thuu uny number nt~ l'il1l;S,. Tlll',Y will be ma!o;tf!°"14 at OIH'.! ali I'al' aH thuir I·O:LtI.~ rr-uch , :Llld II1I1~t w:ut !'mtu III their fortifj,!cl pbwwt until road!'4 are cut, until their rt!gillll~lIt:ol 'o:tIl JiPHp their supplies with thern, fLiHI until they ('all hnvo tho ~IIPI'0I't of Itt I,·a"'t. smuo l~avall'~ nlJh\ to PUI'HUfJ the Iugltlves uml k.:'~p the gCIH!I'a.l~ Infurun«l. Tlu-r« nru practically no

.'"

CRIMI-Y_!L .JGGRE~~.[O-Y: er Tr-~I_0Jl_ COJIJIITTE])_~

~--- ~-

--~ ;J_

----

. 1· L n The _\.mericsn~ will learn their lesson bv and h~ .. ..

bo - vailsb e In uz ,· _ _ •. "10'1(1

rses a. th . _ are OT"~r 30d the cold we3th~r begin- 3g"'.lin will be in '

In" the nme e rams . hei _ k -. a

.. iti The !!'eDersh: WIll know t err u or and their ent'mi'

ven- different po51 OD. eo t.":-

"'. 1 t ~ will hsve been rephll.'ed by ~gulars. 14.0041 are alrearl -

tactlcs. the ~o on eel. '= • _ • .)

1 - nd the :u"1l1V' of occopstIon. strengthened In numbers, \\111 be sup-

under oruers. a '" ·1·" I f

rted either by negro troops or by. auxi rary regtm:n£$o raise, -:0111 amon~

po "_ f the r"lll·pino popolanlln who are hostile to the dOlllJU:lut C-l .. t ....

those .. ectJon~ 0 - , - ~.

Tb;re is not the least need for hurry. !t took the British five 'year~ of silent and

. lori forest ~(7'htiD(7' to .. ubiueare l pper Burmah, but the work was done at

IOU on005 Oa ........ &. Ue e- ~ J o. " . • •

I~t and now that prorioce is 35 quiet 9.5 soy portion of our dominions.

- • Anall"3is of documents byCrammond Kennedy, of "-a.:'hington. publi~bed

~o. ~. in "the 'Y:l3hiDgton ... Post," Feb. 1; t l ... ~J~l.

orn LATE Al.LIF..s .:\T :'\1.\~IL.\.

SERVICES RE"SPERElJ BY TilE FIUPlSO'" IS THE HEI)l'CTltlS 0.' TIIF. ( 'ITY.

Eduor u Pt)at"': At the close of my letter entitled •. Admirnl Dewoy Oil the Filipinos, and General Greene's Version of Aguinaldo":' Financial llt\:l1in~ with the Spaniards," which you printed in the .• Po-t .. of the 14th instant. I :o':lhl that .• thi~ go\"'emment has bad the benefit of a patriotic fund in the hands of thnt unselfish patriot whose military operation-, n~ will be shown hereafter from tilt' testimony of United States officers, were or material "erTif'(l to our ftlrt·t'~ in the I"t'dllction (11 llani1a:' Before redeeming thi- promise I should like ttl Illtotl~ what follow .. from the Congre-sional Record of the .-ith in-taut, p!l;!t' l.i.l9:

"llr. ('UfERl·. - If it had not been for th« Filipino~. )t111·lmp .... \"1111 would

not have a ~(anila city now,

u ~I r. TELLF..( and ~(r. G" LLISHEH. - ~ on-ense : .. ~rr. CCLU))(. - It i)'l wor!te thnn nonsen .... ~ .

.. lIr. CA FFEHY. - En'rything i~ nonsense that dn.· .. not suit tlw view .. (If gf-'ntlem('n who want to gobble up the I'hilippin« ...

·'llr. 'TF.I.1~ER, - I should like to flay to tho Svnutor, if he will give n14' ) .. ':\\'(. to 3&y it, that our officer in command declared that thov rendered no substuutiul

aid to us at all. f -eneral llf~rritt said 80. • •

u ~Ir. B,\Cf IS, - I wish to ~ugg('st. with the permission of the Senator f'rom Louisiana, that the services they rendered were TPncif'rml Iwfore {;PllI'ral :\itn-ritt got to the islands. So he knew nuthing ahout it except from what ('OIJlllludol'l' Dewey said .

.. ~I~. TF.r.Lf.~(. - If the Senator wiJl let Ole interrupt him I will ~ay that thnt W8JJ a mistake. fhey rf;n,Ip.l'ed no practical service whntevor, :11111 when the eit~· wal4 taken they took no part in it except to stnnd 1)\-' anti luok on. . . .

That is the report of (UlI' offleers," ..

. r will not refer to the con~ular corre~ponllf'nce showing tho npg'olialioll:' with

Agurnaldo but will conflne . . If J • • l'

t II IflJ8C til t re repnl't~ a.nd statements of llulIt:!)'y ot 16

cera of the United StateA on 11· I' . I ' .

" ,It ~ll 'J(!ct In mnd. I'hexe rpluH·tR runl sfatplIH~lIt:o'

are printerl ln Document N( r~, .. J '

;' "', cOllt:umng t re truuty and uccompunynur papt'r~,

. On the 4th of .July. l~!)~, (irm, Thomas :\1, Amlursuu ('oIl1luandit .. r tlw Unit.,,1

St.ah!8 troop:; at. (;avitc a(MI'OIRe I ) t t ' ~

• l' ,'" ' • f :L f! .~r to .. S"IiOI" DOll Emilio .\cTllinnltlo, eOlIl-

manr iriS{ J IJJlIppmr. fOr('PH" t II ~

. "', a - ie ItlUu: 1'1 u ('0. ill whieh hn said ()mfTp :1!IO) :

"f .. enernl : J t U I 1'"'1 '

'. I' I . rave If! UJflor t" Inform you that till! (~lIitt!f1 srllln~ (If Allwr·

W,L, W IOKe and 'orr',," f IUlve tJ 1

'U tf ki 1 '. 10 IOUOI' to eOJlllllUllcl ill thi~ viuinil.v , Iwillg Itt Will'

~I- J ".'l mgc om of Spaill, haM etlt.in~ HYITlpathv und most t'l"iIJlHlh:':WlltiflWllts t'lJ"

the native 1'('''l'lt: (" tho Ph i ll JI,.irlf~ I ~IUlld8. . 01

CP.L\IIX_-tL AGGRES~IO~": uv: U·HOJl C()J/JfITTEn J

-------

.. For these re:,;50lJ:S I desire to have the most amicable relations with vou and to have you and Jour people cooperate with us in the military operation: against the ~p3Ilish forces ."

To this Aguinaldo made an earnest and instant re-sponse, which was acknowledged by General Anderson in a note dated .lulv 6, in which. after intorming A~inaldo that large reenforcement:' were expected from the United Stat.es, for whom more space would be required. for CaJ.llp:s and storehouses, he suid (page 391) :

.& For this I would like to have yonr excellency's advice and eodperution, as you are best acquainted with the resources of this country,"

lie added that they did not intend to remain inactive. but to move promptly •• against our common enemy."

On the nineteenth of .Iuly General Anderson wrote to Aguinaldo (puge 39:1) asking a pas:o' for )Iajor Bell, who had been sent for information by General )Iem(t. and permisvion to examine Aguinaldo's map!.'. On the twenty-first (;'eu... ral Anderson asked for p:b:"e~ and assistance for Lieutenant Bryan and ] Hl.l"ty • who were about to make a ., recounaissum .. ·e of the surrounding country:' On the twenty-second r.eneral An .. lerson said to Aguiualdo, referring to the latter's proclamation of a dictatorship (lmgl' :19-1):

.. Your fine intellect must perceive that. happy as I am to see yon lighting 30 bravely and successfully against a common tmemy, I cannot, without orders, recognize your civil authority."

As to the extent and effect of Agllina.hto·s military operations again:-;t l[aniJa, in conjunction with our forces, ~l:ljor-( ;clll!l'a.l (~rcellt' reported as follows (PI'. 420. 4:H) :

•• Between 2.000 and :1.000 Spanish native troops surrendered to it (Aguinaldo's army) lluring tho months of June ani 1 .luly : it constantly unnoyed lwei hum-sed the Spalliartl~ in the trenches, kt~cping tlu-m lip at night. and wP:ll'ing" them out with fatigue. and it invested )1:1uila l'al'ly in .luly so completely thut all supplies were cut off. nrul the inhabitants us well as the SI':\lIi~h troops were force') to Iive on horse and buffalo nu-nt, and the Chinese population on cuts and dogs, It captured the waterworks of :\I:mil:l and cut olf t.he wuu-r supply. uml if it had been in the dry season would have intlk-terl great ~Ufrpl'ing on tho iuhuhitants for lack of water.

