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The logo of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) consists essentially of
four circles joined together side by side to form a square. The circles symbolize unit particles, the
building blocks of nature which are the subject and substance of science and technology. The
circle design gives an illusion of movement signifying progress through Science and
Technology.
• The space in the center of the joined circles forms a four-pointed star
symbolic of scientific creativity.
• The logo' s three-color scheme represents the unknown(black), truth and
enlightenment (white) and progress (blue).
• The logo's four circles represent the four guiding principles in our S&T
development: Excellence, Relevance, Cooperation and Cost-effectiveness
MANDATE
The Department of Science and Technology (DOST) is the premiere science and
technology body in the country charged with the twin mandate of providing central direction,
leadership and coordination of all scientific and technological activities, and of formulating
policies, programs and projects to support national development.
Vision
PRINCIPLES
In the current arena of globalization, science and technology have become the most important
factor for national economic growth and source of competitive advantage. Recognition of this
fact has led technologically-progressive nations and firms to invest substantial resources in
research and development (R&D), technology acquisition and adaptation, S&T education and
training, and S&T infrastructure.
No less than the President has identified science and technology (S&T) as a principal means to
fuel the nation's economy and ensure the well-being of all Filipinos.
In line with the Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan, the Department of Science and
Technology (Department or DOST) will pursue programs and activities guided by the principles
of competence, competitiveness and conscience. Accordingly, the Department has adopted the
following vision: A competent and competitive science and technology community with a social
conscience.
The Medium-Term Plan of the DOST, for the period 1999 - 2004, presents the three-pronged
approach which the science department shall adopt to realize this vision.
In pursuit of this vision, the Department will work with the S&T community on the urgent task
of addressing the needs of Philippine society in proportion to their importance. In so doing, the
Department enters into a new social contract with the Filipino people.
FUNCTIONS
1. Formulate and adopt a comprehensive National Science and Technology Plan, and
monitor and coordinate its funding and implementation;
2. Promote, assist and, where appropriate, undertake scientific and technological research
and development in areas identified as vital to the country's development;
3. Promote the development of indigenous technology and the adaptation and innovation of
suitable imported technology, and in this regard, undertake technology development up to
commercial stage;
4. Undertake design and engineering works to complement research and development
functions;
5. Promote, assist and, where appropriate, undertake the transfer of the results of scientific
and technological research and development to their end-users;
6. Promote, assist and, where appropriate, undertake the technological services needed by
agriculture, industry, transport, and the general public;
7. Develop and maintain an information system and databank on science and technology;
8. Develop and implement programs for strengthening scientific and technological
capabilities through manpower training, infrastructure and institution-building;
9. Promote public consciousness in science and technology; and,
10. Undertake policy research, technology assessment, feasibility and technical studies.
POLICY DIRECTIONS
To encourage the active involvement of both the public and private sectors in joint
technology development and utilization to increase productivity and quality of products
in agriculture, industry and the service sectors
To promote consultation and cooperation between the public and private sectors in
defining the directions and priorities of research and development, technology transfer
and manpower development activities
To support R&D in the government sector by allocating sufficient budget and manpower
on projects that would increase the Philippine's capacity to export, accelerate countryside
development and promote sustainable development. R&D will be conducted in areas
which address specific needs of clients specially agri/aqua enterprises and small and
medium local manufacturers.
5. Aggressively acquire and adapt technology from domestic and foreign sources
To support the transfer of technology from domestic and foreign sources including
utilization of local and foreign experts by providing incentives and other privileges
To upgrade and expand S&T services and facilities to ensure that local products meet
global standards of excellence
To increase the quality and quantity of scientists and engineers and encourage the private
sector to play a bigger role in developing the nation's manpower base
To expand and strengthen scientific and technical cooperation with other countries
through technical assistance programs on techno-logy transfer, joint research
undertakings and exchange of experts in identified priority areas
To improve the work environment and incentives for S&T personnel including
appropriate rewards for significant contributions to national socio-economic growth
DOST IX REGIONAL STANDARDS
I. INTRODUCTION:
From this, the Western Mindanao State University, College of Science and Mathematics,
Chemistry Department let students taking up Bachelor of Science in Chemistry to conduct an ON
the Job Training in this agency for them to enhance their capabilities in the field of science
especially in chemistry also as a threshold for their future, an experience that they can apply in
their own workplace which is the laboratory.
