MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE CH 3 - CELLULAR ORGANIZATION

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1) The smallest living unit within the human body is 1)

A) a tissue.
B) an organ system.
C) the cell.
D) a protein.
E) an organ.

2) The watery component of the cytoplasm is called 2)

A) cytosol.
B) a colloidal gel.
C) protoplasm.
D) interstitial fluid.
E) extracellular fluid.

3) Which of the following terms is not used to define the structure that separates the contents of a 3)
human cell from its surrounding medium?
A) cell membrane
B) plasmalemma
C) cell wall
D) plasma membrane
E) both A and D

4) Functions of the plasmalemma include all of the following, except 4)

A) thermal insulation.
B) separation of the cytoplasm from the extracellular fluid.
C) regulation of exchange of materials with the extracellular environment.
D) sensitivity to chemical changes in the extracellular fluid.
E) structural support.

5) The plasma membrane is composed of 5)

A) carbohydrates and lipids.
B) a bilayer of phospholipids.
C) a bilayer of proteins.
D) carbohydrate molecules.
E) carbohydrates and proteins.

6) Which of the following is not a function of membrane proteins? 6)

A) bind to ligands
B) act as carrier molecules for various solutes
C) act as anchors or stabilizers for the cell membrane
D) cell nutrient
E) regulate the passage of ions

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 7) Functions of the glycocalyx include 7)
A) binding extracellular compounds.
B) lubricating and protecting the cell membrane.
C) identifying the cell for the immune system.
D) all of the above
E) B and C only

8) Each of the following is an example of a nonmembranous organelle, except 8)

A) lysosomes.
B) cytoskeleton.
C) ribosomes.
D) centrioles.
E) cilia.

9) Components of the cytoskeleton may include all of the following, except 9)

A) intermediate filaments.
B) microsomes.
C) microtubules.
D) microfilaments.
E) thick filaments.

10) Tubulin is to microtubules as actin is to 10)

A) ribosomes.
B) microvilli.
C) flagella.
D) microfilaments.
E) intermediate filaments.

11) Which of the following cytoskeleton components moves the chromosomes during cell division? 11)
A) intermediate filaments
B) microtubules
C) microfilaments
D) thick filaments
E) basal bodies

12) Most of the ATP required to power cellular operations is produced in the 12)
A) nucleus.
B) endoplasmic reticulum.
C) cilia.
D) cytoplasm.
E) mitochondria.

13) In the mitochondrion, folds are to cristae as the contained fluid is to 13)
A) actin.
B) matrix.
C) basal body.
D) microvilli.
E) cytosol.

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14) The components of ribosomes are formed within 14)
A) nucleoli.
B) Golgi complexes.
C) lysosomes.
D) mitochondria.
E) the endoplasmic reticulum.

15) Synthesis of lipids and glycogen takes place at the 15)

A) ribosomes.
B) mitochondria.
C) smooth ER.
D) Golgi apparatus.
E) rough ER.

16) Which of the following consists of a network of intracellular membranes with attached 16)
ribosomes?
A) rough endoplasmic reticulum
B) nucleoli
C) smooth endoplasmic reticulum
D) mitochondria
E) Golgi apparatus

17) Renewal or modification of the cell membrane is a function of the 17)

A) mitochondria.
B) ribosomes.
C) rough endoplasmic reticulum.
D) Golgi apparatus.
E) microtubules.

18) Organelles that absorb and neutralize drugs and toxins are 18)
A) nuclei
B) endocytic vesicles.
C) toxisomes.
D) peroxisomes.
E) lysosomes.

19) When activated, lysosomes function in 19)

A) formation of new cell membranes.
B) digestion of foreign material.
C) cell division.
D) synthesis of proteins.
E) synthesis of lipids.

20) Most of a cell's DNA is located in its 20)

A) nucleolus.
B) lysosomes.
C) Golgi apparatus.
D) nucleus.
E) ribosomes.

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21) The control center for cellular operations is the 21)
A) ribosome.
B) endoplasmic reticulum.
C) nucleus.
D) Golgi apparatus.
E) mitochondria.

22) The complex structures of DNA and protein found in the cell nucleus are 22)
A) nucleases.
B) histones.
C) mitochondria.
D) chromosomes.
E) nucleoplasm.