" These resulta, it is true, were obtniu-«l against a llisl'il'itl',1 army. l~ont:lin· iug n considerable number of native troops of doubtful loyalty. Y t't from Augu-t, }~f'6, to April, 1~!.7. they fought 25,000 of the lu-st reg-nlar troops sent out from Spain, inflicting on them :\. los~ of over }.-,o officers uml 2,50() nu-n killvd and wounded, and they suffered still greater Jo~ses thumselvcs ,"

This reference by General Greene, in connection with Agllinaldo'~ Sl'l'vil't'S at )lanila last summer, to his earlier ('mnpai:!,11 :tg'aillst the Spanianls i~ of Iustorical interest, for that insurrection was hl"otl:.rht to n close by the convelltion wit h the Spnnish GovenlOl'-G(meral, Hivera, \llIdm~ which J\guinnlt1o obtained ('ontl'!)1 of 1\ fund of $~f)OtOOO, which he ruf'nserl to tCHH'h fur })I'rsou:tl PIlI'III)~PS, .uul afterwurd used COl" the equipment and support of the tI·oops thut aidl'll our forces

ill the reduction (If Manila. ,

(;'~'lf~rH.l ~11~rritt. although he hims«l f fotlght. shy of Agllill:t.ldo (fOl'(!SP~~I.n~ cOlllpli(,:Ltioll~ from this ul liunce}, tpstitil'(l n"\'I!I·t.IH!l.~:-Is til the pl't":lllitll'lIt a~I~ltJ of (i1:lwl'al n r eenu (pago :1f;2). and to his e xceptiunul opl'0l'llillitiu~ 1'01" ol~tlUlIlIlg infurmntion. f:eTH~J'nl fil'eClIe had w rjt.t.en the hest nrul most uutheutic '.,lIok (C ;fHHwal ::\IHrritL suid ) 011 tilt, HlIs:-linll-TlIl'ldsla wur : was t\ l't.!g'ulul' :11'111), oth~'l'l':

, • I' , 1 UI'7 1 lu .', f Ut.'l'lI III~tl'lIt't(ll oi

Imvirlg gnuluatctl i 1'0111 \\ ('st lomt til ,'11, lUll 1.1.\ I 16 "

60 CRI3ILVAL .AGGRESSI0S: Br n~IlOJI (,OJI.\IITTEn.'

--- ------~-

. . u at the academv. .& He Wa5 out on the lines l:lt )[ani1s) all the time9

~~o· 'h h .. l

and took a erest deal of interest in investigating wrt t e cmzens :lnu soldiers.>

General 'Thittier, who receired the surrender of the city .. made a ~t~\tement to the Peace CommiS5ioners at Paris which showed that we might hall" been compelled to make a bard fight and suffer great 1{)5-~ at )I:lnila if the Spuniard, had Dot been disheartened because they were hemmed in and their line of r~treat cut off by the Filipinos. Referring to the ~p:\ni3n15" fear of the Filipinos, Gen-

era) lYhittier said (page 491) :

H I think the Captain-Genenl was much fri ght l) ned. He reported in great

trepidation that the insurgents were coming into the city, and I said that I knew that that was impossible. because such precautions bad been tuken as rendered

it so."

There can be no question of the bravery of our former allies. - the men

(and women) we are DOW slaughtering. - but it may be interesting to quote what General \Vhittier said on that point in answer to a question put by ~.'nator Gray (page 492) :

., They are somewhat undersized. are f:\irly good in appl'ut·anee. an' brave,

will . -tand any amount of hunger and hardship, anti, well led, would lw \"\'1"Y good soldiers. ~

Speaking' of their service- in o'l'Irivin:;: the ~paninrd:o' front c..':\\·\tt' twe-ntyodd miles into the defences of ~f:\nib:' t;t'Ih'rnl 'Yhittil"l" s.vid (pngl' ·nlH) :

"' AI! the -IU('ef'~~ was on the natives' -ide , and tilt' ~panj:\l',l:"i surrendered between -; .Of"' and ~.r)fJ() rnr-n Wf·1I armed. plt·nty of umumnition, an«1 in ~o(}41 physical condition. The t'''cu~'''' of the lattvr nla~' tw th:,' their ('nt'lll,Y was in small bands, hut they never captun·t.1 um' nr 'hl·:o.t~. :11)(1 the <mall bands ~ll'o\"t, them to their walls."

Recurring to the ~paniard~' Ieur of thl" Fi1ipino:ol and t!a«'i .. jtH'c'~llIh'lIf of ~[anil~L. General Whinier ~ai~' (page -t.~'):

... Iaudenes, the actin:,.! (·aptain.'~,..ner:11. in reply to :\'c'l"J'ilt :lnd I )PWt'Y'l'4 notice to remove hi~ non-eornbntnnt .. , :u:knowl"dg('tl that t.hl' Iusurrectinuists surrounded the city. aru] that he pon1d not remove \\"OIlWI1, (~hjlt"·.·I1. ('It!., out, (1Ii~ fear and solicitude about the muives ent"l"in::: the dry when [ received the surrender of the ('hy were almost painful to wltnvss.) This .ulmission rh-uronstrate», as wen. th.! military ability shown lJY the Filipino .... whose chal':ad(!l'isric-~ J will now enumerate.'

And one of the~e .. char:lf·t('.rj~tic~" - rare even alllong 0111' gospel H e x pnu~jnnistK " - wa- AglJin!ll,lo'", n·fnsaI of money, p\'.'n Jot" Jli~ expenses, when hI' was first invited to c(J()perat(~ with Oil.' t'or(',.~. ()n this r.'ature or ,\gtlill:ddo'~ t·haraeh·,·, eonflrming what I cited f r om f ;f·w· .. al (;I'I·t!lle's report in Il-IY forme r J~ttf~r. fierwral 'Vhittier said (page -J!I!I):

H Agllinalrlo went to (uvite, under permissinu of .\,lJllil'al Dewey. in rpply to a tclf!gram sent by SpelJ('('!" Pratt. E:OHJ., our ('owml·( ;t'IJet"nl at Sing-aport!. who (,tr(!rf~rl that dli~f money for his eXl'pn~f~8. Till! om'I' \\'a~ flf.dille(I."

JJf~ wnuhl ralse a new army among IdH countrymen tfl help u~ (Iri\'l~ out t.ho s!,uniarf1~, hilt Jj(~ \~ollld.n()t take our 11I001(~y. Jlf~ cniuo on on« of our ship», at }JI~ lIwr~ f~xJlf'IIHe, With thirteen Mfafr oflif·f·rR. (~eflcl'al ,,'hit(i,'l' sayli (p:lgO ,~.~»):

.: Soon 'I'om tJw hay and froHI all sidf'H Bum gallJel"l~d. Thf~ fad that. I )"Wt!y 1,,:rllll""fl "If: urlJlf!d IlJpJI to UIOltf! 1'''0111 tlH~ ~lllTn"IHlill~ ,1il'lolril'tl'4 nm I for tilt! r4·t)dH to takH a~IIIM (llot r~mfly, HUyH "hi! Admiral) in 11m nr~l·tUllt wa~ tho only 1 ... 11' WH gav.: hiru, '!Xl:f'ptmg. ftf (:Ollrl'lf!, tilt! IIlIISt. iJllpo,·talll df!~1 ruction of tim SII:Lflj .. t. II:I\"Y· F.·OfIi that .f.irue II", mi lilury ClIH'ratioll~ lIud nit' (·flUrlW·t or thu ill~lIr!!'·lIr ... have IH'lm IJUH;I. f·rf~ditabJf:.. I'm~itioB~ lakl!u and flH! llIfJVf'IIWIlr.H or

....

CRLVI_YA.L .. -tGGRESS]O)'-: Br n-IIOJI COJIJIITTE[).' til

troops show great ~bi1ity all the part of some leader - I do not sLY it \\":1:0' neces-

sarily Aguinaldo, but he gave the directions:' .

