Ways of presenting data

 Tabular form – used when data to be presented are few.

 Tabular form – used when more detailed information is to be presented.
 Graphical form

Using tables and graphs has the ff. advantages.

a. Data is presented in a more practical and convenient way.
Instead of writing text on the information gathered, item can be enumerated in
tabular form or shown in graphical form.

b. Data can be compared more easily.

Reading tables and graphs can be done more easily because the needed information ca n be
seen at a glance.

c. Data can be analyzed comparatively.

Tables and graphs enable a thorough analysis of data because all needed information is
clearly shown.

Parts of a table

Four essential parts of a table

 Table heading – shows the table number and the table title.
 Body – main part of the table.
 Stubs – are the label or categories which are presented as values of a
variable, usually found at the left portion of a table.
 Box heads – are the caption that appear above the column.

Tables
Table – used to present data in a most systematic and organized manner to
make reading and interpretation simpler and easier. It is most effective
when:
 There is a little that states what the table is all about;
 The data of the survey is indicated;
 The data are arranged systematically in column and properly labeled
in; and
 The source of the data is properly identified.
Statistics - Mode of Grouped Data

The mode of given data is the observation which is repeated maximum number time.
This can be found just by observing the data carefully when the data is ungrouped.
Example:
The size of shirts manufactured by a tailor are as follows
32, 33, 35, 39, 33, 37, 42, 33, 36.
Find the mode of the above data.
Solution:
Let us construct a frequency table for the given data
Size of shirts 32 33 35 36 37 39 42
Number of shirts 1 3 1 1 2 1 1
Here, the frequency of 33 is maximum. Thus, the mode of the data is 33.
You have seen that by just observing the given ungrouped data carefully its mode
can be obtained. However, for grouped data it is not possible to find the mode just
by observation.
For finding the mode of grouped data, first of all we have to determine the modal
class. The class interval whose frequency is maximum is known by this name. the
mode lies in between this class. Then the mode is calculated by the following
formula.

Mode =
Here,
l = lower limit of modal class
f1 = frequency of modal class
fo = frequency of class preceding the modal class.
f2 = frequency of class succeeding the modal class

h = size of class interval.

Let us understand this method more clearly with the help of an example.
Example:
Find the mode of following data
Class interval (C. I) 5 - 10 10 - 15 15 - 20 20 -25 25 - 30
Frequency (fi) 3 5 7 2 4
Solution:
Here frequency of class interval 15 - 20 is maximum.
So, it is the modal class
Now
l = the lower limit of modal class = 15
f1 = frequency of modal class = 7
fo = frequency of class preceding the modal class = 5
f2 = frequency of class succeeding the modal class = 2
h = size of class intervals = 5
So,

Mode =
Mode = 15 + [(7 - 5) / (2 x 7 - 5 - 2)] x 5
Mode = 15 + [2 / (14 - 7)] x 5
Mode = 15 + (2 / 7) x 5
Mode = 15 + (10 / 7)
Mode = 15 + 1.42
Mode = 16.42