Yarn Faults And Clearing

It is still not possible to produce a yarn without faults for various reasons. Stickiness of cotton
can contribute to the formation of thick and thin places. Fly liberation in Ringframe department
is one of the major reasons for short faults in the yarn because of the fly gets spun into the yarn.
Hence it is not possible to have fault free yarn from ringspinning, it is necessary to have yarn
monitoring system in the last production process of the spinning mill. As physical principle for
electronic yarn clearing the capacitive and the optical principle have established. Both principles
have their advantages in specific applications.

Depending upon the rawmaterial, the machiery set up, production and process parameters, there
are about 20 to 100 faults over a length of 100 km yarn which do not correspond to the deisred
appearance of the yarn. This means that the yarn exhibits a yarn fault every 1 to 5 km. These
faults are thick and thin faults, foregin fibres and diry places in the yarn.

The yarn faults which go into the woven or knitted fabric can be removed at very high costs or
can not be removed at all. Therefore the yarn processing industry demands a fault free yarn

The difference between frequent yarn faults and seldom occuring yarn faults are mainly given by
the mass or diameter deviation and size. These faults are monitored by classimat or clearer
installation on winding

Each yarn contains, here and there, places which deviate to quite a considerable extent from the
normal yarn corss-section. These can be short thick places, long thin places , long thick places or
even spinners doubles. Eventhough such events seldom occur, they represent a potential
disturbance in the appearance of the fabric or can negatively influnece subsequent processing of
the yarn.

Short thick places are those faults which are not longer than approximately 8 cms, but have a
cross-sectional size approx. twice that of the yarn. These faults are relatively frequent in all spun
yarns. To an extent they are the result of the rawmaterial ( vegetable matter, non-seprated fibres,
etc). To a much larger extent, these faults are produced in the spinning section of the mill and are
the result of spun in fly. Short thick places are easily determinable in the yarn. In many cases,
they cause disturbances in subsequent processing. Once they reach a certain size( cross-section
and length) , and in each case accoridng to the type of yarn and its application, short thick place
fults can considerably affect the appearance of the finished product.

Long thick places are much more seldom-occuring than the short thick places and usually have
a length longer than 40cms. In some cases, their length can even reach many meters. Their cross
sectional size approx. + 40% to +100% and more with respect of the mean cross-section of the
yarn. Long thick places will affect the fabric apperance. Faults like spinners doubles are difficult
to determine in the yarn, with the naked eye. On the other hand, they can produce quite fatal
results in the finished product. A spinners double in the warp or in yarn for circular knitting can
downgrade hundreds of meters of woven , or knitted fabric.
Thin places occur in two length groups. Short thin places are known as imperfections, and have
a length approx. three times the mean staple length of the fibre. Their frequency is dependent on
the rawmaterial and the setting of the drafting element. They are too frequent in the yarn to be
extracted by means of the electronic yarn clearing.

Long thin places have lengths of approx. 40cms and longer and a cross-sectional decrease with
respect to the mean yarn cross-section of approx.30 to 70%. They are relatively seldom-occuring
in short staple yarns, but much more frequently-occuring in long staple yarns. Long thin faults
are difficult to determine in the yarn by means of the naked eye. Their effect in the finished
product however, can be extremely serious.

The quite extensive application of electronic yarn clearing has set new quality standards with
respect to the number of faults in spun yarns.

It is therefore necessary to evolve a method of yarn fault classification before clearing the faults
in winding. The most important aspect is certainly the determination of the fault dimensions of
cross-sectional size and length. With such a cross-section and length classification and by means
of the correct choice of the class limits, the characteristic dimensions of the various fault types
can be taken into consideration, then a classification system will result which is suitable
primarily for satisfying the requirements of yarn clearing and yet allows, to quite a large extent,
for a selection of the various types of faults.

Types of Electronic Yarn Clearers

Electronic Yarn Clearers available in the market are principally of two types -capacitive and
optical. Clearers working on the capacitive principle have ‘ mass'as the reference for performing
its functions while optical clearers function with ‘ diameter' as the reference. Both have their
merits and demerits and are equally popular in the textile industry. Besides the above basic
difference in measuring principle, the basis of functioning of both the types of clearers are
similar if not exactly same. Since most of the other textile measurements like, U% / CV%, thick
and thin places etc., in various departments take into account mass as the reference parameter,
the functioning of the capacitive clearer is explained in some detail in the following sections.

