Vous êtes sur la page 1sur 69

~uSl~& &L~'" @®&6i1 :

Qlf)Q)nJ1)JL.O ~~!JIQ1@L.O

~ !JfTOmGiiu6l.l rfl U fT6Uc!Ji-U U1 !JU)tmf1 w W (!JrrOmGiiu UIT6UfT)

.,.LiI.IT., (LD(!!i~~ru lDIT~rfku6iJ), tSl.IT., ~"nt6iu) (~omlTuULIil & 6lf.,.<:Wrr)

4ri"·~·6Tliirr, 4ri".6T6iu.#l.ir1iir, & JL6U5 a;6b615le B'rrliirp5lfliW

~BiW

123, Bind' 5ruTIT JDM, CcslTwth4i;IiITIT - 641 009

Title

Author'

Address

Copy Right First Edition

Publisher

Typeset

Printed by . Pages

Prize

Thamizhk Kadavul Murugan :

Varalaarum Thathuvamum (Murugan, the Tamil God in History & Philosophy)

I!JI'ID'IfQJf il. W05c!IiQJ!JfiiJ miI.IJ ~ frUJ.IJ., UlJr" .... 511iJurLlflwlt

~ITBi ~~rrL61wa;tiJ aa;rr~iITlt UJIl"6lLu.iL

Rajeswari Balasubramaniam (Rajes Bala)

"I9'UlW QI~UIT(b)" 9(!j U61iIrUITLlf.Iiir illiir !DlWfi1I)UlWIT 8; &..JDIT@U!. frlillT<:6lJ, 9(15 19'1Y'j!iITW~~1iir U_UITLlf.fi1I)liIIf m11i'1T8;5(!PJD. Q~IflJi,~, Q~61flJi,~ Q51T6Trru~!il@ ~e 19'1Y'~ITW~~ 5fi11)LLlI5IIf.8;5Uu(b)UJ I9'UIUJ ~UITL@ (!pfi1l)!D5fi11)li'IT m1rfl6Urr5 ~!DlJi;tbI Q51T6Tr1i'lT <:~6TrIi'lT~.

47, Norman Avenue, Woodgreen,

London N 22 SES UK

<C Author

"C8'<:WITIiir CUIUJ fi1I)UI6lJfi1I)IJ L6\l5UJ UlITCWITIiir aUIIU 51T@fi1I)JD L6\l5UJ CQlJi;~1iir CUlW _~Q) !L6\l5UJ

May, 2000

"

K. Palanisamy (Gnanl) Nigazh

123, Kaleeswarar Nagar, Coimbatore - 641 009. Tamil Nadu, India.

frAT p;1T6I!fl6U1iI561fl1iir 19'UlW 6lJ~UITLIf.!il@ @6U.$56lA1TUJ QI@'" ~. 6lJ~ ~rJl)J CJ5If8;~UJ fril.l(!jUJ "(YI(1551iir j!itbl!P8; 5LQjCIi'IT" frQIT 9iTAIfluSIQ) If,lliir JI)J 9(15W1~j!i @lJr.Ul6iJ Lrftfi1l)Ul8; @IJQ) fT(!:9U4nJlT. "'~~fi1I)5W ~1iIIIIflu5lr.Ul(15Ji,~ QlJi;~6Tr1i'lT @1JQ)5(!!!;6Tr Q~61I'lojuL. ~!!J!DuL 96lM;@UJ @lJ6\lIT5~ ~!ilClUT~ fT~Ji,~6TrIi'lT<:j!i @6U6lisrLIiir ~tbl!il (f@~j!i1T1i'lT1T ~®Ult£l illTlT<:m6iurufl UT6U8iUtfuI.Ll6lRlflwUJ ~rurt561fl1iir "~Wl!il8; 5LQj6Tr 1.!P~51iir : AJlT6\lITJI)JUJ ~~~6lJ(!pU!" (fpD ilJi; iffQ).

G.M. Systems, 10th Street, Gandhipuram, Coimbatore - 12

G.M. Print Systems

@Ji; iff 6U1T oifI rfI W IT - ® Ji, JilT r.Ulliir QlIT u5l6\l1T 5 - il$~lTmlpil ~fi1I)5uSlt}lllh ~. 5LQj6Tr (YI(!556irr QUJI)JUJ @L~AT P;Ar@ JIiUI5~ I..I...IlJ &,.~~8; 5ITL(blcSlJDITIT. 1liUl~ ildi JiIT~ ~ UIT~ ~liinllflUJwrrml6:b

120 + 8 Rs.35/-

!1)tiYllJjITL(bl~ Q~WQJID1T5 nSl6TTr§J@)UJ ' (!p(!!j5Ar' QJL @lii~wlTnSlil ' &iu5Ji;~' QlTIT5 ~Q)LWIT6TTUU@~!1)UULL!1)lD@) ~Q6u8;c!FlTlilirrufl&irr QJL ilJi;~wU UQlLQw(bUmu6i 51T1T&lIIITUIIT55 5ITL(bltjl(:urrAii !JjUI(!p6Tr nSlwU4 5T@.$lIDAii. ~C~ ClJjlTUJ. !1)Wij5 5L6lI6Tr <'!p(!!j5Ar i!ArQ)ID.$@ 61r§J56TT ~rflwlTAii 5ITQJil Q!1)WQJ1D1T55 Q51T6lirrLITLUUL(bl~ ~ti~rflLti(!!jliiAii iSlrfl~AiI5 5ITL(blIiI (YIW!D6I ~61D5Wlil lJjQ)LQUIIJl'l.IQ)~5 5ITL(blIiI CUlTAii lJjLil{yl6Tr QJ<!!i~!1)UJ C!1)ITAr J!lI,$lIDAii.

!1)ti~rT.$5ITQIT 5L6lI6Tr 6TQIT (!p(!!j5Q)AT ~Q)LWIT6TTUJ 5ITL(blUJ ~IDAii <.!pwID6IWlm-CuITC!1) ilJi; iJT6UlT6IrflWrT ~rflwrT - ~lTnSlLrT ilQIT, QwrrWl60 61556Ua;Q)6TT14UJ ~m.51Tm.C5 5T(bl~AiI5 5ITL(bl,$lIDlTrT. ~~m- QJITWl6U1T5~ ~lTlTnSlLrflm- - ~1}IJIil @JDlUur5~ ~ti~m- - Q,lITQ)6UliiAiJCurrAT l!P5~Q)~L4Ul Q!1)ITL(bl5 51TL"_6o Qc!Fil.$lIDlTrT• @!1)lD@6o B'lTm-IDIT5~, "~lTlTnSlL~ Q~lTm-Q)IDWlm- Q~ITQ)6UliiAilCUITQIT 616\l C5ITLUIT(bl56Tr ~6U6UAiI IDQ)ID55UULL ~6U6UAiI IDJ!lI55UULL L61RrrQ)1D5fi1flm- QQJfiIflUUITCL l!P(!!j5 QJWluITLIT@UJ" - 6Tg)lUJ @QJITAii Q)QJIT QJrfl5Q)6TT5 @¢luiSlL6UlTUJ.

fl'OlJIDCurrAii ilruTAii Q.IIJ6UlTlD.I!ll ~w6lIlI Curr561D5L4Ul "5Ulj6lllJAii QJIT6Il1T J!lI5Q)6TT14UJ 9ruQQJIT<!!i 51T6U5LL~~Ar QJIT6UITIDJ!lI ~5Y16l15C6TTIT@ .l!il6UAiI Q!1)ITArQ)ID5 5Q)~5(!!!)LAr i'lQ)fi1IIIf~AiIU UlTrT~!1)il IIi6UUJ" milTDJI 5T(bl~AiIQ)IT5@UJCUITAii QJIT6IlITIDJ!lI, lJjlTL@U4IDnSlwil ~W6llU CUIT5Q)514UJ "<'!p(!!j5 QJWlUITL(bl QJ6TTrT6061 ~tiYl mirID QIDIT!PlWlAr QJ6TTrTe6lWIT@UJ. ~Ji;~ QIDITWl5@UJ U61RrrUITL'¥-ID@UJ ~tiy!rT Q51T(bl~~ ti5 ti5 LWrTJi;~ @L~lTm- <'!p(!!j5 QJ!PlUITLIT@UJ" 5Tg)lUJeUITAii ~tiWlwil ~W6lIU CU1T5011l514tD lJjwlTil 561Rrr@, 5fi1flU4ID ilw6U.$lID~.

ilJi; iJT66Im- Q)IDW @Q)y!WIT5 9(blUJ "6161l 5L6lI6TTrT56Tr 51T6Il~~ID@.$ 51T6UUJ ClDmQ)lDuu@~~uu(bl,$lmIDQlTrT ~il6llAii .,JfQJrT 5 6TT Ail l!P~m- Q) IDQ) W CQJ!!)J 61611 35 L 61j6TTrT 56Tr 5T (bl ~ Ail 5 Q51T6Tr,$lm-IDQlTrT. ~QlTIT&u, <'!p<!Ji56Ur IDL@UJ ~tiy!rT U.$~14LAr, QIDITWl14L6Ur, U61RrrUITL(blLm-, ~~AiIQJ~AiILm- 5lJ6TTrTliiAii Q51T61RrrCL CUIT.$lIDrrrT" 5TWlUJ ilJi; LPlT6Il1T6IrflWITAil8n...IDCID ilJi; iJT66I&irr Q)IDW5 5<!!i~Ai1 6TQIT 60 5(!!jm.55 8n...ID6UITUJ.

~tiY!ITAii UIilirrUITL(bl ~Q)LWIT6TT~Q)~ LB'L@(!!jQJIT55UJ' Qc!Fw~@UJ QlJj'¥-w ~lTrrW606lu UWfi1lllf~~ ilAilCurrm-lD LPlT6U56Tr 5 6Il m. 5 Q) IT nSl6TT.$ 5 m. 5 6Tr mrrfhu ~Ai1 tiQ) 5 WIT 51T Ail· ~ tili! ' fI'<!:e~AiI6U.$l6U il6U5.$lwU UQ)LUUlTfiIfl ~(!!jID~. @ITITC2R6TuQJrfl UlT6U5UiSllTlDfi1IIIfIWUJ ~QJrT5fi1flm- l!P~il ~lTlTw606lu uliIIIIfl ilAii trg)lUJCUIT Ail ilAii l!P~6u ~lTlTwe6lu uliIIIIfllDL@1D6ir DJI; <'!p~~ITQIT ~lTlTwe6lu ufiIIIIflujlDlT@UJ 6TQIT 61JIT~~~ C~lTm- Jl)J.$lIDAii.

<.!P<!!i5 QJWlUITL"_Ar ilwilQ)u, il6llflQ)IDQ)W, QJITYlQ)QJ, 6lJI161l1TlDQ)ID, QlDwWlwQ)6\l 9<!!i AilQ)IDc!FlTrT ~lTlTw606lwlT 5 IDL(blUJ C1li1T551T1D~UJ CIDIDQ51T6Tr6TTITIDI)lIUJ Q~1T6U66Iwil, QJIT6UITJ!lI, IDlTlii~rflw&U, lJjITL(blU4IDnSlw6U, ~tiWlWlil 6Tg)lUJ U6UAil6lJlIDc!FlTrT ~lTlTw606l56lft6irr 61JITu5l6urr5 $lDJI6llU! @&l.IrrAii ~lTlTw606lu CUlT5@ "<.!P<!!i5 QJ!PlUITL(bl ~lTlTw606lu UITQ)~ "Wlil 9<!!i Q)lDil 56U 5TAT6Il1TUJ. c!FITArjDIT5, "@6Ur§JQ)5 QJITYI (lD61iIIrfillllflm- Q)lDlii!1)ITITUJ) ~~.$ @"_56lT1T6IIT. C6lJ(blrut, l!P<!!ic$Q)QIT ~ ~IDAii "Q)~AiI611T111T 55 Q51T61RrrLIT(bl~Q)6Il5" @¢l5@UJCUITAii i'lQJITAii IDlTlii!1)rflwru ~W6lIU CUIT5Q)514UJ "U5~ IDITrT55UJ ~rflwu CUIT66I5Q)6TTe 61~ID"_~~ ilJi;~wlT <.!P@AiIUJ UlTnSlW!1)1T5 QJIT6UITJ!lI 8n...DJI.$lIDAiI"

®t-UJ : C5ITQ)QJ - 641 009 1filT6Tr ': 20-12-1999

0JIT~AiI55~LAr, (fi-UI) 61. LOC&8i&l.llJ'Ar

Ji)1'r1ll6\)6ir UrT6\)c!JiLJl.JlI}Ill_ WW ~®61116ir UrT6\)c!JiLJljl}lll_WW. a"'l}6ir UrT6\)c!JiLJljl}lllaiflww

451w iUiT ~.urr6lf ®y!Ji;m~a;~.$® iJi; ~.u a;rr6DDflB;ma;.

"'~ 1i!TRl Q~d15rrQlJ"

JU~ ~ Qo!FW~ru<!!iu, miT tJIIfWr~';;®lflwru<!!iUlll"5lw

~ <lao. '6\lao.wLdr ~5e5@)

miT UlQlJ"u, JUAllD~~ J5'i"rpSl.

~ til (YI5ruJfl :

K. NEELAKANDAN LAKSHMI JEWELLERS,

276, HIGH STREET NORTH, EAST HAM, LONDON· E12 6 S A TEL: 020 • 8470 • 5600 fAX: 020 " 8470 • 3448 MOBILE: 07930 • 440 • 876

t (YI6ir..-.r 1
2. ~Iflw.r 1..III1i"Al6lJU§l6U 1Iiua;~. 7
3. _5a;~~IT.m_(!SUI ilJi;tiI .rua;~1IlJlh 29
4. ~.u ';L6\P($iD lYI<!5a; 6llYJt.m"(blw 41
5. AJ6ir61fluJO lYI~OlJU! 81
6. lYI<!5a; ~L"'Rl 41flw UllJ4W
~d... UIIJ~ - 9JT 9ld(bl 89
7. lYI.,.6lj61D1T 94
QI'J6ij;l6IA1a" 6)"(ila;m 100
ilTlUrr~lTrr(bl a!6.ra;rr_.u 103
IJA)Lwrrm.r ~mlw.u 6l5IrurliJa;Iiir 117 '5&61~5 6lJ1T~Qrr' fTQrrJIII ~Wl!prrRl Quwri" .tj61fto55uuLL (YI®5m- {ilAr6lD!IIW 5rrfiU5LL~ ~~ Wl5~ ~6lDfil)Wrrw 5Ul.llilTrr5~ ~~5la.J(bl5l!llrrQrr. ~ B'~W~ 6lJ~UrrL®,

6lJAlIT 5 5lY1 6lD !II 5 fiir milT U AT .tj W (!p6lD !II 5 61ft Ar

LSlArAT61IBflu51fiU6lDLD!ii~ JliwLSlo56lD55A1lilT IDJDJIIIW ~.;:

B'(YI~rrw,;;f£l&6l(!!;!ii~ IDAI!II!ii~CurrAT .$IRlfiU~ (@m-l!lIw

JliAlL(YI&iDlDu5I&6I(!!;o5@W ~6bfiU~ 4~~rr5 1D6I)ri"!ii~, 6lJ1iTTri"!ii~ QsrrliDr",(!!;o5@w ~j,~61J5 C5II"l.ur{bl56tflAr QQJ61ftuurrLIT@w.

(YI(!!;5 6lJ~urr®w ~Wl!pri" uAlrurr{blw 9Qrr l!lIuiJr 9Ar l!lI {ilJlll5U LSl61DAlIT!ii~®o551QrrlDQIT fTArU6lD~';; ~Wl!prt'lm- 6lJlTfiUrr!D61DlD~w 5L6ljfiir 6lJ~UrrL® lYI6lDlD56lDIilT~W urrri",;;~rr6iJ fT&'rt'l~rr5u 4rt'l~w. ~Wl!prt'lQrr Q~rrQrr6lDUlU.lw (!P(!!)5 6lJ~urr®w 51r6l)U Curro5516b ml.J6lJrrl!ll IDrrpSlAT ~.u6l)~ ~®,:i;~6l.Iri" LJIlirrUITLLrr.u @!:pwLSl6IIT fTQrrU6lD~~W 6l.I1T6UlTJiJpSlAr 6lJrru51fiUrr5';; Q~rfl!ii~ Q5rrfiirlilT6I)rrw. lYI®51il1flm- (!pfiU';;6lD~ ~lTrrw!ii~rrrru, C6l.I~ 5rrfiU,:iif£l&Ol®!ii~ (@Qrrl!ll6l.l61D1T U6lDLo55UULL uso UAlLU45(5fiir lYI®5A1611TU uJiJpSlw Q§l6lJ1T1iI56lD1ilTo5 5rrbllllTfiUrru.. ~ 6iJ Q§l6lJ IJ iii 5 (5 fiir U fiU 6l!ii ~ 6lD 6IIT 6lD w,:ii §IT AIr ® 6lJ 6IIT 6l.I rr 5 LfiirIilTQIT. 6JQQlTArlDrr6b, ~6l.I!Dl!lIfiir iT,:ii~6lD6IITCwrr ~56l.1.u5fiir (YI'irt!lll~U LSlIiirr (!PITlillllTrr5 ~o551ArlD6IIT.

B'IDW 6lJ~urr® Q~rrLIT46lDLWAT6l.IJiJ6lDlD L61IIITITQjld,rT6l.IIDITBi ~IJIT~wCurr~ ~6lD~U u.,.~C~rrrto5@u Uo5~llIw UIT6l.Io!FlYIw I LAar6lD1D I QwoillT JliLilLlw LIillllTIT6lj ~6lD6I)~W 6lJlJfiUrrw. ~QlTrr6i>,

~~1DWo5 5®~~o556lD1ilT ~6ljldi6lJUllT5 ~lJrr~U!Curr~ ~o5 5®~~5fiir C~rrArpSlw~Ar ~"'UU6lDLo5 5rrIT1iIRIfI5m

( ~ 5L1ljIir ~: QlfUpjI ~~ ) ® fI'.~1III ~IJlTWfi&U (!P51T6lDUWT@LO. ~5 ~~_ ~ '" LO W~ til tAl U!D 1III1iir 6TT LO 5 tufl Ar QJIT!p 5 6lD 5111 LIiirr mUQJ IT 1111 Q1iITLlTL.juL.<!!i551IiirrJDIilII' fl'IiirrU6lD1i LAIII'rt1itAl ~LOtllltil (!P51T6lDUlWIT@LO.

@) (~~)

1i1iJ51i1lAl' il!ii~ "'LOW5 51T61Jaurt51iir fl'1ilII' J£l6lD1ilII'~~5 Q5rr1iir5lpJnT_. ~~~ ~ ~ llIT1iirr5ITuSllT~~5@ti1 ~LO!DULL "'1T~W6lDLOU456lD6ltl1ltil ilJi~ "'UIW~mlL ~QJ1III fl'6: "'~ 5IT6IIlITmwU".

"'(!HiITW 6lJIT!P56lD5ullAr LOIT!DJD1iJ51iir ~ 61WtAl, QUIT (!!i6If1WtAl 51TITAIII'IiJ56TT1T&U !!iL551 ArJD6lIT . @fi6lDlilII'~ QfiITLrtJi;~, 5L6116TTrt5~ti1 ~QJrt56lD6TTU U!D!6lW 5(!!i~~5~ti1 51T6U~~!D@ fJ"!DIDu. LOIT1III5IIiirrJD6llT.

il~filill5W '®!ii~ "'LOW' 61J6TTrt6:615@ti1 LOIT!DID~~!D@ti1 ~56TTlTtAl filiJ51iir 5L6lj6ir fl'1ilII' LIflAH.o Q51TfilIirrLITLUu(bltil - , (YI<!!i5Ar' Q",~ uliJ561flUt516lD6lIT ~1T1TWwC:fi il6: 611111 ~6'6IAr

~1l1T55LOIT@tiI. ' (YI<!!i56lDQIT' ~&U6U~ '5Ji;fi6lD6lIT' ~tAl6U~

'1iu5Ji;fi6lD1ilII' ' 6: Q61T Ji;fitil Q5ITfilIirrLITL ilJi;~wlT6illtllltil

. @6U1iJ6lD5ullfllltil fI'~fi6lD6lIT~WIT 6lJ1T6U1T1III51iir LfilIirr(bl. @ru 6lJ1T61HT JX115~6ir fI'~fi6lDm L6lIiJT6lDLOWIT6lIT6lDQJ - fI'~1i6lD1ilII' (YI1T6lRrrUIT(bla;6ITITIilII'6lD5lJ milT 1111 QJ6lDlTw1III,iifitAl @w6UlTfi~~lTrt (YIw!D6IwlT@tiI. fJ"QIilII'ArJDlTru, @ru QJIT6U1T1IIIa;1iir ~6lD6lIT~~ti1 9®61J1T1T<l:6U1T ~<!!i @J6IWlU- 51T~~fil)JTfiITAr U6lDLMUuLL_1IDT fl'Ar1lll ~1i1RIfI~fiIJLOIT55 8it..ID6illW6UIT~. fJ"QlilII'liIIflru, '(YI(!!ia; ~UITL(bl QJIT6UITWl' ~rflw 1J6u1i1iJa;6lfl6'6l<!!iJi;~ 51<l:1T55 r6lTm ~~lTfilIirrLrt 6lJ6lD1T LO(!!i61j5lJD6C ~Wl!P urr61ilr. llITL.6'6I(!!i!ii~ @6UIiJ6lDa;uSlliirr QfiArU@~ 5~rt51TUltiI QJ6GlIT QfiITLrt51ID~. ~6lDa;uSI6U (YI<!!i5 6ll!PlUIT(bl tDla; tDl5~ Q~ITAr6lDUlWITIilII'~.

ilOr6lDIDW 51T6U 5LL~~&u @$~W~ ~6lDAIII'5 5.L~tilru ~<l:wlT~~ullru urrurt lJI@iJ~ il.55UULL !!i1T6lfl6'6l(!!i$~ '@ITITLOrT QJWJUIT(bl' ~fi6lWLOWLOIT55uu(bltil !Ll6lD6UQJ6lD1J LSlIT6:61TIJtiI llL5511D~. illT IT LOrt I @Ji;@5 ' a;6lflAr 5L6116TT1T5 <l:LOIIir6lDUlUU(bl~filn..J®51lDlTrt. L6Ua;~~ru (YlfiAr6lDLOWITa; ~!D@ti1 Qu(!!ilkllTAr6lDL06: 6UlW1iJ56TT1T1IDT 5l!6l~~ruD, @a;6UITUJ, Qum~UJ, 6L.06R1'W, 1J!'55lwUJ 6TArUArQJ!D!6lAr QJIT6U1T1IIIa;6lD6TTU UlJL5@1D<:UIT~ ~6: 6U1wliJa;6lflAr <l:filT!DIDIiJa;1iir tDla;~ Q~6lflQJIT a; il<!!i551ArIDm 6TArU~ 46UW(bltil. .tI6: 6U1W UIIT 1III~&Ua;6lflAr a;1T1T61IIIT1iJa;~ti1 QJIT6UIT!D<l:IDIT(bl QfiITLrt46lDLW6lITQJITa;~ Q~rfl51ArID6lIT. ~$~!ii~6: 6LOwliJa;6lfl1iirr (YIAr<l:6lIT1T.5~ti1 Qfi6lflQJIT5 ~6lDLWIT6ITtiI a;ITAIII'uu(bl5lIiirrJDmrt.