23) mRNA is needed to synthesize ________ in the cytoplasm. 23)

A) proteins
B) lipids
C) phospholipids
D) carbohydrates
E) all of the above

24) The triplet codes needed to specify a specific polypeptide chain are found in the 24)
A) codon.
B) gene.
C) cytoplasm.
D) anticodon.
E) polypeptide itself.

25) As each codon arrives at the active site of a ribosome, it attracts another molecule containing the 25)
anticodon. This molecule is called
A) rRNA. B) tRNA. C) RER. D) DNA. E) mRNA.

26) The process of protein formation directed by mRNA is called 26)

A) auscultation.
B) replication.
C) mitosis.
D) transcription.
E) translation.

27) The process of forming mRNA is called 27)

A) translation.
B) transcription.
C) ribolation.
D) auscultation.
E) replication.

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28) The movement of oxygen from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration is 28)
an example of
A) facilitated transport.
B) diffusion.
C) filtration.
D) active transport.
E) osmosis.

29) Diffusion of a substance across the cell membrane is influenced by all of the following, except 29)
A) the presence of the membrane channels.
B) the charge on the ion.
C) hydrolysis of ATP.
D) concentration gradient.
E) lipid solubility.

30) Water molecules and small ions enter a cell through 30)
A) channels formed by integral proteins.
B) peripheral carbohydrates.
C) defects in the lipid layer of the membrane.
D) peripheral proteins.
E) lipid channels.

31) A solution that contains a lower osmotic pressure than the cytoplasm of a cell is called 31)
A) isotonic.
B) homotonic.
C) hypotonic.
D) hypertonic.
E) merotonic.

32) "Spikes" form on a blood cell when it is placed in a(n) ________ solution. 32)
A) isotonic
B) hypertonic
C) homotonic
D) merotonic
E) hypotonic

33) The process by which molecules such as glucose are moved into cells along their concentration 33)
gradient with the help of membrane-bound carrier proteins is called
A) active transport.
B) osmosis.
C) endocytosis.
D) facilitated diffusion.
E) exocytosis.

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34) Facilitated diffusion differs from ordinary diffusion in that 34)
A) facilitated diffusion moves molecules from an area of higher concentration to lower
concentration.
B) facilitated diffusion never eliminates the concentration gradient.
C) the rate of molecular movement is limited by the number of available carrier molecules.
D) the rate of molecular movement is not limited by the number of available carrier
molecules.
E) facilitated diffusion consumes no ATP.

35) A process that requires cellular energy to move a substance against its concentration gradient is 35)
called
A) active transport.
B) facilitated transport.
C) osmosis.
D) diffusion.
E) passive transport.

36) The intake of small membrane vesicles from the extracellular fluid is called 36)
A) an ion exchange pump.
B) facilitated transport.
C) active transport.
D) osmosis.
E) endocytosis.

37) The principal cations in our body fluids are ________ and ________. 37)
A) sodium; calcium
B) calcium; magnesium
C) sodium; potassium
D) chloride; bicarbonate
E) sodium; chloride

38) In order to maintain cellular homeostasis, an exchange pump ejects ________ ions from the cell 38)
and imports ________ ions.
A) calcium; sodium
B) potassium; calcium
C) potassium; sodium
D) sodium; calcium
E) sodium; potassium

39) Which of the following about a cell's resting transmembrane potential is false? 39)
A) inside slightly more positive than outside
B) inside slightly more negative than outside
C) controls muscular contraction and nervous signaling
D) represents potential energy
E) depends on separation of + and — charges

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40) The potential difference across the cell membrane is due to the separation of 40)
A) acids and bases.
B) phospholipids and proteins.
C) cations and anions.
D) water molecules.
E) carbohydrate molecules.

41) Changes in the transmembrane potential of a cell are involved in 41)

A) glandular secretion.
B) thought.
C) movement.
D) all of the above
E) A and B only

42) The stage in a cell's life cycle in which the cell performs its normal functions and prepares for 42)
division is called
A) anaphase.
B) metaphase.
C) interphase.
D) prophase.
E) telophase.

43) A cell duplicates its chromosomes during the ________ phase. 43)
A) G 2 B) G m C) G o D) G 1 E) S

44) During mitosis, chromatids separate into daughter chromosomes during 44)
A) prophase.
B) telophase.
C) interphase.
D) metaphase.
E) anaphase.

