Digital Signal Processing

Discussion #3
Signals Operations

Tarun Choubisa
Dept. of ETC,
KIIT University

18 January 2011 1
 Classification: Causal/non-causal/anti-causal
• A system for which the output at any instant depends only on the past or/and present values
of the input( not on future samples) is called as causal system. Referred to as non-
anticipative, as the system output does not anticipate future values of the input
• E.g. y(n)= n*x(n) , y(n)=x(n) +x(n-1)
• All real-time physical systems are causal, because time only moves forward.
• Causality does not apply to systems processing recorded signals, e.g. taped sports games vs.
live broadcast.
• Fact:
– A causal system may be memory or memory-less system.
– Any memoryless system is causal.
– The composition of causal systems is causal

• A system for which the output at any instant depends also on future values (in addition to
possible dependence on past or current input values)of the input , is called as non-causal
(acausal) system. A non-causal system is also called a non-realizable system.
• E.g. y(n)=x(n2 ) , y(n)=x(-n) , y(n) = x(n/3), y(n)=x(n)+x(n+1)

18 January 2011 2
 Classification: Causal/non-causal/anti-causal
• A system that depends solely on future input values is an anticausal system.
• Eg: y(n) = x(n+1), prediction of current value from only future values in the
corrupted CD.
• Fact: All anti-causal /non causal systems are memory systems but opposite is not
true.
• To check always take negative, 0, positive values and specially -1 < value < 1
• Observations: Negative index, index scaling, and power of index represent non-
causality.

18 January 2011 3
 Classification: Stable/unstable
• The system is said to be stable if any bounded(amplitude)
input signal results in bounded output signal
– bounded signals u(n) , e-an where a>0 Stable system
y[n] = (x[n])2
Suppose x[n] is limited to the
range -10 < x[n] < 10?

• The system is said to be unstable if the system gives

unbounded output signal in response to bounded input
signal
– Unbounded signals r(n) , n*u(n)
• E.g. Consider the DT system of the bank account
y[n] x[n] 1.01y[n 1]
• This grows without bound, due to 1.01 multiplier. This
system is unstable.
18 January 2011 4
 Signal Operations

• Time Shifting
– Delaying(n=n-k)
– Advancing(n=n+k)
• Time Reversal: negate the index or time(n=-n).
• Time Scaling
– In Discrete Time it can also term as Rate Changing
– Sampling rate can be changed to up or down
– Up sampling/ Down sampling
• Amplitude Scaling: each sample of the signal would be scaled by scaling
• Addition/Subtraction: corresponding samples from both signals would be
added, subtracted
• Multiplication: corresponding samples from both signals would be
multiplied

1/14/2011 5
Signal Operations: Time Reversing (inversion)

To time-reverse a signal, replace every t with –t.

So, x(-t) represents the time reversal (or inverse) of x(t).

The graph of x(-t) can be formed by rotating the graph of x(t) 180 about
the y-axis(mirror image about y axis).

Example x(t)

10

t
0
x(-t)

10

t
0
6
 Signal Operations: Time Reversing (inversion)

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Signal Operations: Time Reversing (inversion)
Example: Given x(t) below, sketch x(-t).

x(t)

10

t
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

x(-t)

t
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

8
 Signal Operations: Time Reversing

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 Signal Operations: Time Shifting DT

Replacing every n in a
waveform with n– N
shifts the waveform N
samples to the right.

In general, a negative
shift is a shift to the right
(delaying). Similarly, a
positive shift is a shift to
the left (advancing).

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 Signal Operations: Time Shifting CT

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 Signal Operations: Time Shifting CT
Example: Given x(t) below, sketch
x1(t) = x(t – 1) and x2(t) = x(t + 1).
x(t)

10

t
-1 0 1 2 3
x1(t) = x(t - 1)

t
-1 0 1 2 3
x2(t) = x(t + 1)

t
1/14/2011 -1 0 1 2 3 12
 Signal Operations: Time Scaling
Time scaling Example x(t)
Original signal
Time scaling is the compression
or expansion of a signal. 10
Compressed signal
(t) = x(2t) is a compressed t
T1 0 T2
version of x(t) as shown on the
right. (t) = x(2t)
Compressed signal
In general, (t) = x(at) represents 10 (a = 2)
a compressed signal if a > 1.
t
T1 0 T2
Expanded signal 2 2
Similarly, (t) = x(at) represents (t) = x(t/2)
an expanded signal if a < 1. Expanded signal
10 (a = 0.5)
To scale any function by a,
replace each t by at in the t
function. 2T1 0 2T2

13
 Signal Operations: Time Scaling

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 Signal Operations: Time Scaling
Example: Given x(t) below, sketch x1(t) = x(2t) and x2(t) = x(0.5t) = x(t/2).
x(t)

10

t
-1 0 1 2 3

x1(t) = x(2t)

t
-1 0 1 2 3

x2(t) = x(t/2)

t
-1 0 1 2 3 15
 Signal Operations: Time Scaling
Example: If x(t) = 10sin(4 t - ), sketch x(t), x1(t) = x(2t), and x2(t) = x(t/2).
x(t)

t
-0.5 0 0.5 1.0 1.5

x1(t) = x(2t)

t
-0.5 0 0.5 1.0 1.5

x2(t) = x(t/2)

t
-0.5 0 0.5 1.0 1.5
Effect of time scaling on frequency: _________________________________
Effect of time scaling on amplitude: _________________________________
16
 Signal Operations: Time Scaling

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 TSh, TR, TS

• Order of operations
– Time shifting(TSh)
– Time reversal(TR)
– Time scaling(TS)
– Amplitude scaling
• TSh and TR are not commutative.

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 Amplitude Scaling
• It changes the amplitude of the signal by a
scaling factor.
• Some amplifiers not only amplify signals but
also add (or remove) a constant, or dc, value.

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http://ptolemy.eecs.berkeley.edu/eecs20/berkeley/body.html
 Combined operations
We can use various combinations of the three operations just covered: time shifting,
time scaling, and time reversal. The operations can often be applied in different
orders, but care must be taken.

Example: To form x(at - b) from x(t) we could use two approaches:

1) Time-shift then time-scale

A. Time-shift x(t) by b to obtain x(t - b). I.e., replace every t by t - b.
B. Time-scale x(t - b) by a (i.e., replace t by at) to form x(at - b)
2) Time-scale then time-shift
A. Time-scale x(t) by a to obtain x(at).
B. Time-shift x(at) by b/a (i.e., replace t with t – b/a) to yield
x(a[t – b/a]) = x(at – b)

Standard order is
(1) Time Shifting
(2) Time reversal
(3) Time scaling 20
 Combined operations
Example: Given x(t) below, sketch x1(t) = x(2t - 1) and x2(t) = x(t/2 + 1).
x(t)

10

t
-1 0 1 2 3

x1(t) = x(2t - 1)

t
-1 0 1 2 3

x2(t) = x(t/2 + 1)

t
-1 0 1 2 3 21
 Signal Addition

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 Signal Addition: Saturation of color
• Color tree
• Moving along a radius of a circle
hue
changes the saturation
(vividness) of a color(signal
addition: white color is added.)

lightness
• Moving up the tree increases
the lightness of a color
• Moving around a circle of given saturation
radius changes the hue of a
color(different frequencies)
• These three coordinates can be
described in terms of three
numbers
• Photoshop: uses H, S and B
 Acknowledgement
• Various graphics used here has been taken from
public resources instead of redrawing it. Thanks to
those who have created it.
• Thanks to:
– Prof. John G. Proakis
– Prof. Dimitris G. Manolakis