~mlT&u, ilJi.. 6LOW~6lD~ ~lTlTwll~ UITIT~~lTtAl ~ruQJITJDIT6lIT Q~6lflQJlTm<l:~lTrt ~6lDLOU45 5l6lDLWIT~ 6Tliirru~ Qfirfltu QJ(!!itiI. L6U51<l:6U<l:W tDl5~ Q~ITIiirr6lDUlWlTm 6LOUJtiI 6T1iirr1lll ~!6lwuu(bltil ilJi~ "'LOWtiI 6T~fi6lDIilII'<l:WIT ''''LOWIiJ56lD6TT' Lm6TTL551w QurflwQ~IT<!!i 6LOWtiI fl'liirru~ti1 46UuU(bltil. il$~IT6ill1iirr ~1111 <l:51T. L055~1iir 36fid~LOITIilII' ~rflwrta;1iir

"'LO~51(!!i~~~6U Q~ITLIiJ51 ~tDlWJAr 6Ji;fi5 56ill6lDfia;1iir 61J6lD1T LOIilII'ti1 L<!!i5@51JD~ (YI(!!ia; U5~. 9<!!i @!6lULSlLL 51T6U 5l.L~tiltAl @$~IT6illru '6lD8'W' QJ6ITIJ '~Wl!P' (!Il6U5 5<!!iQJIT a; (YI1iIiirr6lDLO QU1III5IJD~. ~5 51T6U 5LL~~!D@U (YI<!!i5. 'L0551iir 5LQj6IT1T5' LWrt 5lJDITAr. ®ti1 LOIT!DJD~til!D@jtil 1itDl!P!!iITL.ru BI(bl<!!iA5'lW 6L061IIIT "'LOW~til!D@jtil !Ll6lDJDw Qlf6UIT!D1III~ ~1TLIh.j56ir ~JD'II".

(!P(!j5. .IiYli 5L.QjCl.... "'.U •• U U.AlL.;; .tiYli QJII'~Ul AI"UrrLAlL.IlIUl 411rrWCluri ~@j ml6'll'.s~u. ~mlL.;; ~.AIUIII51Iir Au ~ (!P(!j5 ~ QU1ftUu(jjl51.JDAT. dll,lflw· UllfUrr., ~(bI;;.UUL.rr. 11., AI" urrL(bI (!PAl JD5 6lr (!P(!j5 AI!:6lurrL.,.. u., jlL.1iI5i1f1., QAlilflUu(bl51.JDAT. IfUlW AI"urr(bl 9(!j u_urrL •• ~~. "'JDII"~ jlQI ~ UNir • ..tU5Wl 1f(!p.rrw5 5L(bIuurr(bl5eUl 9ylil~(!p.JD5eUl @j(blUlu

~ UIIJ4 1lJ!jkurr5 .JI'IIUIIU L~JDAr' .L6lYIIfWr Q.rr •• UlAlW 411.rrw IiUl.s~ jI.J6)(!j5@jUl l5L.wIiI5. .llAli561fl. UYl.s5 AlYl551i15eUl IiUlaSl.s.55eUl IfUlW AI"UrrL(bI (!pAlJD5eUl 1fL.lile5eUl mlYlrr.s5eUl ClJiII'.~CIUIwrr~

~Wly,.s 5L.6lj6lr (!P<!!i5. 9<!!i&UlI5U1rrAT .JjurftWl~UlrrAT jf.s~wrr5 20-dII,Ul iffIDJDrrliliar.6U Q5rr61irrL.rrL.Uu(bl.$llDrrliirr. I5WlY,.s 5L.6lj6lr 6T8JlUl UlIIII"rT61D6l.I (YI<!!i51iirr Q5rr(bluu~ Wl561jth .Jjy,rT6l.IUlrrAT~. .JjJ6l&Ultu6U UIJJi;~ !f,lID@Ul 21-~Ul iff ID lD IT 61irr1y. iUUl L.,Q51i1@Ul 6l.Irr yUl ~ WlWrT 56lr (YI<!!i Bj 611ft Iiir 1561D6\J6mUluSl<Z6U (!p~Iiir6altoUu(bl;;~.$llDrrrT 56lr 6TIiirU~ID@ @Orllll L6\J5QUl6U6UrrUl UlJJi;~ rurrcYUl @6U1iI6alBj. ~WI!¢ L<!!i6l.lrr.s@Ul (!P<!!i5Or ~<!!i.s<Z5ITuSl6U56lr Irftw errOrlDrr@Ul. ~WI!p.s 5L.61j6al6lTU UlJrrUlrft.s5 <Z6l.I6lRrrly.w~ @Ji;~. ~WlYlrT5eB;@ ~JDlW6alUIUIT~~rr5 @Orllll ~@.$llD~· ~WI!p 6l.I6lTrT8=Il5®Ul i'Ji; !&Un5lB;6alBj UW Q5rr(bl8;51JD~. (YI<!!i5 !&LilSIB;6al5 ~WI!¢lOr L~IJ.~6iJ urJ6lu <ZurruSl®B;.$llD~.

I5Ii11fl Ullillfl. Qlrry,5Al5 .116l.I.AlrryUl 1f(!Pl5rrw;;~.

Cl5rrLurr(bl56lTrr6U 5LL.AlUl55UUL"'(!j551JD~ .Jj6UIU"

.rr55(!plIlI51JD". .Jj5 <Z5rrLurr(bl5mlll';; .rrliliarlp.:ATrr6U

5l6alL.5@jUl ._L.mAT UIU urftUlrrAllrIil56lTrr6U JfJ rT AlII' uSl5 5 UU (bl51JD ~. (!p ($ 5 QI\6! urrL.,.." If L.1iI@5&1ft., 5rrAlll'Uu(blUl .;;~QlIiI5. 1T!J.rr 9(!j QlAl5uS16U "'.mJDw .WlYlrft. 6l.Irry,ml6U 9($ .rr55;;AI. ITJDu(bl;;~uSl($.s51Iiir!DAT "'.u .. .II_AlUluSl6U 1J~11Ifl5rrJi;~ • .IIClUlrr5u UAlL.UUrrAT , uAlL.wuurr' ~mIJUUL.Ul QlrruSllUrr5 (1999 QQI&lftuJ(bl) QurlU..a...s 5II'AllrurtiJ.

~WI!J!ri'5e6ir QU(!!itlurr<Z6\JITrT 6ale6l.l;;6al.u <zurrWll)l5lOrlD6DTrT. .e6l.l.~Or (YIcY (YI~6U Q~W6l.lUl '1l6l.lrir'. .Jjru6l.lITJ6l®B;Bj8= 1l6l.l6llf1m- Ul56DTIT5 6l.I1J6Urrllll BjrrL(bltD (YI®BjOr 6Tru6l.lrrllll i'm-WI ~ WI W rft &in" (YI cY (YI ~ 6U a; L. 61j6lT rr 5 U U rft 6lRJT IT UI tD Q U lIlI.$l lD IT Or 6TOrU6al~llItD (YI®Bj 6l.I!PlurrL(bl I&tDUlB;IilIlBjBj6lr L6UBjQUl6U6UlTtD 6l.I1T@tD ~WlWrT56lT1T6U <ZlDIiirrAlUlUu(bl;;~u u(bl~W@rftw BjlTlJlilRlTtD "'Or6DT 6TOrU6al~llItD i'di iff6U ~lJlTw.$l!D~.

"'$. 9(!j If(!Pl5rrw;;'' Ulll'JDJD(YIiA ... "'tiliCllirr.seUl .III1IlW." QUII' (!j61flW., aSI •• MftuSl., .II.Ul51JDII. .IIUl UlrrJDJDIiI5aft.lT., .IiYlIfl. Alrrli5A115 (!pAlJD I1'6VAlrr IJI Ulll'JDJDUNIIL.Ji; ... , Ulll'p51WII ",.U.15 411rrliJalil jI$ i1TaSWrr <ZJiII'~ 9liirJDll"~

(!P(!!;BjOr Q~ITLrTUIT6DT 6l.I1J6\J1TIDlIlI8= Qew~56lr, Q~ITOrlDB; 56m~56ir, !&ITL51i1a;6ir, 1iL.6DT1iI56ir Uir&lftLL6l.IIDJ6l6U 46al~Ji;~ 5lL.B;@tD UIU .IJUULL. •• ~6l.I1i156lr .WlYlrftOr .ID<ZuIT6al~W 1f(!P~ITW lDIJ4 (!P1ilIl!D5@ 6l.I6al1J&Ul6\J556lRJTtD U6alL;;~(!!;5.$lm-!D6DT.

(!P(!!;5 QllJ6UlTlIlIBj6lr 6TOrllll BiL.!JlUu(bltD Q.ITOrtD5 56lD~56lr ITCI.IT 9($ LAIr.lDuSI • .Ji.uu61DLuSl., Q.ITLIiI5UULL.1T5

(~ur~)

2. 461wO LIlO6l)QIUSlc£) I Qua.~~A I

. il(!S5511UITUI. UlITIiIIfILmlWIlUIT61Trt 5LQt61ftAr Ul51mUl61Dw Ullillflfljrt561ftAr UlAr QJ61Trt~lI, ~pSlIilJITJbID6b, JliUl1Sl5_5 &TArUATlilJlDJIIlLAr i'mAIIT ii~ 41J1Tw51ArJDATrt .UllTIiIIfILmlW&iJ ~ pSI ~ rt 5 ~ 6Tr 9 (!S IilJIJ IT AT lSI Q IT 61T 1i11f16iu IIU IT UI &61 C AT IT 6fu 51 (Bronislaw Malinowski) 8'UIW Iil.IIJllUlTtbJlll J1iU1iS15Q11556Tr UlDpSl5 ~pSlLIISI(jjlUlCUIT~, "1ilJ1J6UlTlDpSI&iJ JliLJiifljfljIT55 51TL.LUU(jjlUl ~5!P6'1I56IT 6TC~1T L_mUl561D61T5 Q51T_1p.(!S55I1U1TtD. ~ uliarmUl56IT 51T6Ui;'~5 51TllUUI .Jii~5 5ITIIU 5L.LriJ561ft&iJ IilJIT@UI 8'<!pfljITW~~Ar UllllrrtQt5m61T QIilJ61ftuu(jjlii~fljlDQ5ATii 'rfl';;~5 51TL.LUU(jjl5lArIDAT. @fIj!D@5 51T1J6IIlITUi UlIiIIfI~rt56IT ~56ir 8'<!PfIiITW~Ar IilJAlITW6mJD56m61T ,gWITW~ @~ 8'UIW ~tbllfljriJ5m61Tu UWAru(jjlii~51ArlD6lITrt" &TAr51lDlTrt. (Shelly Errington. 1979)

fljJj}!¢56IT UlTrT6mlilJuSlfiU,

"L<!SflJITW ~®IilJITW L61TfljITW "'lIUfDlTW LD®flJITW Ul6UITITWU Ul6lIDfIwITW 961ftWITW5 5(!SflJITW LuSlITITW5 5~WITW ml~WITW5

@®IilJITW 1ilJ®IilJITW ~®6TrIilJITW @5CAT" (51ii~1T0IlJd,') mirr JIll ~6m6llT,;;~ii ~ii~lilJriJ56m61T~UI L6Tr61TL551wIilJATIT Wl@j5511D1TAr <!p®5Ar.

"<!P®5CAT IMUfiU (!p~AT UlTCWITAr LD®5(1Ar FF8'AT UI5(1Ar

. 9(!s _5 <!p5Ar ~UlISI(lw ~Ar"_LW fIj_QDL55ir&iJ &TUCurr~UI

JliUnSlCw QfljlT@CflJ6ir JliITAr"

'(!s<!p(!S5ITlDJIIlUUAlLuSI&iJ "'rulilJlT!!II UITLUUL.LITAr <!p(!!j5Ar. i' Iii fD ~ 116U ~ 1p.5 61ft &iJ <!p (!S 5 IiIIfIAr '" A16111fTU 1I IIIilJ 011 LAr , ~<!SUIITIlP-Ar, 56lll1TU~I1ll-Ar QfDlTLrf4u(jjl5llD~.

8'~fDii'" 6fu51ii~ 1I1T1T61IIfTUi &T@fDUul.L 5ITW 51.ISI. 7-4U1 PlDlDITAisr(jjl5@UI 51. lSI. 1150 -4U1 4fil1irr(jjl5@UI jlmLUuLLfljIT5 ~556UITUI &TAr!!ll BiL.lDuu(bk$l!D~.

i'~rrml!D@ 4rflwrflAr 1ilJ(!!jAl5 5l.<!p. 4000 <!pfIj&iJ 51{!p. 1550 4.(jjl5~5@ i'6mLUUL.LfDIT5 "'(!!j5511UITUI &TAr!!ll 5~!D~ fil®UiSIl!IIJD, @Jii~WlTmI!il@ 4rflwrfl6ilr 1ilJ®1i1Il5 ulDpSlu UllUfDIJUUL.L 5(!Sii~55~UI mllilJlT~riJ5~UI JliLIii~ Q5ITfilIirrlp.®iifD6m6U UlJIIliifD!D5I&iJm6U. ~lilJrT56IT IilJ(!!jUlCUIT~ i'riJ5I(!SliifD Jd,rTml55 @lp.56IT U~ITUUL.L BiL.l.LriJ561T1T5U UlTmI IilJITYlIii'(!S551ArJDATrt orrirufljlD@ QUIlT 5 198'fIj ITCIT IT • ~ITUUIT ~5Y1IilJITWQt561ft&iJ 51A1Lii'L.L~®UlQUIT (!!j6IT56IT 8'ITAr!!ll &.JIIl5lArJDAT. i'ru i'® C@L..riJ561f16Ul®Jii~ 5fil1irrQL(jjl55UUL.L QfljlT&iJti6lwa" IIArATriJ56Tr '4rflwrt IilJ(!SAl55@ (!pAr 9rT 9(!11i151T6lIT, Ii1J61Trt~#lwAlLIii~ 8'(!p~1TW ~uiJlI6alLW @@556IT ~~6lIT iTArUflj!il@~ 8'ITAr!!ll U5rT5IArJDAT. "'1ilJ!DpSl6irr 51T6UUI @QDIDJiiflj~ 51.<!p. 2500 4-(jjl56Tr &TAr5 5®fljuu(jjl5llD~. (K.M. Sen. 1987: 43)

(~LJr~)

~rflwri' UQDL.fi CiilfiITrirUl5 5A1fi5frf1... (Yl6\l1iaJ5Qr ,JIIilJrr51!!!)AlLW 1ilJ(5A155~ (!IIArArCIJ ilJii~WlTml6U IilJITYlJiifi jd,rrlilYu ~5&rf18r UllJ41ilJWl5 5Alfi561T1T5 {il(55561l1TUJ.. tYl(55 IilJ Wl U IT L AI L U Qu IT WI. fililJ 61D 1Ju516iJ, tYl (5 5 Ar (!II (!j (!II fi 6iJ 5L61l61T1T55 5 ITLLLJU(bl.$llDlTAr • ~QlTIT6iJ, ~rflW5 5L61l61Trr fTlill(5IiI UlJU!Ciilur(5"I'IT55 5rrLLUu..ml6iJAl6\l; CiilruiDJU! 5L61l61T1J1T5 UlL(blCUI 5ITLLUuL(blQr61TQlTrr 6TArUAlfi illiaJ~5 5(5.~6iJ QaIT&1r61T CIill6Wr(bU. ~U! !'!'fiIiaJ51!!!)&1r QurfIw 8'5~1T56 ~rflwmQll' ~rt\uri'56ir LWrr~5 5ITL(bl.$lArlDArrr• £il<5WleutiJ, L6U5.~IIIQr61T .JIAlQIT$!;~ ~~5 ~IV-5m61TU CUITArClD ~rfIw(5ID (!Yflw- (!llfiAr61D~~.$lArlDQlTrr 6TArU~ .(5~ Q51T&1r61T CIill6WrIV-w gAr!DIT~UJ.. ~lTmlLrfI6ir' !L.(51ilJ AlWlUIT(bl' ilwlDm.5~6 ' 6iWAlUI' Ciil51T(bl~~ !li1T5rf15.m~5 am L (bl.$ljD ~. ~ rfI W rr 5 6lflAr AI!Al U IT L (bl (!1161D lD ~ IJIT ml L ¥rrL(bl (!JlQDJD5~ C!liQu-~ITQIT~ "1T1ilJ~, ~rfW ~(bl ~!DJiifi Q~uSl6iJ Q!li(5U4 (frfl.~, Cuirml {ilWlDlDIU! 8'LJiJ~ JilBi!Prur5~ ~Jii~Jiif5~.

L1Jml5 .$lL~ .UJ5a;&1r 6iLL.LUI 9CIJ ~Ar iJar.~1T1J1T5CIilJIT 9ClJml~UlITAr 5L61l61T61II1J AlWlu(blCIilJITIJ1T5CAlIT il(5Jii~~1T5 (fm ~~. hi ruJlurr(bl <:urr6iJ ~ 6UJlurr~ 1bl561lU! QfilT"'AIUIIUII'QIT§I milTufi~. fiLWIiaJ5I!!!)Aar(bl. U6U filTUuL.L CiilfilT6iJ ~IV-561ftAr IilJWlUIT(bl56ir ilJii~wlT ux.:.{bIUI6U6\lIT §I L6U5U! (Yl(!jIilJ§l(!ll&1r61T ~~5~IV-561ftAr. AI~UIT(bl561ft6iJ 9(5 mlfi.~6iJ 9lDWlmUl~mLwfiIT5.fiITAr il(5Jii~(55.$liiBrlD6lIT· L(5A1 IilJ!ilUIT(bl5&1r 9rr ilQIT.~Ar !liU!t515m5u516iJ QJ61Trr~(555letJDAr. ~ITAruriJ5Qr 6TArlDl !JiITU! CiilaITAarLIT{blU! 5L6lj6lTrr 561Df556ir 9(5 51T~~6U QfilT6iJ ~IV-561fl6ir !JiITCLITIV-5 5Alfi561TITBi {il(5Jii~(5556U1TU!. ilJii !liITCLITIV-5 Bim~56ir ,JIJii~Jii~~ Ciil~IT6iJ~IV-561ftAr !liU!t515mffi, ,JI68'U!, (f~rrUlTrrU4, ilYlU45&1r, 6l!1JU!, C8'IT~mQIT, 8'1T~AlQIT 6TArUQlTlilJlDJDlrir .tIIV-uu61IILu516iJ ,JImUlJii~(5556U1Tu! 6TAr lDl ,JIJDI®rrBi&1r &...JIIl5l6ir!J)QITrr •

~rflW"', AlIT~, AI(5IiWT"Ar, ilJii~IJAr 6TArlDl ~rflwrr5&1r AlIIIIITm..$lw BiIT6U.~lD~ 6T~~AlQITCWIT ~61II6\l(!ll61DlD51!!!)5~ (!IIArQITCIJ (~IT615lLrr 6TArlDl 5(5fiUu(blU!) ilJii~ ~~B;~IV-Bi&1r 'ilAllD61IIUI' 5~ L(5IilJU! Ciil51T(bl.~ ~~m6llT ~&icrr, Ciilu&icrr QfiWIilJm.561T1T5 1ilJ1ilRlTm..$lu51(55.$liiBr lDQlTrr. Ul6lIflfi.m~~ Cilfl,WIilJUIIT5U J..JA)L5@U! UlQlTIi.JmiJ~ il§l 6TArWI 5(5fi6\lITU!.

il~ ~ITArw5 561Df58i611161T ~IJ~UJCLIT ~ .J!AIlDmlD 9(5 8'(!IIfiITW.~Ar 1ilJ1J6U1T!D1T5 ~IJITWIilJ~IT? ,JI6iJ6\l§I 8'UlW QJ61Trr6.f1u51Ar .JImLWIT61Tm.561T1T5 ~IJITWIilJ~IT? .JI6iJ6\l~ il5 5A1fi5&1r .JIIilJrr561ftrir CiilUlITWl lilJ61Trre.flmw5 ffiITL{blIilJ~1T5 Jl!,IJITWIilJ~IT? .JI6U6U§I.JIe 8'tYlfiITW$!;~Ar UlQIT~m6\lIilDW mI61T5~.$l!D~IT? (fArWI C!JiIT55Cru&icrr{blU!.