Functioning Principle

The yarn is measured in a measuring field constituted by a set of parallely placed capacitor
plates. When the yarn passes through this measuring field (between the capacitor plates), an
electrical signal is produced which is proportional to the change in mass per unit length of the
yarn. This signal is amplified and fed to the evaluation channels of the yarn clearing installation.
The number and type of evaluation channels available are dependent on the sophistication and
features of the model of the clearer in use. Each of the channels reacts to the signals for the
corresponding type of yarn fault. When the mass per unit length of the yarn exceeds the
threshold limit set for the channel, the cutting device of the yarn clearer cuts the yarn.

Yarn Clearer Settings

The yarn clearer has to be provided with certain basic information in order to obtain the expected
results in terms of clearing objectionable faults. The following are some of them -

A. Clearing Limit

The clearing limit defines the threshold level for the yarn faults, beyond which the cutter is
activated to remove the yarn fault. The clearing limit consists of two setting parameters -
Sensitivity and Reference Length.

i. Sensitivity - This determines the activating limit for the fault cross sectional size.

ii. Reference Length - This defines the length of the yarn over which the fault cross - section is
to be measured. Both the above parameters can be set within a wide range of limits depending on
specific yarn clearing requirements. Here, it is worth mentioning that the ‘ reference length' may
be lower or higher than the actual ‘ fault length'. For a yarn fault to be cut, the mean value of the
yarn fault cross-section has to overstep the set sensitivity for the set reference length.

B. Yarn Count

The setting of the yarn count provides a clearer with the basic information on the mean value of
the material being processed to which the clearer compares the instantaneous yarn signals for
identifying the seriousness of a fault.

C. Material Number

Besides the yarn count there are certain other factors which influence the capacitance signal from
the measuring field like type of fibre (Polyester / Cotton / Viscose etc.) and environmental
conditions like relative humidity. These factors are taken into consideration in the ‘ Material
Number'

D. Winding Speed

The setting of the winding speed is also very critical for accurate removal of faults. It is
recommended that, instead of the machine speed, the delivery speed be set by actual calculation
after running the yarn for 2-3 minutes and checking the length of yarn delivered. Setting a higher
speed than the actual is likely to result in higher number of cuts. Similarly a lower speed setting
relative to the actual causes less cuts with some faults escaping without being cut. In most of the
modern day clearers, the count, material number and speeds are monitored and automatically
corrected during actual running of the yarn.

Fault Channels

The various fault channels available in a latest generation yarn clearer are as follows:
1. Short Thick places

2. Long Thick Places

3. Long Thin Places

4. Neps

5. Count

6. Splice

The availability of one or more of the above channels is dependent on the type of the yarn
clearer. Most of the modern clearers have the above channels. Besides detection of the various
types of faults, with latest clearers, it is also possible to detect concentration of faults in a
specific length of yarn by means of alarms(cluster faults).

Contamination Clearing

Detection of contamination in normal yarn has become a requirement in recent times due to the
demands by yarn buyers abroad. Therefore, some of the optical yarn clearers have an additional
channel to detect the contamination in yarn. This is mostly used while clearing cotton yarn. The
various facilities available in the yarn clearers nowadays enable precise setting and removal of
all objectionable faults while at the same time ensure a reasonably high level of productivity.

Winding

Ring spinning produces yarn in a package form called cops. Since cops from ringframes are not
suitable for further processing, the winding process serves to achieve additional objectives made
necessary by the requirements of the subsequent processing stages.

Following are the Tasks of Winding Process

 Extraction of all disturbing yarn faults such as the short, long thick ,long thin, spinners
doubles, etc

 Manufacture of cones having good drawing - off properties and with as long a length of
yarn as possible

 Paraffin waxing of the yarn during the winding process

 Introduction into the yarn of a minimum number of knots

 Achievement of a high machine efficiency i.e high produciton level

The winding process therefore has the basic function of obtaining a larger package from several
small ring bobbins. This conversion process provides one with the possibility of cutting out
unwanted and problematic objectionable faults. The process of removing such objectionable
faults is called as yarn ‘ clearing'

Practical experience has proven that winding alters the yarn structure.This phenomenon does not
affect yarn evenness, but affect the following yarn properties

 Thick Places

 Thin Places

 Neps

 Hairiness

 Standard Deviation of Hairiness

Winding Tension

If winding tension is selected properly, the following tensile properties are not affected

 Tenacity

 Elongation

 Work- to- break

But excessive tension in winding will deteriarate the above said tensile properties.