In answer to a question from Senator Frye whether the Filrpiuos hal\ been of material assistance to us General "~hittier said (pagl' 5tH) :

h Yery great. If the protocol had not been signe .. .t I think the Spanish at home would have insisted upon their army doing something. They dismissed Augu5tin because he was not disposed to tight, and I think if they hat! not had this experience of having been driven back into the city and the wntvr cut off, so even that -Iaudeues said he could not remove his non-combatants. the government would have insisted on his making a tight. and he could have made a verv good one, for his position was strong, if they bad nnv tizht in them at all.

• c ,... 1iIt-',era

But every place had been taken from them by the Filipinos, who managed their

advances and occupation of the country in an able manner,"

This explains why we took )[anila with so little loss anti why our troops were surprised on entering the city at the surrender of well-equipped Spanish regiments with scarcely a show of resistance.

After ~tating what certain Spanish officers and their wives h:ul told him of their kind treatment while prisoners in the hands of the Filipinos. (~ener:,l ""hittier quoted from Aguinaldo's letter of AUg'u:'t 1 to ~I r, "·illiam:-:. our late consul at ~{ani1a (page 5(1)!

.. Say to the government at 'Va~hington that the Filipino people abominate savagery ; that in the midst of their I';.\~t misfortunes thoy have learned to love liberty, order. justice, and civil life."

And then the General ~ulth_~t1 what should make our im perinlistic Christiuns, especially ministers of the gospel. blush with shame (page 5(1) :

•• I have never -"It·en a drunken one. and this with t)ll' example of our soldiers, whom they imitate in everything else."

Oh, if we ha-t only assured them in unrnistukuble terms that. notwithstanding the letter or the treaty we did not intend to take their country :\1)(1 their independence from them, but to do for them what we h:1(\ promised to I'll 1'01' the Cubans, :\ horrible page would have been kl'pt out of our history !

I close with the following question anti answor rl~eognizi1\g t he services of our f()rm(~r allies and their claim upon OUI" grntihulc and protection (page ",10\,,,) :

u Mr. Fuyf.,. - I would Iike to ask just one 11l\t'~tion in that line, !"\llppll:-'tl the United States, in the progr(~~~ of that war. found the le.uler of the present Philippine rebellion an exile from hj~ country in (lungkong~ nud sent for him and brought him to the islands in an American ~hip, anl\ then furnislwll him .. ,000 or ;),000 stands of arms, and allowed him to purchase as many more :4alld~ of arms in I1ongkonn', awl accepted hi~ airl in conquoring' Luzon, whnt kind of a nation, in the eY(!B of tl ... world, would we appc·a.." to ht- to SI1I·rc.·nthH· .Agninalclo nfJIl his lnsurzents to Spain to he Ilpalt with ns they please P

C I'

.. A. (Commander BI:,\ "1-'01,1).) - \\' e buoome l"t!spolIsib10 rot· overyr ling

he ha.H done. He i~ our ally, a.m' W(~ are hound to protect him."

Alas, alas! They could have easily (lcfnnll(~cl themselves again~t ~)I:\in.

Tim record from which we hnv« qnotml seums to make that point (I(Jrf,~dly dear. Hut the Stars and Stdpl~:-J are enrried through their hrokr-n lille~ :ttH1 b~ll't1illg \'.i1- la(ff~~ where thousands or III em \ awl not. a f-~w women and r-hihlrcu, IIl11tllnlt'll w ith IJh~Jt anel shell. \,eal' wit IW:-;~ to t Jw .~luJ)idil!J I il~((f'"alion, tmd tlJlf).·!ltl'~!I (!( IIH' /,,,'111"

•. Put UI' again thy sword illto hi!'4 pluce ; 1'01' all they that, take tilt' swurd

Mha]] (WriMh with th., ~wHnl."

And f:fll'f'(~jally if till! swuul i:i ViC~t.01·ioll~ ill nn 11111lCl'm~l-Iary Will'. _

C '1:'\M~I01'iI' hE:"i:,\I-J)L

!. ...

t::! '-'RI3/I~'-AL ...:fGGRE' "10-Y: s r n-IIOJI COJ/JIITTEP!

,- 6 T etter communieated to the ... Evening Po~t'" by Rev. Charles. F. Dole, of

_'0. . J..K

.J ama.ica Plain.

A SOLDIER OX ., IXUr:UAX "".-\RF_\RE:'

The Rev. Charles F. Ooley a well-known clergyman of -Iamaica Plain. :\[3.5::: .• contributes to the collection of letters from private soldiers in the Philippines the rollowieg from u a patriotic young volunteer," the scm of a friend of his living in another State:

." The longer I stay here [Manila]. anti the more I St~C and think of tilt>

matter. the more fully convinced I am that the American nation was and i ... makinO' a blunder. I do not believe the United States is ~qu:\l to the task of eonqnering this people, or even governing them afterwards. I don't think I would miss the truth much if I said more non-combatants have been killed than actual nsth"e soldiers, I don't believe the people in the United :'t~dC5 understand the question OT the condition of things here, or the inhuman warfare now being carried 00.

u Ta1k about ~panj5h crnelty : they are not in it with the Yank! Even the ~pani!h are shocked. Of course, I don't expect to hav« war without death and destruction, but I do expect that when an eneluy g'\. ... ts ltnwn on his knees :u1I1 beg~ for his life that he won't be shot in cold blood.

u B11t it is a f:let that the order was not to take any prisoners, and I have .. een enough to almost make me ashamed to call nly ... elf an American."

,

So. i. Latest statement of the Ios~.·~ in the Philippim-s, from th .... "E\"c'nin~ Post " of X ew York. of )(a,· 1 .

•

•

OCH l.OSSES IX TilE Pl11I.IPP1XES.

The losses of our troops in the Philippines from .\n::u~t ,; clown to and inc! uding to-flay'~ reports are a .. follows :

Killed •

•

21-l

Hip,f of wounds Died of di.~ea .. e

Total df>nth~ . \\"ounderl

lIis~ing

•

•

.11
27~
.-,·13
1 C).)H
......... ,
t f;
-_
• 1.7H:! •

•

•

Cjran,f total

Later advice- seem to Il~:UJ to rlifferent conclusion», a:-; will appenr from thrqU~J~.f!'tUent statement, which l11ay inelud» wounded as well as killed. So Inug :\.'; "nwlal statements are not mnflf~ hy the \Val' J>ppartnwnt the tlsruros given hv

telegraph under c(~n!"or9hip may ho opp.t1 to question. ~ .

So,~. J.:flitoria.1 froro Bo~ton " Herald ., of :\lay It)th.

'? an «ditorial in thu Boston" Herald "of ~ra'y 10th tlw folloWing- li~l\n~:-4 an! glvi.m:

., J\ recent \Vashington despatch 8tatf~fI that. there had hl'l'" ahout. 2,OO()

.1~arh8 among our fnl'('c" in the I'hil'inni '} J' I . . .

.,' IPJ1tne~, IlW 111 Illg' t It) .... n krllnd III :U~tl0tl or

who had (IH~fl Irum woumls awl dlscnso, nlld Umt snmu t /)00 IW)l't~ hall I,PPH

whl1fJ1l.~fI on the til')/l of tnttJ(t rf . if 1 I' I .

• '.... was ~ng-rll «'nnt Y :tl 1 1'1 t.lmt of t.J1I~ number

~vHr 7;,.",~.'· ("Pllt. Jmv,: 1J('.'m from tim 1'~~nk8 of tlH' \'oIUlJfut!I'H, III vu-w of thww

figun~'4 it HJ 'IOt ~ur(l1"l!dng to.i,u1 that a dW'fJar.dl WlL~ "f!('oi\lwl fruru ~I:t.llila, on

)[onday, ni~ht~ annonncing that the X ebru-ka regimeuts had asked for a. tempo; rary relief from .. "futy. and assuredly the organization both needed and deserved it, for only :3;.::' men of the regiment were left at the front,"

~o. !'. Tbe total number of officers anti

follows :

12 companie and 11);) men each Officers.

In addition. regimental officers. :'l'rgeant-Jll3jor, surgeons, a~~istant~. anti hospital stewards

IlWIl in :\ volunteer regiment i~ as

I:?

Total

If only 3,.) men of the X ebraska regiment art! able to take their places at the front, it follow-, that about 70 per cent. have been killed. wounded. or are disabled hy disease. (At a later date reduced to HiO in line.)

The total Humber of troops yet put into the tield in :\Ianila is not given.

