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SQL>
SQL>
SQL> create table registrations
2 ( attendee NUMBER(4)
3 , course VARCHAR2(6)
4 , begindate DATE
5 , evaluation NUMBER(1)) ;
Table created.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> insert into registrations values (1, 'SQL',date '1999-04-12',4 );
1 row created.
SQL> insert into registrations values (2, 'SQL',date '1999-12-13',NULL);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into registrations values (3, 'SQL',date '1999-12-13',NULL);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into registrations values (4, 'OAU',date '1999-08-10',4 );
1 row created.
SQL> insert into registrations values (5, 'OAU',date '2000-09-27',5 );
1 row created.
SQL> insert into registrations values (6, 'JAV',date '1999-12-13',2 );
1 row created.
SQL> insert into registrations values (7, 'JAV',date '2000-02-01',4 );
1 row created.
SQL> insert into registrations values (8, 'JAV',date '2000-02-01',5 );
1 row created.
SQL> insert into registrations values (9, 'XML',date '2000-02-03',4 );
1 row created.
SQL> insert into registrations values (10,'XML',date '2000-02-03',5 );
1 row created.
SQL> insert into registrations values (1, 'PLS',date '2000-09-11',NULL);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into registrations values (2, 'PLS',date '2000-09-11',NULL);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into registrations values (3, 'PLS',date '2000-09-11',NULL);
1 row created.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> create or replace view avg_evaluations as
2 select course
3 , avg(evaluation) as avg_eval
4 from registrations
5 group by course;
View created.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> drop table registrations;
Table dropped.
SQL>
SQL>
You can specify that DML operations on a view must satisfy the subquery by adding a CHECK OPT
SQL> -- create demo table
SQL> create table Employee(
2 ID VARCHAR2(4 BYTE) NOT NULL,
3 First_Name VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),
4 Last_Name VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),
5 Start_Date DATE,
6 End_Date DATE,
7 Salary Number(8,2),
8 City VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),
9 Description VARCHAR2(15 BYTE)
10 )
11 /
Table created.
SQL>
SQL> -- prepare data
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, E
2 values ('01','Jason', 'Martin', to_date('19960725','YYYYMMDD'), t
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, E
2 values('02','Alison', 'Mathews', to_date('19760321','YYYYMMDD'), t
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, E
2 values('03','James', 'Smith', to_date('19781212','YYYYMMDD'), t
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, E
2 values('04','Celia', 'Rice', to_date('19821024','YYYYMMDD'), t
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, E
2 values('05','Robert', 'Black', to_date('19840115','YYYYMMDD'), t
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, E
2 values('06','Linda', 'Green', to_date('19870730','YYYYMMDD'), t
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, E
2 values('07','David', 'Larry', to_date('19901231','YYYYMMDD'), t
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, E
2 values('08','James', 'Cat', to_date('19960917','YYYYMMDD'), t
3 /
1 row created.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> -- display data in the table
SQL> select * from Employee
2 /
ID FIRST_NAME LAST_NAME START_DAT END_DATE SALARY CITY DESCRIPTION
---- ---------- ---------- --------- --------- ---------- ---------- ---------------
01 Jason Martin 25-JUL-96 25-JUL-06 1234.56 Toronto Programmer
02 Alison Mathews 21-MAR-76 21-FEB-86 6661.78 Vancouver Tester
03 James Smith 12-DEC-78 15-MAR-90 6544.78 Vancouver Tester
04 Celia Rice 24-OCT-82 21-APR-99 2344.78 Vancouver Manager
05 Robert Black 15-JAN-84 08-AUG-98 2334.78 Vancouver Tester
06 Linda Green 30-JUL-87 04-JAN-96 4322.78 New York Tester
07 David Larry 31-DEC-90 12-FEB-98 7897.78 New York Manager
08 James Cat 17-SEP-96 15-APR-02 1232.78 Vancouver Tester
8 rows selected.
SQL>
SQL> CREATE VIEW myView AS
2 SELECT *
3 FROM employee
4 WHERE id < 5
5 WITH CHECK OPTION CONSTRAINT myView;
View created.
SQL>
SQL> INSERT INTO myView (id) VALUES (0);
1 row created.
SQL>
SQL> INSERT INTO myView (id) VALUES (7);
INSERT INTO myView (id) VALUES (7)
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01402: view WITH CHECK OPTION where-clause violation
SQL>
SQL> select * from myView;
ID FIRST_NAME LAST_NAME START_DAT END_DATE SALARY CITY DESCRIPTION
---- ---------- ---------- --------- --------- ---------- ---------- ---------------
01 Jason Martin 25-JUL-96 25-JUL-06 1234.56 Toronto Programmer
02 Alison Mathews 21-MAR-76 21-FEB-86 6661.78 Vancouver Tester
03 James Smith 12-DEC-78 15-MAR-90 6544.78 Vancouver Tester
04 Celia Rice 24-OCT-82 21-APR-99 2344.78 Vancouver Manager
0
SQL>
SQL> drop view myView;
View dropped.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> -- clean the table
SQL> drop table Employee
2 /
Table dropped.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
You can make a view read only by adding a READ ONLY constraint to the view.