Characterestics Of Bobbin Formation

Stretch Length

It is the length of the yarn deposited on the bobbin tube during each chase (one up and down
movement of ringrail ) of ring rail. The length should be around 3.5 to 5 meters. It should be
shorter for coarser yarns and longer for fine yarns.

Winding Ratio

It is the ratio of the length of yarn wound during the upward movement of the ring rail and the
length wound during the downward movement of the ringrail.

Bobbin Taper

The ratio of the length of the upper taper of the cop (bobbin with yarn) to the diameter of the
bobbin must be 1:2 or greater.
Winding Speed

It depends upon the following factors

 Count

 Type of Yarn, (type of fibre, average strength and minimum strength)

 Type and Charactersitics of Bobbin

 Package Taper

 Final Use of Package

The best winding speed is the speed which allows the highest level of production possible for a
given type of yarn and type of package, and with no damage whatsoever to the yarn.(abrasion
and breaks due to excessive tension)

Winding Production

It depends upon the following factors

 Winding speed

 Time required by the machine to carry out one splicing operation

 Bobbin length per bobbin( both bobbin weight and tpi to be considered, because TPI will
affect the bobbin length). This decides the number of bobbin changes

 The number of faults in the yarn and the clearer settings, this decides the clearer cuts

 Count

 The number of doffs. It depends upon the doff weight. Higher the doff weight, lower the
number of doffs

 The time taken for each doff either by the doffer or by an operator

 Down time due to red light. It depends upon, number of red lights, number of repeaters
setting for red lights, clearer settings like off count channel, cluster setting which will
result in red lights and others

 Bobbin rejections, it depends on weak yarn, wrong gaiting, double gaiting, bobbin
characteritics etc.
 Following are Some of the Winding Package Defects which will result in complaints

 Yarn Waste in the Cones

 This is due to loose yarn ends that are wound on to the cone

 Stitch, Drop Over, Web

 Yarn is visible on the small or on the big side of the cone either across the side , around
the tube, or going back in the cone

 Damaged Edges or Broken Ends on the Cone

 The yarn is broken on the edges or in the middle of the cone.

 Ring Formation

 The yarn runs in belt formation on to the package, because it is misguided

 Without Transfer Tail

 The desired transfer tail is missing or too short

 Ribbon Formation

 Pattern or ring formation are made by the drum when rpm are staying the same

 Displaced Yarn Layers

 yarn layers are disturbed and are sliding towards the small diameter of the cone

 Misguided Yarn

 The yarn is not equally guided over the hole package

 Cauliflower

 On the smaller side of the package, the yarn shows a wrinkle effect

 Soft and Hard Yarn Layer

 Some layer of yarn are pushed out on the small side of the cone

 Soft and Hard Cones

  Great difference in package density from one winder head to another

A bobbin change occurs when yarn on the bobbin is fully exhausted during winding. But
if a bobbin is changed with yarn still left on it, we call it ‘Rejected Bobbin'. The quantity of yarn
on the bobbin may vary from full bobbin to only few layers of yarn.

The Various Reasons of Bobbin Rejections are as follows:

1. Bobbin Quality

 Long Tail End

 Kirchi/Lapetta

 Deshaped Bobbin

 Overfilled Bobbin

 Bottom Spoiled Bobbin

 Ring Cut Bobbin

 Soft Bobbin

 Sick Bobbin

2. Bobbin Feeding in Magazine

 Presence of under-winding and back-winding while feeding the bobbins in the magazine
leads to rejection

3. Top Bunch Transfer Failure

 Top bunch position is lower with respect to bobbin tip.

 Blowing device does not come down to concentrate blow at the bobbin tip.

 Very few numbers of coils at the bobbin tip.

 Removal of top bunch due to fault in cutter at the bobbin preparatory or any other reason.
Very few numbers of coils at the top bunch.

