PAINTING

The Greatest and World's Famous Painters

, The'GreatestPainter in the-World" Jean-Louis Ernest Meissonier (French, 1815-1891)

Jean-Louis ,Ernest Meissonierwasthehighest paid painter of his day. His paintings, which often took years to paint, were unveiled to huge crowds and discussed in International newspapers. The list of people buying his painting reads like a who's who of I ate-nine tee nth-century, European money and power.

Jean-Lavis Ernest Meissonier (French,} 8} 5- } 89}) Self-portrait (1889) Oil on canvas

Jean-Lovis Ernest Meissonier (French, J 8 J 5- } 89 J )~The Siege of Paris (J 876) Oil on canvas. Private collection.

World's Famous Painters Lena Karpinsky Is a Canadian artist, born in Moscow, Russia and living in Toronto, Ontario. Lena works primarily in oi! and acrylic on canvas with music paintings, landscapes. and flowers her main focus. Lena's strong sense of color is evident in all her artworks and especially in modern abstract paintings.

With artwork .•.

Michelangelocdi Lodovico BuonarrotiSimonl (6 March 1475 -18 February 1564), commonly known as Michelangelo; was an Italian Renaissance painter, sculptor, architect, poet, and engineer. Despite making few forays beyond the arts, his versatility in the disciplines he took up was of such a high order that he Is often considered a contender for the title of the drchetypal Renaissance man, along with:hisrivaland fellow Italian, Leonardoda Vinci.

SISTINE CHAPEL CEILING PAINTING

This is the spectacular master painting in the Sistine chapel that Michelangelo Buonarroti was commlssloned'by'Pope Julius II della Rovere in 1508 to repaint the ceiling; the work was completed between1508,and!1512.

Hepairited the Last judgment over the altar, between 1535 and 1541, being commissioned by Pope··PavlllLFarnese.

Leonardo diserPiero do Vinci CAprU15, 1452 - May 2, 1519) was an Italian polymath: painter, sculptor,-architect, musician, scientist, mathematician, engineerr-.inventor, anatomist, geologist, cartographer, botanist and writer. He is widely considered to be one of the greatest painters of all time and perhaps' the most diversely-talented person ever to have lived.

Bomthe illegitimate, son of a notary, Pieroda Vihci,and a peasant woman, Caterina, at Vinci in the region-ofFlorence;'Leonardo was educated in thestuaio ofthe renowned Florentine painter, Verrocchio. Much of his earlier working life was spent intheservice of Ludovico iI Moro in Milan. He later worked in Rome, Bologna and Venice and spent his last years in France,at the. home

awarded him by-Francis I. ~- '

Leonardo Was and isrenowned(2) primarjly ps a painter. Among his works, the Mona Lisa is most famous and most parodied portrait and The Last supper the most reproduced religious painting of all time; with their fame approached only by Michelangelo'sCreation of Adam.!l) Leonardo's drawingoftheVitruvian Man is also regarded as a cultural icon

The Last Supper '

TheLasfSupper

Paintings oUhe1490s

Leonardo's'mostJamouspaintingofthe1490s isThe Last Supper, clsopolnted-ln Milan. The painting represents 'the last meal shared by Jesus with· his'disciples:before his capture and death. It shows specifically the"momerii'iwherijesushassaid;~oheof;you wilrbetray me"; Leonardo tells the story of .theconsternation that this statement caused to the twelve followers of Jesus. Amongthewor~sbeated by Leonardo In the 16th century is the small portrait known as the Mona Lisaor~·la'Gioconda .. ,.the'laughing one; Inthepresent eraitisarguabiy the 11)0st famous painting

in the world. Its fame rests, in particular, on the elusive smile on the woman's face, its mysterious quality brought about perhaps by the fact that the artist has subtly shadowed the corners of the mouth and eyes so that the exact nature of the smile cannot be determined. The shadowy quality tor which the work is renowned came to be called "stumato"

/~ Juan Luna was a distinguished Filipino painter born to Joaquin Luna and Laurena Novicio on .