SQL> -- create demo table
SQL> create table Employee(
2 ID VARCHAR2(4 BYTE) NOT NULL,
3 First_Name VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),
4 Last_Name VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),
5 Start_Date DATE,
6 End_Date DATE,
7 Salary Number(8,2),
8 City VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),
9 Description VARCHAR2(15 BYTE)
10 )
11 /
Table created.
SQL>
SQL> -- prepare data
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, E
2 values ('01','Jason', 'Martin', to_date('19960725','YYYYMMDD'), t
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, E
2 values('02','Alison', 'Mathews', to_date('19760321','YYYYMMDD'), t
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, E
2 values('03','James', 'Smith', to_date('19781212','YYYYMMDD'), t
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, E
2 values('04','Celia', 'Rice', to_date('19821024','YYYYMMDD'), t
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, E
2 values('05','Robert', 'Black', to_date('19840115','YYYYMMDD'), t
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, E
2 values('06','Linda', 'Green', to_date('19870730','YYYYMMDD'), t
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, E
2 values('07','David', 'Larry', to_date('19901231','YYYYMMDD'), t
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, E
2 values('08','James', 'Cat', to_date('19960917','YYYYMMDD'), t
3 /
1 row created.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> -- display data in the table
SQL> select * from Employee
2 /
ID FIRST_NAME LAST_NAME START_DAT END_DATE SALARY CITY DESCRIPTION
---- ---------- ---------- --------- --------- ---------- ---------- ---------------
01 Jason Martin 25-JUL-96 25-JUL-06 1234.56 Toronto Programmer
02 Alison Mathews 21-MAR-76 21-FEB-86 6661.78 Vancouver Tester
03 James Smith 12-DEC-78 15-MAR-90 6544.78 Vancouver Tester
04 Celia Rice 24-OCT-82 21-APR-99 2344.78 Vancouver Manager
05 Robert Black 15-JAN-84 08-AUG-98 2334.78 Vancouver Tester
06 Linda Green 30-JUL-87 04-JAN-96 4322.78 New York Tester
07 David Larry 31-DEC-90 12-FEB-98 7897.78 New York Manager
08 James Cat 17-SEP-96 15-APR-02 1232.78 Vancouver Tester
8 rows selected.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> CREATE VIEW myView AS
2 SELECT *
3 FROM employee
4 WITH READ ONLY CONSTRAINT my_view_read_only;
View created.
SQL>
SQL> INSERT INTO myView (id) VALUES (1);
INSERT INTO myView (id) VALUES (1)
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01733: virtual column not allowed here
SQL>
SQL> drop view myView;
View dropped.
SQL> -- clean the table
SQL> drop table Employee
2 /
Table dropped.
SQL>
SQL>
You can make a view read only by adding a READ ONLY constraint to the view.
SQL> -- create demo table
SQL> create table Employee(
2 ID VARCHAR2(4 BYTE) NOT NULL,
3 First_Name VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),
4 Last_Name VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),
5 Start_Date DATE,
6 End_Date DATE,
7 Salary Number(8,2),
8 City VARCHAR2(10 BYTE),
9 Description VARCHAR2(15 BYTE)
10 )
11 /
Table created.
SQL>
SQL> -- prepare data
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, E
2 values ('01','Jason', 'Martin', to_date('19960725','YYYYMMDD'), t
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, E
2 values('02','Alison', 'Mathews', to_date('19760321','YYYYMMDD'), t
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, E
2 values('03','James', 'Smith', to_date('19781212','YYYYMMDD'), t
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, E
2 values('04','Celia', 'Rice', to_date('19821024','YYYYMMDD'), t
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, E
2 values('05','Robert', 'Black', to_date('19840115','YYYYMMDD'), t
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, E
2 values('06','Linda', 'Green', to_date('19870730','YYYYMMDD'), t
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, E
2 values('07','David', 'Larry', to_date('19901231','YYYYMMDD'), t
3 /
1 row created.
SQL> insert into Employee(ID, First_Name, Last_Name, Start_Date, E
2 values('08','James', 'Cat', to_date('19960917','YYYYMMDD'), t
3 /
1 row created.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> -- display data in the table
SQL> select * from Employee
2 /
ID FIRST_NAME LAST_NAME START_DAT END_DATE SALARY CITY DESCRIPTION
---- ---------- ---------- --------- --------- ---------- ---------- ---------------
01 Jason Martin 25-JUL-96 25-JUL-06 1234.56 Toronto Programmer
02 Alison Mathews 21-MAR-76 21-FEB-86 6661.78 Vancouver Tester
03 James Smith 12-DEC-78 15-MAR-90 6544.78 Vancouver Tester
04 Celia Rice 24-OCT-82 21-APR-99 2344.78 Vancouver Manager
05 Robert Black 15-JAN-84 08-AUG-98 2334.78 Vancouver Tester
06 Linda Green 30-JUL-87 04-JAN-96 4322.78 New York Tester
07 David Larry 31-DEC-90 12-FEB-98 7897.78 New York Manager
08 James Cat 17-SEP-96 15-APR-02 1232.78 Vancouver Tester
8 rows selected.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> CREATE VIEW myView AS
2 SELECT *
3 FROM employee
4 WITH READ ONLY CONSTRAINT my_view_read_only;
View created.
