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Global Exergy Flux, Reservoirs, and Destruction

34000 62500
Atmospheric Reflection Extra-Solar Radiation

162000 0.06 Wind Energy


Ocean Thermal Gradient
Atmospheric
Solar 60 Waves Wave
Radiation
Absorption
0 0
31000 870 Wind
Energy Absorption 100 OTEC

0.36 5000
86000 41000 Evaporation
300 7.2 Surface
Hydro-
Terrestrial Environment

5.4 Reflection
Surface Incident
Surface Heating
90 electricity
Scattering 43000 Clouds Rivers

3.7 Tides 90 Photosynthesis 1.2 Traditional Biomass


0.016 Solar Energy
0.15 Commercial Biofuels 3100 ZJ
3.5 Ocean Tides 30 ZJ 0.04 Carbon Burial
Tidal Plants 1000 ZJ 1
Lithium
0.0005 Energy 3.6 Coal Uranium
Nuclear Fuel
Solid Earth
270 ZJ Coal
0.2 Tides 5.0 Oil 300 ZJ 360000 ZJ
Methane Hydrate 110 ZJ Oil Thorium Seawater
Geothermal Energy 200 ZJ Uranium
3.2 Gas 1E10 ZJ Deuterium
0.03 50 ZJ Gas

32 Crustal Thermal Thermal Kinetic Natural Exergy Destruction Exergy Accumulation [ZJ] (=1021 J)
Energy 1.5E7 ZJ KEY Nuclear Chemical
Radiation Gravitational Human Use for Energy Services Exergy Flux [TW] (=1012 W)

Exergy is the useful portion of energy that allows us to do work and perform energy services. We gather exergy from energy-carrying substances in the natural
world we call energy resources. While energy is conserved, the exergetic portion can be destroyed when it undergoes an energy conversion. This diagram
summarizes the exergy reservoirs and flows in our sphere of influence including their interconnections, conversions, and eventual natural or anthropogenic
destruction. Because the choice of energy resource and the method of resource utilization have environmental consequences, knowing the full range of energy
options available to our growing world population and economy may assist in efforts to decouple energy use from environmental damage.
Prepared by Wes Hermann and A.J. Simon
Global Climate and Energy Project at Stanford University (http://gcep.stanford.edu) Ver. 1.1 © GCEP 2005, 2007

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