SQL(STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE) COMMANDS – COMPUTER SCIENCE 2010-11

COMMAND TO CREATE TABLE EMP:

CREATE TABLE EMP
(
EMPNO NUMERIC(4) PRIMARY KEY,
ENAME VARCHAR(25) NOT NULL,
GENDER CHAR(1) NOT NULL,
DOB DATE NOT NULL,
DEPTNO NUMERIC(2),
SAL NUMERIC(8,2),
COMM NUMERIC(7,2),
JOB VARCHAR(15)
);
NOTE: The data type CHAR represents a fixed length allocation for the field or column
value. The date type VARCHAR (in some RDBMS equivalents, VARCHAR2 is used)
represents variable length storage. The data type DATA is used to store date values. The
data type NUMERIC can be substituted by DECIMAL (in some RDBMS, equivalent
NUMBER is used). NUMERIC(x,y) represents the total no. of digits including decimal point
and the digits after the decimal point respectively. PRIMARY KEY indicates that the date is
unique and not null. Composite Key is a combination of two or more Primary Keys.
RDBMS: Relational Database Management System

TUPLES TO BE INSERTED IN EMP TABLE:

INSERT INTO EMP
VALUES(101, ‘SANDERS’, ‘M’, ‘1978-05-12’, 10, 18000, NULL, ‘EXECUTIVE’);
INSERT INTO EMP
VALUES(105, ‘JANE’, ‘F’, ‘1981-10-23’, 20, 15000, NULL, ‘CLERK’);
INSERT INTO EMP
VALUES(103, ‘BARRY’, ‘M’, ‘1977-02-20’, 30, 10000, NULL, ‘SALESMAN’);
INSERT INTO EMP
VALUES(104, ‘HOLT’, ‘M’, ‘1975-11-06’, 20, 20000, NULL, ‘ANALYST’);

COMMAND TO CREATE TABLE DEPT:

CREATE TABLE DEPT
(
DEPTNO NUMERIC(2),
DEPTNAME VARCHAR(20),
LOCATION VARCHAR(25)
);

TUPLES TO BE INSERTED IN DEPT TABLE:

INSERT INTO DEPT VALUES(10, ‘ADMIN’, ‘CHENNAI’);
INSERT INTO DEPT VALUES(20, ‘ACCOUNTS’, ‘MUMBAI’);
INSERT INTO DEPT VALUES(30, ‘SALES’, ‘DELHI’);

INSERT SQL COMMAND:

Version 1 (Mentioning Columns):
INSERT INTO EMP
(EMPNO, ENAME, GENDER, DOB, DEPTNO, JOB, SAL, COMM)
VALUES(103, ‘BARRY’, ‘M’, ‘1977-02-20’, 30, ‘SALESMAN’, 10000, NULL);

Version 2 (Without Mentioning Columns):

INSERT INTO EMP VALUES(104, ‘HOLT’, ‘M’, ‘1975-11-06’, 20, 20000, NULL, ‘ANALYST’);

SELECT COMMAND TO VIEW ENTIRE COMMANDS OF TABLE:

SELECT * FROM EMP;

SELECT COMMAND TO VIEW CONTENTS UNDER SPECIFIED COLUMNS OF TABLE:

SELECT EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, DEPTNO, SAL FROM EMP;

SELECT COMMAN TO VIEW DUPLICATE PROJECTIONS (USING ALL KEYWORD):

SELECT ALL JOB
FROM EMP;

SELECT COMMAND TO REMOVE DUPLICATE PROJECTIONS (USING DISTINCT

KEYWORD):
SELECT DISTINCT JOB
FROM EMP;

SELECT COMMAND TO VIEW CONTENTS OF SPECIFIED ROWS/TUPLES OF THE TABLE:

SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO = 20;

SELECT COMMAND TO VIEW CONTENTS UNDER SPECIFIED COLUMNS OF SPECIFIED

ROWS/TUPLES OF THE TABLE:
SELECT EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, DEPTNO, SAL
FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO = 20;

SELECT COMMAND TO VIEW CONTENTS OF TABLE USING PATTERN MATCHING v1:

SELECT *
FROM EMP //Details of employees whose names begin with ‘B’ are
WHERE ENAME LIKE ‘B%’; // selected

SELECT COMMAND TO VIEW CONTENTS OF TABLE USING PATTERN MATCHING v2:

SELECT *
FROM EMP //Details of employees whose names end with ‘E’ are selected
WHERE ENAME LIKE ‘%E”;

SELECT COMMAND TO VIEW CONTENTS OF TABLE USING PATTERN MATCHING v3:

SELECT *
FROM EMP //Details of employees whose names contain ‘R’ are selected
WHERE ENAME LIKE ‘%R%’;

SELECT COMMAND TO VIEW CONTENTS OF TABLE USING PATTERN MATCHING v4:

SELECT *
FROM EMP //Details of employees having ‘R’ as their 3rd letter
WHERE ENAME LIKE ‘__R’;(2 underscore characters)

NOTE: ‘%’ symbol can be replaced by 0 or more characters.