~rflw AI~UITLIV-6iJ ~(5(Ylrr.~561T1T5 ~rflWAr (.JI5611ft), AlIT~, {ilJii~IJAr ~.$lCWITCIJ ~JDluu{bl.$lrir!DQlTrr. (John Dowson, 1992: 3) BiIT6\JUC:urr5.$l6iJ ~(5(Y1rr~~&1r il~ ~rflwrr561ftAr 5L61l61TrrBi61TITQIT .fIAlAr, ml";§Dll ~AI(5LIlIU! {il6mmrr5~JIl"frr. ~rfuJrr IilJ~CUT§I {ilUWr (!Jl(!j~U!

ilJii 1P/T66l6iJ (!Jl<55 1ilJ1J6\JIT!Dm!D Jl!,1J~U!<:UT~~ffi6lftrir QuJITWl lilJ61Trr6.f1AlW~U! 6iWIilDUI6IJ)W~u! ~IJITW CIilJ&icrrIV-~&1r61T§I. fiW'l!jIrT561ft6ir 'BiwmUl' (fArlDl ~JDlUt5I{blu!CUIT~ (!II(55 IilJ~UIT(bl (fJiif5 ~mllD~ fiW'lYIIT~ CiilfilTiiBrIilDUI61DW, 1ilJITY!5m5 (!p61DlDIilDW, UllJ45Al61Te, 8'LJiJ~ffim61T QIilJ6Iftuu(bl$!;§l.$llD§l milTWI UITrr5ffi I:AlAar{blUJ..fiW'l!¢Wr .JIJDl5ll, 6l!1JU!, Ciil8'6UruU!, ~l!!!)mUI, ,JI6Ur4, Qa61TIJW (fpD Jl!,JIII Bil.Wl51i1D61T~U! (~WI(!II5m.5&1r) tYl(5BiRr

(~ur~)

QAlafluu(bl~ .. 51lDlI'liir. ~a.QYlrT5~5~ (Yl(!)51iir 51i6l~5 AlIT~""lI'ail<!!)551lDlI'liir. ~a.QYlrT56lfl1iir AlIT6UII'J!)I mUAlmQJ Q~lI'liir61DUlWII'IiIIT<:~1I' ",,<:~ <:UII'6U (YI<!!)5 QJ!PlUII'(hlUJ L6la~ ~.AM.IIIUII'''''~lI'a il<!!)Jii~a <:QJ61Arr(bhlL

ilaUQJlI'l!lI (YI1iir"5~u tSlliir (YIIT61JIII"II'QIT ~~~QJril5_m aU-lOW L6ir6ITL55lw~ ilJii~ o!FUlWUJ. ilJii~ o!FUlWUJ 6TliirJDII'IAl ",Iiir",,? mDr l!lI 9<!!) o!F1I'~1T1T61JIII" UlIiIIfl~1iir mllillTml6llTITW 9L(bl Qu,1I'~~UlIT5 9<!!) ~~~QJ~_~5 8iL.JD (YI.WIT~ ""6ITmlJD~5 ~~_6IT5 Qall'IiIin"L~ ®Jii~ o!FUlWtD.

~ tEl YlrT 5 &ir a;l6U ~ _ ~ QJ 6lRIT ril5I W <: QJ 6IT II' 6Iiar _ UI W II' 6IT rr; UQDLU&il" (YIalTAlUIQDW (YI~Iiir_uiu(blUWQJrr5&ir mDrU~JD~ illi6lrila QJ!PlUII'(blUJ <:wlI'liIIfl QJ!PlUII'(blUJ Jl!i~II'ITril56IT1T5 jl<!!)551liirJD6lIT. ~~ITQJ~, UAlLUtSlliir LWrrAlQJ~ ~1I'(!g<:~lI'rr Q~lI'liirAlUl~ ~lTlTmlLrr. ~rflwrr QJ<!!)_55~ (YI1iir<:U ilJiiI'£lWlI'ml.u ofIQJ QJ~UII'(bl jl<!!)Jii~~ milT~!D~ 6T~~_IiIIT<:WII' ~~II'ITrilBi_6IT ""t6l~rr5&ir 561ArrLt6lJii~ QQJ6lfluu(bl~1'£l jl<!!)551liirJD6ITrr.

20-Jl!iUJlPIT!DJDII'IiIin"(bl ilJiil'£lw ""t6l~rr5~&ir 9<!!)QJITII'IiIIT ilITII'~6U o!FlI'ril5I<!!)~l'£lwrrwQr (1893 - 1963) ®Ji;~W8= o!FUlW~ ~~~QJril5&ir u!Dt6l (5_6lRITWII'~, !Il"_6U, 1993 u. 34),

~rflw5 5LQJmrr56IT1I'1iIIT ",,5511i11fl, QJII'~, ®Jii~ITIiir ",1iir<:Ull'lf 511'6\JU <:uII'551w (YI511'AlUl ~YlJii~ tSlITUJUIII', ml~_, ofIQJlillTlI'Bi UlIT!DJDUJ Qu!DlDlillTrf. jl5 5<!!)~_~ 6T~QlTrrtroluu~ <:UIT6\l, QQJRar. ~lTnflBirf 9 oOotSl6\JIT~!Dt6l (Wendy Donlgar 0' Flaherty (1985» 6TQrUlTrf 6TIIIUJ ~UJ lPITtrol.u &!p5 5ITm1lUIITlIll U~6lj Qo!Fw5lJDlTrf :

"9<!!) ml~6;~6iJ UlTrf6;~IT.u 6T.u6U1T jlJii~ jl~51To!F5 ~~ 91iirr~Q5lTliirrl!ll <:QJ~~ <:UlTIiirrt6l(55~UJ; il-Q6lIT1T(!!j mlg;~~.u UlTrf6;~IT.u 6T.u6U1T5 56l1l~5~<:UI 9<:IT UlIT~rflWIT5~ <:~lTliirl!llUJ. jl5 5_~Bi.1fl.u

5Ulj6ITrf56lfl1iir QJIT6U1T Wl5&ir "'~~_1iIIT ~YlUlII'5

il<!!)Jii~ITIIJUJ mlW556;~55Ii11TGlJIT5 il<!!)Jii~II'IIJUJ

(YI1iir 8115 ~ U tSlliir (YIlT 6lRIT IT IiIIT ~ 5 QJ.,5_ 6IT 5 8iL.lIllQJ 6lIT <:ulTli6l<!!)Jii~ITIIJUJ ",.,6U1T5 5L5l.I6ITrf5~UJ tSlITU~o!F~1'£l1iirr .1161D""~~ mU"6U5Q1)m~UI fljlT_.WQJrT561T1T5<:AI ile~55l1iirJDAl'rr."

"j61i1 QU6IT~5 "".6IDUI~~IiIIT.~LIiir !!iUJ lIU, ofIJii~6IDIiIIT, 1.J@;~t6l6lj5a.L "".,.AlUl6; ~6lD6lTUSl6iJ 5LLuuL1JI.<!!i55l1iirrJDIiIIT. QunU~UJ 46IDIillTBi(!!iL(blUIIT5U U~U(!!iAlUl <:Uo!Ii~6iJ; UlJii~1T ~Jii~ril5&ir, <:o!FIT~UJ, ~(!!jLUJ ilQJJDl!lI&ir Hl:t6lu51(!!j5@UJ mlBiQJII'o!FUJ, o!F1T1'£l8= o!FLmJ@5&ir, tSlJD6ID1T8= BiITRar(bl6lJ6ID~, 6TUIIT!Dl!lIQJAl~, QJ6IIl~Uum~8= o!FITUIri'~~WUlIT6lIT tSl6IDY!llUIT58= ofI6UlT5Iuu~; 5LJi;~ 51T6U8= o!FUlW~~.u a;lITUJtSlu5I<!!)Jii~ Qllit6l<:5(bl56ID6IT UlJD.Iii~, UI-JD6;~ a;l5!p 51T6\J._~8= o!F1T(blQJ~; 1I1T1T~1iIIT. 5lITJi;~ril5_6IT~UJ Ul5rfl~5Q1)6IT~UJ l.Il5Il'IJ1T&IT~ ~~~ a;Rar~a;U <:UIT!Dl!lIQJ~; tSlJD !Jj1T(bl56lfl6iJ a;l5!pQJ_~ L~IT"IiIITUu(bl.~QJ~; ®1Al6U1T~ QU<!!)6IIllD56l1l6IT 6Tt6lL(bl5 Q51T1iIin"(bl Qu<!!)a.Q~UJ Q"'<!!)5~LAr ~rfuurfluu~ 6Tril5&ir UllTUlT5lmlL"'(!!j551JD~" mil'lII @t6lutSIL"'(!!j551JD11'rf.

ilQJrT ""lIllu~ 4_(bl5~5@(YI1iir @t6lutSlLLQI)~ ilu<:ulI'~ IIiL5~UJ UlII'JDJD~.LIiir 9utSlL(blu UlTrr556UITUJ. 2O-4UJ !iJTJDJDIr-(bl QJQI)IT uri~ ilJii~ ilJii~ o!FUlW5 e-IJIUIp.5. 9<15 e!6lUdlLL 511'6U 5LL.I1£l.u UlL(hlUJ Ul51T

(~ur~)

ml®L"'torr5 AJ61TrTJii.. mlLLflirr 6uir lDI UrrrT~fljrr6U Utu Lmmt056ir mt61T~®UJ.

toa.aft. Qtorr!6l AJarli';:.fI illlirpSlw.towrrfli... .._rr." .flJi~ Jilf5&U uaiaun:.@..1Iir ~61T Qm!6luilar .II"tu.. Qtorr!6l5aftllir ai'lQIIJ'riJa6ir QlliaflQJrr5 illlir .. u, ~ .fI~J5II'~~9(§ QJarli';:.flw.LJiIli "'(!IIlIirrw~"1Iir (!JI5rr.toWrrlillT Qtorr!Al5@ mir_GJliIiJi'®5@u, mirp .fIJi,55 <:AJ.Ip.~6ir61T". ~ il~mwr QL~Ji .. ~~ AlmIJ' 1Ii~ UIJ'Ji .. -IiIJii'®a5l1lir1D-1i 6TllirU.fIi 9L(bl Qtorr~lIitorr5~ ."611""',, •.

"ilJi.,556ir QU®mtoWrr5';: Q",rr.u661fil Q5rr6ir~u, (il~5rr"'u" 4ITrrlilllTU" "'rr6iu~IJ'u" <:6lJflju" LU~"~, <:6lJfljrrJi;flju" "'UlW 5l1J'Ji;fIj~Bi6ir, 5rrmtw !lirrLBi~Bi6ir, ~~ LU<:~"'~Bi6ir, "'1fI~1J'u" Bim6U, Bi6Urr6",rrlJ' ~6UBi6ir (!JIflj6Urrlilll' Uy!u, Qu®mUl (YlLmL561f16U 75 "'flj6l! ~u, UlL~~nrUlrrlilll' <:U~~6ilBi~U, Lflj6lJrr5BimlJ'u l5I~dJlD6ilBi~u,fljrr6irr ~mlDJi;~®8;.$I6irrlDnr" mirrlDlu, illJ'rr®.u~ (06-09-1993) ®!!5lLIl5l(bl6lJmflj ~® 9U4 <:!lirr8;®5.

.. lfIwlflllir ileae GQJlliU, 51.(!JI. 1200 - il"

6T(!p •••• ' ~ ... iW ~ c:uirdtwir

~...tar ~ .. ""'"~ ...

~liIII'rr." ~lfIwlfl6irr AJ®mBi8;® (!JI6irr ilJii~rrmt6U ulJ'mtfil 5lLJi;fIj AJ!PlurrL(bl I!:PmlDBi6ir <:AJlDIULLIilll'6lJrrBi il®Jii~5.$1mlDliIII'. ~- BiL6lj61TrT Bim61T t!Pflj6irrmUlUu(bl~~w ~1fIw AJ!PlurrL(bl8;® 6T~lJ'rrBi ®Jii~ ~~@lp.Bi6ir "'B;~, ~rrw AJ!PlurrLIp..u U[!!5lu51®Ji;~®8;.$ImlDnrrt. clll!,rfhulfifilir AJIJ'6UrrL!)l .$I{Yl. 3000-B;@u" .$I.I!:P. 1500-B;®u, @mLlU16i1 Q~rrL~®6lJ9irr Bi m6lJ~"5 QBirr6llirrLrr~u, ~~dJ® I!:Pml5l®Ji;fIj !lirrBirt'lBiu, ~~B;®lp.Bi6lflm !liu,I5IB;mBiBi6lflm Q6lJ6lfluumLwrrBi(;6lJ ~UlJii~B; BirrIilllT6UlTu,.

41fUJ .. ~~·-~~

.... , .... &b~ .. 6Tlliruli. il - iltuUIIir

~. Q~ ~ar " ~Uu(bl5Ip).

6T .... .I(QJrt_ ~ ~-eah _ .. - ~

Jlirr5 1f15j,1Iir QQJafluurr(bl5611"rr5 il®UU"., ai'lwuQurrllirlDlli.,.,tu. 6iu5JiIli"-~U, {il6iJ ~lp.uu.Lu5I., L(!S6lJrrB;51 u5l(1)55ur<:torr 6TllirlD G5rr_~IIIu, ~lJ'rrWturru,. 6I'(bl~"55rrLLrr5, alGIJ'55 il'5rr"'~"., <:UlIIir.UliS® 5L1lI6II'rr. ~w6iu (Zeus) L<:lJ'rrUlrraflwu ulilirrurrLlp.a, rl5lLLIJ'rr5 AJ!AluLuu(bl5lIDrrli. ~lfIwlflllir 5L6lj61Trr. ilJi"IJ',,5eu, GtoliJ @J6!UI5lLL 5l<:1J'55 - L<:lJ'rrUlrrAflw 5LJll'IIli'5~eu, Jf.l.JDW 9IDAlJAILII5- 5rr~JIl'II' •

ilJi;~w ~~B;®lp.561f16irr QUlrr!PlBi~1iir ~lJ'rrmlL QUlrr!AlBi~u, ~L~®U, (5.U. ~lD6lJrrlilllTm, 1984). ~lJ'rrmlL~ fljiSYI(;lJ'rr(bl QfljrrLrT46ir61T llJii .. Q6lJ6IfI !lirrBi1fl5 Jf.lmlilll'6lj6 .flmnr~5~u, 9® 5rr6U~~.u ~lJ'rrmlLu u6llirrurr(bl IIlDJi; .. QJ61TrTJii~®Jiifi" 6TllirU61D1Ii L~(bl~ .. 5lIIirlD6lIT·

6T~"B; .srrLLrr5, ~w6iu (Zeus) mt~ 5LQj61TII'5 AJAII'IiJa;~. ~ ~ il~1Iir ~6UII'M 5LIlIarrr55 5elliuu(blallDrrrt. 4If1w55.1Ii5m'l., QJ®u,

ilJJ,~hTIir<:UITIAl <:_IJLW61D6U5IlDITrrj _!iA>_wIT51!1JR"1i" •

SWBiLD 1T~~61DQII'C:WIT Qu61iarIJL61DI)"~

1T~_61DQII'C:WIT ~YlJf,61D_5e5~~

" ~I)"IT~6U • IfITriJ5I®~!,£!WITwlir (1949) lfiQll'~

6l.IIT6U5~ml&6l~I6" ~riJ61D5 6l.IAlI)"" ITlirlD ~&6I&U ~rflWrT 6l.I®61D55~ lYIQ11'4 ill6~W5 ~IJL5&ir QlfiITWJ&iJ ~IJLuu61DLuSllAl L5l~55UULIJL®Jii~QII'rT ITrir WI ~!6luL5l(bl51lDITrT. ~QII'IT&u, ~6l.I6l.IITWI Q~IT~6U ~IJLuu61DLuSI&U L5lrfl~lfiITIIlLD U1&Bf1~rT561D6IT ~L551 61D6l.I~!,£!®55ml&Um6U mar WILD 6l.I&6ILlJWI~ .. 51lDITrT. UIIT!IJR"5, ~rflwrfllir 'I6ITIAl 6l.Irr6llBTu u~la..j I UI6IIfl~61D1ilIT U11i11fl,:ljrir ~IJL61D~UU~~~~$!i!D~ ~mUl55uuLL~ mirU61D,:lj5 1fe!P5 6l.IIJ6UlTlDlDITW6l.I1T6IT1T LJPI!'£IUU(bl~~5hiiITlD6lITrT.

il!ii~ IfUIW~~1Al LQr6IT~<:i.JIT&iJ e!P6l.IITuSlI)"LD 5L6116ITrT56'ir 51<:1)"55 ®!,£!5ITlfriJ561ft&u ®®UU,:ljIT5~ QlfirflwmllAl61D6U. ~IilITITIIlLD 5IT1fi1ll5~ UIlirUl~rirC:UIT&u FfITIT6l'1J"U! 5IT,:ljflil C:_6l.I61D$!iWITBi ~oooUC:I)"IT61DLLffilU! 6l.I®,$lfiisrlDQII'rr. il~ C:$!i6l.l61D$!i<:w <:ITITUlrflfiirr 5!Du61DlilITuSllAl I &l!QII'6Tu I ITfiirrlD Quwrflflil 6l.I6UUJ 6l.I(!551lDIT&ir. ilJf,~ IfUlW~~ I)"!,£! - UIIiirrUllfiAlQll'6UiL il6l.lrT5&ir ,$l<:1)"551)"~ il!,£!5ITlfriJ561ft&u ~Bi 1YI5ITmUlWIT6IIT (i'L~61D$!i 6l.I,$l551fiirrlD6IITrT. il~ <:UITrir<:lD, ~rflw 6Tu5Jf,$!i 4ITITmrr~~&U umL5BiUULIJL(!55~LD .ro5Jf,$!ig)l5~LD 51<:1)"555 BiL6116ITrTBie&ir 9(!56l.11TITQII' 61DL<:wITliIIflwfiIU"5~U! (i'61DL<:W Bl6U 9!DWl61DUl5&ir L&ir6ITQII'. LClrrITUlIT&BfIWU u61iarurru,.w 6lJQII'riJ561ft6irr, @i!DlUUITBi, U1lJ'riJ561ftrir Q$!iW6l.IUlITBi 61IlL<:wITliDflw6iu 5<!!)~uuffil5llDITrr. il5 5L61161ftliirrtB ~ ~5 ~YlJf,1fi U5!'£! QBiIT61iarL Qu6litrr,,"rT lfiriJBi&ir &l!(blBim6IT~ .. lDJf, .. 5ITffil561ft1Al

~6l.IlfiIT5611U! ~!DlUUlLuu(bl5llD"·

~rflwrrBi6'ir lfiriJBi&ir <:6l.I$!iriJ561D6ITU U61DL~$!i L5l1iirr4~lTm 4ITITmrrriJ5m6IT 1T(!:i~rr. il6l.lrT56ITITfIil ,$l.& 750 - 51.& 1150 5IT6U 5LL;;~fIil 1T(!:i$!iUuLLIfi1T55 BiL.!lJUuffilU! liiuBi!1f5 4ITIT6lIBT<:U1 L615 j£61iarL QlfirrfiirrUlUJ ITrir WI BiL.lDuuffil,$llD~· ®5 5Jf,$!i LPJIT"'~~1Al 6l.I(!5LO 1YI(!55fiirr L5llDla..j u!D!Dlw 5m,:ljLlJLD UI5ITurrlT$!i, ill)"ITUlITW6IIIT £i)!'£!BilTlfriJBi61ft1Al 1YI®51i11fl1iirr (liiu5Jf,~liIIflrir) <:lfilT!DlDLD u!D!Dlw 6l.I1T6UITWlLD 1YI1ir.5~U lSI. 1YI1T6IIITITBi il(!5UUlfilD~5 5IT1)"61IIITriJ5&ir ITIir ... QlIT5 il(!55~LD IT.u~ 41)"1TUJLa.L c:uiIn,.w. mlLWUIIT@iLD.

U11i11fl$!irT561ftfiirr U1Q11' ~mlf561ftrir Qru61ftUUITC:L

5L611~rT~~ um~1i.j ITmu~ U6U1J!6lJi,1fi L6litrrmUl. ~QII'ITt\!lu! 5~6U$!i~~~~ 5IT6UUI ~rflwrr5&ir lfimlrr55 l!PIJLWIT$!iruITWI $!iriJ5&ir lfilfi~ru~~lD~ 9;;~ruITIT,:lj Bl6UmITLlJUJ <:U1fiirr61DUluuffil;;~ uSI®~51lillTlDQII'IT. 4lfilfi61D1T ml~.mlrir ~ru$!iITITUlIT551W~ illfilD~ 9rT 1T(bl;;~5 5ITLLIT~U!. 16JJ,$!iQll'ITmlT I6ITW~ITITIT~5lw., ilrirQIilITIT® ITffil;;~5 5ITLffil. ~<:$!i IZUIT6U, IilDlfrurrBi61ftrir 5L6ll&ir ~&U6U" ,:fuITmlL5 BiL6116ITITIilIT BlrumQll'LlJUJ 5IT6U~ C:UIT551&u L®;;~ITIilITIT551mlLLQII'rT. il .. C:UITrir<:lD, ~~Bi~,,"Bi61ftm 5L6116ITrrBi<5UJ ~rflwrr 561ftm BiL6116ITrT 56lTITIilIT erfkurir, rurrLlJ, ilUlrrfiirr ~5l<:u..mi'5eU! 5IT6UU <:UIT55l&U iLLiI UIIT!Dl C:Ulrir61DUlWffil~Ifi~5,$lm!lJQll'ri".

QlfilTrirAlUlWITQII' 41i1T6IIIT5 51i1Dlfi56'ir QU(!5LiluITIIlLD 1T&U6UIT ~~5~IJL5<55~U! QUIT.,ruIT5 il®Jii!'£!®5,$lliirrlDlilIT. jl~~Al5W~ ~lfi1T1iirUl5 BililDlfi561D6lT U1&Bf11fi rulT6UITIDWlLIiir 9U~~ffil ~I)"ITW~" ~5 5IT6U 5L..L;;!'£!1Al ruITYlJiiIfi U15561ft1ir IUTYl5Al5QDW JiII'UI ~w Llfi6ll5lJD.,.