Microbiological Laboratory
The ISO 17025 Accredited Microbiological Laboratory offers analyses for raw and
processed food products and water samples. Among these analyses are: Aerobic Plate Count -
Coliform Count - Escherichia coli Count - Yeast and Molds - Salmonella Detection - Fecal
Coliform Count - Staphylococcus aureus. - Vibrio cholera - Pseudomonas aeruginusa.
Metrology Laboratory
The metrology laboratory performs volumetric and mass calibrations. The volumetric
calibrations included calibration of vehicle tanks, proving tanks, calibrating buckets, storage
tanks and flow meters while mass calibration covers calibration of scales and test weights from 2
kg to 60 kg OIMLClass M.
1. Quality Objectives
1. To determine the vision and mandate that governs the actions and activities of the
assigned industry or government agency for the welfare of mankind,
2. To be able to get hold of knowledge for the conductance of chemistry subject in their
laboratory activities,
3. To be able to determine the different standard parameters used in the laboratory of the
assigned industry or government agency,
4. To be able to acquire experience on the use of laboratory techniques, methods of each
parameters, and other useful action to develop the skill of the students, and
The following test methods of this report paper are observed or done by the student in
training during the actual experiments conducted in the assigned industry or government agency.
Incubation Method
Principle:
The method consists of filling with sample, to overflowing, an airtight bottle of the specified size
and incubating it at the specified temperature for 5 d. Dissolved oxygen is measured initially and after
incubation, and the BOD is computed from the difference between initial and final DO. Because the
initial DO is determined shortly after the dilution is made, all oxygen uptake occurring after this
measurement is included in the BOD measurement.
Apparatus:
Reagents:
a. Phosphate buffer solution: Dissolve 8.5 g KH2PO4, 21.75 g K2HPO4, 33.4 g Na2HPO4·7H2O, and
1.7 g NH4Cl in about 500 mL distilled water and dilute to 1 L. The pH should be 7.2 without
further adjustment. Alternatively, dissolve 42.5 g KH2PO4 or 54.3 g K2HPO4 in about 700 mL
distilled water. Adjust pH to 7.2 with 30% NaOH and dilute to 1 L.
b. Magnesium sulfate solution: Dissolve 22.5 g MgSO4·7H2O in distilled water and dilute to 1 L.
c. Calcium chloride solution: Dissolve 27.5 g CaCl2 in distilled water and dilute to 1 L.
d. Ferric chloride solution: Dissolve 0.25 g FeCl3·6H2O in distilled water and dilute to 1 L.
e. Alkali – Dissolve 40 g sodium hydroxide in distilled water. Dilute to 1 L.
f. Sodium sulfite solution: Dissolve 1.575 g Na2SO3 in 1000 mL distilled water. This solution is not
stable; prepare daily.
g. Glucose-glutamic acid solution: Dry reagent-grade glucose and reagent-grade glutamic acid at
103oC for 1 h. Add 150 mg glucose and 150 mg glutamic acid to distilled water and dilute to 1 L.
Prepare fresh immediately before use.
h. Water sample
i. Seeding material
Procedure of BOD
c. Aerate for 30 min. using air pump (to be used for the blank)
d. To the remaining nutrient solution add 20 mL/ L of seed and aerate for 15 min.
(to be added to the sample)
a. Blank + nutrients
The higher the DO the greater is the quality of water. Lower DO H2O is polluted,
DO is inversely proportional to BOD.