October 23, 1857 in Badoc, lIocos Norte. He studied designing at the Academia de Dibujo Y Pintura at the Ateneo de Manila. He entered Escuella de Bella Artes in Madrid while he was on travel in Spain in 1877. The famous masterpieces that made Juan tunoo renowned painter are The Death of Cleopatra, The Blood Compact and The Spolarium. The Death of Cleopatra mode him won the gold medal and was sold for 5000 pesetas in 1881. Other remarkable works included:

* Ang Mestisa

* Ang Labanan sa Lepanto

* Ang Tagumpay ni Lapu-Iapu * Ang ~liping Bulag

* Ang Espanya sa Pilipinas

When he returned to the Philippines he was suspected of being a member of the Katipuneros that is why he was captured and imprisoned at Fort Santiago in 1896. Afterwards he went back to Spain and joined with Graciano Lopez-Jaena, Marcrlo H. del Pilar and Jose Rizal. Shortly he died on December 7, 1899 due to sickness.

The Spolarium

Spolarium won the first gold medal In the Madrid Exposition of Fine Arts in 1884, a triumph that made Luna and his contemporory. F~lix Resurrection Hidalgo, who won a silver medal, the first "International artists" of the Philippines.

Blood Compact

Juan Luna's The Blood Compact portrays the blood compact ritual between Rajah Sikatuna (also known as Datu Sikatuna) and Miguel Lopez de Legazpi who is accompanied by other conguistadors. Rajah Sikatuna was described to be "being crowded out of the picture by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi and his fellow conquistadores".

Las Damas Romanas was painted while Luna was a student of the Spanish Academy in Rome. It is a work completed between his prize-winning works "Death of Cleopatra" that won a silver medal in

the Madrid .

Fernando Cueto Amorsolo is one of the most celebrated artists of the Philippines, and the first to be designated a National Artist. He is a portraitist and painter of Philippine rural landscapes, and is particularly noted for his brushwork and his skill In depicting light.

Fruit Gatherer, 1950, Oil on artist's board. Depicts Amorsolo's mastery of realism, impressionism and the use of "Chiaroscuro", an Italian term describing contrast between light and dark, to achieve a sense of three-dimensionality, especially in regards to the human figure

fernando Amorsolo's Winnowing Rice

Fernando AmorsoloPeacetimePaintlngMakingPhilipplneFlag Fernando Amorsolo's Burning of the idols

Fernando Amorsolo's Planting Rice

Fine art - arts creation of beautiful objects

fine arts describes an art form developed primarily'for aesthetics and/or concept rather than proctlccl application. Art is often a synonym for fine art, as employed in the term "art gallery".

Five greater fine arts were painting, sculpture, architecture, music and poetry, with minor arts including drama and dancing. Today, the fine arts commonly indude the visual art and performing art forms, such as painting, sculpture, collage, calligraphy, music, dance, theatre, architecture, photography and printmaking.

Painting and drawing

Drawing is a form of visual expression and is one of the major forms within the visual arts. Common instruments include graphite pencils, pen and ink, inked brushes, wax color pencils, crayons,

charcoals, chalk, pastels, markers, stylus, or various metals like silverpoint. There are a number of subcategories of drawing, including cartooning.

Painting is the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a surtace (support base). The application of the medium is commonly applied to the.base with a brush. In art the term describes both the act and the result which is called a painting. Paintings may have for their support such surfaces as walls, QClper, canvas, wood, glass, lacguer, clay, copper or concrete, and may incorporate multiple other materials including sand, clay, paper, gold leaf as well as objects,

9 TYPES OF PAINTING Abstract painting Semi-abstract

Scultures & paper collages figurative paintings landscape

Woodwork paintings ceramic

photographs

, prints PAINTING

Painting is the art of representing an idea or object with pigments. 2 Types of pigments

Artist's pigments refer to the art medium used to produce the painting

10- Identify Medium Pigments in Painting

1. Colored pencil

2. Opaque Water Color

3. Transparent Water Color 4.Tempera or "she-cord colors 5. Wax crayon

o. Pastel

7. Finger paint

8. Oil Paint 9.Fresco paint 10. Craypas

Two fundamental types of painting are mural painting and the easel painting

Easel painting- support for an artist's canvas or blackboard: a freestanding upright support for a painter's canvas or a blackboard, usually made of wood and having movable clamps

Mural painting -painting on wall: a usually large picture painted directly onto an interior or exterior wall

Mural Painting (Latin murus, "wail"), decoration of walls or ceilings for aesthetic or didactic purposes, executed in any of several techniques. Most often used to decorate public buildings, mural paintings tend to be of large scale and to portray religious, historic, or patriotic themes significant to the public.