( ~ 51-. ~: 6lITlUlrpil ~~ ) (ill

il~~ B'lDWo$ 5Q1~o$Qr mil'lII @j!6lLuSlLuu(blUJ il~~~ ~luirUl6; 581~5Qr 9® @)!6luLSlu.. @)(ymllillTrI'l6ir o$Q1~o$filTIT5

LDL(bIUJ il®~~®B;5mlw6UIT~. L®QI QI~UIT(bl, il~'w

~'o$@jr,.561ftLlIil®~~ ~rfIw QI~UITL(bI (Yl61DlDo$~

QJ~~®o$.$l!D~. ilW!iJ61Do$uS1liisr QQl6IftuUITCbl5filTITIiIIT @JrflWIiIIT, B'~~ITIiisr, ~o$.$lAfl, LSllTu<9B'UJ, tIilIiisr61lT6U, LD61DYI, 5IT61D6U Cj6ITUJ "'ArUIiIIT L®QI(YlQrfiIT o$L~filTrT5filT1T5 L®uQu!iJlD61D1D o$ITIiIlU at.Jro$.$lr.U J6L~~p5l~.$llD~. il~ CurrIiisrC!lJ,~, ml". 561111TU~, 5IT6Ift ",IiisrCurr<!!)UJ ~rfIwo$ o$L~filTrr5filTrr5o$ 5IT6UU CUITo$.$lQj IDrr!iJlDuuLr,.<!!)o$.$lr;irr lD61ITrr• 1D5ITUITIT~~silQj 'o$filiirr61lllTAr' 5ITLLUuCblQl~!iJ@j (Ylrir<:u 'ml". QI~uITCbl' ~LSlITIT (Abhira) ilIillTo$@j<!ymlIillTITITQj <:LD!iJQ5ITQrfilTU uLCblliirfilT61D~ il~Ib@j';: B'rrrirlDIT5o$ o$ITLUIlITUJ. 5mrr61lilT61D1iIIT Ql61IIITri.r.$lw il ... o$@j@ml61lTrr ~QlITIT61D5U u@jsiluSlQj QlIT!p~~ 4~@)r,.5filTlTnrrt. .1Q!,rflwrT561ftrir 5L~ ~r.U6UIT~ 51®~1iir AIL il!t~w j6IT<:LITr,. il61lTo$@j@ml61lT1T~ 5LAjfilTIT5 il®j6~, .1Q!, W rr 5 61ft rir (Yl5 IT QIllO W IT 61IT 5 L ~ fiIT IT 5 B; 5 IT 6U U <: U IT 5 51 r.U LWrT~~UuLr,.®o$.$l!DITrr. il~IiIITITQj, ~ri.r561ft1iir 1D~ri.r5QDfiIT~ Q~rrQj@jr,.561ft1iir 5L~filTrT5~B;@j ~rfIwrr uwliiru(bI~~~

Q~ITLri.r5lIillTrr •

ilITITUlITWAII'~~Qj '.ru5~~Ar' ",,s511i1lfl 4.silITArrr5~~rrAr LJ61I)L,so$~o$51!DITAr.

ilsil&6l<!!)~~ .1Q!,~o$rr6U~~<:6U(JW '(Yl®5Ar' sillTITmlLrflliir 9® @j!6lULSlLL Q~WQlLDIT5il®~'®B;5 <:QI-CblUJ "'ArJlllUJ ~~@jr,.561f11iir 5LAjfilTrT561DfiIT~ ~rir561T~ ""'IT~IT5~o$.$lo$ Q.sITliirfiIT ~rflwrT "'~~ (!:pw~rr5 il~ £il<!!jo$561lITUJ "'ArJJllUJ ~rfI.$llD~ ~1T6IwQj ~UU61DLuSlQj urnt~ITr.U ~6U5B'ITmrrLrT ~Ar61ll61lT';: erflwli1IfIAr IDITLSlIillTIiirr "'ArJJll BiL!6lo$ Q5IT.L~1iisr 5rrIT61IIITIDIT5 il®o$561lITUJ.il~~,s @jfilTJJlIUr,.51iir ",r.U6UrrUJ .1Q!,lTrrw661wITfilTrT561ft1iirr 5.5~,s@j ~5UULITLDQj ~ULSlB;5, Ul6;5<:filTlT il~5W 5611l~8j61I)fiIT '~6liIl"Lli}lIiIIflliirr LD5l61IlID' WIT 5 '1lbJJll5 Ciil5rrliir..:u.. 61IlQlo$5Uur:..r,.®o$51!DITrT51iir•

silITITmlLB; 5LQjfilTITIiIIT 6Iru1iir ~ITIiirr61llwB; 5IT6U~~r.U 9® B'LDWU ld.B'ITrflWIT5 il<!!i~sil®o$56UITUJ "'ArU~ ~p5l@jrto$6Iftrir 5A11f}u4. ilQlrflliirr' H[~~ ~IT61iarLQlUJ' ld.B'ITrfl561ft1iir B'IDW';:

B'Lr!.r@j561f1Qj j6611lLQuWJ..O .1Q!,LLlDIT5 il®~sil®B;561l1TLiI; il~<:QI lD<!!)ml 'QQI!6lWITL(bI' «Yl®5 QI~UIT(bI) ",Iiir JJlI QUWrT Qu!iJ!6l®o$56UITUJ; ilu ld.1RDB'5~UJ B'Lri.r@j5~UJ LDWITIillTU U@)~uSIr.U j6L~~®o$56\)ITUJ.

.1Q!, rfI W rT 5 Iiir illT IT LD IT W 61IIIT ~ sil ill UJ LD 5 IT U IT IT ~ ~ sillll UJ

(YI6irr&llB;@jU UlAr (!PIT61IIITIT5 (Yl®5611l61lTU U61IlL~sil®o$51ArlDlillTrT. "",6irrlDrr5, m~~mD <:QI~QLllliirJlll LSlITITUl61IBrrT5filTlTr.U <:UIT!iJlDuu(blUJ LD 5 IT U II' IT ~ ~ sil Qj (Yl ® 5 rir (!p Iiir JJlI il Llir 5 61ft Qj QQJnrCQllDlml~LDrrAr QlIT6UIT!iJQllDB; Qo$IT6iarr,.®o$.$llDITIiisr. ~QJ'" ID5rrurrlT~~silr.U· 9ri' ilL~silQj ~o$51li11fluSlrir ID51i11TITo$ (YI($5Qrr UQlLo$5UULr,.<!!)o$51lDrrAr; illiirrClillTlTrr ilL;;silQj U,C5.ruQlITIi1IfIAr LDo$ArIT5U C:UB'uu(bl51lDIT Iiir; QlITQjIl.$l

IlQl9llB;@jr.D .1Q!,rfIWrT5~o$@jr.D LliirfiIT Q~rrLri'LSlrir

41Tr.Du(!:PUJ QlfilTrT';:Il111r.D 6fu5~~ QI~UITLr,.Ar QlIT6Il1T!iJ!6lr.U illir!6lW61IlIDWIT~AlQl "'liirru~lT~ IlQlQlArU u!iJp5lw II6\) QllTallT JJlI56lDfiIT ilri.r@) ",(bl.~B; 5ITLCblQl~r.D illirp5lW61Il1DWIT ~~rr@jUJ.

~rflwrT51iir il~t£1wrr61DQI UI(bI~ airrw· .$l.f.Yl. 4000 - 5l.(!:p. 1000 ~5 il®o$56UITUJ mil'lJ)I BiLlJ)IUJC6TUooolillTrT

( ~ 5L~ ~: QJJur.,. .. ~ ) @) (R.C. Zochner, 1987) mirlD .IIJ6l<9If, 4rf1wlf5,", 151i15,", £il<!s5e ~ jl~ ~u uJiJJ6l5 8io..pjlCUfIL .

"jlQllf5Qr 5lD1u4 Jf.llD(YI.LWQlIf5i1Trr5~~ .116UIiIQ5rraIlJlrrQll" (!p55mUlu4 L.LW611lf5i1Trr5~U1 .II .fI1iI5U1rr QII" Cl5rrJDlD(YImLW6lJrr 5i1Trr 5~til il66lJiJ5•ml5 ~56lTIT~ £il<5551!DIfIT5,","

. •• 111 @)~rr5 1T~~1iIDIT551!D1frr.

. ~Jii~, ilmllit5 ~urrL.lp.JD@)rfIw .fI1IlNir, ~Iflw~'

~ (YI'ir "'~mQll"<:Wrr ~uSQ-til ~1iIisr(bl561Trr5 il~ ~ ~Ip..u £ilLtil QjJDJD!~551!Dlfli" mirl!ll ~rfI5llD~' ~ Auiir ~rfW5 5L6ljiITIl'5 ~~ 5ITW ~55l6U IliLJiiC:I5JD!w~. il~JD@)~ 6'rrAI'IDrr56, 8iC611~rrQllrulirr LUJf.lL~ ~ ~ cfI6llp.il 9'irD.ll mirlD 5~~~ jl m L!6l m d: W 5 rr 6IIIIl' UU (bl51 !D ~ '" QII" ~. C ru till uUl,", m 61T (1985 :63) @)JD!~mI55 5rrL.L6UIT1il.

c:uirmt!6l6U .1OI55l6aflmw~ ~~6lJATrr551l!Pu~~ (Yl6irl!ll Cl5rurr5~5@)til @)l'fiImlT (YIl5&61w LQ~51it5m61T5 Q5rrQ,6UCru Crumm! IliL~~QII"rr. .fIru ru~urr(bl Q15rrL55til QUl!llruI5JD® (YI.4 .115 5rr6U.~Q, IliLJiiI5 6'U1W U1rrJD~1it5~ "'Jii Jf.lAl6UU5l&6l~JiiI5Q11" ",Iiir WI .1OIpSlru~ l!P5rrmUlwrr®U1. ilrururrl!ll CQlQrmt Q6'wCl5rrrr I5rrtil mt~tilUlw Q6'.urutil, 4~~ITU (Jul!ll, ~IiIisrL Qlrry,~, 6'.~~ Qru!bJD! l!P15m1wQlJDmlD (I rulilisrlp.fiIITrr. 4rf1w ru~urr(bl5m ~ •• aflliir (JUlliirAlUlUl:6U ":~Qlrr~fiIIT: .rr6Uu Curr551.u 4rf1w. QI~urrL.(bl (YIAllD!6lQl .1OI5511i11f15®u u&6luSl(bltilQurr~ L~.~1J'.5etil 9~ 9~5®U LllD~~6iJ UI61.smlL.(blu ~Al6' Q8'w15Q11"i mir51lDrrtT ~. Crul)luUlfirAl61T

(1985).

m8'6lJUJ U1®mtW 'il;j;~' (m6lJ~5) 8'U1Wtil 5l.(YI. 8-~u,

. 51T!DlDrr61iar(bl5 5rr6U 5L.L~~6iJ Ql5rrLIit51!6l~56UrrUlrr mirlD ll&irml $Wnwrr~ 5'l(y1. 6-~lD, 7-~til iJTJbIrJr~ ilJii~w~ ~6lD6IIIIl'5 5Ii1isrL~~16u U1L.(blUl6U6U L6U51&ir U6U U®~561fttlllU, U1Af1~ .fI;j;~6lDfiIIT!6lQ, 8'U1wtil (YI5rrAlUlWrrfiIIT jlL~~u QuJDWI,",61T~ •

~IiIisrL 5rr6UUlrr5 ~rfIwrr561ftQrr ruy!urr(bl5m .1OIrurr561T~ (I~ru GilUlITWlWIT51IT 8'U16iu51®~~~(l6l)(lw IliL~~UUL.LfiIIT. 8'1T~rrIT6lIIT U1,$5~5®~ Gil~rflWIT~ QUlIT~!6l6U~rfIwrr5m U1Ji;~1it56lD61T ~ Q8'rr6U&6l~ IIrru56lD61TU Jd, C6U1T ~ C:~ruri' 56lT1T 511 UIIT5L51ITUu(bl~~5 Gil51T_LfillTtT. @ru6lJlTl!lI 1l1it56lT~ 8'U1W 4~55~6lD1i CUltilu(bl~~w 4rflwrr5~5®6 6'U161111l', 4~15 8'U1WIit561ft&ir Ql6lTtT6.f15,", "'~tT~ 1I1T5®1I6U5AliIT~ II~OI6iITrurr5 .1OI"IUI;j;~556IJ1TU,.

@;j;~wrrmt6U UI51T~lTrr 5'I.(yl. 6- ~til liJTJDJDIT-"'.u 6'lJI6IIlIr 6'U1W~mll~ (l1I1T!Dl!lImt~1I 51T6U~~.u Q5iITIIUI 4~lIrflliir QU6lT~~(YIU, ~Al6IJQW(bl55~ QIIITLIit51w~. .101(111 5rr6U 5L.L~,il6U, 5l(lIT55 !Jj1TL.1p.6U 8'1T5511TL.Ia8itil ,f'QlTlTml.u QarrliirJd,&8itil (llIrrliirJD!fillTtT.

,. '" ru .101 JDl (9 tT .1OI6lIl QII" ru ~ til 8' UI W U, sr 1iir!D Q uw rfl6iJ 8'U1wrurr~56ir Q8'W III til (lLDIT8'1p.56l1l6lt U155e5@) "'~IIQl11f~. jl~lTmt6U Gilum~ 8'UI6IIIIl'(YID ~~ f5'i1'mUl6lllw ~~til (YIQIIJDIOl6U OIiITtTJiil5fi11T. 6'UI6IIIIl'~1I1J.jIiJ Q.Jm~~ II<YmlW I.JI55AIiIT5 5011f .1015 51T6U 5LL~6U 5L~6Ift1iir UAlL1I4 9ArWl ilQrrJDlW6lIlUlWITI5~1T5 jl~;j;~~556l)1TU,; .1OIlilTru .. , .. urrlJllT U155Al6lT5 5ruIT LQ5~U,

@) (~ur~)

Jlj,rflWrT56lr ~Ul~ Cru6lrA51561flAr<:UIT~ LuSlrTuu661 Q51T(bld;~6lII'rT. i16iJrulT lI)J LuSlITuu661QB'WIllJ61Jl~ 6T'ITd;~ Ul51T6l!'IJ<!!)W 4d;~<!!)w ' ~ffilw61JlB" udJ!6l Ul55e5@U CUIT'd;~6lIT1T. il~6lITITiU, 5Ull6lTIT5@U ' UrflBi56lr' Q51T(bld;~ AJITYl561Jl5uSliU CUlAr61JlUl ~6lIJLW6\lITW 6TArjD Jlj,rflw f&d;~ru~'dJ@w ~ffilw61JlB' Q!!i!6l61JlW5 561JlLUtSllp.d;~d; ~w QlITy!56l1l5 !!iLi;,®6lIT1T6U LWru61JlLW6\lITW 6TArjD B'Ulfilm", QU6lT~~ CUIT~61Jl6llT5e5@W il61JlLuSliU B'UlW 6T@,;:61551T6lII' ~~~ruu 41JL61 JljLJi;~6lr6lT61JlUl61JlW ~!6lW6\lITW. ild;~61Jl5W ~i;~ruu LJJL..61uOO®Ji;~ UlTUlIJ U15561Jl6lTd; ~B' ,®<!!)Uu Jlj,IflWIT5e5@U , 41J1Tfilm"rT.J56lr' C~61JlruUULL6lIT.

.1T6\) .LLd;~6U ilJi,'wlT (YI<!I"w UIJA5I5· 5lLJi,~ .LAj6lT1T6lII' 61ru0ll5@ Ul56l11'1T5 ' &iu5Ji,~Ar '5ITLLUU(bl51jDlTlT. Jlj,rflw ~d; .. ruriJ561fl6U JIj,. 5Lftj6lTCIJ (YI~Ar61JlUlWIT5 ilLW QUlI)J51ArjD6lIT1T. il~Ar Qru6lflUUITCL, , &iu5Ji,~OII' 5@~ ~ITW {iliU61Jl6\l 6TArll)J CUldJUlp.U 41JIT&lIIIT~~6U 5ITLLUQUlI)Jru"UlIT@W. Ql)B'ru B'UlW !!iWtSl56l1l5W1T6lII' (CWIT&afl,) il615lriJ5 ruWlUITLlp.dJ@w UJQrfl~ {il6lll'UQU<!!)55 (!p61IljD.$@w 6T~UI61JljDWIT6lIT~ , &iu5Ji;~Ar' L<!!)ftIIT55W 6TArLJ61J)f& iftJ@ 5<!!)~,®6U Qa;1T6lr6lT Cru6llirr(bltD.

CUl Ar61Jl UlWIT6lII' 5L6116lTrT561Jl6lT LAarLIT5@ru .. @Ar!6lW61JlUlWIT~~1T5 {il®Ji;'®<!!)556\lITW. ~5 5LAj6lr Jlj,rflw 61Jl;~61Jl6lll'uSliU C~ITAr!6lw ' &iu5Ji;~Ar' miTlI)Jw 95 ~eDll@(YI61Jl!DuSl6U Q51T6lr6lT6IlITW.

Jlj,rflw Cru~riJ561fl6U 6Td;~QI)6lII'CwlT Q~ITArUl5 561Jl~56lr (YIAr@ll5@U tSlAr (YIIJIRIIIT1T5 il<!!)uu .. CUlTiU L6'U5I6U(YI,:!i6U LJ61J)LlI4 WlTrt 6TArU"W C56lrm15 @!6l1Lll'5 ®®551!D". L6\l5lAr (YI~6U U61JlLU4 ' WUlAr (@,rflwAflAr Ul5Ar)' 6TArll)J 616U ilLriJ561fl8!lw Crull)J 616U {ilLriJa6Ifl6U (~fDlTru .. , 51T6UW 5LJi,~ UlTL6U561flfiiJ) , UlOll' miTJDlw @!6lLaSlLUu(bl51Ar!D~.

CUltl!lW, ~5 51T6\l 5LL~,®iU ' B'Ul&iu5l®~W' 5Lftj6lr QUlITWlWIT5 il®Ji;~~dJ@ 6T,®rfl61JlLWIT5 B'Ulfilm"IT56lr Ul5561flAr QWITWlwlT5Iw tSllJlT51<!!)~j,'tl!lw, QU6lT~~rt56lr ~rT.J56lr ulT661 QUlIT~uSltl!lw ~j, .. ru5 5®~~561Jl6lTU UlJutSl6llTrT. il~6ITIT6U, "'Ulfilm", QU6lTj,~ B'UlWriJ561flAr ru6lTrT,;:61 Ul5561fl61JlLCW Wl5

Cru5Ul1T5U ulJ6l5lw ...

Cru~rT.J561fl6U Jlj,Rirr 5Lftj6lTrT5e5@5 Q51T(bl55UU(blW (YI~Ar61JlUl QulilRrr Q~wruriJ5e5@5 Q51T(bl55uuLA5I6U61Jl6U. 1JIIT!lJlT5j" ,:£lIJITA5ILrflL~6U Jlj,1ilRrr5e5@';: B'UlUlIT6lII' rulTy!561Jl5 (YI61Jl!D Qu1ilRrr5e5@ il<!!)Ji,,:£l<!!)551!D~. Q~lTru@1p.561fl61JlLCW "'5,® ru~UIT(bl (6TOIIw ~WUlAr I ~ITW~ Q~wru ruWlUIT(bl) il<!!)Ji,~61JlUl5@ 6J1J1T6lTUlIT6lII' JIj,~lTlJriJ56lr LRirr(bl. ilAr lI)Jw rurT.J51T6lT ~,:£l6U Jf,l6\lftjW ' 51T6Ifl ~UIT(blW' CJljUIT6lT ~,®Ar ' @Ulrfl QI~UIT(blw' ilJi,,:£lwd; Q~IT6U@)1p.56lT~ ru~UITLIp.Ar WI';:B' QB'IT ';:B'riJ56lT1T@tD.

ilC~ 51T6U 5LLd;,:£liU U6U 41J1Tfilm"rT.J56lr 6T@~UULL6lIT.

Ul5561Jl6lTd; ~w ruww 61Jlru~"5 Q51T6lr6lT 6TJi;~ ~6lTA5IdJ@ 5Lftj6lTAlIJ CUl8r61JlUlUU(blj" 6T@~6UITW 6T8rU,:!idJ51T6lIT Qru6lflUuITCL ' &iu5Ji,~ 41J1T61AITW'. ilu 41JIf&llllTj,,6i>, Jlj,lflwlflAr (!JI5ITAlUlWII'6lII' o$Lftj6lT1T6lII' ~ 'L~'~Ar.61Jl!IJW

Jlj,rflW5 5RirrCfilm"ITLL.,6i> ' &iu5Ji;~6lIftAr CYI6UUJ'

6T8r6llTQruAr lI)J ,®LUlJLLUlIT55 8D..jDA5IW6\lIT~ @6lTlI)JUIp. il<!!)551!D". UllTjDIT5.. Q~ArAflJi,~wlT6l5l6i> @<!!)50115@)

( ~ .._... ~ : 6lITiUlrpjl ~~ ) @)

~~ f£l(!5.~UIII'Ar~IT(!5 .~(b\UIJ _'uiJ4 uiar(bl; tilrufiirr ilQHl1'II ~Ji.QII~WITI!UlIUl Q5IT!DIDAlru ilruAr~ ~ITWIT5QlUl Qllru.f61 ru&llll''''5UU(bl~8J Q~IiU8f1Ji,~W. IilITITmlL UllTlSlJilC5 LJflw~IT~UI.

41f1wri 5&ir filJi,f£lwITmliiU UI(bI~mlW CUlT II ~ITCLIT"~ ~5&ir C~IT~~IiIII1T. ~~ C~ Ul1T1D1T5, tildiIlQruilfl151T51f15~~fiirr6T~B'ri.J5fil1'IT5 mlfill'ri.J~UI L.j6m~Qurr(!5&ir5Q11fil1' Al~IIU urrri".~ITiiU, ~C~ 5IT6\) o$L.L.~ Llil5QlUl ~IT51f15LOAlLdi~ B'(YI~ITW(!pUI filJi,~wITmliiU QlITYi~551IDII 6T6irrull 46U6IITIT~UI.

J6II'CLIT~ B'~rrw &lITYI5Al5uSkiir ISlIiirrQIT&aaI\Dl6U ~6IlLO!L~ 41f1W5 ~<!J55Ar Cru&irml561ft1iirr rurruSl6UIT5 ~1TB'rr5~5~UI ru B' f£l Llil5 5 ru ri" 5 ~ 5 ~ UI (!p Iiirr c: 6IIT !D ID LO IT 6IIT ruIT YI Ql 51AlL.~~!D~~ ~ril5Alfill'5 5LQlfill'ri"561ft1iirr f6ITllrulTIT56i ~ITLOIT5Cru lSI IT o$LQlTuu(bI~f£l5Q51T"(bI ~~liirrrulTuSl6U1T 5 fil~ml6U <:tD&irrmLD ~riI5Iw B'IT~1JII'5~ ~ri.J5Alfil1' LOITJilJ6l5 Q5ITfiliarL6IITrT .