Calculation:
SC= zf
5. Compute for BOD, mg/L (after 5 days incubation), get also the temperature.
Titrimetric Method
Dissolved oxygen is required for the survival and growth of many aquatic organisms, including
fish. The concentration of dissolved oxygen may also be associated with corrosivity and photosynthetic
activity. The absence of oxygen may permit anaerobic decay of organic matter and the production of toxic
and undesirable esthetic materials in the water.
1. To determine the initial or final DO in the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) test;
2. to calibrate or verify readings obtained with a DO meter; and
3. to make a direct determination of DO on a water sample.
Procedure
Note: The amount of sodium thiosulfate used should be equal to the amount of potassium bi-iodate
solution titrated (20 mL). This verifies that the sodium thiosulfate is 0.025 M (± 0.001).
Preparation of Sample
Titration
3. Determination of Ash
Gravimetric Method
Ash content – the total mineral residue left (g/100g) after inceneration of organic matter at a temperature
< 650 oC.
Volatilization of organic salts like alkali chlorides and a portion of the ash will
fuse and enclose some carbon preventing them from being ignited, the remaining
is the ash.
Procedure:
Sample preparation:
a. Homogenize sample
2. Lower temperature to 1800C, transfer to the dessicator and cool for 30 to 1 hr, and weigh (w1)
3. Parameters of weighing
Temperature (20-25o C)
Humidity (< 60 %)
4. Weigh appropriate sample size (in duplicate) into the pre weighed crucible dish (w2)
5. For dry samples, char sample in hot plate until smoke ceases, and transfer in the furnace to
complete ashing
6. For wet or liquid sample, pre dry over boiling water bath until sample is dry and char the sample
as in 5.
7. Continue inceneration at 500-600oC until residue is grayish or uniformly white
8. Decrease temperature to 1800C, transfer crucible into a dessicator cool for 30-60 min (w3).
Calculation:
Note: (if sample not completely white, moist ash with water of dilute nitric acid, evaporate in water bath
and repeat heating for 30-60 min)
Purpose:
This method is for the quantitative determination of crude quantitative of crude protein
content of a sample.
Basic Principle:
The Kjeldahl method is the standard method of nitrogen determination dating back to its
development in the late 1800's. The method consists of three basic steps:
1) digestion of the sample in sulfuric acid with a catalyst, which results in conversion of
nitrogen to ammonia;
Equipment:
• Kjeldahl flasks, 500 to 800 mL Kjeldahl digestion unit with fume removal manifold
Kjeldahl distillation apparatus - Kjeldahl flask connected to distillation trap by rubber
stopper. Distillation trap is connected to condenser with low-sulfur tubing. Outlet of
condenser should be less than 4 mm diameter.
• Erlenmeyer flask, 500 mL
• Analytical balance, sensitive to 0.1 mg
Reaction:
Na2SO4 + CuSO4•5H2O
Protein + H2SO4 (NH4)SO4
Reagents:
Procedure: Digestion
1. Weigh approximately 0.5-10.0 g ground sample into digestion flask, recording weight
(W) to nearest 0.1 mg.
2. Add 2 pieces anhydrous copper sulfate. Then add 13-15 mL sulfuric acid. (Add
additional 1.0 mL sulfuric acid for each 0.1 g fat or 0.2 g other organic matter if sample
weight is greater than 1 g.)
3. Shake gently to wet sample
4. Place flask on preheated burner (block digest).
5. Heat until white fumes clear bulb of flask, swirl gently, and continue heating for 90 min
for copper catalyst or 40 min for CuSO4 catalyst.
6. Cool, cautiously add 75 mL distilled water and cool to room temperature (less than
25oC).
Distillation
Titration
1. Titrate excess acid with standard sodium hydroxide solution to blue/grey endpoint is
achievedorange record volume to nearest 0.01 mL (VNaOH). Titrate the reagent blank
(B) similarly.