A Masterpiece Restored

Italian Renaissance artist Leonardo da Vinci's celebrated mural The Last Supper appears lighter end brighter after the completion in 1999 of a painstaking 22-year restoration of the masterpiece. Some experts claim the restoration altered the original appearance of the 15th-century painting, AppreCiation of paintings requires the understanding of the sense of beauty or esthetic sense through constant contact with nature and continuous experience in the use of the various painting media

Functions of painting

1. To satisfy one's creative and aesthetic desires.

2. To decorate interior of buildings.

3. To commemorate important events; heroes and love ones.

4. To glorify God and saints.",

5. To advertise or popularize art product, movie picture, etc.

Kinds of painting as to character of the subject

1. Portrait painting- painting of a person, especially of the face and part of the breast.

2. Historical painting- pictorial representation of historical events.

3. Religious painting- painting of religious subject

4. Scenery painting- landscape, seascapes or marine and atmospheric views, etc

5. Genre painting- deal with home life or everyday life. morals and customs of the people.

6. Still-life or inanimate painting- painting of common objects which have no life such as, hats, shoes, flower vases, tray of fruits, furniture, etc.

7. Mural painting- painting of different subjects on a wall, the painting being a permanent part of the wall itself! It Is sometimes called a 'dependent painting' because it fits the shape of the wall where it is represented.

HISTORY OF PAINTING

The oldest known paintings are at the GroHe Chauvet In France, claimed by some historians to be about 32,000 years old.

The earliest evidence of painting has been discovered in two rock-shelters in Arnhem Land, in northern Australia.

Archaeologists have also found a fragment of rock painting preserved in a limestone rock-shelter in the Kimberley region of North-Western Australia, that is dated 40 000 years old.

Prehistoric and ancient painting

Cave painting

Cave Painting, Lascaux

This portion of the cave painting in Lascaux, France, was done by Paleolithic artists In about 13,000 bc. The leaping cow arid group of small horses were painted with red and yellow ochre that was either blown through reeds onto the wall or mixed with animal fat and applied with reeds or thistles. It is believed that prehistoric hunters painted these to gain magical powers that would ensure a successful hunt.

EGYPTIAN PAINTING.

More than 5000 years ago the Egyptians began painting the walls of the pharaohs' tombs with mythological representations and scenes of everyday activities such as hunting, fishing, farming, or banqueting. As In Egyptian sculpture, two stylistic constants prevailed: The images, being conceptual rather than realistic, present the most characteristic anatomical features and thus combine frontal and profile views of the same figure; and scale indicates importance-thus, a phar.aoh is shown taller than his consort, children, or courtiers. See Egyptian Art and Architecture.

MINOAN PAINTING.

The Minoans, ancestors of the Greeks, created lively, realistic paintings on the walls of their palaces in Crete (Krlti) and also on poHery. For example, the famous Toreador Fresco (1500?bc, Herakllon Museum, Crete) shows a ritual game in which performers somersault over a bull's back. Marine life was a popular subject, as in the Dolphin Fresco (1500?bc) on the walls of the palace of King Minos in Knossos (Knos6s), or on the Octopus Vase (1500?bc, Heraklion Museum), a globular container decorated with octopus tentacles that undulate around the pot, defining and emphasizing Its shape. See Aegean Civilization.

GREEK PAINTING

Paestum Wall Painting

Few paintings on walls survive from ancient Greece. This scene of men drinking and lounging at a banquet was painted on a tomb at Paestum, Italy, between about 490 and 470 bc. The painting has since been removed from the tomb and Is now housed in Paestum's Archaeological Museum. ROMAN PAINTING.

The Grand Hunt

This detail of antelope being aHacked is part of The Grand Hunt (early 4th century), a large floor, mosaic found in the villa at Piazza Armerina, Sicily. The villa had 651 sq m (7000 sq tt) of floor mosaics depicting various scenes from life In the late Roman Empire. The mosaic work may have been done by North African artisans.

East Asian ,painting

China, Japan and Korea have a strong tradition In pointing which is also highly aHached to the art of calligraphy and printmaking.

Far east traditional pointing is characterized by water based techniques, less realism, "elegant" and stynzed'subjects, graphical approach to depiction, the importance of white space and a preference for landscape as a subject.

Beyond ink and color on silk or paper scrolls, gold on lacquer was also a common medium in painted East Asian artwork.

Although silk was a somewhat expensive medium to point upon in the past, the invention of ~ during the 1 st century AD by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun provided not only a cheap and widespread medium for writing, but also a cheap and widespread medium for pointing.