45) During this phase of cell division, the chromosomes uncoil, the nuclear membrane forms, and 45)
cytokinesis occurs.
A) telophase
B) interphase
C) prophase
D) anaphase
E) metaphase

46) As genes are functionally eliminated, the cell becomes limited in the range of proteins it can 46)
make. This specialization process is termed
A) apoptosis.
B) cellular activation.
C) adaptation.
D) differentiation.
E) structural integration.

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47) All of the following membrane transport mechanisms are passive processes, except 47)
A) diffusion.
B) vesicular transport.
C) facilitated diffusion.
D) osmosis.
E) all of the above

48) The plasmalemma includes 48)

A) glycolipids.
B) phospholipids.
C) integral proteins.
D) all of the above
E) A and C only

49) The genetically programmed death of cells is called 49)

A) apoptosis.
B) differentiation.
C) replication.
D) mitosis.
E) metastasis.

50) Osmotic pressure 50)

A) can be opposed by hydrostatic pressure.
B) forces water to move toward the higher solute concentration.
C) forces water to move across a semipermeable membrane.
D) all of the above
E) A and C only

51) Membrane proteins perform which of the following functions? 51)

A) anchoring
B) enzymes
C) receptors
D) recognition
E) all of the above

52) Which of the following about cytoplasm is false? 52)

A) semi-rigid texture
B) includes cytosol
C) the material that fills a cell
D) extracellular fluid contains more protein
E) includes cytoskeleton

53) Many proteins in the cytosol are ________ that accelerate metabolic reactions. 53)
A) messengers
B) carbohydrates
C) enzymes
D) ions
E) lipids

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54) Extracellular fluid serves as 54)
A) a storage area.
B) a component of the phospholipid bilayer.
C) a reserve area.
D) a transport medium with large storage capacity.
E) a transport medium.

55) Microfilaments 55)

A) control the consistency of cytoplasm
B) anchor the cytoskeleton to membrane proteins
C) with myosin, produce cell movement
D) all of the above
E) B and C only

56) Tubulin is 56)

A) a protein that forms the tubular portion of the cytosol.
B) a lipid that forms the ER.
C) a lipid that assembles into filamentous tubes (microtubules).
D) a carbohydrate that assembles into filamentous tubes (microtubules).
E) a protein that assembles into filamentous tubes (microtubules).

57) These molecular motors carry materials in opposite directions along microtubules. 57)
A) dynein and kinesin
B) actin and myosin
C) kinesin and myosin
D) dynein and actin
E) dynein and myosin

58) Endocytosis is 58)

A) a method for packaging secretions.
B) a method for transporting substances into the cell.
C) a method for metabolizing within the cytosol.
D) a form of anabolism.
E) a viral infection.

59) Peroxisomes 59)

A) contain enzymes that break down hydrogen peroxide.
B) absorb and break down fatty acids, generating hydrogen peroxide in the process.
C) is another name for lysosomes.
D) both A and B
E) none of the above

60) Some cells contain large numbers of mitochondria while others have relatively few or none. This 60)
suggests that
A) cells with large numbers of mitochondria have a high energy demand.
B) some cells are older than others.
C) cells with small numbers of mitochondria have a large ATP supply.
D) cells with large numbers of mitochondria are short-lived.
E) cells with large numbers of mitochondria have a low energy demand.

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61) A mature red blood cell lacks a nucleus. Thus, it 61)
A) is malformed.
B) cannot make new proteins and will be worn out within a few months.
C) can only divide once more.
D) will be a long-lived cell.
E) can repair itself readily.

62) Histones are found in 62)

A) vesicles.
B) lysosomes.
C) proteasomes.
D) nucleosomes.
E) endosomes.

63) Chromosomes consist of ________ and ________. 63)

A) DNA; lipids
B) RNA; carbohydrates
C) RNA; proteins
D) DNA; proteins
E) water; RNA

64) Which organelle is most prominent in cells that make large amounts of protein? 64)
A) proteasome
B) nucleolus
C) nucleus
D) mitochondria
E) chromosome

65) Messenger RNA is vital to the cell because 65)

A) mRNA can leave the nucleus.
B) mRNA cannot leave the nucleus.
C) DNA can leave the nucleus.
D) DNA cannot leave the nucleus.
E) both A and D

66) The functional units of DNA that contain the instructions for making one or more proteins are 66)
A) ribosomes.
B) codons.
C) chromosomes.
D) RNA.
E) genes.