Calculation:
Sample F
Meat and fish 6.25
Gelatin 5.55
Milk and milk products 6.38
Casein 6.40
Human milk 6.37
Eggs: whole 6.25
Vitellin 6.32
Albumin 6.12
Rice and rice flour 5.95
Wheat: whole 5.83
Bran 6.31
Embryo 5.80
Endosperm 5.70
Barley, otes, rye, flour 5.83
Principle:
The properties of the triglyceride and the biodiesel fuel are determined
by the amounts of each fatty acid that are present in the molecules. Chain
length and number of double bonds determine the physical characteristics of
both fatty acids and triglycerides. Transesterification does not alter the fatty
acid composition of the feedstocks and this composition plays an important
role in some critical parameters of the biodiesel, as cetane number and cold
flow properties
Reaction:
Reagents:
Procedure:
Calculation:
6. Total hardness
Titrimetric method
Principle:
The total concentration of alkaline earth metal ions, such as calcium and magnesium, in
water determine the hardness of water. The term hard water comes from the fact that these metal
ions precipitate soap molecules from water making it "hard" to get things clean. The calcium in
hard water precipitates as calcium carbonate (lime scale), if the water is boiled. Water hardness
is usually determined by measuring the total amount of calcium and magnesium present, since
the concentrations of these ions far exceed those of other alkaline earth metals. The accepted
practices for reporting hardness is as mg CaCO3/L, as if all of the hardness were from calcium
carbonate. Table 1 gives a classification of the hardness of water.
Reaction:
First the EDTA (H2Y2-) will complex with the calcium ions, forming a red solution:
H2In- + Ca2+ → CaIn- + 2H+
At the endpoint, the EDTA will complex with the calcium and the indicator becomes unbound,
which isindicated by the red →blue color change:
Procedure:
A. Solution preparation
2. Standard calcium solution: Place ~ 1.5 g anhydrous calcium carbonate (in oven) into a
beaker, and place in a dessicator for 10 minutes. Weigh exactly 1.000g anhydrous
calcium carbonate into a clean 600 mL Erlenmeyer flask and add 200 mL deionized
water. Add a few drops of 6 M HCl until all CaCO 3 has dissolved. Add 200 mL distilled
water and boil for a few minutes to expel CO 2. Transfer quantitatively to a 1000 mL
volumetric flask and dilute to the mark with distilled water.
1. Before using the EDTA to titrate water samples we must know its exact concentration.
We will use the solution of calcium carbonate (1.00 g CaCO3/ L) as the primary standard.
2. Measure exactly 15.0 mL of the CaCO3 solution into a 250 mL flask. Add approximately
30 mL of deionized water to the flask.
3. Add 2.0 mL of the buffer solution. The remainder of the titration must be completed
within 15 minutes of the time when the buffer is added.
4. Add 4 drops of Eriochrome Black T indicator solution.
5. Titrate using the EDTA titrant. At the end point the color should change from red to a
pale blue.
6. Repeat this procedure at least twice.
C. Water Samples
1. Measure exactly 25.0 mL of the hard water sample into a 250 mL flask.
2. Add approximately 25 mL of deionized water to the flask.
3. Add 2.0 mL of the buffer solution. The remainder of the titration must be completed
within 15 minutes of the time when the buffer is added. 3. Add 4 drops of Eriochrome
Black T indicator solution.
4. Titrate using the EDTA titrant. At the end point the color should change from red to
blue.
5. Repeat this procedure at least twice.
6. Use this data and the data from parts A and B to calculate the hardness of your water
sample in mg CaCO3/L.
Calculation:
A= vol. EDTA, mL
B= mg equivalent to 1 mL EDTA
C= [(M,mol/L)(1000 g/mol)(1000mg/g)]
7. Calcium hardness
Titrimetric method
SMEWW 3800
(Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater)
Principle:
The test for calcium hardness is very similar to the total hardness test. Traditionally,
either murexide indicator is used. The determination of calcium in the presence of magnesium is
based on the same principle, but at a pH value of 12. In this condition, magnesium ions are
precipitated as hydroxide and do not interfere with the determination of calcium. The magnesium
present in the sample may be calculated by substracting the volume of EDTA solution required
for the calcium determination from the volume required for the total hardness determination for
equal volumes of the sample.