It is assumed that about 30,000 men of all arms huve been sent ttl :\[:mila. of whom a part have returned and a large number have not yet arrived,

It may be assumed that the number of deaths luay he computed p"o rnta on about 20.000 men in the field, if ~ .000 then at 10 per cent, The rainy season has not yet be~un. only the hot season,

.\n Enzlish observer on the conditious of the af"'t"'rc~~j\"c contest ill the

._., I"">t'

Philippine Islands, from the .. Evening Post" of :\I:\y sth.

In his recent attempt. to (lI'fend our barbarous war .. for tho cnus« of humanity," Secretary Long sairl of the dmrgl's of cruelty which have been uuule : .. If this were true, how happens it that the pnlightencfl humanity of a, nation like Enzlaml. who .... :Lftll'nt. mlvocates of human 1'1!!hts have IW\'C'l' fai1t'(l

~ ~,'

to speak out. arnl which (Iht not fail to protest :tgain!'lt the horrors of Cuba ami

Arnu-nia, has ultt:r.'" nn such word with H·g-artl to the conduct of tilt' L'nited States in the Philippin .. :ol?"

Leaving out of cou-ideratlon the fact that Engla.nd is glad to see the United States imitate her own imperial policy, and not inclined 1.0 IH! ()n~r-l·rit.i(,:ll as to OUl' methods, :\Ir. Long" wouhl Iearn, if he should consult tho English 11l't'S~, that expression- of protest arc hy no means laeking, TIIP London U Daily Nows ' operu-d some e.litorial comments in a reeunt i:o. ... ue wit h the n-umrk, "Tilt, WOI'k in the Philippinns is terrible." Fa,' more signilieaTlt t because written by nn Englishman at the seat of war. j.; a corumunicntion published in the .. North China. J)aily ~ f!WS " of Sha.nghai, at. tlu- ,'nd of ~r:\I'ch, The writer uegln~ with the arrival of his party at )Ia.nila, aml tells how" tit.! rCl'reselltativc8 of Liberty hoarflf~ll us with tix(~d bayonets nnrl m:Lny rounds of cartridges," hut s:ll'l'a~tjp:tl1y :Ldrl~ that + w« were not afraid. kuowing wul l that the weapons wen! only illtf'niled for Us(! ag-ainfo\t the people which tho glorious and g ... -nt HpIHlblil' is settillf' freu." Tlw~'(~ WC!l't~ fdlnw-passcngel's from the l;nitCtl States, fLIIII this eon-

n I .

vr-rsation occurred between on« of them and Ollt~ of the ":Il'med :tl'0~t es of

Xo, 111.

Fr"l!d'~m ": '

U The man from Ohio asked an ofllocr, & l Iow many weeks IHd'OI"(~ we've

hot:d this row?' (lllOth Mars, und to filii! listener at leust his words luul the ring of wi~doru: 6 \Ve hnv« bitten ofl' morc than we «uu ehuw ; IWt'llty ,}·ea.,'s, perhaps, flla-ylll! f~fl:rnity. ,],1U!J'e'~ only one nation could run this circus ill style, ami

l ' I to..: ""

tha.,'j4 not .uc C .~alJl H.

'.

_ f··-------

- ~ , ~ pu~1wJ on to the rout, r ;'~~lUg m s railroad t--~

Th f:n_zli-~ ~Tl"'E'., ·11 1 b" 1 l' ~""'n

e '- -' -.. ruined eons .. v-e~. nnn et e us, asues '-'i once h .

... f ile- (If d~t1bttOD~ ~ . "., _.. _~, !l.ppv

our JD • 5-':'bo1d potrery and kItchen uten:o-l~~ strew t."U :uu('Ings.t theru",

homes. 1I"]th the boa I t "tn\nderi~ starTed amid the wreck ." \t T. _

d there a €"3D ea ~ -. .. .t' n;:t h

aDfi here an _." of U ~ under whleb the rebels are e:,tabl'l"hn.l·

_ ""thin n~W U"""'_" ... ._ ~_

the party came , Did nut OUT iorebtheN 5:lY· rebels until the Declaration ni

rebels ..... hy not . . .. ..1 , But the Filipino~ have never owed allecianCt! t) tl

lod deDce .-&5 ~ 1!!"11t."& • .. ~ \_ \.,

epeu - d the f,)}lotrinP p3~~~1~t"$ to the attention of ~t"('r~t'l"

__ tares - '''" e commen e~· • • .. .,1:

.... • 1...__..I' the impre$"ion~ PT"OdUC'ed9 nQ(, upon a .. ~t"\ilt]ou~ .-\Illeric:\n "

Lon~~~~~~nn~ .

_,IoM..: _ "-

but '~pon a frienfl1y Engli-hman : ..,.

b...An f the tree .... are fizurv ... In white, .:--t~n tor n moment and 10 '

... \t t e ~..ge 0 - e... ...

• T1..~ th come clothed in t"ncle ~MI1 s clothe", to preach tle)l\·Pl":lnc:t' til

a~n.. 1. m:-\" at d ' "

'":" . _.. d r __ edom to them that are boun . are hrln~ :\t the~e whitt'"

the captlTe~. 3D ...-~ '11 • u ..

ed 1 One fa1l~ - ~ I ~t 'em, 81 • ...a,\':"i re nnssronarv next t,.

uarment peop e. ~ e - •

e • ,

me. Poor - shall I say - punO( . • •

. " Hound and round in 3D elbow of tht> waters 11. ':lh_"tl an Emancipated, (~laJ

in the white dock :,tlit of :l rebel; the bosom bare to the -ky, tilt- inrl":lrm~ rai,,\'d in mute appeal. the lace - Quick ~ let U3 hurry on ;\1,,1 thank ,;(.t1 :1' Wf' ~" that tMt cannot bring aogbt again..;t u-.

.. Pa...;jv .illa''''~ had fallen and been ~t fire to; the .\nlt·rh-~ul Ut)IU I\;\.~

e ~

reached the lake; the Filipiaos bad fought like d.~m()n~. ':,id OUt' ~oltth-r ..

me! • I didn't like to fire. the beg-gars were ~ l)hl("ky and ,,-xl"''';t\c.1 thvmselv«so bravely: and when ,,·c took the trenches there wpr._- women therv !'iho[ dow II while cooking for their btJ~band~ anti brothers t th.·rt\ w.·r(~ l~t" of twelve :l1l,1 fourteen firing bravely to the lut. anti ,)hl men who eould h!lrdly ~we:

.. " .. e (lined out again that nigh' in a house litf'r.ally rid.Il.'t} w ith hllll,,' holes. The fir ... t shot~ between the ;\mf!rfcan~ and thr. Filipinf)~ WI'fO t~X('hall~l'd not very far from here. all,1 our host tl"~lIft"fl 11" tllt' 'Aery rir~t l'nnle.' frnm th» American side, from the !W)Jdif~nI ashore and thp war·\'f·!'I·U-J~ in tho harbor aim"! taneously. and a.t a time when the in.!lur~.·nt leaders ,,"pre known 10 Ill' 1l:"ililc'JUhll": away at )Ialo]o~, debating the point of s1lbmi~~ion to th« .\nwrkaH rule.

"' \\"ar. I am perfectly DWarf', i .. no kid.glovp. gftl1u~: rape. rnpin«, :111.1 fir, come into it under the rules, hut \'"(~ do think that the nation which at thi~ tim" last year boasted in its numerous newsJ)aper8 that Amf'ril'Jl. the most f'n'(! !lIllOII): nations. would cheerfully expend her gold and t.he blood of her son- to bf"sto\\

th 0 bJ·' .

e precious e~~mg of liberty on a downtrodden si~t('r and, ~nl\h~hing her from

beneath the hee~ of the tyrant. set her upon Um IJI"UlJfl eminem-e on w hicl: ~III' herself stands, 1~ at present a little off" her base in flIP Philippim«. ,\t rlw

moment there seems to be m r · · \. - •. 10" kil] I .

~ j • 0 e .Jr11 In I merrea over ',000 • I IIHno~ -1 fit 111

d/!fence ()r their n~'tivf' 1 I h . I

• <, an. t an OVf'r all the f'uhan:ot who han. IWHn Jrbcr:Lt.'t '

Ma,ny times 01 late We h b • 1

. ave oen remmr ed of those lim-«,

". Ten thf)ll~.Dfl Frenchmen ~rnt )'('low

}l , ,

raJIIC: f;od from whom an hlt''''''inJ('I I1nw.'

