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Joseph Luft and Harry Ingham have developed a concept, known as the JohariWindow, that
helps individuals discover more about their perceptions of themselves. The concept also helps
individuals understand the behavior of self and others.
According to Luft and Ingham, there are four parts of the personal window that account for
self-perceptions. There is the public arena, which includes the individual’s knowledge of
personal attitudes and behavior; this knowledge is also recognized by the people who
surround the individual. The private arena contains perceptions the individual has about self
that are not known to others. A third part, the blind arena, is not recognized by the individual
but is known to others. Finally, there is the unknown arena, in which neither the individual
nor others are aware of perceptions that may be held about the individual.
Information 1 2
known to Open Self Blind Self
others (Public Area) (Blind Area)
Information 3 4
not known Hidden Self Unknown Self
to others (Private Area) (Dark Area)
The more we can recognize our own perceptions of ourselves, the more
Open Self: Open self is known as Public area. This quadrant indicates information about self
is known to oneself and also to others. The information relates to feelings, motivation and
behaviour of an individual, which he is willing to share with those whom he comes in
contact. The individual behaves in a straight forward manner and is sharing. In an
organizational setting, because of the openness of the individual the chances of conflict are
reduced to minimum.
Blind Self: This quadrant is related to information is not known to self but known to others,
who interact with you, know more about you. This is known as blind area. It is important that
an individual should reduce blind area to the minimum by interacting with people more
intimately and by asking questions about self. For example, an individual may not be aware
of the fact that he is extremely task oriented and employees do not like it. In other words,
others know and perceive the individual as a hard taskmaster and dislike him because of this.
This is blind area that a person is blind to the fact that he interacts with others in the
professional manner. This situation is likely to create an unpleasant atmosphere in the
organization. Individual therefore should reduce blind area and increase public area. This will
reduce conflict situations to a great extent in interpersonal behaviour.
Hidden Self: Certain aspect of personality has formed this quadrant. Self knows information
but others do not know it. There are certain aspects, which are private. Individual therefore
does not want to share it with subordinates and wants to keep hidden. The area is also called
Private Area.
Unknown Self: This area is characterized by facts unknown to the self and to others. This is
dark area, which is not pregnable. There is nothing much that can be done about it. It should
be an endeavour to improve upon oneself by obtaining feedback from others about self.
Individual should carry out improvement and perceive one self correctly so that one perceives
each person in the right manner. There are certain factors to improve Interpersonal relations.
(Public Area).
The more we can recognize our own perceptions of ourselves, the more we can alter,
improve, or support the way we think and act. Since we know about our public and private
arenas, we can let positive perceptions guide us to constructive performance while we work
to improve the negative we find. The feedback that we can get from others about our blind
arena gives us insight into the perceptions that others have so that we can enhance or alter our
behaviour or take whatever steps are needed to have positive attitudes and behaviour. The
more we can cultivate this type of feedback, the more we will benefit. The way we react to
feedback and the way we reward it will influence the willingness of others to confide in us
what they see. From feedback, we may also discover perceptions we wish to change or
clarify. We may engage in public relations programs to change the perceptions others have of
us. The unknown perceptions are difficult to define and analyze. If we wish to influence our
attitude and behaviour, we need to dig around to discover as much as possible about the
unknown. We need to engage in self-audits as well as seek assistance from those around us.
I am NOT OK I am OK
A B
You are NOT OK
Avoidant/Averse Bossing
D C
You are OK
Difficult/Depressive Competent/Confident/
Creative
On analysis, it is seen that everybody has elements of various life position. But one of the
four-life positions is dominant. “I am okay your are okay” is the best life position All-
individual must try and modify life position in various situations. Adult – adult transaction
from the above life position and positive life script will make an outstanding manager.