Dr Azuraien Jaafar

Mr M Faizairi M Nor
Dr Aklilu Baheta
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 Course Objectives
Understand concepts and behavior
of fluids in static and flowing
condition.
Understand the concept and
applications of control volume.
Apply the knowledge of dimensional
analysis.
Apply the concepts to the design of
simple system involving fluid.
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Course Schedule

3 Lectures/wk
Lab: 8hrs/semester

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 Textbook
B.R. Munson, D.F. Young, T.H.
Okiishi, W.W Huebsch, Fundamental
of Fluid Mechanics, John Wiley and
Sons, 6th edition, 2010 (Main
Textbook)

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 Grading

Final Examination 50%

Coursework: 50%
Tests 20%
Assignments & Projects 20%
Lab assignments 10%

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What is Fluid Mechanics?

A study of fluids either in

motion (fluid dynamics) or at
rest (fluid statics) and the
subsequent effects of the fluid
on the boundaries.

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Chapter 1: Introduction
Characteristics of fluids
Dimensions, Dimensional Homogeneity and Units
Analysis of Fluid Behavior
Measures of fluid mass and weight
Ideal gas law
Viscosity
Compressibility of Fluids
Vapor pressure
Surface tension

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 Concept of Fluid
All matter consists of only TWO states
Solid
Fluid

Solid produces static deformation as a

reaction to applied shear stress
Fluid deforms continuously as long as
the shear stress is applied
Note : A shearing stress is created
whenever a tangential force acts on a
surface
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 Types of Fluid
Gases
widely spaced molecules with negligible
cohesive forces
All gases are true fluids
Liquid
relatively close-packed molecules with
strong cohesive forces
Common liquids are true fluids
Liquids which are not true fluids-
emulsions, colloids, high-polymer
solutions, slurries
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 Fluid as a Continuum
Fluid is treated as a continuum which
means that the fluid characteristics
of interest (pressure, velocity, etc)
vary continuously throughout the
fluid

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Dimensions, Dimensional
Homogeneity, Units
Dimensions
Dimension of the fluid characteristics as
describe using the primary quantities;
the length, L, the mass, M (or the force,
F), the time, T and the temperature, .
Ex:
Velocity, V = LT-1 Dimensions of a velocity
equal to length divided
by time

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Dimensions, Dimensional
Homogeneity, Units (cont.)
Dimensional Homogeneity
The dimensions of the left side of all
theoretically derived equations must be
the same as those on the right side
Ex:
Equation: V = Vo + at
Dimension: LT-1 = LT-1 + LT-1
Since the dimensions on the left equal to that on the
right, the equation above is Dimensionally
Homogeneous
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Dimensions, Dimensional
Homogeneity, Units (cont.)
Units
A standard used to describe fluid
characteristics
Ex:
Length : meter or foot
Time : second
Two systems commonly used
British Gravitational (BG) System
International System (SI)

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 Analysis of Fluid Behavior

Fluid
Mechanics

Fluid Statics Fluid Dynamics

Fluid at rest Fluid is moving

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 Fluid Density, 
Units : slugs/ft3 (BG) or kg/m3 (SI)
Density of liquids are slightly
affected by pressure and
temperature
Density of gases are strongly
influenced by pressure and
temperature
1
Specific volume, v v 

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 Specific Weight, 
Units : lb/ft3 (BG) or N/m3 (SI)
Defined as weight per unit volume
weight

volume

Related to density through

  g
where g is the local acceleration of
gravity g  9.81 m / s 2  32 .2 ft / s 2 
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 Specific Gravity, SG
Units : dimensionless
Ratio of the density of the fluid to the
density of water at some specified
temperature
 
SG  OR
H O@4 C  H O@4 C
o o
2 2

H O@4 o
C
 1000 kg / m  1.94 slugs / ft
3 3
2

 H O@4
2
o
C
 9.8110 N / m  62.4 lb / ft
3 3 3

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 Ideal Gas Law

p  RT
Also known as Perfect Gas Law or
Equation of State
R is the gas constant
Note 1: Pressure in the ideal gas must be
expressed as an absolute pressure
Absolute press. = Gage press. + Atmospheric press.
Atmospheric press. = 14.7 psi or 101 kPa
Note 2: Temperature too must be in absolute
unit
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 Example 1
A compressed air tank contains 8 kg of air at a temperature of 80oC. A
gage on the tank reads 300 kPa. Determine the volume of the tank.