(~urr~)

t "~il-~

2. ~Ml 4~1T&J il-~

3. LDriICBoIT6UlfuSl{bl j)Ar~<!JmlQITri"

4. ~. ~55LMl j)Ar~(Ydlarrr

B'Ul6fu51(!5~~~8J .ruo$ di~ 4ITITMrUl aTcY~UULL

5IT8).~IiirrCUIT II ilJi,f£lwITmlliirr U6U U~ti1561f18J 6J'!DUL.L UlrJbJnffiJ56Il61T 6fu5~ 6lIT6UIf!D~ ~~Iiirr j)m6llllT.iJU urrrr55 C:6'lJ6IIir(b\.iL (51.& 4-4UJ, 5-4U1 J51TJiJpJr-(bI) 'LOIT~IT' ru!PlUIT(bIUI filLUI QUID~ Q~ITLril5IuSI(!55511D1l 6Tliirr5l1D1Tri" Llil~QB'.u (A.G. Mitchell. 1998). uITIT~ LOIT~ITruIT5U Qu" Q~WQJUI Quwri" QUIDID 5IT6U 5LLUI illlQruiin€IIDrrrT Llil~QB'Ml. QJL fildi~lTml8J @LiIUIrr~IT ~urrL,,-1iirr AliIIlf~tiICw fil6irAl!J)W 51T6U o$LL~.u B'Ji,C~IT6l#l UIII'~IT ruIPlUITL"-8J QQJQflUu(bl5lIDIi. 4QITITtIIlUl 4IT1T6IIIIT 51T6U5 o$LQlfill'ri"5~ 4. 5LQl61TrT5C61T (YI51T'lIlLO Qu~!J)6IITrr. 6fu5Ji,~AfI&irr ISIJDU4 uJb!Dlw 561l~5&ir U8l. ~ruJbJ!ll'ir, ~Q",8J (1998) mlQJlf\5~UI 5QI)~ ISI&irr6lJ(!5U111'JIII

~ITUuri' IliL.JbJIIIUu,,", ildi~wITml.u &Yi55IT_UI U6U Qulflw jlar~@mlArri" il<!sJi.f£l(!5556\lITUI 6Tliirrll)l 5(!5~Uu(bl5lID~

"tiIru8lUl ulTrrruf£lIllUl Q~ITLri"Ji.1I 5IT!jjMl ml"filI'WITL.,,-Ml ,,(bluL"-(!5UUQII~U UITri"~~ C:~ruri"5~UI UlID 5LQl&ir5~UI L8)5.~1iirr U6U <:~Qllru5A1fIT (!p.61IfIl..(bI il5 o$lT~Ml dliIImWITl..AlL ~~eJUIII'JIII IliL.pSlArlJll'UI. ~W tilruliirr !jj1T1iirr ~. aT6m6UAlW ~JIII.'IiII'ITMl ~liirr6ll6mLW mldiAl~ Qulflc:WJbJ6kurr5 (JQJ61iIr(blUl 6TliirrJIII GtlB'IT.ATITIJII'UI. C~rurro$~ 5LAlfITrr5~UI tilruAflIiirr mlJi.Al!liu IdILliluSlMl CUITL~ QB'IUirr 6lIT IT rr 5 fIT ITUI. .tjAlQJIT JIll til ruliirr Qru 61ft uSI L. L o§lJi, Al ~ .5l6ufI !liliirrpr aT~1I5 Qw_LITITITUI. ~551Af1 Ulliirr6llTrr ~IT. ~6iJruIT JIll QB'W~~Jb5IT5 ru(!5Ji.' tilru61lfl1iirr mldili1ll~ 'fJbJDI5Q5IT.ireUllTlI)I 51i1Q115A1W5 C5l..LITI1ITUI. 51i1Al51llUl

41f1wrr5Ar filJi.,wlTml!iJ@) rudill @lft.Cwp5lwCUITIl, .llrurro$~5~ (!pliirrUIT5Cn1 ilJi.~lTml6ir U6\l U@)~61ftWJUI U6\l ruAlo$WITQIT fil6llTB;@)(ymlArrr ul1Ji,1l nJlTYidili rudi~6lITri"· .-,lfIwrr5&ir rudi~CLJrIl fildi~IT (!P(yruliUl UlJJi.1l QJTYidi~di!li '11 IT ml L 5 @),,-5&ir CUlT 6U filliirr 6IlUl U 6U fil6IIT ,$@)<!J mi6IIT ~ UI il<!s~5 ru)'6UIT!D!J)ITW&lITmrr ClrrrUil6Urr ~ (Romlla Taper.

1968) ~p5lUUl(blQJ6m~ ilril~ 9114 <:J6II'556Ul!'u!'

( ~ 5L6lj6ir (YI($5Ar : 6lJT61I ... pjJ N;~ ) @ LSlliirr6llTrT ~6lIT ~ u"'lJ.m~. ~ ... 1iJ5"'1Da, ~uj;~u u"'lJi;m~

&TlD@)lD ... au LSlIJUlID mru6; (J5LL"'IJ"'UI. ~~lD@)U LSlIJUlID ... ~ru

6l5IJiim~6; Q5 (bl(JU ... W ru6IT®UI @Jrflw IDm6llL4B:o!fluSl6U

Q5 ... L(blID"'au 5liJm5uSlLUI 8iL!6lm"'IJ"'UI. ui;~ ... uSllJtD ~.(bl5<!!!i6;@)U LSlIiirr ~ru 6l5IJt~ '&fu5Jii~Iiirr' ft'1iirr1D @)Y!Jiim~W"'5U LSlID~~ n ih,"

4 1Ir ... a, , il(J~ 5A1~uSla, (YIArIl6;@)U LSI_ (YIIJ&lIaT ... 5 ilOllJ., QUWrT '@)IDIJIiirr' 6TliirrauUl ®ru1J~ 1DA16lIT6l5IuSlliirr QJwrr '@)UllTrfI' ~a,6U~ '(J~rua"'m.' 6TArlillUi @)!6luLSlLUu(bl5l1D~ alDtIlJliI ~1J ... w~!iJ@rfIw.

1liu5Jii~1iirr a~"'lDIDUI ulD!6lw CilliirQ6lIT ... (S 5A1~uSl6U, &ir~lIII 8iLIDUu(bl51ID~ :

9 oOoLSl6U ... 5!iJ!6l (Wendy Donigar 0 Flaherty. 1985) 6iua;Jii~61IfI1iirr (YI6IltD U!iJ!6l5 8iLwnDaUll"~, ~l4U1 ~!i;~5 6T1iirr1D a~6l.IrT561f11iirr IDtimm6l5lwrT5<!!!i6;@)U LSlIDJii~~"'5 ~6;51611f1mw6; @)!6lULSI(bl5lID ... rr. ~~ (J!6IJi;~6U, ~51611f1uSlliirr (@Jrflw61lfl1iirr) @Y!Jiim~ , 6iu5!il::!)1iirr' 6Tliirau @)!6luu~ @Jrflw@lJL1iirr Q~"'LrT4mLW CilwlDm5uSlliirr ~au 5 ... 6Ilr!.J5 m6ITL4tD Qru61fluu(bli;~ru~ rr @)tD 6T1iirr51!D n rr ilrurr.

Qru(JIJ ... 1iIIfI6;5 ... mtimliirr6iu (Veronica Ions. 1975) &fu5Jii,,61IfI1iirr LSlIDU4 @)!6li;~u LSlIiirr ru®ID"'l!lI 6T(bli;~mIJ6;51!1J11"rr

"5"'rTji;~(J5wliirr ~6U6U~ 6iu5Jt~1iirr 6TArUrurT (Ju ... rTi; Q~WrulD"'5U umL6;5uuLIjJ.®6;51ID n rr. ~6;5161lfl, CilJt!£lIJIiirr au rr Ar(JID ... rT Qu!iJID ilLi;m~ il6; 5 n rr!i;!£la5wliirr LSlIjJ.6;.$IID ... rT. .tI~ ... ru~, 5L~6ITrr561f11iirr U ... ~5ITru6UIJ ... 5 &fu5Jii~Ar umL6;5uu(bl5lIDlTrT• 5L~61fI1iirr 5L6lj6IT1T5 aru~ 5"'61Ii;~&6I(SJii~ ilJii~IJIiIIfIAr £ilLi;AI~ 6iu5Jii~1iirr Quau51IDlTrT. ~ru~ (JUlTrfl~

QrulDJ6I6;Q51T1jJ. uID6;5 6l5I(blrum::!)(Jw 6l5I(S1D451IDiT"':

QU_5I1flArt8 ~ ~rTruUl 5",LLIT~6l.I1J"'5 Cilru ...

UA>L6;5Uu.:.IjJ.(S6;51PJ1T1T. il6lJm1J ruL ilJii~w ... 6l5Ia, LSlIJIDB:", ... rfl5 5L~6IT"'5(Jru ruli1lllTr!.J@)51GirID6lITrT. ilrurflAr (J5 ... 6l5Ia,5<!!!i6;@u Quriar.,.rr Q..,.um8iL.L"'l6I."

"(YIArQor ... ® 51T61Ii;~a, ~51J1f561T"'a, ~"'6;5uuL(bl (ilIiir.lIIlDIDa:urr~ o!flru6ilr ~ru6lwrrlu il<!!;Jii~"'IJITtD. ilJii'IJ01IUJ fI6lIT~ J61TLmL 6l5IL(bl6; 5 ... .:..,_a, ~6UJii§l Qa;"'~Jii~rrlJrrUJ. .jfUau ... ~ 5 ... LIjJ.a, w ... alJrr 9(s Qu.&IIIflAr ~t!J@)IJa, (J5L(bl 4ui;.,6;@ L~6illL';: Q"'ArlDaUll"~ 6T5o!flAr 6TArID ~1J6;56l1T1Ta, 9(s Qua ~Ar4l111.~uu(blruQD~6; 5a® ~6IJm6IT6; 5mjUll"WJ616llT",Ar. ~ ~ Qua- ~Ar QUWrT a~rua"'m6llT 6TArlillUi ~.6;@ 9® j66U6U eSMrruAr 5lmL6;5 L!liml Q",ww 1Iu8r(blUl mirauUi ilJi;~IiIIfILUI a~rr&ir. '(J~rua"'6ID.' 6TArID Quw(SmLw ~u Qu •• @6; 5&l1aTru6llT1T5 ~mlDw aru.ljJ.wruAr umL u6Ui;,a, ~IDmIDL4&ir6ITru6llTrr5i;~ITAr il®6;5 a6lJ.(blUi 6TArl!ll Jtlm6llT!f;~ ilJi;~IJAr L5lIJUllDrrmlLUI Q"'Arl!ll LllIiml (J5LLrrliirr. ~6ID~5 a5LL LSlIJUllDrr "'lDauB: o!flJii'fi;~, ilu Qualilllflliirr 5611Tru6llT ... 5 rulJ6;8iLljJ.wruAr .tI51fillillflL4tD 5liJm5L4UJ a"'rTJii~ L®ruIT5BiUUL5 8iLIjJ.Wru6llT1T5,t~ITAr {il(S55 a:6lJ61irr(bIUI 6TAr au (YI1jJ.~ 5LljJ.lillTrrrr. &ir6llTrT, LSlIJUlIDIT 'T@ rfl~561f1LUI Q"'Ar1lJl wrr5U1 Q"'Wl4lDlTau (l5L5, ~rurulTau rfl~5&ir ru6ITrT!f;~ WlreSi; ~uSl661(SJii~ ruJii~ ~5lIiIIfI LL6lIT1plIJIT5 ~ Ul6lD6lTmwrt8~ mlDWtlUlDIDrrGir. 9@6;5,t'iU alDUiuLL rfI~IIflIiirrID6lD.6l5IwrT ~551611f1uSlLtD ~1it5m6IT Cil!p6;5 IDJDl!f;61m1L, ~5511i11f1 5rrL(bl6;@B:

Q",fir JDl6l5lLLITliir. rfI~eSlIflfir IDAlmAf!WrTalDa, Q5rr_L

( . ~ 5LQjIir (,IJI(¥>6isr : 6UJallTJDJU! N;~ ) @ .,Ulw6616isr ~lTu,;;~6il L(!!j518; COI51T6.n,.(!!jJI,~ ~8;51Afl61llW QuQJITtMJ) IT milT lD ~ 8;"~ IT (YI6IIfl nJlflliirr COIu. 51T ~ §!J!D lDlT 6Tr • ~ATrr6il ~8;516llflCwrr fiiu6l.l1T~rr61llQJ iJCOIlD(bl~~UJ UlTrr8;5ml6il61ll6U. il~6isr 51T1T6lIDT~6m~~ ~AT~ ~!ii61ll~~alUJ ~J61Ji;~ COI5rr6lirrL 1liu6l.l1T~1T unr WlCQJL~~6il rfl~561fl6isr IJI6I)ATml561Trrw ~516llfl6mW ~61IlL!ii~IT6Trj ~6iJnJITWI 9ruQ6l.I1T(!!j (Yl6mlD ~8;51Afl61llW ~6mLI4UJCUIT~UJ 9ruQQJIT® rfl~uSl6isr Ul61DAfml . <:QJL~~6il COI8'liirrlDrr6Tr. @ru6l.l1T J))J, ~!JlI (YI6mlD 6l.I!ii~ ~WI ml!ii~iD6m6IT ~8;516llfluSlLlDl(!!j!ii~ COIu!DWl8; COIiDrr.(bl ~ru ~WI mlJi;~8; @mlW6iliD61Il6ITI4UJ Urr~iDlT~~8; iDr!.J61IliDuSl6il mlLLrr6Tr. mlJi;~8; @mlw6iliD6Tr ~WI(YIiDl!P61IlLW @!:J!JI,61Il~WIT5 L(!!jQQJ(bl~~~. iSIrir, ~8; @!:J!!ii61ll~ 6l.I6lTrr!ii~ <:~6l.I<:8'mIT6lIl6l.l UI6lIDTJi;~ COIiDlT.L~."

. il6isrQATrr® 5611l~uSlrirUl,., "~rrlTiD61Ilm ~W18;5 IlQJ6IIflrir UlffifillT1T58; iDrrrr~~CiDwrir ~6l.I~rrITUJ fT(bl8;51lDrrrr. iSIlTLiJUJrrmlLUJ Qu!DlD QJIT~~6isruLp. ~lTlTiDrir L6lliD~6m~ ~LLp.U U6mL8;51lDlTrir. iSIlTUJUlrrml6isr QJIT~~riruLp. ~rrlTiD61Il1illl"';: 1l6l.l6llflrir UliDrir ~mllT wrr(!!jUJ ~Wl8;5 (YILp.WIT@. ~!ii~8; 51T6U iDLL~~6il IlQJ@lJ8;@8; @YlJI,6m~56Tr il6il61ll6U. ~C~ Cj;IT~~6il ~6l.Irr Ul61IlmmlWITm 8'8;~ ~QJfilfI6isr ~iDUUrir ~8;,,1iirr COI8'w~ CQJ6Trml~ ~uSl6U @~~~ ~Wl!ii~ CUIT51lDlT6Tr. 1l6l.l@1l8;@ @rirCOlmlT(!!j (YI61IllD ~(!!jUl61RlTUJ COl 8' ww m1im" 6lIDTt616il61ll6U. ~rrlT iDrir sr rir lD ~8i1T rir (YI@ QJ66161llUlI4LAr ~61IlfillT~~6U5 urr~IT6lT~61Il~I4UJ ~LLp.U U61DL.~~~ C~QJ L6UiD~61Il~I4UJ QJ61Il~8;51lDITAr; @!ii~1T1iirr ~Ar ~Yl51w COIQJ6Tr61ll6IT8; @~61Il1T61IlW8; QiDrr(bl8;51lDlT6Drj 5rrUJ<:~I1J'IlQJI4UJ ~rr1T5Ar 5rutJI,COI~(bl8;51lDITArj @CUIT6Dr ~1iIII"~ ~u.5lITUJ 5L6il @~61IlITiD61Il6ITI4UJ Q5rr(b18;51lDlTliirrj 6l.Irrl46ljUJ

. .!DILp.mUlwrr5llDrrAr; ~rflWAr ~AI"OI ~L61IlL8; Q5rr(bl8;51 lDlTrr.

8'JI,~ITAr fTUaurr~tD l!P@UI~WIT5 il(!!j8;5~ ~1T1T56l1J"1TQj 4m~51!!JITAr • .sL6lj6ITrr56Tr ~5A1"IT6il iJ~ ~wrr ~1Tr!.J5ITUlQj 1l6l.lAflLUJ ®ArCOlAl"rr(!!j ~(!!jUlAll"UJ Q8'W~ Q51T6Tr~UlrrWl lm..Wl51ArlDAI"rt. <:~6l.Irt5~UJ (YIAflQJrt5~UJ IlQJAflAr UlAlAI".mIWITAT 8'8;~ ilUlrr6UW~~Ar UliD6Tr ulTrTQJ~Wrr5U iSIlD8;iD <:6l.I6lirr(b1UJ fTAr WI a6l.l61irr(b151rirlDAI"rT. ~urr6Dr<:lD, umi"~ UlWl iSI~~ I...I(!!j'W GiU6rirr61RlTlT5lB= IlQJArLE ~ ~61Il8'uu@51lDlT6Tr. 4A1"ITQj, IlQJaiITlf ~ru61ll6lT iJQlD(bl,i~UJ UrrrT8;iD6lSI6il61ll6ll. ®~ATIT6il, ilJi;~ITAr 51T~6il 5L6ljEir 5ITUlblD6lIJ" L~ml8;@8; lm..uiSlL8; iDlTUltlllUJ 61Il8i6UrrwUJ Q8'Ar WI aWIT51T8'fiIIT,i,$l661(!!j8;@tD IlruAflLtD COIe6il51lDITAr. UlArUlj:b8; iD61Il61RlT14LAr @rirlD 5ITUlAIIAl"8; a5ITu,i~6il ~6Dr Q$!DJ6I8; iD6lirr61RlTrrru fT~~ rol{bl5lJDITrT. ~JiJ@;u Lll!D@, !t6lirrL 5rr6U,i~!D@u iSIAr urrrTru~61Ilw,;: Ilrusir U161R1T8;51lDrrrT. ®(!!juiSltlllw, Q$(blr!.J51T6UUllTiD ~rurtiD~8;@8; @!:J!Ji;61Il~ iSIlD8;5.iil6ilm6U. ilJi;~ITAflAr CruA1r(b1C51T6IflArULp. 61IliD6UITWtD . Q8'ArlD ~8;51Afl ~uaUIT~~rrAr UlAliIT6lSIu.5lLtDl(!!jJi;~ iSIrflJi;~ IlruAflLt61(!!jJI,§J Qru6lflawJ6Iw ml$AI~ fT(bl,i~8;QiDlT.(bl a~wttiD&rflLtD COI8'.u5lJDlTAr. J)f6iJnJlTmJ Q.,,6ileuUlCurOI 6lSI$~ urrlT,im~,i ~1Tr!.J5ruJW6UIT~ ~8;51Afl ~61Il~8; 5r!.J61Il5tOl6il ml@&1!Drr6lir. ®~6ITIT6il, tDl@;~ 9"flu.ILAr 5ri1611l55 8i61ll1Tu.5l6iJ 9(!!j @YlJI,6ID~ Lll!D8;51!D§J; ~8; @YI$61Il~8;@8; 5rrrT,i~aiDWAr mirWl QuwrflLUu(bl.$l.I!l~. ~a~ <:JDlJtD, ~ru ®L,i~!D@ ~W ®1T1T8l@Ullfrfle;6ir ~fTITL QI(!!j51Ar!IJATrT. 9ruQrurr(!!jru(!!jUJ ~8; eYl$AI~8;@,i ~r!.JiD6Tr l!P6lD6UU UIT61Il6U8; Q51T(bl8;51ArlDATrt. eYI~ 5ITrT~wrir ~Ar ~6il ~lTI)"iDRIQIT ~OI~ Q~rut5filftAr §Jwrr !t8;@.$lJDIT.ir."

Qu5 $ ~ Qlfhir (!p6U,im ~ ~J6l rueJ L6l56ljtD iD Lp."ArUlITAT ~lDI aUlJDur. QQJjI)JULL iD"'~Ji;~ ~5l!D~ .

( ~ 51.... ~: QlTIlIITIJIIh"~ ) @ ~!!5Iwu_ 0$61Il~o$eB;@u, jith\P~fiiJ ¥@IiI ~AT C:jiITJD!DB; o$Al~B;@U, 6lJliirafl - (!p<!!)o$AT til<!!)U1--~~JD@)U, "'~61Il6ilTaWIT a6lJIlJIUIT(bla;6lr L6lriTf6ilT.

,~), '~LIr~)

~. ilac)W. ~QQ).t,8-f16iaJL(!!)lb §Jib ..

Qoa.j,~elIlb

<: 6lJ~ 0$ IT 6UB; o$L 61jiTfrr 5 ilTlT 6iIT ~B; 51Q1fhll u, £il Jii,tl1J fil!)Ju, lIlJ IT 6lAIT 0$ IT 6U ~ gjI I Iiiu 0$ Jii ~ 61Il6iIT I L <!!)6lJ1T B; @ 6lJ~fiiJ tlilo$ 61ju, UIi!0$ITJD!!5IIlI6lriTf6ilTrr. ilJii~Q6lJIi1fIB; o$L61j6lr 516lJAT (!p@ (!p~JD o$L61jiTflTo$ 6J"JDJDlB; Qo$lT6ir~~u, ~ UIo$QII"lTo$ &iua;Jiil2iAT UAlLB;o$UU(bl6lJ~u, ~Jiil2iliiuo$JiijiAT al2i6lJrro$QIlilTB; o$lTUUlTJDjDU UIiIIlLB;o$UULL ~,tlWJDlI~~ Ql2iW6lJUllTo$ L<!!)6lJo$U ~Uu(bl6lJ~u, £ilrM@) 0$6lJ6ilTUllTo$ <:!DITB;0$~l2iB;~.

QJL ilJi;~mlal ' 1iiu5~ 6lJ~UIT(bI' 51alJB;o$ UllTilflJAT .t(Q6U56'ITAlrLIf £ilJi;~wlT6l5lJD@) 6lJJi;ji !SlAT ~ITL~ 6TATJDI o$<!!)~u, ~J6!(9rr5~6lr <:o$ITUIT6U &irIilllQl11jliJ 9<!!)QIT.

~rfWB; o$L61jiTfIi"0$6lr UJoSa;6lfLUJ Qfi)p.lpWlTo$IT~o$6ITII'o$ £il<!!)JiijiQll"IJIT? ~fiiJ6U§jI il6lJiPB;@U, aUl6U1T0$9<!!) o$L61jmiTf~ jili!o$6lr ji~~6lJ !f;lw,tluSlm-UIp. U61IlLB;0$ ~IflWrro$~B;@B; o$LLITWU, 6J"JDULLl2i1T 6TATJDI <:o$LU~ !f;lWITWUllT6iIT ao$6lr6l5lwlTo$ £il<!!)B;@U,.