Example of Chinese Painting

. Emperor Sun Quan in the Thirteen Emperors Scroll and Northern, Qi Scholars Collating Classic Texts,

by Yan liben

(c. 600-673 AD), Chinese

Golden Pheasant and Cotton Rose,

by Emperor Huizong of Song

(r.1100-1126 AD), Chinese

Example of Japanese Pointing:

A White-Robed Kannon, Bodhisattva of Compassion, ~y Kano Motonobu (1476-1559), Japanese Shukei-sansui

(Autumn Landscape) Sesshu Toyo,

(1420·1506),

Japanese

Example of Korean Pointing:

Mother Dog,

Yi Am (1499.~?), Korean

View of Geumgang, Jeong Seon

• (16 76-1759), 1734, Korean

Indian Painting

Indian paintings historically revolved around the religious deities and kings.

Indian art is a collective term for several different schools of art that existed in the Indian subcontinent.

The paintings varied from large frescoes of EUora to the intricate Mughal miniature paintings to the metal embellished works from the Taniore school.

Rajput painting, a style of Indian painting, evolved and flourished, during the 18th century, in the royal courts of Rajputana, India.

Rajput paintings depict a number of themes, events of epics like the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, Krishna's life, beautiful landscapes, and humans.

Krlshno und Radha in einem Pavillion by Nihal Chand:

Godhuli, Krishna and his fellow cowherds

Mughal painting is a particular style of Indian painting, generally confined to illustrations on the book and done in miniatures, and which emerged, developed and took shape during the period of the Mughal Empire 16th -19th centuries.

Tanjore painting is an important form of classical South Indian painting native to the town of Taniore in Tamil Nadu.

These paintings are known for their elegance, rich colors, and attention to detail.

The themes for most of these paintings are Hindu Gods and Goddesses and scenes from Hindu mythology.

Western painting

Egypt Art

Ancient Egypt, a civilization with very strong traditions of architecture and sculpture also had many mural paintings in temples and buildings, and painted illustrations on papyrus manuscripts. Egyptian wall painting and decorative painting is often graphic, sometimes more symbolic than realistic.

Egyptian painting depicts figures in bold outline and flat silhouette, inwhich symmetry is a constant characteristic.

Greece Art

Ancient Greece had great painters, great sculptors and great architects.

Painting on pottery of Ancient Greece and ceramics gives a particularly informative glimpse into the way society in Ancient Greece functioned. Black-figure vase painting and Red-figure vase painting gives many surviving examples of what Greek painting was.

" Roman Art

Roman art was Influenced by Greece and can in part be taken as a descendant of ancient Greek painting.

However, Roman painting does have Important unique characteristics.

The only surviving Roman paintings are wall paintings, many from villas in Campania, in Southern Italy.

Renaissance

Renaissance painting reflects the revolution of ideas and science (astronomy. geography) that occur in this period, the Reformation. and the invention of the printing press.

Mannerism

The High Renaissance gave rise to a stylized art known as Mannerism.

In place of the balanced compositions and rational approach to perspective that characterized art at the dawn of the sixteenth century. the Mannerists sought instability, artifice, and doubt. High Renaissance/Painting

Realism

Baroque

Baroque painting is characterized by great drama, rich, deep color, and intense light and dark

shadows. ,

Baroque art was meant to evoke emotion and passion inste~d of the calm rationality that had been prized during the Renaissance.

During the period beginning around 1600 and continuing throughout the 17th century, painting is characterized as Baroque.

BAROQUE PAINTING

Italian Baroque Painting

French Baroque Painting

Spanish Baroque Painting

Flemish Baroque Painting

Rococo

During the 18th century, Rococo followed as a lighter extension of Baroque, often frivolous and erotic.

Rococo'developed first in the decorative arts and interior design in France.

Rococo still maintained the Baroque taste for complex forms and intricate patterns, but by this point, it had begun to integrate a variety of diverse characteristics, including a taste for Oriental designs and asymmetric compositions.

ROCOCO PAINTING

AESTHETICS & THEORY of PAINTING

Aesthetics is the study of art and beauty: it was an important issue for such 18th and 19th century philosophers as Kant or Hegel.

Plato disregarded painters (as well as sculptors) in his philosophical system: he maintained that painting cannot depict the truth-it is a copy of reality (a shadow of the world of ideas) and is nothing but a craft, similar to shoemaking or iron casting.

Leonardo do Vinci, on the contrary, said that "painting is a thing of the mind" (Pittura est cousa mentale).

Hegel wrote in his aesthetic essay that Painting is one of the three "romantic" arts, along with Poetry and Music for its symbolic, highly intellectual purpose.