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 Pressure
Unit : lb/ft2 or psf (BG) or N/m2 or Pascal
(SI)
A static fluid exerts only normal force on a
contacting surface
A moving fluid exerts both normal and
shear forces on the surface in contact with
the fluid
Normal force is called pressure force
Shear force is called friction force
Zero pressure means vacuum

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 Viscosity, 
Units : lbs/ft2 (BG) or N-s/m2 (SI)
Also called absolute viscosity or dynamic
viscosity
Very sensitive to temperature changes
Mildly change with pressure
For Newtonian fluid
du
 
dy
Kinematic viscosity,  


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 Viscosity,  (cont.)
Fluids for which the shearing stress
is linearly related to the rate of
shearing strain are designated as
Newtonian Fluids.
Fluids for which the shearing stress
is not linearly related to the rate of
shearing strain are designated as
non-Newtonian Fluid.

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 Example 2
The kinematic viscosity of oxygen at 20oC and a pressure of 150 kPa
(abs) is 0.104 stokes. Determine the dynamic viscosity of oxygen
at this temperature and pressure.
(From table A1, 1 stokes = 1.00E-4 m2/s)

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 Newtonian and
NonNewtonian Fluids

Not a fluid
because
require some
amount of
stress before
start flowing

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 Compressibility: Bulk
Modulus, Ev
Units : lb/in2 (BG) or N/m2 (SI)
Indicates how easily can the volume of a
given mass of the fluid be changed when
there is a change in pressure
Given as
dp dp
Ev   
dV / V d / 
Also known as bulk modulus of elasticity

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 Compressibility
If compression or expansion takes place
under constant temperature conditions
(isothermal) p
 constant

If compression or expansion is frictionless
and no heat is exchanged with the
surrounding (isentropic)
p
 constant
 k

Note : pressure in both must be expressed

as an absolute pressure
k = ratio of specific heats = c p / cv
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 Example 3
Natural gas at 70oF and standard atmospheric pressure of 14.7 psi is
compressed isentropically to a new absolute pressure of 60 psi.
Determine the final density and temperature of the gas.

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Compressibility: Speed of
Sound, c
Velocity at which small disturbances
propagate in a fluid
Given as
dp Ev
c 
d 
Since disturbances is small, process
is assumed to be isentropic where Ev  kp
Hence
c  kp  kRT
 For Ideal Gas

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 Vapor Pressure
Evaporation takes place because some liquid
molecules at the surface have sufficient momentum to
overcome the intermolecular cohesive forces and
escape into the atmosphere.
When an equilibrium condition is reached so that the
number of molecules leaving the liquid surface is
equal to the number entering, the fluid is said to be
saturated and the pressure the vapor exerts on the
liquid surface is termed the vapor pressure.
When vapor bubbles are formed in a flowing fluid,
they are swept along into regions of higher pressure
when they suddenly collapse with sufficient intensity
to actually cause structural damage. The formation
and subsequent collapse of vapor bubbles in a
flowing fluid is called cavitation.

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 Example 4
A partially filled closed tank contains ethyl alcohol at 68oF. If the air
above the alcohol is evacuated, what is the minimum absolute
pressure that develops in the evacuated space?

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 Surface Tension, 
Units : lb/ft (BG) or N/m (SI)
It is the intensity of the molecular
attraction per unit length along any
line in the surface
Depends on
Temperature ( as T)
Fluid/surface it is in contact with

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Surface Tension,  (cont.)
Open to atmosphere

Figure 1 : Effect of capillary action in small tubes (a) Rise of column for a liquid that
wets the tube. (b) Free-body diagram for calculating column height. (c) Depression of
column for a nonwetting liquid.

The height of the column is given as

2 cos
h
R
The angle of contact, , is a function of
both the liquid and the surface  water  0
 mercury  130
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 Example 5
An open, clean glass tube, having a diameter of 3 mm, is inserted
vertically into a dish of mercury at 20oC. How far will the column of
mercury in the tube be depressed?

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