51<:1J55 I5I1'Llp.i6l(!JJi;. ~~u) ~ilwlT 6lJlAlwiro$ ilitilwlT6l5lJD@) 6lJJiiji ~QilIB;6'IT6liarLit LD~~W ~ilwlTmtfiiJ '1iiu5~' mir411 ~~!!JITm-. ®U Quwrr ~&uU ,UJ' lDIJlI5 o$QIlji5~L911U, 51<:1)'50$ 6lJ1ilITB; o$L61j6lr 8ILCWITAflW6TlPLI1lU, QjiITLrrllAlLw~. 51al)'B;o$ UIlTilfl)'AT .IIQ6U56'ITAlrLIflAr IlfIJ QllJ'ilIITJDJDlB;@U, @Ji;~B; o$L61j6lr 1iu5Ji;!6~u, ~ 9tDlIJI'IDIDo$6lr L6lriTf6ilT.

il6 @Ilflw (~B;51&afl) 6'B;~uSlAT 6lJ1J6lJ1T!llI ~Iflw ji~~6lJli!o$li1fIfiiJ LDL(blLDfiiJ6U ~~o$lT6UU uYlIiJ@lp.o$6lr u6UIflL(!pU, £il<!!)Ji;~(!!jB;51!D~. 6T(bl~~B; o$ITLLlTo$, 6T51u~w U1B;0$6lr @;lflw61Il1illT~ ~1iJ0$6lr o$L61j6lr 6TArJDIU, 6T51u~w ~1J6'rro$6lr ~ Ii! 0$ 61D iTf 6 @I Ifl w &afl AT AI!I~ c: ji IT ar !D fiiJo$ 6lr 6T ar JDI u, !f;l61ll6ilTUu61lljiB; @)J6!U!SlL6U1T1h.

. ~~o$lTilI UllTilCLITAflWIT I5ITLIp.. ji61ll6lJ150$1JI'rQll" QU6U1T

(Pella) mirlD @L~~fiiJ 51.@. 323-@fiiJ ~Q6lJ.$6'IT.Lrr UllDJiijiITAr. ~6Iirrufl6ir ~Ji61DjiWITIilIT @rmrrLmD o°otSldj Q~ITQIl6U Q6'WWUuL. ~Q6UB;"'IT.Lrr jilillT~ u~fiint(YIArlDlTU, Qjw~fiiJ ~1J6'QII"IT51lDlT6ir. ~IJ'" @)(blu,u~~fiiJ I5LJi;ji U6U 6'~o$liIIlilT Q6lJArQlD(bl~ji ~Q6UB;6'lTmrrLrr LDlTtMLiITIiIIflwlTU

,U@i~@) ~~ 5l<:1J'B;0$ ~BiB;@)U, jiIilll6lJ6lJfilITIT51JDITAr. }~~~ jiJi;fiI)~uSlAr 6'uji~mji !f;l61lllDCftJJD!D 51.(,Ifl. 325-ilfiiJ ,~80$u, ~ aJilTB;51 ~6'IT.LIi" UIiIIlLQw(bl551lDlTm-; LITArI:!JU ~~mw; o$LJii. AlJii~ jilJlI"51wm-1iiu umLo$miTflllu, (YIpslWlp.551lDlf&ir. ~ru6lJITJDI AI<!!)u, ftJ~uSl", il~wIflArm6lJ~ C:jiIl"JDo$"~"~ Cjiuliiu (Thebes) \'-ArlD ilL~mfli~

6iu5~Ar U61IlLlJUl6iJ £il(!!j (!pBi1T61IlUlU1T6iIT BiL.!l)Io$6lr L6lriTflillT. 9AT!llI' ~B;51AfluSlAr FF(blUIT(bl; ~(blsi;~~, 6J"a~1T 9<!!) 6lJ~uSlfiiJ 1iiu00Jiil2i@lJB;@~ l2ilTuSlfiiJ6UITUlfiiJ Q6'W6lJ~ 41flw UIIJlI6 ilJiiji6mlillTuSlm- ilflj!D6U1T5aW afljITArJDJ5l!D~.

"

(~urr~)

!1Iim~lIIIf5®51lDfTArj 8000 lJI5a;61IIm ~mL05mrr5@51!DfTArj ihiJ QrudJ!Dl ~Q6Il56fT6lirrLmlJ 9<5 lDfT6IIJAr 6TIilll'U C:UTdJfDJ5llD~; iSlArlilll'rr, ufTlJof5U1 Il:JljfT551 (!pAr<:61ITp5l5Q6ifTIilirrCL ~6i151lDfTfiisr; 5l.(!p. 334-£i)Ar £i)m<:ru6llfldJ 5fT6Il~~iI 35,000 UimL 6IlJrr56ir ~rurr ~IJUiSl&6l<5551lDfTrr56ir.

Ul55m ~ru61ll1i111' 9<5 Q~wru ,JIru~fTlJUlfT5 ruYlUL~ ~rruiJ5lw~iI Qru!Dp5IwmL51ID~. ~6fT6lirrLrr ~(5U!u6l.jl.il AlL5@ <:JljfT5516 Q6ArJ!ll !1IiArAf'lLUI (J!1IiIT!DJ!II @~u<:UfT61IJ" LITrflWBiLAr <:UfTrflL <:$rr51ID~. 51.(!p. 331-£ilil LfTrflwtiu lI6lirr(blQlDfT® (!P61ll1D ,JIQ6Il56fT61irrLrflLUI <:!1IiIT!DJ!II mlL(bl 9(bl51lDfTAr• £i)!1IiAlArw(bl~~, ,JIQ6Il56fT&1iCITLrr UITlJof 5~ !1Iim6ll$51JfTliIII' QU6<:UIT&6ltiu (Pesepolls) 6TArID @L~m~ .JI61IIL51IlJlTAr. iSlArlilll'rr, 5l.(!p. 330 Q!1IifTL55U1 (!P!1li6U 5l.(!p. 327 QlfiIIIlJ ,JIQ6Il56fT6lirrLIf 5rfliSlwAr &LiI u@~, £il1J~wU lJ@j~WITIiIII' ~<:1J55tiu!1lifTAr (Turkestan) L6ir&TflLL Qurflw ~ ~ Qru!D!Dl Q51T6ir51!DfTfiisr; 5l.(!P. 326-£il6U UTlJof5U1 (!P<!i61llUIAIWI4U1 <:lD!D@ £i)Ji,~fTmlAr U6Il U@~Al&lTl4U1 Qru!D!Dl Qa;fT6ir~ <:$fT55~~Lfiisr 1lJi,~ ~w5 5LJi;~ 6ll(551lDfTAr. iSllD@, U®6ITU u@~mw ~5511JWl6;51lDrrAr. ,JI<:~ <:$IJ~~iI, ,JIQ6IJ56fTAllrLrflAr QlD6uL<:LfTWlwu umuill61lT®6ir u6IJrr UnlLI4Lfiisr CUl<:6Il Q6Ar!DlL lDJ!II551ArjD61fTrr. £il®ut5leuLil, 5l.(!p. 325-@iI !1Ii61lT5@ mlBirurr6(!p6irm UAlLu5l61lT®Lfiisr ~Q6Il56fT.-ur ufTIJof55 @LfTmru ,JI61IIL51lDfTArj UfTrrof5l'lim~ Qru!D!Dl Q5fTAllrL t5lfiisr ufTlJof 5U QuRirr~61IIrrl'li ~®lDmrLil Q6w51lDfTAr• 6T®56Ii111'fT, UfTrrm6Ar 6T911Ul £i)® QUAIIr~AlIJ~ ~®lD6IRITUI Q6w51lDfTAr. @!1IiAlIiIII' rurr6IJfT!DlDrrwrufTmrr 5lYl5m514U1 <:lD!D61D514U1 £i)61II"5@U1 ~5~661WfT55 5®~51m-lDlilll'rr. .JI1'li~LAr lDL(bllDil6IJfTUl6b ~61IT~ UAlLu5l6b uir<:mrr6lil1Jl4lil UfTIJt!5U ~mlJl4lil ~lJl6IDTUJ Q6W~J!II ~61II6lIM"u5l(bl51lDfTArj iSlAr61lTrr, 5l.(!p. 323-£i)6U UITt5l<:6IJfTft1l5@ QlJi;!1Ii<:UfT~ W155 5(blmUlWfTliIII' 5fTW66tl1J5@ ~mfT51 @1DJi,~ ml(bl5llDfTfiisr •

5l<:rr6lrft5tiu (Granlcus) $~<:wfTlJl'li~iI $LJi,~ @U1 I,DITQu(5U1 <:urrrr ~rrfTw (Troy) miJrlD $5rrl'lim~ ijlL~W £i)LI'li~6b J5LJi,~~. 6lrflwfT ~1J6611TfT61IT LfTrflW&iu 6Tfiisruru~Lfiisr $LJi,~ £i)u QUfTrr 5l.(!p. 333-£i)6U(!p~6ll!D1D~. LfTrflW&iu @u <:UfTrflil Q!1IifT!DID~U1 ~61IT~ lDm61lTml' lD556ir, ~fTW L6ir&TflLL ,JIAl61lTrumrrl4U1 .JI61ITrrm~5mrr551mlL(bl ruL5@u U55U1 ~mlLLfT&i.r. £i)®uiSleuUl, .JIQ6IJ56fTAIIrLrr LfTrflw61fiisr L!!J615llilll'rr ~61II61ITrumlJ!4Lil W156llUl QffimIJrulDfT61IT ~rrllw6U mffi~5mfTffi RiLI'li~51lDfTrr •. t5lfiisr61lTrr, 5l.(!p. 332-£i)6U 6T51U~WU u@~wfTm 5fT6fT (Gasa)· ml6U ilmYl51lDfTrr. 6T51U~W Qru!il!Dl5@u t5lfiisr "$iI $~ ~1J1'li~6U W15u t5lrrUlUlfTAllrLlDfT61IT .JIQ6IJB;6fTAIIr~rflWfT ji5mlJ.JImlD551lDlTfiisr. £i)Ji, !liffiIJUI ~!DlmlW6U, £i)6IJB;51wUI, ~ufT®&TflwiI~mID5&Tfl6b <:UlfiisrmlD !1Iirfu51w U6U5m6IJ5 5Y1o$rfuffimm5 Q~fT.~®5511D~. 5l.(!p. 331-@iI ,JIQ6\l56fTAllrLrr 6T51u~wrflfiisr 4Afl~5 <:5fTu5l6\lfT61IT .JIQUlfTArlJfT (Arnon-Ra)6TArID (@,rflw5 5L6lj&Tflfiisr) @L~!il@U <:UfT51!DfTAr.

6T51u~w wB;56irp;Wt5l5m5u5lfiisru~ ~rurr5m~ ~m6IJrufiisr erflw, . lDlJt5lAT 61ITfT5 81®55 <:ru6lirr(blUl. £i)u<:UfT~, .fIQ6Il56ITAllrLri:6T51um~ Qru!il!Dl Q5fT.L~&ir .JI~umLu5l6U .Armer';: @!Irflw5 BiL6ll&TflAr rurrrfllffT5 '1!DJ!II,$ Q5fT6ir~U1U~ .JI!,Al6llM"u5l(bl51lDfTAr; .JIQlAr !1IiArAlIiIII' 9<5 4Af1!11i .JIru!1lifTIJlDIT5 jAAr;;_ ~ .. QruJb~~5@ ,gWfTWUl BiJbtSN61IIlD 6T~

@5Y!611561fl6Ul®1b~ ~6lJ&ir 9® LnITi6IT6IIT1T5 LnL(bILn6U6UITLntlllLiJ UIp.~~!6lIb~ CI..06lIl~UJIT5 uL(bluIQl6UITLntllJlD UI6IIfl~ri"5611l6lT6 B'LnLnlT5 !!iL~~tD 9® LnIillfl~ITUlLnITIiIIfIUJIT5611LiJ 6l.JfT\pIb~~ ~5611LiJ

Q~61fl6lJ1T5 &Ul6TT~@ffil!D~. ~C~ allilTtD, ~6IIT8;@ 6T~ri"

@!DU6lJ61Il1T 9~8;5611tD ~6lJLnITQlTUu(bI~~611LiJ il6lJ6ir

~UJ~5&U16U61Il6IJ 6T6irU~tD tDl5ji; Q~61fl6l.l1T5~ Q~rflffil!D~. LnITCLn61ll~UJIT5611tD 6l.5'ITQlTIT5611tD 6lJ1T6IJ1T!D!6l&J 5ITLLUU(bItD ~Q6IJ8;6'IT6DirrLlt Ln~ Cl ulTm ~8;@ ~'9-61IlLnUJITQIT 6lJm ITffi611tD

. 5ITLLUU(bIffil!DI16irr•

"'ei,.GulTll 8'i' •• .IIQ.,58'Ir_Lri" aIiI~$. 5 ... ., QJWUULL.1r5 QJI1.,IT" "'111.10... ~Q.,58'Ir.Li "'eN""~ ~UI QftJw (YIIf-Qj Q6'W." urrri"8'_ ..... ~5 QJl)'lUIrlDl ... ~5511D. Iiua~ LlI1Ir ... '" ile Ln .... dlW.I1IqQDLW 5i.,,5e. ~- - ...... dl,uiriIfl - 511"~ ... ~ ~ 9Ii.I GJ&II'5aaJmA.

~Q6IJ8;6'IT6DirrLrfl6irr ~lTIiJ 96UltiltSlUJITIiiu - ffilCIT 8;5U UY!I-IlIT48; 5611l~561fl6irr ~'9-uU61llLlUl6U 900ltDUliiu Ln61ll6IJ~ ~ITW 6TQlT8; 5!DU61IlQIT Q6'WUJuu(blffil!lJlT6IT. 6iu51b~6Irfl6irr ~ITW iltnUJ Ln61ll6IJu5l6irr Ln56TTITQIT UlTrr6lJ~ 6T@lJtD ~rflUJ~ Q~lTiiirrLn~~L6irr @~ 9~~®8;ffil!D~.

6lJ1T6UIrJDJiIJ $l5\p6l..I1T. ~Q,,56'IT.Llf"ir· Qud'lw

GuITri"55Q1'LnIT •• I1ITW "'_AIL @5\p6i1Clw ~1T1T5" QJQD.U UL.,LnIT5eiuai. LlI1Ir ... .,., LnlTJDJ6lWAlLn55UuL..®5.1D .. ....... aD iI.,rt QJIT.ITL6UlraD. ~Q"56'IT_Lrt U'''CYI''JIII IUW," ClLlfi dl1.1T5U LlPJUu(bl51IDlrAr; UIT6UBiUUlJr~ .IIUU ••• IrIir. • .. tSll6lu LnITLn&ir.e5@ ItlAllDw ... ,d'l56ir il®Jiflj .. bQj ClfiUT5e5@tD $lAlIDW 6T~d'la&ir il5iflj.rt. flj1T1T5&ir UIU ~ c.rrJiJa'9-5~ 16_(bU 16~ (JUIT®5@ 6l..I®6l..I1I(JUIT., @1IlI1tl., Ln" •• IT6IIT LlTd'lWBiUl ~CDl6U56'IT~1T" QJl)'6UlTJDJ6I6U 6l..I5511DlT&ir.

UITIT# 5U Qu6liur6llllT1T6IIT 6T®8;6'QlTIT61Il6lJ ~Q6IJ8;6'1T6lilIrLrt ~Ln6lIlITtD Q6'W~ Q8>IT6liurL @a;!P6i1611lw8; ffilCIT8;5 IliITL'9-6U 9® Q6lJ!D!6l QU!D!D 6l.5'lTfIII5@U urfl6'6Iftuu~ aUIT6Ul®!ii~~ 6T6irr.$l!DITrr ilITITUl6irr a6IJ6irr oOoU1T56Tu 6TOlJtD 9® 6lJ1T6IJ1T!D!DrrW6lJIT6ITrr (r~obin Lane Fox, 1973 : 317). illb @8>YJ6i15@tD il!b~IJ6dr Ln56IT a.6lJWIT61IlQIT61IlW &iu5$~fIII8;@~ ~®Ln6lIlITtD Q6'W~ 6Dl6l.J8;B;UuLL @5y!6618;@tD 6T~~61IlQIT 9!DlIlImLnIl.l6IT6TT~ 6T6iru~ @6iJ @® 6l..I1T6IJ1T1IlI5611l6TTll.laD 9u4alliIT5ffilu u.uaurrrT5@u 4Ifl1l.lUJ.

, .I1ITW ClulTrT' ..... UI uYi LnITLl5 5611lflj5@UI .ro5Jiflj LlI1ITIiIIIIT.~!D@tD &T .. LiJ Q.ITLrTLI UiarLIT 6T&irU61Ilflj tDJ5611Ul 56l.JAI'UIII'5 4l11TWifljlT6U ClUIIIIJiJ ~@~ &UlwUurr_ uiarAlUl56ir QQl61fluuL6UlTtD. 5l.(Yl. 356 (Ylflj6U 5l.(!p. 323 6l..I6lII1T5@tilffilT&ir ~6'IT~ 6l..IIT!P5A15 6l..IIJ6UlTJIII tDIa; C_6lIILnUJIT.fljIT5 .II AlLn 51 10... ~Q6U56'IT.Lri° flj- .. (Yluu~" CYI&ir1lll oQJW,,5@6irmrr5C6l..1 ~CurrUurr, ~ilw, ~laM55 ~ .II'U~WIT5 4511D1T&ir. {ilIliJQJIT6UITJDJIII5@tD CYlQj.,5 (Ylflj.,QJ.IT@UI 6Tu5i.&ir 5 •• 5@UI Q.ITL,h.j6iarLIT ",,,UI Gam'" JiIlI LnQIT~",YI"XfIlL ~ ",ITITLnlT55'1w 4&

6T®8;6'QlTIT - 6Tu5Ji~ 4ITIT6lRIr~~6U 6l..I®u. il$~IT&ir 1JlBj6TTITQIT C~6lJUJ1T6lII6IIT aUIT6U - 9® Qud'Iw UlJrL.j6l.§l&ir 1JlBj6IT. ~ 51T6U 5LL~~6U 4i1wfuU1a6IJaw ~5 ~!p51 6TQlT8; 5®~UULL6l.J6IT 6T_~ Qfljd'l51ID". ~Q,,58'IT.Lrfl&ir <!p~6U 51T.aSl UlTrt6lll8''' ..... uru6IT. "'e5"'6IITITAl6lJ 9®

(~ur~)·

"ii~6lJUJ ~Q6U561T_LAlIJ' '1&ir .ro5Jii""1T551uS1~555 BiLLIT~ mllr ®"ID@j mJAlLuSllllI556UITLil.

* ilJii~1T (!II(Y55ii "~5UJ LJJmJ5 5la....Jii,,~.

* il~ ~Lrui'1OO (YIIJ8l 200 6lJW~ UIIIIJ' ruJ"IPJii"",rT. * ilUlwlTml6iJ~ ... ®Uil56'1fl6U 51T,,6iJ Q6W"AI"rT. * R!'il (ilITAII'UJ) ~ lDl5 (Ju)Armuwr5 ~ * ~ ~AIfI.s. UIITIil5mw 5leL."AI".

* L6156ljUJ ~ID4"UlIT"" QlIT"'AI .... ~ 'IJ'mlw~5m

5IT&lllTUuLLAI".

* Q6lJ6irilflwlT6UITAI" U6U ...w lJA)Ua..!5. ®~Jii"AI".

* 51T_LITL61~5~5. ~QlU4. "Al6UII.lLIJIUJ ~Q)5 5_5Alm !L.AlLWAI"Q.lf5oP 5ITAllTI:a.J1:"LAI".

* @jmmrT5f1fi&ir "Jii~1J'1iI5m 6lJlTuSl6U1T56ljUJ UlJii~1J'

ml~"56'1T1TeuUJ ~ 1iIir ... lilMDm uliarLIT556U1TLil.

~Q6ll561T_LrT <:UlT6U 6iu5Ji;~IJIUJ LD®.~6lJii <:,,6lJAI"IT5U UAlL55uu(bl5lIDIT&ir (61ii,,1T51J'&ir). 6iu5Jii~1iir <:6lJ~1il5Alm UlIDID6lJrT5<!!!)5@jB: Q61T6U6l5I5 Q51T(bl~""1T5U 41J'1T6IIIIr~5. BiLlllI5I&irID6lIT. 51<:1J'55rfl&ir L615 (!p5ITAlUlWITAI" Q~W6lJUlITAI" ~w&iu 6T&irU6lJrflAr Ul56l1T1T5 ~Q6ll561T.LAlIJ' Ul55. QI WI U (bl51 &irIDAl" rT; 8u 5 Jii ~ 011 UJ 6l6lJ &afl1iir . Ul5 AI" IT 5 ~ULuu(bl5llDITAr.

6T5IUAl" Q6lJIDJ6l Q5ITAlrrL~UJ~IT&ir ~Q6ll561T6DirrLrT IiArAl6llT 6T5Iu~w5 5L6lj6lfl&ir (~rflw6lIfI&ir) UlIJ'L51A1"Ar - .JI6lJ~ITIJ'UJ 6TIiirQID6U6UITUJ L511J'5L6lITuu(bl~'5 Q51T.51lDlTrT. .ro5Ji;~ 41J'1T6IIIIT~'6iJ W5Jii"Ar <:~ITIDID~'ID@jB: ~rflw&ir (~551&af1uSl&ir) ~561f1u4 @jJ6l~~ '1JD5A1"<:6lJ 5Alrr<:LlTUJ.

il.IiAl5W .JjUrflL6l"UlIT.... IJiUJL5I56l1l55 <!!!)LAr

.JjQ6U561T_L(!!)5~ ®Jii'WlTml8l Jf,l-lDW Ulp.55 <:6lJ,liIn,.w mlLW~5. £il~UU~1T5~ 5~~"'ITIJ'ITUJ. il6lJJDlllI5Q58l6UITUJ <:Ul6U1T5. "._"'5 5L1lj6lfl. Ul5A1"IT5 <:UlAr6lllUlUU(bl.,5 Gi'l8;ITAlrrL ~QQJ56ITfiIiIrL.~5@j ~UJ <:Ul6ir6lllUlAlW Jf,l6lll6U IJiITL.L ilJi;'wITAl6lJ5 _5UuJD~ lDl5~ "mQ)WIT6III"~1T5 il~Jii~~·

ilJi;~ Al6lJ~55 5L6ljmrT5<!!!)5@jB: 6L.Lld,rT61JUlIT5 ®~ UlAl6lll"mlWrT 51AlLWIT~. ~<:~ <:UIT6U, 51<:1J'555 5L6ljm ~Q6ll561T&liarL~5@j £il6Um6ll. ~<:~ 61JAl5uS16U, <:,,61JWIT6lIl6llTII.lUJ (fr~566l1T1T - 9~ L511J'4ml&ir Ul5.) 6lJm6lflIl.lUJ (UlTrT6lIl6&ir - 51T~6l5I a(bllil) 6iu5Jii,,5 56l1l~561f16U 61J~51&ir!D6llTrT.

ilJii'WITAl6lJ, ~'Il.IUJ ~J6lUUIT5U U®6ITU u@j~mw5 51<:1J'55 61JAI"5 5LIlj(!!!;UJ, guSlAr <:UIT&irID UIT6III"~561f1&ir ~'1I.l1.DIT6III" AlL<:WIT6IIflWffU"liJ Q~1J'55l6l51w&iu (Herecleus) frlJlUJ 5lC1J'555L6lj<!!!)UJ ~uSl!rUJ ~&liar(bl5<!!!)5@j (YI&ir 61JJii~ UlTrTAl6lJuSlL.(blB: Q"'ArID,,1T55 51<:1J'55 JI-1TL.Ip.AI"rT $UJL5I6lITrT. ~.~L&ir .roAl56U1T58u (Scylax) <:UITArID UlIT§!JL615<!!!)UJ £ilJii'WITAlQlU UlTrTAlnluSlL.(blii '~UJL5Iw"1T5 6lJ1J'6UlTlIll5• !L.&liar(bl.