'I \VI! W(!ra glad to fillfl II t I

itl II 1:t. :L number of soldier ... wern ,li.oUTtlst ... 1 :tlrt':J.t ~

WI I If~ war, and the Hh(J()t' , ,.,

109 t own of, a~ th(!y put it. • littl« hlncl .. ho.r~.·~'

~('. 11. From till' Sir It' II

,. JIU: ~'8 '. Pre:4~.'· Sioux Falls, H. n., ~fa.y L, IX!J~'o

S. F. Ak"r8. tlf jti,u'stone !\t"

JOust rf'l"';vf.,1 fr I' - ., mn., H'!rH1H u ThH l'I'H"8" no II!Unr whh·h tw hn:4

'.. • j om UK 'Jun 'VitI f' Ak

in t"'~ "hilippinl!l. ' J. (!rK, of (:olJJpu.ny J.;, Fir""t South I )I,kntu, IIUW

•• 'f)) .

If' wal 1111 801n"Ulin n Ii 1

da v (J\'('r"OIIH' witt' . g · W 1I. f)07.I.llJl't of OUI" 110\'. uro hrought ill ,wory

J -. , J ",at, flnll oth '1' J .. I

'- reg 'IlC!fltK a.I'I' "cnc1illg i,. rully :l04 III au." , II

--.---_

fact, the heat knocks out shout three men where :\ bullet knocks one. and the volunteers are doing all the fighting. The regulars could not stand the exertion, not bei?g acclimated, and they are used as reserves. The Third and Twentysecond infantry are supporting our brigade.

_. '\l ell. )lalolo5 is captured and apparently the war is no nearer ended than it Wa.5- after the first fight. I am inclined to believe the United States has a bigger job on its hands than it did with ~pain. because the insurgents can sret

back into the mountains and Iive on rice and make raids on our positions. ~

.. I do not see how the boys are going to stand it much longer. because there are not over five hundred men on duty now in our regiment. It looks now as If we would serve our full two years fighting for the noble (?) cause of civilizing the Filipinos .

.. The recent actions of our congressmen and senators make me believe more than ever that the Filipinos arc callable of tyoyerniuO" themselves.

eo eo

u I want to get back to the States before the election of 1900 in order to cast

my vote against the Republican party. N either ~\111 I a worshipper of Dewey. and should he be nominated for president on any ticket I should never vote for him,

U I guess our government has paid S:?o~ooo.noo for t\ war which will cost it twice that amount before it is ended. besides the lives of its sons who volunteered to fight a.gainst the oppressors of these people. Of course the life of :l voluuteer is not considered worth much. If a regular gets killed another man must he found to take his place, hut 3. volunteer is =--intply buried and forgotten,

i6 Our regiment is now in ),Jalolus. I expect to he ahh· to go Oil ,luty again hy the time another advance is nuule. 1 can gct up to )1:\lol()~ by the train and thus -ave going up on a wagon train,

•• \VtLI. t '. AKEHS."

,.. t·,

• .,0. _.

From the Springfield I. Hepuhlican " of :\l:t.\" 11 -" (imwr:ll Anderson's striking te .. timony ."

I·F"·""I~ 'I \"))1"1' "()"" ~.'·rl~II,·I]Io.'(·. 'l'I,~s_vl·I~ .. ·I()~.·\·.

,. ,06' c~ L.'" ~ ,'.' r: .. \oS " ~ • ., •

Secretary Long has appe:LI't!d to he puzzled regarding public opinion in Xl'W England on tilt! war in the Philippines. But it is :1.11 "cry simple. \\' e invite tluSecretary's attention, first of all, to a. stntutnent uuule this wr-ek hy C; .. -n. T. 1\1. .. \nlJer!'lOn. now commanding the dl'part.nwnt of the lakes, and I'rintl·d IIy t.lw Chicago II T'imcs-Hurald," :1. r-onsistent ndminlstrution n .. wspuper. I iClH't'al Anderson led the first cXJU',lition of the 1 ~nih·(l ~tatps troops to the Philippines nearly n year ago; he was the first Amerienn gPllL'ral hl hnve ,tired. relntions wit.h Aguinahln an .. l the Filipinos ; and he remnined in :u·tiv" !"(~rvic...·l~ in and urouud :\Ianil:t until last ~larr~h, a period of fully nine months. There is 110 other ollicnr, thus far returnee] homo, who can speak with more uuthority regarding the nntlves of Luzon. And he say:, throngh th« "Timm;-I J ernld ":

" A8 to the Filipinos themseves, I undurstund many Cl'l'OIWOI1S impressiou» nrv current. J wus in thp Philippirw!"l until the lnt ter part of ~lal'{'h, having' been sent there ill .luru-, l~!JX, in command of tho first. ruilltury (!xpl·tlitioll. Ulullll1L'ing that time I hall some ehnnce for Htuclying the Filipillo ehuractvr und mimi. 1 rezard the Filipino!'l, such :1.8 have been carrying on npul":l.tionH Il..~l\in~t om' fnrem; in ~he i~l;lwl of Luzon, 1t:i lH!ing Bot far below the .ra.paIH~:o;t\ in intelligl'lw(! unci (':u,pability of culture. Nearly ull r::l.fl re.ul und write; they hnvo mnny ~(_'hool~. and there are a. number of newspapers. 'I'hnir dtips :U'O populous :lIltl wull luid out and kept. There are III any engillel'l'~ and art.isl,~ among thu Filipinos. Theil' tUHt., uud aptitude fOI' music j~ Iuhureutly n.murkubl«, and t heir art. while not Ul: to the lJigJw~t stnndnrrle, i~ very good, awl nuturully alortg tho Spalli~h line ot

.'"

(ttl CRI_YI_Y.lL _JGGRE."/O_Y: nv wuox COJIJflrr,.;n.~

interpretation" Their army is well handled, It is a good lighting force, well orzanized, with ~ns superior to our OWD in most cases. The Filipino is no mean ioe, being flr ahead of the X orth American Indian in that regard, and hartnz most all of the milit."lry evolutions and tactics of modern warfare well leam~. I cannot answer positirely as to the readiness with which the Filipino 'Would accept the American cirilizing influence. but repeat that he is not unlike the Japanese citizen, and every one knows how .Iapan has leaped forward in the

f ~.,

Iast quarter 0 a century.

,- 13 From tbe Kinzston, Inti .••• Eveninsr Post .... oi ~l:\ .. v .~.

_" o. . .._ -

SOLDIERS rx THREE REGIlIE.."T~ TELL OF ORDER~ TO TAKE ~u PRlSnXF.H~, To the Editor of tAe •• Er"-e,,ing Post " :

:-;JR: I send herewith a marked eopy of the Gn't'n~h\l1'g' (Ind.) '" Standard:' the Republican weekly of this. (Decatur) county. containing n letter from ~\. ~\. Barnes, Battery r;. Third Cnited States Artillery, which speaks for itself very unreservedly. Incredible :\..,. this story of tht' allegt>tl 'I'itntin mnssner» is, and .. till more incredible that it should ha,·€' been ordered bv an officer of General

- .

"~heaton's rank. it is pretty evident that the writer believed it to hl1 true. nnd that

he was neither surprised nor shocked by such :111 :ltl"fwity. "~onl.1 not n rcgn lur soldier under strict discipline be likely tn know that -uch n. story wus wholly false, if the usual stringent regulations of ('il"iliz('tl w:'rf:\n~ for the protection of non-combatant." were enforved in the Philippincs ? I know nothing uhout B:\rnl'~ except that JU! fomlerly lived in this county. nnd has r elatives hero .

• J. C J ' ])0 S N 1-: 1.1.,

KI!'IiG~TO~t Ixn., ~[a1 R.

u 'taniln. 1', I.. ~I:\rch 20. l~~Hl.

u Df.AR BRO.: 1 have just pleased to hear from yon again. know. it is no snap in war time.

"Th~ town of Titatia was surrendered to us a few days ~g'()t a~Hl two companies occupy the same. Last niuht one of om' boys was found shot. nurl his ... tomach cut open. Immcdifllrl!J orders mere rcrctrcd front O('1It ,.".1 U'lI,rtllon to "llr, .. th» tOll~n and kill ever!! nnt ir» in :~i9h.l.; whi"h tru« d01U' to a.li 'lis". ~'haul 1,000 mcn i uunnen; and children. were reported killed, I am probuhly growing" hard-hearted, for T am in my glory when I can ~ighl lily g'IIIl on HOllie dark skin and pull the trigger.