67) Specific proteins are manufactured through the interaction of ________ and ________. 67)
A) multiple carbohydrates; three types of DNA
B) multiple enzymes; three types of DNA
C) multiple enzymes; two types of RNA
D) multiple proteins; three types of DNA
E) multiple enzymes; three types of RNA

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68) Which of these transport processes always requires metabolic energy? 68)
A) impermeable
B) diffusion
C) vesicular transport
D) carrier-mediated transport
E) freely permeable

69) The skin swells and puckers during a long bath. This suggests that bath water is a(n) ________ 69)
fluid.
A) toxic
B) isotonic
C) diffusion
D) hypertonic
E) hypotonic

70) Red blood cell shrinkage is to ________ as cell bursting is to ________. 70)
A) crenation; hemolysis
B) hypotonic; isotonic
C) isotonic; hypertonic
D) lysis; crenation
E) isotonic; hypotonic

71) Two types of vesicular transport include 71)

A) endocytosis and retrocytosis.
B) exocytosis and retrocytosis.
C) endocytosis and exocytosis.
D) pinocytosis and active transport.
E) passive diffusion and active diffusion.

72) A defense cell engulfing a bacterium illustrates 72)

A) pinocytosis.
B) receptor-mediated endocytosis.
C) endocytosis.
D) phagocytosis.
E) exocytosis.

73) During mitosis, two daughter cells form, each of which has 73)
A) half as many chromosomes as the original cell.
B) a different number of chromosomes than the original cell.
C) a lesser number of chromosomes than the original cell.
D) the same number of chromosomes as the original cell.
E) twice as many chromosomes as the original cell.

74) A unit in messenger RNA consisting of a set of three consecutive nucleotides is termed a(n) 74)
A) codon.
B) anticodon.
C) amino acid.
D) tRNA.
E) gene.

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75) An impermeable carbohydrate that is often administered to patients suffering blood loss is 75)
A) salt solution.
B) dextran.
C) saline solution.
D) isotonic saline.
E) glucose.

76) An alternate term for tumor is 76)

A) benign malignancy.
B) cytoplasm.
C) primary metastasis.
D) neoplasm.
E) nucleoplasm.

77) What is the first part of the cell that is affected when the pH of extracellular fluid changes? 77)
A) the cytosol
B) nucleolus
C) cytoskeleton
D) plasmalemma
E) nucleus

78) Which form of endoplasmic reticulum modifies and packages newly synthesized proteins? 78)
A) ribosomal endoplasmic reticulum
B) raised endoplasmic reticulum
C) smooth endoplasmic reticulum
D) proteosomes reticulum
E) rough endoplasmic reticulum

79) Which of the following statements about the Golgi apparatus is false? 79)
A) supplies new membrane components
B) sends transport vesicles to the RER
C) produces secretory vesicles
D) receives transport vesicles from the RER
E) produces lysosomes

80) Which phase of the cell cycle has the most variable duration? 80)
A) G 0 phase
B) V phase
C) G 2 phase
D) G 1 phase
E) S phase

81) Microtubules have which of the following functions? 81)

A) Molecular motors move along them.
B) They move chromosomes during cell division.
C) They provide a mechanism for changing the cell shape.
D) They form structural components of organelles.
E) all of the above

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82) The endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for 82)
A) drug and toxin neutralization.
B) protein synthesis.
C) lipid synthesis.
D) all of the above
E) both A and C

83) A substance containing atoms of different elements that are bonded together is called a(n) 83)
A) compound.
B) molecule.
C) mixture.
D) solution.
E) isotope.

84) Special catalytic molecules called ________ control chemical reactions in the human body. 84)
A) cytochromes
B) enzymes
C) ribosomes
D) cytozymes
E) DNA

85) All organic compounds in the human body contain all of the following elements, except 85)
A) carbon.
B) calcium.
C) hydrogen.
D) oxygen.
E) both A and D

86) Which of the following is not a function of protein? 86)

A) support
B) storage of genetic information
C) movement
D) transport
E) metabolic regulation

87) Which of following properties of the cytoskeleton is false? 87)

A) supports organelles
B) controls cell shape
C) provides cell strength
D) moves organelles
E) made of cytobones

88) Which of following properties of microtubules is true? 88)

A) another term for microfilaments
B) found only in the terminal web
C) made of myosin
D) interact with dynein and kinesin
E) made of actin

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89) Hemolysis may occur when a blood cell is placed into 89)
A) isotonic solution.
B) merotonic solution.
C) hypotonic solution.
D) hypertonic solution.
E) homotonic solution.