~Q6ll561T6DirrLrT <:ulT6iJ9~ 5L6lj6lllm 8u5Jii~Ar 6T&irID Quwrfl6iJ. !L.~6lJ1T5@j6lJ"JD@j ®&irQ6III"1T~ 51T1J'6IIIIT(!pID ~5 51T6U 5L.L.,8l ®~Ji;~~556UITUJ.~Q6ll561T&liarLrT ®Ji;~WIT6lIl61J Q6lJJDJ6l Q5ITmm <:6lJ6Dirr(blUJ 6TArID ,L Ul6lIT~~L&ir 61JJi;~lTrr 6T&irU~JD@jU U6\J 51T1J'6IIIII"~5m ®<!5Ji;~~ITUJ. ~61JJDWlm 6l6U L51&ir61J®Ull"WI @JmSl&ir <:6ll&ir urr5&fu, 1975 : 333-350 :)

5lC1J555 5L. !1wri1Ar (Zeus) U15COlArArWl ~6irAlArU t511J5LIilll'UUCbl~~W ~Qa)5B'ruliJrLrT Cil61T(hlJ6DftiRl 5rr6U~'iRl {ilJii~wrrAlru ~AlLJii~<JUrr~ ~rurflAr 5rr~661wrrlilll' urrrTAlB'Ar 9(!!; Ul5tilDArU QuJDQ~~rr&ir. ~YlJiiAlfl}5@j Q~1J55166lwQu "-Ar WI 5l<J1J555 5L~61ftAr QUWAllJuflLCbl w51!pJii~rrrT

~Q6U5B'rr.Lrr; ilJii JLl5!P6lI ~Q815B'rrmrrL(!!;5~LiI

{ilJii~Wrr6ll5~W L&ir61T '~Art85~' Q~rrLrTAlU~

,LL6l.Jl..LUIT 55lw~rr 55 Bio..4lI5l6irJDATrT QJlJ6UrrJDlDrrlLhrurr61Tri" 5&ir.

41JrrwJii'L <J&l.JAlrCblw. "'rr~rrlJ" rulJ6Urr l!)J5&ir 6T6U&l.Jrr Dll LRlr6lllll"1i.r5e5~m 4~Jii~ 5TArU~ BiAlQJWrrfillT mlLlUlDIT@W.

~Q815aurrAlrLri" £ilJii'lUU 4IJrrillllT5 5Al~5A161T

.IIpSlJii'(!!;Jii~rrrT. BiL6lI61Tri"e;~';;~LiI '<JW(!!;' W6al6U5~(!pm61T Q~rrLrr6llUI4W ~H61Jii~®Jii~rrri". 511:1J5Bi5 5L6lI61Tri"Bi~5~W • ~. 1DA16ll';;~w ill:~ ruAl5~ ~rrLri"l:u L&ir61T~.

il~~ ru~ ~6IiIrLrT ~U UlTID6irIilll'IiIII'~ wrrAllilll'u UAlL5A161T iT'rrl:J]irr55 l:6lJmrrlfLufI®Jii~~; "-~~AlAf<Jwrr l:urrrr5Al61T5 5A1rL wrrQhQll"rrlilll' ~B'rr~~ £ilJii~ wrr6allilll'u LJ61IL5m CDlu(!!)~ mlwU6alU LmrrLrr551fillT. ~6IIT5QBiIilll' 9® lUrrAlIilll'U U6lIlL6alW ~AlW55 ~Q6ll5B'rr.L®5@j !lJii~ ~.Cbl5&ir ~uflliIII'. ~Q6u5B'rrAlrLIJ~ urrB'A>IDAlW wrrAlQll"u LJ61IL 5rrru6U Q.,w~~. <Jw!D@j J]irrLLrr(!!;5@j 'WrrAllilll" 6T6iTU~ 9(!!; ~urfltbl~wrrlilll' mluuuxr5QJD ~1iIII'''; I:LOpD, lUrr6al1illl' ~wrr61Tri.r5&ir tbla;QJD Q561T1J6lJUIT1iIII' B'LIi.r@j561fliJ iLw QUID. ~rrLri.r51Qll".

AIL<JwrrQlflm51W6Tu (Dionysius) 5TArID BiLQj6ir r§wtiu (zeus) 5TArID ~wru~~6irr Q~rr61DL6allUU Ul61TJii~ Q5rrmrrCbl UlIDJii~, L6U5.,*wm61T QBiITCbl6alW5Al61T ~W1uu~rrfillT 511:1J5e;u uY! UlITL-l5 5AI~61DW ~61DfilIT6lIu~~5IIDITri".

I:UI® LDm6U';; e;L6lj&ir 6l&l.JAr ml6llri.r.$iAr I:~IT6al6ll ~r;nftJii~ I&LArri.rBi6al61T ~1fL i11J61uu~l:urr.u 511:1J';;e; e;L6lI61TrTe;~m 9(!!;6lJlJrrlilll' urr';:",ArL.Qu (Bacchants) mirru&l.J®w BirrL.Cbl d16U1i.r~a;61ftQrr l:~rrAl6ll ~6lDflJii~ J]iL1illl'ri.r561f1twU1 R'@JCbl5lIDrrri".

~Qu 6B'ri" 9® WrrAlIilll'AllUU t51rflLqgIl5~';; Q5rrli1iirrCbl IZurrQll"rrlJrrlil. 5l61TrrlfLwQu (Claudius) ID6irfillTrr £il(!!; lUIT6alQll"5&ir Alru~'®Jii~rrIJITw; UITwl:u (Pompey) "-ArID ~6al6UruAr wrrAlfillTufI(!j~~ IZ~rfl6U ~Ulri"Jii~ J]i5rfl.u L6UIilIlL.Lrrlilll'rrw. ~QII"IT.u, IZlJrrUI 1liBi1J· 6lJrrB'.u.s&ir lUrrQl)lilll' ~Jl ~61Tml~5 @jl!)J51WQll"ruITufI®Jii~~rr6U ruIT",rrue;6al61T LQDL5Bi ~&l.J.IfLW 5LLrrww 6J'JiJuL.L~.

5l1Z1J55-@Jii'WU UAlrUrrCblBi~5~ @AlLI:WlUITfilIT

9!DDllAlUl ~Q6U';;6I'IJrrmrrLAlIJU UllJtbl';;e;';: Q"'w~~ITe;

QJIJ6UITJDIDIT61rfllUri"e;m ~pSIuUlCbl5lAr IDfilITrT. @&i.r @®

umrrurrCblBi~';;@LiI i)AlLGllU 9!DDllAlUl @®Jii~AlW

4'5~1fL561f1Ar rulJ6llrrJil6al1D ~lJrrwururTBi~5~ mllUUAlU~ ~lJrr~. Qu®wUIT6UrrQll" ~'5 @IfLBim &Ul6llri.r~561f1Ar

. C:~rrAl81~JlrrAr LCbl~~51ArlDlilll'rr; UI~61 tbl~waurr~ ~L6U, ..... L.u.s6lf'l6U ~ri.rBim Qurr@6alJlu aurr5~51ArlDfilITrT.

il.~Al5W wrrAlIiIII' UlIZ5rrArIilll'~~'!D@jW (!:P®5.5~5 ~ (wrrAlfillT) IilJllUlilll'rrQll"~~w6J'~ ~m_rf4mrrLrr mirrl!)J

ilArAlID5~ ~lDrrufllJw ~.CblBi~5~ (!:p6iJr 5l1:rr';;5 (!:p~Jil 5LQj61ftAr Q~rrAlLAllUU Ul61TJ&~Q5rr.Cbl UlIDJ&Jl

AlLC:wrr61JflW6TlJ"l5@ili LjlJrr&lllr 5rr6U~~1il .fI6lJ61JflAr L551IJU u61IlLuUllil L~~~ fiiu5Ji;~9115@ili L6lr61T9IDWJ61IlUl 6TArIlll"? ~ Q 6U5 6ru rr 6Iiirr Llfl Ar Q U (!!j ili Q 6lJ dJ!615 6lr U161Jfl ~ rT 5 61Il61T ~ C:~rrJDa;t,.,t~C:~rr(bl uL(blllI.ru6UlTUllil UI61IlYl, u61Jfl, Q5rr'¥-W Q6lI1SI1il, U1611l6U56lr, @llDrr6lJ6IfI56lr, Q5rr'¥-W 6Ul6UriJ@56lr miTuIIII"6lJID6IDlD QQJID!61 Q5rr6liirrL61Il~u.pjJ Lj6UUU~~51!D~.

"lDuu(bl51lD .. • (YIfilUlI'u! .Ji~IJ~u.i ilJi'wrrG51 um

U~,..... QAJIDJ6l Q.,uir51lDrrrT. .IIAJIJ., U1 rr ..

.~~ _.. .. LJIli.Lannt ~5 QaIJ'-(bl

8)111kunh .~@~ fT .. ~,

{il6iJ Q6lJdJ!615(55@ili 6'iu5Ji;~61Jfl6irr ~rr1J5 6lJ61Il~U UL6U5 .61Il~5(55@ili 6Truru61T6lj Q~rrLri'Lj6Iiirr(bl 6TArU61ll~';: 8'~, 8'UIW, ~IJ.fIwlil, L61T6Ulw.ru UlArllll"filRIfla;6IfIQ) ~lJrr~1il j56UIiJ UW5@UJ.

lila .rrm.,1il QUlQnflw ~IJ. @j(bliliu.,.u '1IDULL @)YlUU •• fi~ili U1.lI'urrlJfi.'~ Urr_LQI - Q56l1'IJAJ .c..rfil1lT~1:w j5L~.s5 "1IJlu(bU ~~ 9uUlL(b)u UrrrT.firr~ mimJrrWJ ~1J';:5 •• ~5m Qliwml.U lM'II (LJMr ~1I'8'riJ ....... 5lArJll'll' fT"'u., I..pfltqUL

".fI5561iirrLri''' 6T6irrU~ ~6ruII'6IiirrL®5@ @Ji;~rT @LL QuwlJrr@ili. C:U1euili, U1.~W ~.fIwrr6Ul1il "fiiu5Ji;~rr" 6TAr!D Quwlflliil ~6U56rurr6liirrLrT. C:urrdJpiru(bl51lDrrrT.

(YIfilUrru, .Ji;~1J @jUfieflAr U1.Ar {il1J1I'U1@ufi'" fT~rr~ C:~dJ.s.5.sLa.L.L<:uIJ'~ .. UI61Il ... mwrllll" .. <!S'U ~ fT~ ~~JDII''''' ~5 5Air(bl C:.lI'uu..LJi;fi .Ji;'IJ@)Ufi'" "(!!jAJC:fi6Ul C:urriU C:AJLWlL(bl fT,IfI.11fI1ir lilL.'ID@jB= Q •• WJ fT~lfI.w ~~551!DrrAr. ~fiAr 151., ~_ ... Iir-fiU!Ul551.LC:w '1IDULL C:urrlfliU .Ji;'IJ@jUfiAr QIllIDJ6i QUIDWJ U1@LU, 6JJi;~51lDrr.. {il6iJ AJIT ..... IDlDl ~5~ili ~ .rr6U 5LL~ (~~rr6lJ~, 5i-(!p. 4-~u, IilTdJlDrrAir.~) fT<Y~UULL U18irrurrlJfi.~dJ@ili ilA)LC:W~6ir61T 9IDJI)lA)U1AlW UlIT9llLmlwiU ~.uu.LWlIil 41JrrIiJ6lJ~ @6irr!61wAlUIWlTfifirr@LD.

".fI5561iirrLrT" miT JDI Q8'rrliilWuLL ~Q6U8;6rulT61IirrL(!!j5@ili ~6lJ(!!jLAr LLArU,¥-5611l5 Q8'W~ Q51T&rirrL {il~w UllTllIArllll"Ar .Ji;~IJ@U~ QUI61TlflwWJ5@ili L6lr61T QjI)rrLrT61Ilu~ili 8'Ji;~IJ@U~ QUl61TlflweflAr C:UlTrT,t '!D61IlUl61Dw~ili ~6lJAr ~6irr61llQIT ~6U56rurr61lirrL(!!jL6irr 9uUlL(blu UIU Qulflw C:urrrT561D61T IliL~~ QQlID!61 Q5rr6liirrL61Iljl)~ili "riu5Ji;jI) @ujI)lT" 6T6irrWJ ~6irr61llIlll"U QuwIfIL(bl ~61Il~~5 Q51T&rirrL61Iljl)~ili @61Jfl ~lJlTwC:6lJrrLD.

ilIJAirLrrili .Ji;~@j~ jl)Ar61DarU UlJUI ~U1 U61IlL~~ .DIQma.rr&rirrL(!!jL'" 9uUlL(b) 4'55U, Q.IU~~Wjl)rr5 AJlJmrrlDl "lIIl5llD .. , elflwAfl. UIJUI 961f1wrr5~ jl)6irr61D1III" illJ_Lrrili .Ji;'IJ@jUjI). 9uUlLLfirr5fljili IllIJ6UrrllJl ~pillTMl!D"'. ilAJIT .. oSII'~1ir il~rr6UlAr "'I(!!jili Ci'k..I(!!)UI .Al6UoSm ...... 5 ..... ', "j .1I'~rr.1fI&ir • 1f1l'@Ji;jI)W'

8'Ji;~IJ@U~ QUl61TlflweflAr5rrW 5l.(YI. 322 - 5I.(YI. 298 ~@LD. (Yl~6Uffili 8'Ji;~~Ar Ul!Jia.l udJ!61,;: 8'rfWrllll" jl)56lJ6U {il.ru61ll6U. 6Tefl911U" {il6lJAr U15j1) IlirrL.Ar Qulflw UlIJLj5 @~~QlTAr mllT5 5(!!jjl)uu(bl51!D~.

( ~ 5L1ljIir (YI($56ir : QlTiUrrlJllil N;~ ) @ ilwdJlDuULL~; o$rrUl (!,~~1J1iI 5T(!j~UuLL~i #AT$i,$l66l(5Jii~ LI~~ ~(5LDITri"5m ~Jii,$lturr61Dru~ ~rfl61~~ATri".

@) ( ~~·.UIr~an)

4. Q~Q) ~~~lb @~& QJ~un@lb

ilIJrilrrLrran o!FJii,$llJ~IiIIfIAr IJI8jAr I ~UIIIlT ~LJ,JIiir I mirJlll

~61DYI';;5uu(bl51lDrrOr. ~Q6ll';;o!Frr6lArrLrfl6ir ~1Jl!P1iI il,$l6i>

Q~rrLrrLl Q5rrm51ID~. ~1J6lArrLrrlil oOoa.Sl661u U1ArIilrIillfl6ir

I ~U1rrIJAr I ~Q6U';;o!FrrAarLlT ~m-m6llT';:(!,rflwlillflfiir U1o$6IITrr5 _ ~ru~rrIJUlrro$u a.Sl1J5LATUU(bl$i,$l5 Q5rrAarLru"'. ~&ir6lDIiIIT';: (!,IfW81JL'" ~LL ~lJriarurUI o!FJi;,$lIJ@u~AflOr IJI8jQrr I @LDlTIJ ~u~ ... I 5TATU QUWIT QUJIII51lDrrm-. ~.;; I ~UlrrlJ @u~!:1iIIT I I tiu5Ji;~ @~&ir I mirtlllth ~61DYl55uu(bl5llDrrm-.

56i> a~rrOrJ61 UIAIIr !:~rrArlDrr5 5rr6U~!:~ (Yl6ir a~rrArJ61w eYI~~ ~6IITan 5TAr JIll ~Or61D6IIT~ ~rr!:15IIT LWri"~,$l';; Q5rr6TT(~th ~tDlYlri" U11511T~61D6U5@an @IiirrJlll';; 5L6l.Im @UlIJOlI.;;~an 5TOrI5llT Q~ITLri"LI LmliTT~ 5TArUm~ ilIiIIfI ~lJrrwarurrth. ~tDlYlri"o$liir~lJrrrolLrr5m 5Tr!.J51(5Ji;~ ruJi;~l5IITrT? ~6i>6ll~ ~rurTo$6lf1Ar (J~rr!DlDtD ilUWrrol!D@Iiir(JliTTaw~Or ®<5Ji;~(5551~rr? 5TOrijJl ~lJrrwru~Ar rulTuSl6llrr5 l!P(55 ru~urrLlp.dJ~th ~tDlYlrT.;;@th ~mL(JWl4m61T Q~rrLri"61Du ~WJ~uSlLQlIll.Q.

CUldJ @J61~~1iir1iTT @JDlULl51iir ~61DI5IIT~~th I 1iiu5Ji;~ LllJrr6llllT$i~Qsr' ~rflwri"';;51(5Ji;~ ~rrLri"Llo$6ID1iTT 4IJrrw L~th.

,$llJrrrolLri" ~Ji;,$lwrr l!P(!j~1iI ulJroIuSl(5Ji;~I5IITri". ~rflwrr ru(50l5wrr6i> ruL';;51661®Ji;~,$llJrrmlLlT Q~dJ@ !:!Iirr';;51 !Ii5ri"Ji;~l5IITlJrr? ~6i>6U~ @U!rfl5 56lArrLUlrr5 @Ji;,$lwrr il<!!>Jii~ 5rr6ll$i,$lfiil @ArJlll 5L6i>Q5rrAarL u@,$lwrruSl(55@th ~LQIJI6i>6llrrth ~tDlYlri" UIJJi;~ rurrYlJii~(5Jii~l5IITlJrr? 5TOrWJ U6U 6l.IIiID55&1f16i> ~1J1TW6llrrth.

l!P(55 ru~urr(bl ~tDlYlrT U6lArrUrrLa Lrr(bl, QUlrr~!:wrr(bl, ~~~ru$ia~rr(bl, UYl5o$ ruYl55r!.J5(JliTTrr(bl 9Ar WJULIp.(55511D~. ~ru 9!DtIlIOlIJI 9IJrruSl!Jth, ilITAarLrruSl!J1iI ~Aar(bl 5rr6ll 5LL~~fiil L(5rurr 5luSl(55o$ ilw6llrr~.

"~ (!pc$Ji; (J~rrArJDlfiir ~WJ(!pc$1iI a~rrArJlllth

Qru<9 o!FUIIfI6i> ~<9o!FQ6U15IIT Cru6i> a~rrAr{lll1il - Q!Ii~fiil 9(55rr6i> ~0l15llT551Or ~(55rrt)IJID (J~rrAr{IIIUI

l!P<!Jj5rr QruAr!:lDrr~rurrri" <!JI'ir II

fTAr JIll ~(5l!P®5rr!DJIlIUU61DLU urruu 8iLJIlI51ID~·

~Q""

"11Kil5cy ~Ulplt QHJ<:5II"(bU ~~plI

tJI15(Y11laIC ....... JDUirea aruMirC:JD

unfteUt a.~ ~ LRrQ_1T(15 J61Tair em- ..... N; 5ufIAMuw Quirc:QJ(Ja)"

.... ." ~ GurJb~JDlTAr.

_(15(!11(!§5ITJDIDIUU..,L ~.(!II. 2-~UI iIf!DlDlT.lp.~ "'cYIlUul..L~.JDIT~ (!II(155 AJMr55(!11UJ AljjlulTCblUJ ~IIJD@j (YI'ir ...... _awlT ~uSllJ'UI ","'(bl5e5@j (!liar UJ55atl8r ~Qur(bl~lTtUl(15Iii~5 ~CblLil.

IIWl!p5 5LQjQ6IT1iIIT (!II(155A11i11T';; IIWltprT Q5IT&lirrLITL5 51TIJ'filRITrT.J56ir "'AlQJWIT5 il(155@jUJ fl'6iru6lIl~ QQJJIIIUJ L6lRITrTQjY,rTQJUllTIiIIT a56irmlW1T5 ~6U1I1..IIMJ IIWl~ u_urrCbl, il6U551WUJ, UlIiIIT Lfi1RITrTQj51i1flAr ~lp.uUAlLuSlfii> 6lIlQJ~~

aJljIT5@j1lfii> ilAr.@W6lIlLDWIT~~IT@jUl. ,$l.tSl.10-~UJ

arr!DlDlT-Ip.!D@jU tSIAr (!II(155 U5' II WlW!liITLIp.fii>

QJ6ITrTlii~(15551lD~. ~a~ aj!iITUJ, IIWlYlrflAr 46610$ Q51T1p.

illii~lfAl~UJ ~IT-.,.u UlD.!ii~(15551lD~. 5lii1l6lll1illT~ ~rT.J56ir 5&61 1q5o$ 5LQj6ir mirJIII QJ6lHITrT.J@j51rirlDlillTrT IIWlYlrT56ir. 5&61 1q5~~fii> IIWly!IJ'~ QU(!!j6lllLD6lIlW L6Il@jo$@j ... (bl~~o$ 51T1..L (!II<!556l1l1i11T (!liAr 6lIlQJ,551rirlDlillTrT IIWlYlri".

,,_.lTaJ UItIflllrT @jArJDI o!FlTrTliill @j16l~u U@j'5.tlaU ruITYI~ .1T""-(!II(155 •• LQj6IT1T5U UAlLo$5U ULIp.~5 QAI-(blI1I. o!F(YI5 ~WQJIT6ITrflAt 5(15~"UUIp., (!P(!!j5Ar 9<15 .. UNiT ,-W1illT1T5 il<$Ji." QU(15UJ QQJJDI6I5A161T1d'1..lp.i; Qllwd 5. IIArAlUl5@j Lwri';;lIuUL(bl, Jlj1T1lT6lIlLmlfii> 9(15 QIIWAlUlIT5 AJ...-rT.J5UUl..lp.(1555aJITUJ. o!F(YI5 ~lp.uu6lIlLuSl~ .

Ul8IaJAlW;; QIIWQJLDIT5QjUJ (!II(1556l1l1i11T UlAlaJ rulT(yUJ

8RJDWIT5Qj111 A4PluLIp.<!5556UITUJ.