4. Fault in Winding Unit, Splicing Failure

5. Yarn Quality
  High degree of objectionable fault

 Count variation

 High Hairiness Bobbin

Bobbin Quality Checking for Best Winding

Whenever there is a count change in ring frame, the cop quality should be checked. Proper
quality of cop ensures higher winding efficiency. The cop quality is checked as per the following
parameters:

1. Bobbin Parameters

2. Cop Content : Depending on the spindle lift and ring diameter, the cop content (in gms)
should be checked

3. Diameter of the Cop : The ‘Actual cop diameter' must be checked against ‘Standard cop
diameter'. The standard cop diameter depends on the ring diameter. Standard Cop Diameter =
Ring Diameter - 3mm.

4. Back Winding : The number of back winding coils should be around 1.5 to 2.5 and the
maximum length of back winding should not be more than 80cms

5. Under Winding : The number of under winding coils should be around 2 to 3 and the
maximum length of back winding should not be more than 20cm. As the under winding and back
winding increases, more time is wasted to open them up before feeding in the magazine and also
hard waste is increased.

6. Top Clearance : The clearance from bobbin tip to yarn body of a full cop should be approx
10 mm. If the top clearance is too less, it may cause slough off at the start of the bobbin
unwinding

7. Bottom Clearance : The clearance from bobbin bottom to yarn body of should be approx.
10mm. If the bottom clearance is too less, it may cause bottom spoiled bobbin

8. Yarn Length per Chase : The length of yarn per chase should be around 3.5 to 5.5 m. If the
length is too long, it may lead to slough of during high speed unwinding.

9. Bobbin Hardness : The bobbin hardness should be around 50° to 55°. Soft bobbins results
slough off. Besides the above mentioned points, the cops should be also checked for long tail
end, deshaped bobbin, kirchi & lapetta, ring cut, overfilled and bottom spoiled bobbin to ensure
high production efficiency in winding.

Due to the ever-increasing emphasis on better quality of yarn for the competitive market and
process performance, the normal parameters of yarn tenacity, unevenness and imperfections are
not adequate to completely define today's quality. Besides the above mentioned traditional
parameters, so many factors influence the performance of the yarn in the subsequent process
such as process parameters in ring spinning & cone winding, work procedures in ring spinning &
cone winding and ambient conditions. So to attain the expected quality for any applications such
as weaving or knitting, one should focus mainly on the fault free feed material preparation
because it contributes more than any other factor. Best winding capabilities can be achieved
through best bobbin quality.

A high degree of yarn quality is impossible through knot, as the knot itself is objectionable due
to its physical dimension, appearance and problems during downstream processes. The knots are
responsible for 30 to 60% of stoppages in weaving.

Splicing is the ultimate method to eliminate yarn faults and problems of knots and piecing. It is
universally acceptable and functionally reliable. This is in spite of the fact that the tensile
strength of the yarn with knot is superior to that of yarn with splice. Splicing is a technique of
joining two yarn ends by intermingling the constituent fibres so that the joint is not significantly
different in appearance and mechanical properties with respect to the parent yarn. The
effectiveness of splicing is primarily dependent on the tensile strength and physical appearance.

Splicing satisfies the demand for knot free yarn joining: no thickening of the thread or only
slight increase in its normal diameter, no great mass variation, visibly unobjectionable, no
mechanical obstruction, high breaking strength close to that of the basic yarn under both static
and dynamic loading, almost equal elasticity in the joint and basic yarn. No extraneous material
is used and hence the dye affinity is unchanged at the joint. In addition, splicing enables a higher
degree of yarn clearing to be obtained on the electronic yarn clearer.

Splicing technology has grown so rapidly in the recent past that automatic knotters on modern
high speed winding machine are a thing of the past. Many techniques for splicing have been
developed such as Electrostatic splicing, Mechanical splicing and Pneumatic splicing. Among
them, pneumatic splicing is the most popular. Other methods have inherent drawbacks like
limited fields of application, high cost of manufacturing, maintenance and operations, improper
structure and properties of yarn produced.

Pneumatic Splicing

The first generation of splicing systems operated with just one stage without proceeding to
trimming. The yarn ends were fed into the splicing chamber and pieced together in one
operation. Short fibres, highly twisted and fine yarns could not be joined satisfactorily with such
method. Latest methods of splicing process consist of two operations. During the first stage, the
ends are untwisted, to achieve a near parallel arrangement of fibres. In a second operation the
prepared ends are laid and twisted together.