Kandinsky in his essay maintains that painting hos a spiritual value, and he attaches primary colors to essential feelings or concepts, something that Goethe and other writers had already tried to do. Iconography is the study of the content of paintings, rather than their style. Erwin Panofsky and other art historians first seek to understand the things depicted, then their meaning for the viewer at the time, and then analyse their wider cultural, religious, and social meaning.

In 1890, the Parisian painter Maurice Denis famously asserted: "Remember that a painting - before being a warhorse, a naked woman or some story or other - is essentially a flat surface covered with

colors assembled in a certain order." '

PAINTING MEDIA

Different types of paint are usually identified by the medium that the pigment Is suspended or embedded in, which determines the general working characteristics of the paint, such as viscosity, miscibility, solubility, drying time, etc.

Modern painters use a wide selection of media.

Examples include:

Acrylic

Dry pastel Enamel paint Encaustic (wax) fresco Gouache

Ink

Light Oil

Oil pastel

Spray paint (Graffiti) Tempera

Water miscible oil paints Watercolor

SCULPTURE

Sculpture is three-dimensional artwork created by shaping or combining hard materials, typically stone such as marble, metal, glass, or wood, or plastic materials such as clay, textiles, polymers and sotter metals. The term has been extended to works Including sound, text and light.

Sculpture (Latin scu/pere, "to. carve"), three-dimensional art concerned with the, organization of masses and volumes. The two principal fypes have traditionally been freestanding sculpture in the round and relief sculpture.

Stone Carving

An artist begins a sculpture with a mass of material, which is systematically broken down using special tools. In order to break off corners and angles, a sculptor hammers the stone with a pitcher-,a heavy, pointed chisel with rough edges. The form is then refined with more subtle tools, such as claw chisels and flat chisels, which are used for sharper details.

Asian Sculpture

China

Artifacts from China date back as early as 10,000 BC and skilled Chinese artisans had been active very early in history, but the bulk of what is displayed as sculpture comes from a few select historical periods.

The first period of interest has been the Western Zhou Dynasty (1050-771 BC), from which come a variety of intricate cast bronze vessels.

The next period of interest was the Han Dynasty (206 BC-220 AD), beginning with the spectacular Terracotta Army assembled for the tomb of Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of the important but short-lived QinDynasty that preceded the Han.

Tombs excavated from the Han period have revealed many figures found to be vigorous, direct, and appealing 2000 years later.

Terracotta Army soldier and horse from the Qin Dynasty Wine jar, Western Zhou Dynasty (1050 BC-771BC) Japanese Sculpture

The sculpture of Japan started from the clay.figure.

Japanese sculpture received the influence of the Silk Road culture in the 5th century, and received a strong influence from Chinese sculpture afterwards.

The influence of the Western world was received since the Meiji era

. The sculptures were made at local shops, used for sculpting and painting. Most sculptures were found at areas in front of houses and along walls of important buildings.

Japanese sculptures derived from the idol worship in Buddhism or animistic rites of Shinto deity

Todaiji in Nora '

Bronze Statue of Shakyamuni Buddha Triad Indian Sculpture

The first known sculptures are from the Indus Valley civilization (3300-1700 BC), found in sites at Mohenjo-daro and Harappa in modern-day Pakistan.

Later, as Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism developed further, India produced bronzes and stone carvings of great intricacy, such as the famous temple carvings which adorn various Hindu, Jain and Buddhist shrines.

Some of these, such as the cave temples of Ellora and Ajanta, are examples of Indian rock-cut architecture, perhaps the largest and most ambitious sculptural schemes In the world.

The pink sandstone sculptures of Mathura evolved during the Gupta Empire period (4th-6th century AD) to reach a very high fineness of execution and delicacy in the modeling.

Contemporary lndlcn sculpture is typically polymorphous but includes celebrated figures such as Dhruva Mistry.

A Nepalese polychrome wooden statue of the Malia Kingdom. 14th century. Hindu, Chola period, 1000 AD

Egypt Sculpture

The ancient art of Egyptian sculpture evolved to represent the ancient Egyptian gods, Pharaohs, and the kings and queens, in physical form.

Whether there was real portraiture in Ancient Egypt or not is still debated till now. Massive statues were built to represent gods and famous kings and queens.

These statues were supposed'to give eternal life to the kings and queens, and to enable the subjects to see them in physical forms.

Very sfrict conventions were followed while crafting statues: male statues were darker than the female ones; in seated statues, hands were required to De placed on knees and specific rules governed appearance of every Egyptian god.