_. Let me advise YOll a. little, and should n call for volunteers be uuulo fnr this place do not be so patriotic a~ to come here. "1't'11 all my inquiring fl'iol1d~ that I arn doing everything T can for 01(1 r~I()ry and for .. \mel'ica I 10vo !o\~, wel 1."

received your kind h-tu-r ami was mort' than Thi- fimls me (In.it)~·in~ good honlth. hut as ~·ou

\

u As OfU)F.,f{ To TAKF. ~o PIUSOSI':W~,,"

About a. year ago C. E. Acly, tho wel l-knnwu insurnncn mall. while vi~itillg" "

Topeka, heeame inh~n~fo(hlcl iu Ollf' of the hright IIltHnhf'I'1J of I he TWPIII ieth 1\'1L1l·

ioI,aJot Volunteers, who \V(!rB then IIf!ing ml1Hl.('n~ll in, and a~k4'cI hill! to write him

about hla fir",t cngagerwmt. To :\11', Ady's HlI('pri~t! and ph~a~lll'n Iw ha~ just ru-

C!CiV4:d a letter from his firfJlly;' rerJm~ming the prumi-.«. 1-'1'0111 tlu: It~ttn1·, w hi .. h i:;

hignNt hy Robert D. ~ta.xwoll, Corporal of Company A, 'I'weutleth J\'llw'm~. tlw rollowlng extracts are taken:

..•

CRIJ[[_YAL A.GGRESSIO_Y.- B r JrlJOJf ('OJIJIITTED! tiJ

---~-~-- ------- __ -

u I will try to give you an idea of the battle of Caloocan, in which our regiment took a strong part. Caloocan is :\ town about six or seven miles from llanila. or. I should have said, it uras a town, for now- it is 3. heap of ashes. Our lines were about two miles from Caloocan, lying in trenches awaiting the order to advance. At three o'clock the order came to he prepared for an advance.

But we did not stop here. \Ve could see the tower of Caloocan church. and so still advanced, wading rivers and sometimes through mud up to our waist:', never stopping unless it was to shoot 3. sharpshooter out of n tree or to put our guns in the river to cool them. Sometimes we stopped to make sure a native was dead and not lying down to escape injury. Sonle of them would fall as though dead andy after we had passed, would climb a tree and shoot every soldier that passed that way. Even the wounded would rise up and shoot after we passed. Tit is led if) an order to lake 110 prisoners, but to shoot nU"-Omaha (.Vcb.) .. Bee" (Rep.), Jl,--,y 7.

u DECIDED TO KILL EVERY X.\ TIYE:'

The work of General ""'beaton's flying squadron, begun Sunday. Murch I:?, was concluded to-day I the Second Oregon. preparatory to moving' towards 1\13010105. going into camp on the Luneta.

Iteturning to :\13.1ap3.t na Bato after "", ednesday's tight. we remained in camp, awaiting orders, until Saturday afternoon. when, at about 2 ::30, Colonel Summers was called on to attack a large hand of natives who were surrounding a battalion of the \Vashingtons. at that time quartered in Taguig' church, In compliunce with this order, Captain Prescott, commanding Company D, was immediately sent to the w ashingtons' aid.

Ahont dark. before Company D's return. Colonel xummors rode over to (ieneral ,\"lPeaton\~ headquarters. Shortly after reaching there, reports, which afterwards proved to be somewhat exaggerated. camp in that two companies of the, Twenty-second Infantry had been literally cut to pieces, having ful leu into an ambush, After n hal~/y ronsultatior it wall decided (0 proceed at once to kill or drire into the lake r.,'er!l nntice p,),q/tiblc 10 b,' 1071 11(1 in- the ludf-moon- .. ~/w/)t'd tli .. -trirt lyinrJ bctuieen the moutt: of the J1/flieo Hirer and the /n.rtlu!r end '!( tlu: lake, n di,~taller. of lwei rc mile», - Jlflllil,t Letter (J/rlrdt :!(). from Firldino Leiois Poindexter ()ftl~' Scrrnul Oregon, puhli.:~hed in the Portland II Urql'J1lia1l •• (EJ·pall.'~ion Rep,), .lI,t!/ ·1.

TilE w A Y O[~T.

Submitted (It an Anti-Imprrialist 1nr.r.till!l in f'fllnhrid!/,', Jlrl;'lR., .llrt!!17, ] 8rJ!) ,

\Vhat are the conditions of the problem now before us P ..-\ treaty has been

made with Spain. nnrler which we han! honght, for twenty million dollurs, :L bad title to the Philippine Islands, n Jarge part of which hrul never been :-;lwm'ply rx-eupied by Spain unrl of which she held possession only of an :U'c!a around :\lani1a within the range of her gUllS, where her army WIlS invested hy tho Philippine forces, to whom it 11111:4. have l)(~Hn sU.'rullllc·l'l!cI f'Xl~Ppt for the I'roteetlon given by the Spnui-h navy, To this might perhaps he acldl'cl UUIl 01' two other ports where the Spanish troops wurn tolorntud until the main fOl'ce ill ~lani1a should have been overcome.

In the course of the war with Spain. entered upon Ior the sil1gh~ Plll'posp- of fr,~eillg ell ba from Spanish oppression, it had become necessary t.o .In:;ll'lIj' t Ii,n :-;ptUlhth war \'(~~sf!ls ill tho h~ll'IJOI' of :\Iallila, This \\'01'1.;, was dnne by tho ~\IlIC!I·I· ean navy under Arhuiral Dewey in a. way that IH'O\'OS that when :t true lIIl'thod C;OJ'I'eHl'ofH1ing to lim objective point of r-ivll ~Wl'\'i('I' reform is adtJl'it'cI. the work

70 CRIJ/J_YAL ~GGRE.';;'$IO.Y: 81- wttos: COJ/JfITTED.'

----

.-----_ .. - ~- ~. -

FrOM tlu _'-t'bnisin .• State JOWT1to/:4 L;"(o/1,, )Iay 10.) ,,_.\_::\T THE Bt)YS B_'\("l~.

A FATHER BELTEYE~ THE FIH~T E~TITLEn TO ~.\ HE~T.

BE.\ TRICE .. XES ... )[;\y 8.

1

T'l thr Editor of the .. Journal" : _

Some of us who have sons in the First ::\ehrn~k:l who happen to be the

." men behind the ~ns" at th~ front aI'€' rather amused, not to S:lY indignant. at r he ebarze that we are condoning treason by asking that the First X ebras ... kn lll' relieved e from further duty at the front. and g-j\"~n the opportunity to enjoy a

well-earned rest.

Recent letters from the front that hsve t.':'t·3ped the Al'g\1~ eyes of the g-o,,"_

ernment censor indicate that the boys of the First X ebraska are not l'ujoying a picnic by any mean:', xorue of the letters tell of w.~ary bodies. swollen feet from cot, iron) the sharp bamboo blade -, tl ........ e curs filled with (he OO7.e and slime of the mia s matie swamp- through which they have to wade in ceaseless pursuit of the nimble-footed Filipino-.

The-e boys cannot understand why they are kept cou-tunrly at the front. - everlastingly on the firing' line. - while the newly nrrived I"t~~nlar~ are kept in reserve on !;ght duty. Thi- -arne query is w .. rrying- tho pnrents of tho F'irst Xebrn-ka boys, IOf) It ._111~~'" bp!;in to r .. ok :\~ if «;elleral Otis is dt'tl'l"mined to k(~ep the voluntvers at thr- front ju-t :I.' long' a.'; the •• trame will bear it ., in order to :o'S\'f~ the rC!!l1lar:-i. ~ ow I am an old J'l'gnlar or rourh't'll y~)al"~' service, running from lxtll to l~;.). and my ·";Ylllpafhil~!'O are all with the l·l·g\ll:l1"~. ordinarily. Howvver, Wt" a~ re~lIlar~ c':"lle out hvn- pll 1 lit' plain:, in l."\t;;") and rvlievod th~ volunteers a. ... rapidly rt.:oI po~sihle. .-\!'I. my sun i:i :1 voluntr-er who lI:ls hec'1I af tlIP front with hi!' I"f'g-irn~nt, fluo Flrst ~ f!bra_;.l.k.1. sin.' ... J nI.'" 1-;. 1 ,"'~t~. I H1U~t (':t~t aside my ff·g-nlar pn:ojmli,'{·s and admit that the Fir:-.t :\ t'l"':lsk:t i~ pnljtl(~d til a rest.