90) If a cell lacked the enzyme DNA polymerase, it could not 90)
A) form a new nuclear membrane during telophase.
B) form protein.
C) form complementary sequences of DNA.
D) form spindle fibers.
E) link segments of DNA together.

91) Compared to the extracellular fluid, cytosol contains 91)

A) a higher concentration of amino acids.
B) almost no glycogen.
C) a lower concentration of dissolved proteins.
D) almost no lipids.
E) a higher concentration of potassium ions.

92) Microfilaments 92)

A) are found in the cytoplasm radiating away from the centrosome.
B) are usually composed of myosin.
C) anchor the cytoskeleton to integral proteins of the cell membrane.
D) are hollow, filamentous structures.
E) interact with filaments composed of tubulin to produce muscle contractions.

93) If an animal cell lacked centrioles, it would not be able to 93)

A) metabolize sugars.
B) produce DNA.
C) move.
D) synthesize proteins.
E) form the mitotic spindle.

94) Each of the following statements concerning mitochondria is true, except one. Identify the 94)
exception.
A) The mitochondria produce most of a cell's ATP.
B) The cristae increase the inner surface area of the organelle.
C) The matrix contains metabolic enzymes involved in energy production.
D) Respiratory enzymes are attached to the surface of the cristae.
E) The mitochondria contain no DNA.

95) Each of the following is a function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, except 95)
A) storage and release of calcium ions.
B) synthesis of triglycerides.
C) modification of protein.
D) detoxification of drugs.
E) synthesis of steroid hormones.

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 96) The following is a list of the steps involved in the process of secretion by the Golgi apparatus. 96)
1. Material moves from cisterna to cisterna by means of transfer vesicles.
2. Exocytosis.
3. Products from RER are packaged into transport vesicles.
4. Secretory vesicles are formed at the maturing face.
5. Vesicles arrive at the forming face.
6. Enzymes modify arriving proteins and glycoproteins.

The proper order for these is

A) 2, 3, 5, 6, 1, 4.
B) 3, 5, 6, 1, 4, 2.
C) 1, 3, 6, 4, 2, 5.
D) 5, 6, 1, 4, 2, 3.
E) 4, 3, 1, 6, 5, 2.

97) Imagine two rigid chambers separated by a rigid membrane that is freely permeable to water but 97)
impermeable to glucose. Side 1 contains a 10 percent glucose solution and side 2 contains pure
water. At equilibrium, what will be the situation?
A) Water will continue to move from side 2 to side 1.
B) Water will continue to move from side 1 to side 2.
C) No way to tell what the situation will be.
D) The hydrostatic pressure will be higher in side 1.
E) The hydrostatic pressure will be higher in side 2.

98) If the amount of chloride ion in blood plasma increases, which of the following would initially 98)
occur?
A) The blood osmotic pressure will increase.
B) The blood hydrostatic pressure will increase.
C) The blood osmotic pressure will stay the same.
D) The blood osmotic pressure will decrease.
E) The blood hydrostatic pressure will decrease.

99) If the concentration of sodium chloride in the interstitial fluid surrounding cells decreases and 99)
the concentration of other solutes remains constant,
A) the cells will shrink.
B) the fluid outside of the cells will become isotonic.
C) the cells will not change.
D) the fluid outside of the cells will become hypertonic.
E) the cells will swell.

100) Assume that the transport of a particular amino acid across the plasmalemma is observed (1) to 100)
occur only down its concentration gradient and (2) to slow when a similar amino acid is added
to the extracellular fluid. The movement of the amino acid through the membrane is most likely
by
A) osmosis.
B) pinocytosis.
C) active transport.
D) facilitated diffusion.
E) diffusion.

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101) Generally, cells with a very brief interphase and lacking a G 0 phase 101)
A) have brief life spans.
B) do not exhibit cytokinesis.
C) lack the enzyme DNA polymerase.
D) are reproductive cells.
E) are stem cells.

102) There is a direct correlation between the potency of a general anesthetic such as ether and its 102)
ability to
A) bind to DNA.
B) dissolve in water.
C) bind to proteins.
D) interact with carbohydrates.
E) dissolve in lipids.

103) Cancer cells 103)

A) do not form neoplasms.
B) are indistinguishable from normal body cells.
C) generally form benign tumors.
D) have a slow mitotic rate.
E) may exhibit metastasis.