An amphora-type pot with 3 columns of hieroglyphs. A sculpted head of Amenhotep III

Gothic

Gothic sculpture evolved from the early stiff and elongated style, still partly Romanesque, into a spatial and naturalistic feel in the late 12th and early 13th century.

The architectural statues at the Western (Royal) Portal at Chartres Cathedral (c. 1145) are the earliest Gothic sculptures and were a revolution in style and the model for a generation of sculptors.

Central tympanum, cathedral of Chartres, France Gothic Mary Magdalene in Sf. John Cathedral in Torun Renaissance

The greatest achievement of what art hlstorlons refer to as his classic period is the bronze statue entitled David (not to be confused with Michelangelo's David), which is currently located at the Bargello in florence.

At the time of its creation, it was the first free-standing nude statue since ancient times. Conceived fully in the round and independent of any architectural surroundings, it is generally considered to be the first major work of Renaissance SCUlpture.

Michelangelo's Pieta in Sf. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican.

Mannerist

During the Mannerist period, more abstract representations were praised, (such as the "figura serpentinata" or ''twisted figure") giving more thought to color and composition rather than realistic

portrayal of the subjects in the piece. '

This is exemplified in Giambologna's Abduction/Rape of the Sabine Women, where the figures are not positioned in a way which is at all comfortable, or even humanly possible, but the position and emotion still come across.

Another exemplar of th~ form is Benvenuto Cellini's 1540 salt cellar of gold and ebony, featuring Neptune and Amphitrite (earth and water) in elongated form and uncomfortable positions (implausible poses).

Baroque

In Baroque sculpture, groups of figures assumed new Importance, and there was a dynamic movement and energy of human forms- they spiralled around an empty central vortex, or reached outwards into the surrounding space.

F9r the first time, Baroque sculpture often had multiple ideal viewing angles.

The characteristic Baroque sculpture added extra-sculptural elements, for example, concealed lighting, or water fountains.

Often, Baroque artists fused sculpture and architecture seeking to create a transformative experience for the viewer.

Gian Lorenzo Bernini was undoubtedly the most important sculptor of the Baroque period. His works were inspired by Hellenistic sculpture of Ancient Greece and Imperial Rome. One of his most famous works is The Ecstasy of Sf Theresa (1647-1652).

Neo-Classical

The Neoclassical period (c.1750-1850) was one of the great ages of public sculpture, though its "classical" prototypes were more likely to be Roman copies of Hellenistic sculptures.

In sculpture, the most familiar representatives are the Italian Antonio Canova, the Englishman John Flaxman and the Dane Bertel Thorvaldsen.

The European neoclassical manner also took hold in the United States, where its pinnacle occurred somewhat later and is exemplified in the sculptures of Hiram Powers.

Types of Sculpture

Free"stahding sculpture, sculpture that is surrounded on all sides, except the base, by space. It is also known as sculpture "in the round", and Is meant to be viewed from any angle.

Sound scuJpture

light sculpture

Jewellery or Jewelry

Relief - the sculpture is still attached to a background; types are bas-relief, alto-relievo, and sunken-relief

Site-specific art

Kinetic sculpture - involves aspects of physical motion Fountain - the sculpture is designed with moving wafer Mobile.

Environmental art

Environmental sculpture Land art

Statue- representationalist sculpture depicting a specific entity, usually a person, event, animal or object

Bust - representation of a person from the chest up

Equestrian statue - typically showing a significant person on horseback Stacked art - a form of sculpture formed by assembling objects and 'stacking' them Architectural sculpture

Techniques

Stone carving is an ancient activity where pieces of rough natural stone are shaped by the controlled removal of stone.

Bronzejs the most popular metal for cast metal sculptures; a cast bronze scuipture is often called simply a "bronze", Common bronze alloys have the unusual and desirable property of expanding siightly just before they set, thus filling the finest details of a mold.

Wood carvingls a form of working wood by means of a cutting tool held in the hand, resulting in a wooden figure or figurine c:>r in the sculptural ornamentation of a wooden object.

Casting is a manufacturing process by which a liquid material is poured into a mold, which contains a hollow cavity of the desired shope, arid then allowed to solidify. Casting may be used to form hot liquid metals or various moteriaJsthat cold set after mixing of components.

Conservation

Sculptures are sensitivefo envlronmentct conditions such as temperature, humidity and exposure to light and ultraviolet light Acid rain can also cause damage to certain building materials and hlstorlco! monuments. This results when the sulfuric acid in the rain chemically reacts with the calcium compounds in the stones {limestone, sandstone; marble and granite) to create gypsum, which then flakes ott.