-, If this he tn'a."'(J" muke tlH~ 1II0~t I)f it:'

A t .... lf'gram to the .. \ "' .. (,ei:lflo41 pl'('~'" fn-cl:1Y is ns follows:

u ~I'\su • .\. ~lay ,"<. - ThH Xehra .. ~ka rr'gillwllt i~ :lqkiug" for :t tvmpornry relief from duty. Only ;r;.~, men of this rf'gilw'nt f\n~ left :It the front:'

I II) you t~bim or .loeiol :lily human )'drag on 1~:lI'lh dal'e a!"o.;,t_'rl that t hl' F'ir."1.

Xebra~ka iR ~howing the white feather hy making this rcquf'sl?

Dare W(' ns pa"(~nrS IIf tho~e brave, ~utl4~ring. wen .r y ho'y~. ,tare we n~ citizr-n» of this grl~at «ommonw ealth of :\(!ltl':l!-'ka that has been so signally and gloriously honored hy the gallantry anti Iwroi,..m of the First ~f~b r a-ku, sit ~upirwly down ar,d ignore til£.! appf.'aJ from tln-rn ?

'1'" prutest aga.iuE-;t this unfeeling mnrt inetism of (;cncr'nl ()tis or tlw ambit ion or a 'lacAl'thur in tJw interest of our hrav« boys is not treason 01' disloyalty. Ther .. are no more IOJal lH'ople on tlli!'l earth than the fath(~l's and mfJthel'~ of th.! FiJ"foIf Xf~IJI·:t ... kn, They huve ;,{iven mort! than liff! itself - their' own bulo\'t~d children - to thla cause, while tlu-ir dictators huve given the hollow Hj"lIIpathy of Myeul'h:uwy and they pJ't~sHnH' to {'hargf! these uux ious, appea.ling motlu-rs with trr~aMHI or lm-k f,f patriotifollli Il('eaIJM(~ tlH'y nsk that Sortie snm ll modicum of ju~tif'j~ hf: II'HU' till';" /i.OJlS, wJJO have ah'c!tuly .(OfW t(~n lhouSalHI tjHH!~ more than their duty in tim IH~Kt.ileul.ja.l jllllg-JI!H of tJw PlaiJippilln!'J.

Th;~ Stat.!. if it lo\'('s 01' JHJIIOr:-o. t.h(~ it thin brown litw of tlln Fil'~t. Nuhrusku," now n·dtJ(·t~tl to :17;"', nWJJ )f~rt. at lIlf' Iront, !'4lmuJII I'i:-l(~ ill its nlight. aliI! axk I'resld,:"t :\lI'J\;r"f~y in '0"";"4 that wouhl judi('ntH ilM l·al·'If~..;rn'·,"'H t hnt tllc,St' 110)':-; hu .'(1\ f'U II,,! n!!'It uurl J'(,HI,'t .. : that. tllf'Y :L'Ik. \"ollr~ fur the FiJ'sl N' .. hru-ku,

S, S. 1I,·;'n.wi.

., I

CRI.VI_VAL AGGRESSIO_Y: Br U·ll()JI COJ/JIlTTEn, 71

--------------~----- ~ -_-- - - - - -_ -

•

Governor Poynter received a ,ery pathetic letter yesterday from :\11'5'. Emma .

C. Steen. It is an appeal to have the First X ebraska regiment relieved. )) rs, Steen is the mother of one of the regiment, and it is on his account that she wants the regiment returned. The letter is as follows ~ _

Gocernor Poynter .. Lincoln, .... Yeb.:

HEAR SIR: In the name of God and the mothers of Xebraska boys. can't yon do something to relieve our regiment, who have had to stand the brunt of battle since February -tth P There are but few left,

'YAnoo, XEB" April 2.), 18tl9 ..

"·hy shall their lives be sacrificed in this unright-

eons cause?

lIy only SOD is in the regiment. The suspense is becoming unbearable.

This government is responsible for the murder of our beloved ones. The volunteers enlisted in the war with Spain ~ but now are held and compelled to give their lives for nothing. and even now are being pressed into the front of battle when they should be on their way home.

Oh, the cruel injustice makes the mother's heart bleed! I~ there no help? ~Iust we submit to the despotism of General Otis in retaining our sons under protest P

The war with Spain is over. Has the adminlstrntion a ri~ht to giv« Otis unlimited power over the volunteers, who have done their duty well and nobly, and whose tcrm of enlistment expirml when the treaty of peace was C'xl'hanged?

I love D.1Y only son better than my life and would ~la(lly die for him. But alas! 8. mother is helpless, and f;Ofl only knows the unxious solitude with which she waits through the weary days and night», fearful lest her loved one lip nurubered with the slain.

I wrote lIeiklejohn some time ago, before :\Ialolo:-:. wus enptured , in reganl to returning our regiment. lie laid the failure of their return at the door of (;overnor Holcomb. I nnderstnml pI'rfpetly well why they hlmuo him .

.. -\gain I beseech you, if it is possible, let 011t· boys he relleved from further sacrifice. They need rest and should have it. Rr-spoctfully.

Mns, E:\DIA C. STEES.

One of the most interesting ocenrrcnces of lnt e is tlw f'x('i'(,IlH'IIf. t·J'(·:tIt~cI by our publication of the soldiers' letters Irom the Philippines, anti by 1'1 .. , Atkin~on'iI pamphlets. The hostility to both ha~ it:'! origin in the same source, ntul it is OIlU of the oldest sources in history. Thn wondi-r ubout it is, not that it o xists, hut that it exists among 11~, as it i:-1 OIlP ot' thf! political agcncit.!~ of the old worhl of .which we BUPI'O:-!f!d we were forever rkl, No matte.' how far' \\"0 go hack, \VO finrl that the keeping of thn kuowlcdrrc of certnin thilllr:-i frolll the "lIhlie was

~ 0 0-

considered one of the most important nids to it1'J P(,OPOI" Iwumg'pmcllt. Hut Ow

construction put Oil this reluctnuee to hnv« thillg'~ known has ul'p:l(,l!lIlly IJe\'('1" varied among decent people. Evun ill St. .Iohn's limn it apl't'n.r:~ '0 hnve hef'1I a, generally reeogniz(!d truth thut "nwlI lov(:,) dal'klHlSS rutlu-r t.han lighl. IIt~eamw their dPf·dH were evil, for PVf~"y OIW that. "odh 1!\.jJ hntcth tho light. ur-ither' cometh to the light.. lmolt hi!'4 ,)Pf\d", Hhoultl 1m 1'(>1'.'0\'1'11; hilt ho that (ItH·th truth, cometh to the light, that hiH clt·pd,"! may bn lJI:ulp tuuuif'est., that tlu-y IU'O wrought in (;od." There has HilJ(!u ./ohn's thue IIC\'f~r her-u all arbill':lI'Y gU\'('!'III1H'ut,

RE""IOY. Br TrllO .. l( C()JfJIITTEIl'

f'RI~Yl~L4L AGG !:-- .. -

---~

- _- --- - - _- ---~-

----- ---- - -

-------. . . did t relv 13n!'e1~- for the l~rpt"'tustk'n of it:, rul~·

Teli~ or poliucal. w!ricl' 1 .no thinp. ... from ~pl~'.:o knowlf'1.lgf'"

.~ '::0-9'4~ "'0 keeplDO' certsm ~' .' f 1)9"'.,;, l tlloU" • ...... U· lr-·';· ••

or n5 eXlS~~~'" .. .~ f this pret..~uuon 15. I' ro ,.-t. .., '-<. ~'. :-. .... '

The most f:lI~l1h~ form. 0 J spotic rollntrit'~ like Hu~~i:l and Turkey, and

which still preat!s In c.:rt.:U~e fn our u conquer€'ti terrirorles" One t~t. t.h" which we are tryln~"to mn arentlv .: .... ~:l('r't'r to assume. l~ respousibilirv

·bu-· .. rruch we are app ..... '" ., ~ .. -.. l . ~

.. respoDSJ ines •. W _.-! read \nother {anu of the same thin~ W~\S. w l~\t III tIl"

for what our '0 subjects f . bil] used ttl be called in En,!!1:1n..t. rho •• f:lXt\, , '. old days before lb~ Re 0r:n lwed-l". intended to make the publlcatlon ni l'h~:ll'

L 1000''' thst 15 t3.xe .. avo " ' r 'I' .