Principle of Pneumatic Splicing

The splicing consists of untwisting and later re-twisting two yarn ends using air blast, i.e., first
the yarn is opened, the fibres intermingled and later twisted in the same direction as that of the
parent yarn. Splicing proceeds in two stages with two different air blasts of different intensity.
The first air blast untwists and causes opening of the free ends. The untwisted fibres are then
intermingled and twisted in the same direction as that of parent yarn by another air blast

Structure of Splice

Analysis of the longitudinal and transverse studies revealed that the structure of the splice
comprises of three distinct regions/elements brought by wrapping, twisting and tucking /
intermingling.

Yarn Wrapping

The tail end of each yarn strand is tapered and terminates with few fibres. The tail end makes a
good wrapping of several turns and thus prevents fraying of the splice. The fibres of the twisting
yarn embrace the body of the yarn and thus acts as a belt. This in turn gives appearance to the
splice.

Yarn Twisting

The two yarn ends comprising the splice are twisted around the body of the yarn, each yarn
strand twists on the body of the yarn on either side of the middle of the splice. The cross-section
of this region distinctly shows the fibres of the two yarn strands separately without any
intermingling of the fibres.

Yarn Tucking / Yarn Intermingling

The middle portion of the splice is a region (2-5 mm) with no distinct order. The fibres from
each yarn end intermingle in this splice zone just by tucking. The studies on quantitative
contribution of splice elements showed that intermingling/tucking contributes the most to the
strength of splice (52%), followed by twisting (33%) and wrapping (about 15%). The lower
strength of the splice is attributed to the lower packing coefficient of the splice zone. Spliced
yarn has a lower breaking elongation than normal yarn. Breaking elongation is mainly affected
by intermingling. Wrapping and twisting provides mainly transverse forces. The absence of fibre
migration gives lower breaking elongation to splice.

Effect of Variables on the Properties of the Spliced yarn

Several studies have been conducted on the effect of various variables on the properties of the
spliced yarn.

Effect of Fibre Properties and Blend

Fibre properties such as torsional rigidity, breaking twist angle and coefficient of friction affect
splice strength and appearance. The lower torsional rigidity and higher breaking twist angle
permit better fibre intermingling. Higher coefficient of friction of fibres generates more inter-
fibre friction to give a more cohesive yarn. Thus, these properties of fibre contribute to better
retention of splice strength. In blended yarn, usually the addition of polyester to other fibre blend
like P/W, P/C both for ring and rotor spun yarn increases splice strength.

Effect of Yarn Fineness

Several studies on cotton, polyester and wool report that coarser yarns have higher breaking
strength but a moderate extension. The coarse yarn cross section contains more fibres and
provides better fibre intermingling during pre-opening, hence the splice is stronger than that of
finer yarns.

Effect of Yarn Twist

An increase in the twist significantly increases the breaking load and elongation, even at higher
pneumatic pressure. This could be due to better opening of the strands at higher pneumatic
pressure. Splicing of twisted ply yarn is more complicated than single yarn due to the yarn
structure having opposing twists in the single and doubled yarns. Twisted yarns also require a
relatively longer time for complete opening of the yarn ends.

Effect of Different Spinning Methods

Yarn produced with different spinning methods exhibit different structure and properties.
Therefore, these yarns show significant differences in splice quality. The ring spun yarn lent best
splicing but the potential of splicing is affected by the spinning conditions. The breaking strength
percentage of ring spliced yarns to a parent yarn is 70% to 85% for cotton yarn. However, the
breaking strength and extension of splice vary with fibre and yarn properties. Rotor spun yarns,
due to the presence of wrapper fibres, make it difficult to untwist and the disordered structure is
less ideal for splicing. The breaking strength retention varies from 54% to 71% and is much
lower compared to the splice of ring spun yarns. In case of friction spun yarns, the highest
relative tensile strength obtained at the spliced joints can be above 80%, but a number of splicing
failures occurs due to unfavourable yarn structure.
The air-jet-spun (MJS) yarn and the cover spun yarn are virtually impossible to splice. Only very
low tensile strengths and elongation values can be attained due to the inadequate opening of the
yarn ends during preparation of the splicing. The coefficient of variation of these properties is
also generally high.