Reaction:
2. Murexide Indicator, mix 200 mg murexide and 100 mL NaCl (dry powder mixture)
Procedure:
6. Titrate the solution with EDTA (0.01 M) till light purple end point.
Calculation:
)(0.843)
Argentometric Method
APHA-AWWA 4500 Cl-B (SMEWW)
Principles:
In a neutral or slightly alkaline solution, potassium chromate gives a red end point in the
silver nitrate titration of chloride after all the chloride is precipitated as silver chloride.
If silver ion (Ag+) is added to water which contains chloride ion (Cl -), the two combine to form
silver chloride, which is very insoluble:
The "ppt" in parentheses after the reaction is used to indicate that the silver chloride precipitates
(turns into a solid). Silver and chromate ion (CrO4-2) also combine to form silver chromate:
This compound has a higher solubility product; as long as there is chloride present, any
silver chromate that forms will disappear as the silver gets taken out of solution by the silver
chloride. Once the chloride is gone, the silver chromate persists. This compound is red, so it is
visible in a beaker of water.
To measure chloride in a water sample, we add some potassium chromate solution, which
is yellow. To the yellow sample, we slowly add silver nitrate solution (a soluble form of nitrate).
A red color may appear briefly as silver chromate forms and redissolves. The silver chloride
which precipitates may not be noticeable because it is white. At some point, all the chloride will
have been precipitated. We can tell that this point has been reached because the red color will
stay. The color change is called the endpoint, because we stop adding silver nitrate once it has
been reached. A test in which we slowly add one solution to another and then stop at some
endpoint, is called a titration. The solution added, in this case silver nitrate, is called the titrant.
For the number of milliliters of titrant used to be meaningful, we need to know the
amount of silver in each milliliter. We get this number by titrating a chloride solution of known
chloride concentration. We know the concentration of the chloride standard because we make it
up by weighing a precise amount of sodium chloride and adding a measured volume of water. To
get the molarity of the silver nitrate solution, we use this formula:
Reagents:
1. Potassium chromate indicator solution: Dissolve 5 g K2CrO4 in about 5 mL distilled
water (dH2O). Add a few drops of silver nitrate until a definite red precipitate forms. Let
stand 12 hours, filter and dilute to 100 mL with dH2O.
2. Standard sodium chloride (0.0141 M): Dissolve 824.0 mg NaCl (dried at 140°C) in dH2O
and dilute to 1000 mL. One milliliter of this solution contains how many milligrams of
chloride?
3. Standard silver nitrate titrant (0.0141 M): Dissolve 2.395 g AgNO3 in dH2O and dilute to
1000 mL. Standardize against 0.0141 M NaCl. One milliliter of this solution will react
with how many milligrams of chloride?
Procedure:
Calculation:
Where:
The student that has conducted its On the Job Training in DOST IX Regional Standards
and Testing Laboratories has properly ended its 420 hr training in the said agency. It is believed
that upon the end of its terminal report, the student have adhered the vision and mandate of the
agency that governed the action of the agency for its own function and for the welfare of the
mankind. The agency have provided testing center for metrological, microbiological, physical
and chemical laboratory tests and analyses, and the student have conducted its training in the
chemical and physical laboratory, were chemistry as its subject matter is mostly applied.
The conductance of this OJT from the start, foresee a great opportunity amongst student,
not only the acquisition of knowledge of chemistry principles which are applied in each test, it
also bring a good experience to be gained by the student during its training period, the student
skills in the profession was enhanced and improved a thousand fold (the writer of the paper my
say). Moreover the trainee had also the opportunity to assist the personnel and be part in the
analyses conducted, a good start for human relation for their future workplace.
Furthermore, even the time would not allow, the students need to improve in the
experiments conducted or test to practice accurate and precise results in every analysis, also
greater effort to have human relation with the bosses and most especially your co-analyst.