‘_’ symbol can be replaced by any 1 character.
LIKE VERB is used in pattern matching command.

SELECT COMMAND TO VIEW CONTENTS OF TABLE USING RANGE:

Version 1: Using Relational & Logical Operators
SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE SAL >= 12000 AND SAL <= 20000;

Version 2: Using BETWEEN Operator

SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE SAL BETWEEN 12000 AND 20000;
SELECT COMMAND TO VIEW CONTENTS OF TABLE USING IN OPERATOR:
SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNOIN (10,30);

SELECT COMMAND TO VIEW CONTENTS OF TABLE USING OR OPERATOR:

SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO = 10 OR DEPTNO = 30;

SELECT COMMAND TO VIEW CONTENTS OF TABLE USING NOT OPERATOR:

SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE NOT DEPTNO = 10;

SELECT COMMAND TO VIEW CONTENTS OF TABLE USING NOT EQUAL TO OPERATOR:

Version 1
SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO <> 10;
Version 2
SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO != 10;

UPDATE COMMAND (ALL ROWS/TUPLES):

UPDATE EMP
SET SAL = SAL * 1.05;

UPDATE COMMAND (SPECIFIED ROWS):

UPDATE EMP
SET COMM = SAL * 0.1
WHERE JOB = ‘SALESMAN’;

UPDATE COMMAND (SPECIFIED COLUMNS OF SPECIFIED ROWS):

UPDATE EMP
SET SAL = SAL * 1.1, COMM = COMM + (SAL * 0.05)
WHER JOB = ‘SALESMAN’;

DELETE COMMAND (SPECIFIED ROWS):

DELETE FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO = 40;

DELETE COMMAND (ALL ROWS – DANGEROUS!!!):

DELETE FROM EMP;

SORTING PROJECTIONS:
SELECT EMPNO, ENAME, DEPTNO, SAL
FROM EMP
ORDER BY DEPTNO ASC, SAL DESC;
NOTE: ASC (Default Mode) – Ascending Order Sorting; DESC – Descending Order Sorting

AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS (FUNCTIONS THAT ACT ACROSS ROWS):

SUM AGGREGATE FUNCTION:
SELECT SUM(SAL) AS “TOTAL SALARY”
FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO = 20;

AVG AGGREGATE FUNCTION:

SELECT AVG(SAL) AS “AVERAGE SALARY”
FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO = 20;

MAX AGGREGATE FUNCTION:

SELECT MAX(SAL) AS “MAXIMUM SALARY”
FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO = 20;

MIN AGGREGATE FUNCTION:

SELECT MIN(SAL) AS “MINIMUM SALARY”
FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO = 20;

COUNT AGGREGATE FUNCTION v1:

SELECT COUNT(EMPNO) AS “NO. OF EMPLOYEES”
FROM EMP
HERE DEPTNO = 20;

COUNT AGGREGATE FUNCTION v2:

SELECT COUNT(*) AS “NO. OF EMPLOYEES”
FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO = 20;

COUNT AGGREGATE FUNCTION v3:

SELECT COUNT(COMM) AS “NO. OF EMPLOYEES”
FROM EMP
WHERE DEPTNO = 20;//DEPTNO = 20 is conditional expression which evaluates to TRUE,
FALSE or NULL. WHERE DEPTNO = 20 is the conditional clause.

COUNT AGGREGATE FUNCTION v4:

SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT JOB)
FROM EMP;

GROUP BY COMMAND:
SELECT DEPTNO “DEPARTMENT”, SUM(SAL) “TOTAL SALARY”
FROM EMP
GROUP BY DEPTNO;

GROUP BY HAVING COMMAND:

SELECT DEPTNO “DEPARTMENT”, SUM(SAL) “TOTAL SALARY”
FROM EMP
GROUP BY DEPTNO
HAVING SUM(SAL) > 35000;

TO ACCESS DATA FROM ANOTHER TABLE USING EQUI-JOIN v1:

SELECT EMP.EMPNO, EMP.ENAME, EMP.JOB, EMP.SAL, DEPT.DEPTNAME
FROM EMP, DEPT
WHERE EMP.DEPTNO = DEPT.DEPTNO;

TO ACCESS DATA FROM ANOTHER TABLE USING EQUI-JOIN v2:

SELECT A.EMPNO, A.ENAME, A.JOB, A.SAL, B.DEPTNAME
FROM EMP A, DEPT B,
WHERE A.DEPTNO = B.DEPTNO;

TO ADD A NEW COLUMN TO TABLE:

ALTER TABLE EMP ADD DUMMY CHAR(1);

TO DROP A COLUMN FROM A TABLE:

ALTER TABLE EMP DROP DUMMY;

TO DROP A TABLE ITSELF (DANGEROUS!!):

DROP TABLE EMP;