Effect of Opening Pressure

A study on 50/50 polyester cotton, 25 tex ring spun yarn shows a rise in tensile strength up to a
certain opening pressure. However, long opening time deteriorates the strength. An increase in
pressure up to 5 bar caused release of fibre tufts and fibre loss from the yarn ends in P/C blend
which is due to intensive opening, but beyond this pressure, drafting and twisting in the opposite
direction may also occur.

Effect of Splicing Duration

With a given splicing length, when the splicing is extended for a long period of time, the
breaking strength of the spliced yarn and also their strength retention over the normal value of
the basic yarn increases because of increased cohesive force resulting from an increased number
of wrapping coils in a given length. The effects are more pronounced at higher splicing lengths.
It is desirable however, that splicing duration be as short as possible. The splicing duration alone
has no conclusive effect on elongation properties of splice yarn. It has also been observed that,
for maximum splice strength, different materials require different durations of blast. These are
between 0.5 to 1.8 seconds.

Effect of Splicing Length

Studies on splicing of flyer and wrap spun yarns spun with different materials, showed that
regardless of the splicing material, the breaking strength and strength retention of both yarn types
increase with the splicing length because of the increased binding length of the two yarn ends.
Elongation at break and retention of elongation of both flyer and wrap spun spliced yarns
increase with the splice length. Compared to the splicing duration, the splicing length has more
pronounced effect on the load-elongation properties of the spliced yarn. It can be therefore be
stated that the splices made on longer lengths and for longer period of time have more uniform
strength.

Effect of Splicing Chamber

The factors like method and mode of air supply and pressure along with type of prism affect the
splicing quality. It was observed that irregular air pressure has advantages over constant pressure
for better intermingling in the splicing chamber, which varies with different staple fibres,
filament yarns, and yarns with S and Z twists. It is not possible to make a general comment
regarding potential of the splicing chamber due to the multiplicity of factors influencing splicing.

Comparison of Dry and Wet Splicing

The comparative studies on dry and wet splicing with water showed that the breaking load
retention for wet spliced yarns are significantly greater than dry spliced yarns. In fact, wet
splicing is more effective for yarn made from long staple fibres and for coarse yarn. This may be
due to higher packing coefficient resulting from wet splicing.

Assessment of Yarn Splice Quality

The two important characteristics of a splice are appearance and strength. Although quality of
splice can be assessed by methods like load-elongation, work of rupture, % increase in diameter
and evaluation of its performance in down stream process etc., the appearance can be assessed
either by simple visual assessment or by comparing with photograph of standard splice.

What is Ply Yarn / What is Plying / Plying Definition

For sewing threads as well as for some speciality industrial yarns , it is necessary to ply (to
double or fold) the yarns to give them a smoother and less hairy character.

Doubling improves the evenness and plying balances torque if carried out correctly and binds
some of the hairs on the component yarns.

Plying

Plying is a process used to create a strong, balanced yarn. It is done by taking two or more
strands of yarn that each have a twist to them and putting them together. The strands are twisted
together, in the opposite direction than that in which they were spun. When just the right amount
of twist is added, this creates a balanced yarn, which is a yarn with no tendency to twist upon
itself. Almost all store bought yarns are balanced, plied yarns.

A two-ply yarn is thus a yarn plied from two strands, a six-ply yarn is one from six strands, and
so on. Most commercial yarns are more than a two ply. Embroidery floss is generally a six ply
yarn.

Plying Yarn

Regular plying consists of taking two or more singles and twisting them together, the opposite
way. This can be done on either a spinning wheel or a spindle. The most important thing to
remember though is that the twist must go the opposite direction. If in spinning the single the
wheel was spinning clockwise (which is called a "Z" twist, as on any given side the fibres appear
to cross diagonally in the same direction as the diagonal of a "Z"), in order to ply it the wheel
must spin counter-clockwise (an "S" twist). This is because otherwise you are not balancing the
twist, just twisting it more. The concept is similar to when a heavily twisted piece of yarn is
folded, and it twists up on itself. It is most common for singles to be spun with a "Z" twist, and
then plied with an "S" twist.

Novelty Yarns

Many novelty yarns make use of special plying techniques to gain their special effects. By
varying the tension in the strands, or the relative sizes of the strands, or many other factors
different effects can be achieved. For example, when a soft, thick strand is plied against a tightly
twisted thin strand, the resulting yarn spirals. Another example is bouclé, which is a yarn where
one strand is held loosely and allowed to make loops on the other yarn while plying.