.. now be - _' • diffi- It :\notber with which every OU~ J~ ann rar I"

literature or DeW~p:lpers ~ ... A

the" Papal lndexr EllxthPur~tor:~e5n' tiallj' the sarue The ditl"t'rcnce between thvm

The object 0 a e5t! 15 ess Ud • 1 r k .

• _ ~. J one of decree. They are all intended to prev .... nt peop: ,:?Ul ·'h)~\·I1l.~

J~ ._I~p thY . bi °b u·· If'ft to them;.elv('s thev would seek to know and \\ oul.l certain lnrryl W icn, ~ -: - J · 11 h . . ti tJ . t tJ ..

. k th h.'l.ll a rieht to know. There lies lin ,'r tt n t \'t ll:--~ulnp 1\)1} l.l It.

thJ1D hey: _ .. ~ tho-p restrictions j .. !'\ bt--Ut'r J'utlt?(! llf what n 111:1n ntl~ht t, I

m er w 0 nnpos .. ·~ '- ~ , - ~ I '.'1' b ) 1 11

d tha the man himself. This is perfe .... ~tJy eomprv u-nsro : In t l~ tl l wor I "

~~ the o'id-world tYovernmeuli which :-lotill retain the cvn .... ir ... hl p tar'p ~)a.._..;(,d on t[", h pothesis that th: UQt'l·rnnwnt can decide b._>Uttr than all" Ont· who Il\~t'~ 11nel.'r It b~ wha.t rules and ~c(Y'\llation~ his lifo ~hoult' bt· ~h:ll)C(f.. (Jllr gt)'·l·rnt~ll'nt. Ot~ the contrary, is h~~.Y on the hyp~th(,~~l:" that ''':h·h. 1~1:\11 ,~ :, .. ~')Cl" n. Juclg-t' ;~~ any other man of what our le~lsl;\l10n nutl a".hnulIsrr:I~ltln sJ!llul.1 be. It I~ from this theory that univer-nl :-"lffr:lt1't' .It-·rin·~ It>\ moral :\\tlhorat~· tn mnke W:.I' or peac:e, or to put ~f! roVt'1"C(I.~lcKitilt'~·.in thn d~if'f .. \,·~·tlf.h·(' ollict" ,\\"Itc'H. ill face of this theory. elther ~r('KJn)cy or ( h:lrle~ Lnlory :--'11\1th l11akt'~ 1~1~ :lppc":lr~ ance and tells larce bodies of voters that he hnll .. that lJwy :Lr.., I"t~:\thng:\ Jt(lntl many thin~ whkh arc h:lfl for them, aml, rh(,rt'(nr(·, 1It\41 for tlw ~tafH; that lit' stands, pro MJr. r-ia. in the plnee of the Czur nnd til(' )'opp. Y(l1I vnn no IHt\rt~ ar~c with him than with the ltev, :\Ir .• Ja~pcr. of Riclnuond, whn h:lpp(~nccl to kn~Jw that the sun went round the earth. .loker for joker, h.,w4.' ve r. w(! 111U~t admit that we f!njoy Smith more than )11·1{inlcy.

u Oh, but," it will be ~3itl ... the orninvut Snlith only tuult"r'ak4'~ In I'rn~cl'ih(' the reading of soldiers in th.~ fir-ld which ndvbf>;04 tlU'11l not tn n_·.~n1i,'iI.·' It. lllay be prol,er to withhold such literature frmu ~oldier"" hut whnt wo IlW"it point OU(, 10 the earned Smith i~ that, advi-nblo 3" thi=", 111ny IH', our Jaw - and \\'P livo hy law - makr-s no provision for it. n~ lon~ ns tho s.nhlil·r~ nro nlt.'I·... TJw I:flfllan!ol had a provision in their ('nnstit.ution w hieh ennhled tJH'lJI~ when pre~~t!tl h:1l'1l ill war. to create a IJj("r:1ton~taip by tIm silJll,lt! pa..s~agc of :\, rusnlutluu, U (h:lL thn consuls must take cnre that thr ltepub ie sull'prs no .JalJla~(~.lI ~('I\ inb-v nnd Smith evidently ha .... e tho jtlmt. that there ioi a similar pru\,jsir)li in our « ~on~ritiJtioll~ 8Omf~thing lik« this : II Smith will give n()tir'f~ wlu-n the country i~ in danOOt"". alul will act accordingly:' Bllt we hnve marIn diljgf!ut inquiry, :ltlcll~:tll Jillf}~)ofhiIlO' o! the. ki~(t On tlH~ other h:UHJ, We find the very ti r ~t. aun-mlment iliad" to lh~ Constltution was that. I. (1nngre .... ~ shall m.rk« no law ahrid~in;.: thn freptlolll of Hpe~ch or of. the yl'e~!-1'" In spitn .()f tI~iSt ~mith ~a.}'~ it is hi~ solemn (luty to ahrJfl~I; Atkinson :04 fremlo~, by taklJ~g his pamphlet~ out, (If 1 h~~ mails, :wfl without ruails there «an he JII~ (rHc!iolll, cltJwr of cho JH'''~!ol or of foIIH"'('h.

I~ Iaot, the Irnperlnli-u» aro, through tllf~ learner] Sruith, illtro(lul'ing into tlw American gC?,'crnrmmt two perff:ctly IH!W d"dritw~, 'hit! i.i th:tt "'"flll ill a O'oVernment wIlle!) a."4-~unJf~~ tim vot.!rOH frc!e.loOl of Rpcoeh IJwrn (':1.11 he J)I) t1ist'II~~i"n of thn expn'lwrwy of a War nl!f!,f! Iwgun. or or tlln l11allllPl' ill whidt it i~ 01' llll~ t~eml eonrJl,I(~t~rI; that tire coruht.Jon~ ILBei th1ln of lmaeo ha,'" to Iw ~dtll'd t':'{.dll"'Jlvely. by S,nll.tJl ~or Homo 'tpr~on of whoru IIf! Hltal rlPI"'o\"u; alullhat 1111 IW,·.l'tflU:-C ~ (mhtm~ :O;ulIlh ~ comp.~t.!W~y shaH 110 h~l(1 guilly of 1"":1:-1011 wil hOHI. trial hy t~lryj.' . ~ ,~;)~e IJml.lO,.t:tfJtl~~hangcl ha!4 1m,'". intl'fJflll(~(!cI illtn any ~1J\'fII'lIll1f'rI', ~j'l4'~t s;o it,ruu. t' .I_V(J U~IC!~. tl tJl1tl WI! Hba}) frtuuat:tlu, nnv"rtJH'lw"'~f ulltil Htl<'h tinw "8 • IJ . I I'~I H \1M III ,J:1I, Hl tllO p)(iHling "J'ovj~iult!4 of (lUl' COl)stilutioll 'LI~f' !'4w'" a!; tfJ utlht. IIH nHf!") v fOl' tltH work of (""lff""Ht 'r t . (. " t' ~ ". . I

f ' I 1·'1·... " ,I Ill. 0111 .OlJ1"f I 1111011 Wll~ t r'LIUC"

(]I. Ii!' l:lll.rfl Y (I .~r.f!Jlt purpOSH, nrul tfllLt tlu! 1I1,,.d of ,., (' ." S 'I I' I' .

(Jllr fJ,.",t, war of 8ubJIJgatioll provmt Limt Wu 0 I . g(. ,III..., , nllt, I 1., Itl" 11"1 III

ily IJcrruitlhJ" SuJilh to burn u 'J.J ~ II I ollly. (",UlIIfIlIO 0" OW" I14JW ['UIl(!

,., ij 01 It IJC I Uti Wit" red·hot lI'Olllt.

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LIBRAR\' EDITION.

Being impressed with the importance of putting the organic law of the Philippine (iovernment on record. the Editor has advanced the larger part of the money necessary to print 5,000 extra copies, which w ill be sent bJ' regular mail to 4,016 Public Libraries listed bJ" the United States Bureau of Education: also to about /,000 college, school, and other libraries which arc partially or wholty open to the public, Judgiru; by the past. the Editor feels assured that he will be sustained bv contribu .. tlons to cover this extra expenditure nnd for the continuance of this work so far as It may be required to meet the public demand for informatlan.

EDU"ARD A Tft:INSON.

BrookJine,Hsss., ,Hay 1-1, 1899.

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