TWO WATTMETER METHOD

AIM: To measure power input to a three phase balanced load by two

wattmeter method.

APPARATUS:
1. Three phase lamp bank
2. A.C. voltmeter-(0-600V)
3. A.C. Ammeter (0-10A)-3-Nos
4. Wattmeter (10A,600 V) -2 Nos

THEORY: The power input to a three phase star or delta connected

balanced or unbalanced load can be measured with two wattmeter method.
In this method the current coils of the two wattmeters are connected in any
two lines while voltage coil of each wattmeter is connected between its own
current coil terminal and a line without a current coil. Here the current coils
are inserted in the lines R and Y ,then the pressure coils are connected
between R-B for one wattmeter and Y-B for other wattmeter as shown in
circuit diagram.
The connections are same for star or delta connected load. When two
wattmeters are connected in this way, the algebraic sum of two wattmeter
readings gives the total power dissipated in the three phase circuit.

If W1 and W2 are the two wattmeter readings then

total power is
Proof- Consider R.M.S. values of currents and voltages.
For balanced load ,
IR = IY = IB = Iph; VR= VY=VB= Vph; VRB = VYB=VL.
Now
W1= IR × VRB ×cos (IR^ VRB)
W2= IY × VYB ×cos (IY^ VYB)
To find angle between (IR and VRB) and(IY and VYB) see the phasor diagram
IR^ VRB = 30 - ф
IY^ VYB = 30 + ф
W1= IR × VRB ×cos(30 - ф) and W2= IY × VYB ×cos (30 + ф)
W1= IL × VL ×cos(30 - ф) and W2= IL× Vl ×cos (30 + ф)
W1+ W2= IL × VL[ cos(30 - ф)+ cos (30 + ф)]
= IL × VL[cos(30)cos( ф)+sin (30)sin( ф)+ cos(30)cos( ф)-sin
(30)sin(ф)]
=2 IL × VL[cos(30)cos( ф)] = 2 IL × VL[√3/2 cos( ф)]
W1+ W2=√3 IL × VL cos ( ф)=Total power

PROCEDURE:-
1. Make the connections as per circuit diagram
2. Switch on the supply and adjust the line voltage to 420V.
3. Switch on lamp load and keep it balanced. Take readings
of voltmeter , ammeter and wattmeter.
CONCLUSION:

QUESTIONS:-
1. State advantages and disadvantages of two wattmeter method .
2. Explain how active power can be measured with the help of single
wattmeter.
3. Two wattmeter method is used to measure power in a 3-phase
balanced load. Find the power factor if-
i) the two readings are equal and have the same sign
ii) the two readings are equal and have the opposite sign
iii) the reading of one wattmeter is zero.
iv) the reading of one wattmeter is half of the other.
 OPEN CIRCUIT AND SHORT CIRCUIT TEST ON
1 - PHASE TRANSFORMER
O

AIM: To determine efficiency and regulation of a transformer from

equivalent circuit parameters determined by conducting open circuit and
short circuit test on transformer.
APPARATUS:

1. Single phase transformer -1 KVA ,115/230 V

2. A.C ammeter –(0-2.5A), (0,5A)

3. A.C.voltmeter (0-150V)

4. Wattmeter (5A,150V)

THEORY: In this method , the actual load is not used on transformer. The
equivalent circuit parameters of a transformer are determined by conducting
1. Open circuit test (O.C.test)- The transformer primary is connected to

a.c supply through ammeter, wattmeter and dimmerstat.The secondary

of transformer is kept open. Usually L.V.side is used as primary and
H.V. side is used as secondary to conduct O.C.test.With the help of
dimmerstat, rated voltage is given to primary. The wattmeter
measures input power. The ammeter measures input current. The
voltmeter gives the value of rated primary voltage applied at rated
frequency. A voltmeter is connected across secondary to measure
secondary voltage which is V2=E2. when primary is supplied with
rated voltage. As voltmeter resistance is very high, though voltmeter
is connected, secondary is considered as open circuited. Therefore
I2=0. So secondary copper losses are zero. And primary current I1= I0
(No load current) .This current is only 2 to 4 % of its full load value,
 hence copper losses on primary are also very low. Thus the total
copper losses in O.C. test are negligibly small.
Against this the input voltage is rated at rated frequency hence flux
density is maximum. Hence there are iorn losses. As output power is
zero and copper losses are very small, the total input power is used to
supply iron losses. This power is measured by wattmeter W0. Hence the
wattmeter on O.C test gives iron losses which remain constant for
all the loads.
2. Short circuit test (S.C.Test)- In this test, primary is connected to a.c.

supply through dimmerstat,ammeter,voltmeter as shown in circuit

diagram. The secondary is short circuited with the help of thick
copper wire. Generally H.V.side is connected to supply and L.V.side
is shorted.
As secondary is shorted ,its resistance is very small and on rated
voltage it may be draw very large current . Such large current can
cause overheating and burning of the transformer. To limit this S.C.
current ,primary is supplied with low voltage, which is just enough to
cause rated current to flow through primary which can be observed
on an ammeter. The low voltage can be adjusted with the help of
dimmerstat.
The currents flowing through the windings are rated currents
hence the total copper loss is full load copper loss. Now the voltage
applied is low which is fraction of rated voltage. The iron losses are
function of applied voltage. So they are very small. Hence the
wattmeter reading gives full load copper losses.
OBSERVATION TABLE:

Open circuit test V0 I0 W0(Watts)

(Volts) (Amps)

Short circuit test

Vsc Isc Wsc(Watts)
(Volts) (Amps)

CALCULATIONS:-
Open circuit test We know that,
W0 =V0I0cosф
Cosф= W0 / V0I0 = no load power factor=_________
Once cosф is known we can obtain
Ic=Io cos ф =________ (core loss component)

Im=Io sin ф =________ (magnetizing component)

Now we can determine exciting circuit parameters

R0=V0/Ic=______

X0=V0/Im=______
Short circuit test We know that,
Wsc=VscIsccosфsc
cosфsc= Wsc / VscIsc =short circuit power factor=_________
Wsc= Isc2 R1e
Z1e= Vsc/ Isc
R1e= Wsc/ Isc2=______
=√ R1e2+ X1e2

=___________

X1e= √ Z1e2- R1e2

=________

Efficiency and Regulation

From O.C test, we get W0= Pi = Iron losses

From SC test, we get Wsc= Pcu (F.L) = copper losses

%η on F.L = (V2 I2(F.L) cosф)/[( V2 I2(F.L) cosф)+ W0+

Wsc]×100

%η at any load = (nV2 I2 cosф)/[( nV2 I2 cosф)+ W0+ n2Wsc]×100

Where n=fraction of full load , I2= n I2(F.L)

%R =(I1 R1ecosф ± I1 X1esinф)/V1×100

%R at F.L.=___________

Where I1, I2 are rated currents at F.L.

For any other load I1 , I2 will change by fraction n
RESULT TABLE
Sr.No. % of %η %R
full
Load
1 20%
2 40%
3 50%
4 60%
5 80%
6 100%

CONCLUSION:

QUESTIONS:-
1. Explain working principle of single phase transformer.
2. Derive emf equation of single phase transformer.
3. Explain significance of O.C. ,S.C. test performed on single phase
transformer.
4. Draw and explain significance of all parameters of an exact equivalent
circuit of a single phase transformer .Also derive the approximate
equivalent circuit from this by stating the rules of transfer of various
parameters from one side to the other.
5.Enlist various losses in transformer. How these losses can be minimized