104) The mRNA sequence that is complementary to the sequence ATC on DNA is 104)
A) UAG. B) ATC. C) AUC. D) AUG. E) TAG.

105) The anticodon for the triplet UCA is 105)

A) TCA. B) TGT. C) AGC. D) AGU. E) AGT.

106) Before the mRNA transcribed from a gene can be used to translate into a protein, it must be 106)
A) edited to remove introns.
B) edited to remove exons.
C) transported into the cytoplasm.
D) both A and C
E) both B and C

107) Microscopic analysis of a tissue sample indicates that it contains abundant myosin and actin 107)
filaments. This tissue is probably formed from
A) nerve cells.
B) bone cells.
C) reproductive cells.
D) liver cells.
E) muscle cells.

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108) Examination of a sample of glandular cells reveals an extensive network of smooth endoplasmic 108)
reticulum. Which of the following is the likeliest product of these cells?
A) protein hormones
B) transport proteins
C) digestive enzymes
D) antibodies
E) steroid hormones

109) Breathing faster and deeper eliminates more carbon dioxide from the body than normal 109)
breathing. Under these circumstances
A) the amount of carbon dioxide diffusion will remain unchanged.
B) less carbon dioxide will diffuse into the blood.
C) more carbon dioxide will diffuse out of the blood.
D) less carbon dioxide will diffuse out of the blood.
E) more carbon dioxide will diffuse into the blood.

110) A membrane transport process is found experimentally to have a saturation limit. Which of the 110)
following is a possible property of the process?
A) active transport
B) carrier-mediated
C) cotransport
D) energy-dependent
E) all of the above

111) In a series of measurements of resting transmembrane potentials, the following values were 111)
recorded. Which one is likeliest to be an error?
A) —10 mV B) +100 mV C) —20 mV D) —40 mV E) —70 mV

112) Mitosis is to somatic cells as meiosis is to 112)

A) visceral cells.
B) sensory cells.
C) reproductive cells.
D) stem cells.
E) plant cells.

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 Figure 3-1 The Anatomy of a Representative Cell

Use Figure 3-1 to answer the following question(s):

113) Which structure organizes the mitotic spindle during cell division? 113)
A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 5 E) 6

114) Synthesis of carbohydrates and lipids occurs in the structure labeled 114)
A) 4. B) 5. C) 6. D) 7. E) 8.

115) Which structure produces ATP for the cell? 115)

A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 5 E) 6

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 116) Which organelle renews the cell membrane and modifies and packages proteins for secretion? 116)
A) 4 B) 5 C) 6 D) 7 E) 8

117) The structure labeled "1" permits the cell to 117)

A) produce more cells.
B) attach to neighboring cells.
C) trap bacteria.
D) increase surface area for increased membrane transport.
E) swim in extracellular fluid.

Figure 3-2 The Plasmalemma

Use Figure 3-2 to answer the following question(s):

118) Which structure is water most likely to pass through? 118)

A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 8

119) Which structure has a "gate" to control transport? 119)

A) 1 B) 2 C) 4 D) 7 E) 8

120) Microfilaments are labeled 120)

A) 1. B) 2. C) 3. D) 5. E) 6.

121) Lipid molecules pass into the cell through the structure labeled 121)
A) 1. B) 2. C) 3. D) 5. E) 6.

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 122) What part of the plasmalemma is hydrophobic? 122)
A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 6

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.

123) When a person receives intravenous fluids to help build up blood volume, why is it important for the fluid to
be isotonic?

124) Intravenous injection of KCl could be fatal. Why?

125) How would an inhibitor of the sodium-potassium exchange pump affect the resting potential?

126) Define osmosis.

127) A) What are the similarities between facilitated diffusion and active transport? B) What are the differences?

128) What role does the sodium-potassium exchange pump play in stabilizing the resting membrane potential?

129) Differentiate between transcription and translation.

130) During kidney dialysis, a person's blood is passed through a bath that contains several ions and molecules.
The blood is separated from the dialysis fluid by a membrane that allows water, small ions, and small
molecules to pass, but does not allow large proteins or blood cells to pass. What should the composition of
dialysis fluid be for it to remove urea (a small molecule) without changing the blood volume (removing
water from the blood)?

131) Which organelles are involved in membrane flow? Trace the route of a single integral membrane protein
from formation to incorporation into the plasma membrane.

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