SQL>
SQL> INSERT INTO myView (id) VALUES (1);
INSERT INTO myView (id) VALUES (1)
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01733: virtual column not allowed here
SQL>
SQL> drop view myView;
View dropped.
SQL> -- clean the table
SQL> drop table Employee
2 /
Table dropped.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> CREATE TABLE EMP (EMPNO NUMBER(4) NOT NULL,
2 ENAME VARCHAR2(10),
3 JOB VARCHAR2(9),
4 MGR NUMBER(4),
5 HIREDATE DATE,
6 SAL NUMBER(7, 2),
7 COMM NUMBER(7, 2),
8 DEPTNO NUMBER(2));
Table created.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7369, 'SMITH', 'CLERK', 7902, TO_DATE('17-DEC-1980', 'D
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7499, 'ALLEN', 'SALESMAN', 7698, TO_DATE('20-FEB-1981', 'D
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7521, 'WARD', 'SALESMAN', 7698, TO_DATE('22-FEB-1981', 'D
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7566, 'JONES', 'MANAGER', 7839, TO_DATE('2-APR-1981', 'D
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7654, 'MARTIN', 'SALESMAN', 7698,TO_DATE('28-SEP-1981', 'D
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7698, 'BLAKE', 'MANAGER', 7839,TO_DATE('1-MAY-1981', 'DD-M
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7782, 'CLARK', 'MANAGER', 7839,TO_DATE('9-JUN-1981', 'DD-M
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7788, 'SCOTT', 'ANALYST', 7566,TO_DATE('09-DEC-1982', 'DD-
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7839, 'KING', 'PRESIDENT', NULL,TO_DATE('17-NOV-1981', 'DD
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7844, 'TURNER', 'SALESMAN', 7698,TO_DATE('8-SEP-1981', 'DD
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7876, 'ADAMS', 'CLERK', 7788,TO_DATE('12-JAN-1983', 'DD-MO
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7900, 'JAMES', 'CLERK', 7698,TO_DATE('3-DEC-1981', 'DD-MON
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7902, 'FORD', 'ANALYST', 7566,TO_DATE('3-DEC-1981', 'DD-MO
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (7934, 'MILLER', 'CLERK', 7782,TO_DATE('23-JAN-1982', 'DD-M
1 row created.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> CREATE TABLE DEPT (DEPTNO NUMBER(2),DNAME VARCHAR2(14),LOC VARCHAR2(13) );
Table created.
SQL>
SQL> INSERT INTO DEPT VALUES (10, 'ACCOUNTING', 'NEW YORK');
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO DEPT VALUES (20, 'RESEARCH', 'DALLAS');
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO DEPT VALUES (30, 'SALES', 'CHICAGO');
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO DEPT VALUES (40, 'OPERATIONS', 'BOSTON');
1 row created.
SQL>
SQL> create or replace type emp_type
2 as object
3 (empno number(4),
4 ename varchar2(10),
5 job varchar2(9),
6 mgr number(4),
7 hiredate date,
8 sal number(7, 2),
9 comm number(7, 2)
10 );
11 /
Type created.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> create or replace type emp_tab_type
2 as table of emp_type
3 /
Type created.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> create or replace type dept_type
2 as object
3 ( deptno number(2),
4 dname varchar2(14),
5 loc varchar2(13),
6 emps emp_tab_type
7 )
8 /
Type created.
SQL>
SQL> create or replace view dept_or
2 of dept_type
3 with object identifier(deptno)
4 as
5 select deptno, dname, loc,
6 cast ( multiset (
7 select empno, ename, job, mgr, hiredate, sal, comm
8 from emp
9 where emp.deptno = dept.deptno )
10 as emp_tab_type )
11 from dept
12 /
View created.
SQL>
SQL> declare
2 l_emps emp_tab_type;
3 begin
4 select p.emps into l_emps from dept_or p where deptno = 10;
5
6 for i in 1 .. l_emps.count
7 loop
8 l_emps(i).ename := lower(l_emps(i).ename);
9 end loop;
10
11 update dept_or set emps = l_emps where deptno = 10;
12 end;
13 /
declare
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01733: virtual column not allowed here
ORA-06512: at line 11
SQL>
SQL> drop type dept_type;
Type dropped.
SQL>
SQL> drop type emp_tab_type;
Type dropped.
SQL>
SQL> drop type emp_type;
Type dropped.
SQL>
SQL> drop table emp;
Table dropped.
SQL>
SQL> drop table dept;
Table dropped.