(!II(155 rujjlUlTl..lp.. QJ6lTri'';:til uJDI6I ~IJ'IT~UJ ~p5l<!jri''' (!II(155 QJ!AlUITLIp.fii> 9(15 JC_L ilAlLQAlmltUl®uUII1T55 "JDI~.JDlillTrT. o!FlTlilTlJ'_5 5LQj6ir m1JQJIT£llI 5LQj6ITrT5ml&ir . • LQjIlTIT. _j6lIlll'ITIIir? ilIlJD@jUJ IIWlyUlArIlll'Ar o!FlflilTlJ''''

UlIIir __ IT. Ull.. (blUlIIir 161 o!F55ITruri';;,WITIIII'IIJD@JUl

QIIITLri'4_LIr? u~aJAlrT 51TaJ;; QIIITL55;;,aSl(15Ji ..

• JiIl41J'1T .. UI "'(YJiIi 5ITaJUlIT55 5filR1T551LuuCblUJ ao!FlTtpu QU(15U1Ar_ri' illDl195 .lTaJUI QJAlIJ' (!II(155A1I1TU UJDl6lw ~~~h~IIITM "~JD".

tSIITU<9o!FUJ il6lllLmlLITUl6U BiYlQrrJ!)J Q51T_Ip.®uUII1T5QjUJ 511"aJ UllTJDJDri.la;6ir ~rT.J56IT1T.u tSIrflo$5Uul..Ip.®Uu~1T5QjUJ UJ.$56ir JljUl451ArlDlillTrT. il6llllDQJQrr ~tUlfii> 6T@UJ<:UIT~ (YIQj6U5rT.J5(5UJ U6lIlLo$5Uu(bl5lArlDIillTQJrrUJ; ~ ~~6IDIT5@j';: Qo!F6UtlUUJaurr~ L6U5~~fii> U6U tS!u6ITWrT.J56ir L&lirrLIT51ArJD61ITQJITUJ. 96'iJQQJIT(!!j 1q5(!11UJ LD51T tSIlT6ITW;;~6U ~Wl.!ii~ (!Plp.w, @QrrQ61IT1T(!!j 1q5UJ tSIlD551lD~ITLiI. 96iJQQJIT® 1q5~~!D@6ir(5UJ 6T~1I6lIl61lTaWIT tilJ!)J tSIrflQj56ir L6ir6ITIiIIT. o!FITQrrlDIT5o$ 5LQj6lTri' ~5IJ'IT~6U 9®. !li1T6ir "'Qrru~ 43, 200 a51T1p. ~.(bl56l1l6ITo$ @l6Iuu6lIl~';: BiLL6IlITUJ.

9(!!j 5fii>UUJ, ~tUlITUI 1q5rT.J56IT1T5U tSIrflo$5UUl..lp.®551lD~ • ~~ITQJ~, ilUJ LD51T 1q5rT.J56ir aLDtlUUJ tSIrflo$5UUL(blo$ 5lalT~1T 1q5U1, ~alTlilT 1q5UJ, ~QJlTulTlT 1q5UJ, LDJDJIIIUJ 5&61 1q5UJ 6T1iIIT !liITQrr@ 1q5rT.J56IT1T5 ~JDlwuU(bl51QrrlDliIIT •

IIrTW J61TAr@j 5ITfii>51i1flfii> ~JiI@jUJ 5laITliIT 1q5UJ 1,72,800 ~.(bl56l1l6IT5 Q5IT&lirrL~. il6iJ 1q5~~6U IIrTLDUJ ~Ltil

( ~ 5LQl61r ~: IlIflOlfpA _.~ ) @ Q6W14tl1; lDlilIfl~rr56Tr J£~61IlWl4tl1 ~WIfW;;iIII~l4tl1 lD~;;eJ J&l-Uurrri'56Tr; 9® 5L6lj61ll6TTaW 6U&lllTriJ~6Ulfrr56Tr; ~5 5L6lj6Tr QuilrillllD ~lDUl&iJ @®UUIfri'.

~6UIfUITIf 145;;~6iJ allirr61lllD ~61Il1T ~6TT6l5l!D~i;~IfAr ~rfll4tl1. ~rrw @® 5IT&iJ5&Jf}&iJ ~!D~tlJ. il6iJ 145t.O 8,64,000 .!Q!,61iIr{bl5611l6TT5 1Dl5IT6liDrL~. @ru 1455 5L6116Tr lD~B'6Tr ItllD;;'®&iJ @®uuITrr. @ru l4o$~,®&iJ B'~~rflw®tlI 61Il6U~W®tlI ~ri.J56Tr o$L61IllD61IlW @WArlD ~6TT6l5l!D~';: 1MWut.

J&U-riJ5QIIQI' 6T ~Qa;n-6TretlJ; u.:..,.mtlWITQ:, ltlilllfDWU auri' UIIpJlIT; 5m5luSlAr .116U~IfIT;;fljlfQ:, 5661 1455 Q51f(bl61lllD5e5~ 9® t!Pa,.6lj L.LIf~W. 5851 145;; ~ArUriJ56TTITQ:, ltJlilIflfljlTlfQ:,

QUIf J1J1556l5lWIOIT~ 5ITIO lDlf J!)Iflj6ll56Tr 'T!Du{blW.

51T!DJ!)I556l11T55ITIill"4.{bl5e5~';: ~6U ilLriJ56Tr

lDilllYl51f6lllT6l5lW6UIT~ .116UIOQ:,U(bIW. 6UITlill"i;~Q) 9®

@,rflW8ll5~U U~6UIT5 'T(!g @,rflWAr56Tr Q~ArUL.(bl L6U5;;~ j£mITQWQ)6Ulftll L!6l~~;; ~6Tre6UITrT56Tr. .115511illflu5l1iir Q51f1T~~IT6U 51T(bI, JljITCbl, "(bl, lDiIII61IT56Tr 6TrflJ5~~l4tl1. y,jj) &n-5@tlJ. aUlTlflAr ._.;;.~eutlI @w!iJm5uSl1iir C5mr~~IT§IJD lDlilIfl~rr56Tr 5ITJDJ!)I55 ... 5516il .IIWl~IDl~IT!Pl6Uri'. @61IlL6l5lLlTflj lD61IlYlI&6arITQ:, LJuSlri'56Tr ~14tA. Ul5o$6Tr ~~6Uri'; ~a,. lDluwrr5l.lrr. il5 5i1'6U 5L.L;;~Q:" il61ll!DOJAr ~ITlD61IlITuSlQ) OJIT~~~ j£rfl6iJ eJuSlQ) 1Dl5IT_a,.®UUIfIT. ilUUa,.UUL.L 51T6U~~Q) lDlilIfl~aJItl1 5L~ UlIT~~ UJAIIlDJ5eJ 6l5lL.L~ t::Ulfllltll C~ITArJ!)ltll.

~ri'lDtlI CYIAr J!)I 51TQ)5m-lQ) ~!D~tiJ ~alT~1f 145;;~Q:, 12,96,000 .!Q!,6liDr{bl56Tr L6liDr{bl; @ru 145;;~Q) ~~rrlDtlI jj)~tlI; UJMlf6ri'56ir6Ta6UT1T ~lTa61lT1T 6TArJ!)l IliLJ5eJ Qa;if6TrQJlfrr56Tr. £il6i..I 145~ 5L6lj6Tr ~6UUUIT5 il®lluITrr.

0$661 145W 6TArU~ ~!Pl61ll6U aIliIT551W 5IT6UlDrr~Ul. @5 5851 1lj5Ul 4,32,000 .!Q!,6liDr{blo$61ll6TT5 1Dl51T6liDrLeJ· JlilTUl ~Ji>aUIT~ 5661 145;;,®Ar 6,000 .!Q!,6liDr{blo$61ll6TT;; ~1T_1p.B; lDlo$lT_a,.®5.$1alDITUl. @5 0$661 140$5 o$IT6U 5L.L,:i;~6iJ ~rrlDUl @!D61IllD5 o$IT66I&iJ ~!D~Ul; allirr61lllD ~!PlI4Ul; 5Ull6Tr 51DlU4 ~lD~~661®uuITrr; L6Uo$~,®&iJ IDlU®UlUlTa6UITrr @J,:i;~lTrTo$6TT1T5 ~6iJ6U~ ~1p.61IllDo$6TTlTo$ @®uurr; @®6U®51Dl5IT®6Urr aUITL.Ip., QUITlDIT61IllD14LAr OJITy!5611l5 IliL;;eJOJrr; lDlurflw 1li51TrT.Jo$61ll6TT CIliIT5.$1U u61IlLlDlw{bluurr; o$6TT6ljUl Q5IT6Tr61ll6TTI4Ul ~Ul; Qu6liDra,.rr .!Q!,L6lJ61Il1T ~L5.$1 .!Q!,6Tr6Urr; @u Qu_a,.1i" ~L55 lD!D lD6lJrr o$6TT1T o$6ljUl ~61IllDW5 ~YlJ5m~5611l6TTU Qull)lLJ6UrT 56TT1T 5&ljti1 il®uuri".

L6U5;;~. Ili(bl AllDWlDIT5 @®UU~ alD® lDiIII6U. @Ul lD61Il6U61IlW';: Bi!D!6l5 5J5~ri"OJri"o$~Ul a~6Uri"5~Ul 6Urr(!gUl i!J5~ITIilIflAr Jlj51T1D L6Tr6TT~. il~Ar U6Tr6TT~tliIT.$51Q) .II1T5o$ri"5~1D .118i1Tri"5~1D 6UIT~51liirlDATrr. il&iJ L6Uo$Ul .!Q!,,®aB'LIilIflAr ~AlQ)uSlQ:, fljril&luSl®551lD~; JljITAr~ Qurflw Wrr61ll61lT56Tr i!ru LQ)5,:i;61Il~;; ~1TrT.J51llil®5.$1ArlD6UT. @ru W1T61IlAT56Tr ~riJ56Tr 51TQ:,5i111ilT Lwri";;~UlaUIT~ 46l5l ~~rr';:lfl 'TJiluCbl51lD~·

8'5 5661 145~~6U OJrry!~~ 1Dl51T_1p.®5~Ul 56lS1 ll..Jo$5 5L6lj6TTlTo$ ~:2; ~¥56ir ~rfl6lj Q."W~~!D51T6UT Y,ri"6If5 OJIT6UIT J!)I 6TArAl"? 6T8IlLD <:56Tr&Ul 6T(!g51lDeJ. (YI®5 OJ~UIT(bl OJIT6UIT!DJ!)I5~ t!PJ5A1~W 5IT6UUl (!p~Q) ~jj)Ylrfl61llLaW

( ~ 5L.QIIir ~: QJT"~"~ ) @ il<!!;JiI~ cum(bltjl mlll'u LMIl .!DIJ6!~5- 5~~5l8rlDArIT. "Cbl .... 5rn:"L1I'5. ~.:u,.riJ~ArJDU! 6lJIf6U1I'!D{!)J.@j (Yl!iJuLL liIT6U ~(bl (yap)561l6Tf,s Q511'i.n,.~~11'5 .!DIJ6l~561TrrQ, ~~ lILJI)6UITIA

(YI~5 ru~UII'Lr,.Q, U6U ~~.~r,.5ilf1Ar ru~urrL(bl (YIilDlDWlAr L6l~c!F Qc!Frr~c!FriJ5_ ~riJ5Iu5l~,s51ArlD6IIT· @~!D@j, (YI<!S5 ru~urrLr,.. 9<!S lILlDlI'W il6UriJ~UI QruJ6!lUrrLQ, 8rf1lU c!FITArJDll'5 ~ 511'1IIII'6UITUl. ilQI 6lJ!PlLITL(bl (YIAllD ~. ~Alrr,s5LQ, Ue' UI.5ilf1Ar ru~UII'L@ (YIAllD~LAr 9.f£l<!S,s5llDli. eCfll"ll'.~ (F.w. Clothy. 1978) "ArurulT~ lILJDJIIIUUr,., 1l6U 4.~Qurr~6ir5ilf1Ar ~LlUriJ56ir UI.~lU. ~Alrr.5LQ, U~'.~UI j:l)L6lYl<!s.~UI @6IIL<:lU ~6UmllU ~ITArAlua,;; ~ITLlhIlU ~_~5lArlDAl".

~rfIlUlT 6U<!S61D5lUlI'6U ofI!iJ~Q6U61fIU U@)" $li1T.5UUL@ .II~55UULL<:UIT~ $liL6lYlIT Qj:I)!D@) Cj5IT,s51 6UJi;~<!S,s56UITUI "ArU"UI ofI6U1T 6UlI'j:I)UI. j5(bl ~ofIlUU U@j~ 1D,s5C!!!),s@jUl _W\¢5C!!!),s~ "';;j:I)61DQITCu.JT 9!D{!)JAlUl56ir L(!Sru~. uliliarurrLCbl (YI61DlD561ftfii:J, QlDrr~ 6U!:II,s.$l6U uir6IT6IIT "ArU~ ilArQArIT~ U@)~u5l6IIrITQJIT~ .;

ilArAllDlU FFITIT,s, FFlTrrAr, ofIrfilUIT, UIT6U6TuIIillrUl, il&iu<:ITfii:J uir61flLL CID!D@j ~ofIlU J!jIT(jjl56ir ~~ @j'¥-561f11iir uliliarurrLCbl (YI6U (ilLriJ56ITIT5 ~61DIDJi;~~Pl!D6IIT. L6l5U 45!P'luJDlD 5<:lDIfllU,· UlI'tSI<:6UIT6IIfllU, QIDc!Fu<:urL6llU JljIT5rf15riJ5C!!!),s@jUl ~lTrrmlL. j5IT5rf15riJ5C!!!),s@jUlil61DL<:lU L6l@jPlj:l) 9JD{!)J61D1D56ir ~,s.$lArJD6lll'.

QU<!Sril5JD511'~ FFIDU· 4m~@j!Pl5- ofIrfilUrr J!jIl'L,¥-Q, il<!Suu.,CurrQ, 511'1IIII'uuCbl5lArlDliIIr. "6U51rfl IDAl6U~"'rrlT661Q, 5lmL.5uQuJDlD QruAlr56U,s 5l_lIIII'riJ5_ CurrArJlll Ilrflturrdlpil5l-.....~_61TIIT. ~QIlia,crua51 (~~~~rf) u~~WlQ, 5_QL(jjl,s5UULL il~Ulurr6\lrrAr QUIT<!S_56ir L1T~IIT~ "~(bl55r:...L.LruJDJ6!!D@i FFLII'ATAlQJlUIT@jUl.

"1l6UUU~5ITITUI (11 : 20-21), 5661.Q~ITAl5 (104), 4lDj5ITIlJTJI)l (9), ~JIlIPlQ~rr61D5 (52), {il61TUlId.IT&IIII'rf LAlIT, ilAllDlUlITITIT 561I'6UllU6U LAlIT, ~"'lUrrrf,s@j !IiQ,6UlI'rfI6ir 1l6UIi.J'_1T LAMT ~5lw6U!DJ6!Q, @jUJrfl,s 5ililrLUI U!DJ6!~UI ~~ il6ir61DlDlU Q~ArAflPl~lUITml6ir Q~JDC5u5l<!SJi;~ ~~Pl!D~ UJDJ6!~UI &..lDuuCblUl @jJ6!U4561D6IT,s Q5rr_Cbl, ~L6l!:prf @jlDrfI,s 5A1rL.~6U C~II'ArJ6!ArIT ",iIT JIll ~L6l~ ~J6!(grf56ir U6U1T LW.~A)1T,s5lAr1Jl'lll'1T"· (5.u. ~lD6Urr&llll'6ir, 1984:23).

~L6lY!i56ir 5lCIT,s5 JlilTL,¥-661<!SPl~ QulUITPI!D 91T il6lll',s@j(!g tD556IT1I'51il®,s56UITUI "Ar{!)JUI U6U ~J6!(g1T56ir 5<!S .. 5lArJDIiIITIT. 5lJ6!,;; (Crete) 6l'ArlD @L,;;~661<!SPl~ 6lJPl!D 6lJ~(YI61DlDu5l1illr1T 6TArt!ll 6TLITITfii:J 6TArU6U1T @jJ6!utSlCbl51lDITIT. (~lDQJIT&IIII'Ar, 1978). il,s .$lJ6!';;~fii:J 6lJIT!i1Ji;!D ~~,s@,¥-56ir I !D1TL6l61D6U I (Tarmilai) ",iIT t!ll .$lCIT,s51T56ITITfii:J ~61D!:pc$5UULL~IT5c$ BiL.{!)J51lDrrlT ~lD6lJIT61RIT1iir. CID§!JUI, @UI 1Dc$5C!!!),s@jUl !DL6l!:pIT,s@UI QIDITW! 9!D{!)J61DID~LAr 6lJ!PluITLCbl 9!D{!)J61D1D5C!!!)UI il<!SJi;~j:I)IT5c$ BiI..{!)J51lDrrrf il6Urf.

~ITW6lJ!Pl 1D1T4, !IiIT5 6lJ!PluITCbl, j:l)ITW~ Q,:!iW6U 6lJW!uITCbl, <:5ITmlfii:J ~61DIDU456ir, 6lJ!PluITLCbl (YI61DlD56ir 6TliirU6III' 5CIDrfllU tD556lflrir U6lArrurrLCLlTCbl ~J6!u CLlT6lJ,:!j1T56ljUl 5<!s,:!ila.J(bl.$llD~. il61D,:!i~UlmlL ~UUlrflc$5ITml§!J6ir6IT 6T51U~lUu uliliarurrL'¥-!D@jUl IlPl .. Q6lJ61fI !IiIT5rfl5.~JD@UI Q~ITLlTtSI<!SUUj:l)IT56ljUl ofI6U1T

(~ ..... ~:-- ..... ~)@ 5~ ..... JI)8I1t. QIJlft6lur.niut "liirJD ~~ Bio.p,.JD iltiJ@ . jUAI-flI ...... QQI-Cblu.. .II.II'QI~, 4Jftwli'· ildi~W1I'61IIQI _@~mlw 511''''~.· Utu lFlI'''5. hdi.-. ~JiJGJI'ir, !C5QITII' il-5ecYdl_~u. "ILtiJ@QlIi'; UlJiJQJDII'Ii' il_5@l!Jdllill'lTlI'- ' ~lTlI'dlLIi"· ,,_uu@QQlII'Ii' UI;;~W .""f55L• jill'(b\s_a. GlFidi.U56111r5 il~ mirlDl ilut &.8lJ5lJDll'Ii'.

ilQlJftAr Bio.JiJl!IILAr, 51C1T55U UYlUlIT45 5 •• WII'IiII' AlLQwlI'lIIflWIiiu 5m.QDW~u. (!II~55 5LflI. ~J6l ••

. 5.,.mW~u. 9UL51L QQI-Cblu.. "LQwlI'lIIflwliiu 4JDlI'u51lTu. 4-@5e5@) (!liAr ®Ji;~WII'QDQI ~QDLJi; •• 1I'5U UIjIUlIT45 5QD.5. @)J6!uL5I@51Ar!DIiII'. ®Ji;~ mLCwlI'Aflwliiu Qllill'5 5LAF; eArl!ll561fWr .~; UIIJliI5m'l6ir ~; ~ Q.II'LIi'UIl'_ dlYlIT55Ii1flArQUIT~ Qu61iIn,.1i' .WAlUI UlJDdi~ 4(ijlQlIi' "ArU_ QUlrAr!D .5Q1&l561fl661($Ji;~ il~5 5IG1155 .,LCwlTlIIflwliiu.ITAr UI.~W 4I1WITQI~WIT5 ®Ji;~WIT"QI QlJi;~mLJi;. ~lTlTmlLlflAr (!P($55 5LflI6II'1T? "ArID Q56Trdl "(!j5l!D~. !C5If1Ttdl(bl ®1iII'5@)(Ydllill'rT ®liirAlJDW {ildi~WlTdlIiir Q.ArIllfl~u 1J@)~mlQ) QllTIPUl®55l6irrjDQITrT. @)mmr~ 51i1i11rQL(bl5a;UuLL "1JIIh..l5 Bft..(ijl56ir I.JAIY!W 51T~~ !C5ITrrtdlCiil Ul556Tr ®UWlTdl&l QllTIP~liII'rT 6TAr~ ~a»~5IID~.

lFJi;~~~lTm @~ Cruuia;m m8rU~ 6lJIf6UIT!DIDJ6!~ BiL.!DIDIT@)tD. ~UUlp.lUrr6GTIT6U, ilmmID5@) 2500 ~-(bl5e5@) (!pm6GTQIT (!p(!!jc$ ru!PJUIT(bl {il6Ur!.Jm5uS1liU {il(!!jJi;~(!!j,$5 Cru6liar(blw. {ilJi;~ QruLrT5m {il~IT6illru 51T6lIIITUu(blW ~1£l8; @1p.56Tr QUITArCIDlTrT. {ilm!!)lw Q~sirlillflJi;~wlT6ill1iU 51T6lIIITUu(blW c$lTLrT, {il($6II'rT, u6DDfiWrT, tilIlTlTrrfl, (YIbum6U5 @)Jl)lWUrT, QruL(bl,$ @)J!llWUrT ~.$lCWIT(!!jw ~Ji;~UllTAr dJ6lj5rrflliU rulTl!;9w ~r!.J.$l, QlFArIp.6GTru, ~lTlTrulT ~.$lCWIT®W ~5rJlTuSI(bl @1ilIT~~QlrT 6Tm IDI ~Ar 4JjlTw';:lIuS1m rulTuSl6U1T 0$,$ Bft..Jl)l.$lIDlTrT ~IDrulT6lIIITm (CUJ6I)~).

~(!!j,$@ C:ru~~~ru rurT6IIIIfl.$c$uu(blw ' ~IT'" rurTfilRIT' UJ8;56Tr , 5 J!llLIL.j 6lJrTSlIlIT UI,$5C6IT' 6T6irrU~ @r!.J@ Jtlm6GT6lj Qa;IT6Tr6IT~f6,$a;@. ~C~ CUIT6\l, @(!!j,$@ <:b1J!li~~ru '~J!i1T6' mirr J!llW '.tl(!!j~6lIIIT' 6Tm!!)lW 51T6lIIITUU(blW {illi; ®,IDllJ4a;6ir 6UmU ~,$a;IT6GT $WJU4 @ID UI,$c$m6ITCW @),IDl,$.$lID~. Q~1T1iU @)lp.uSl6lIT1T1T6lIT @W UI&56ir 6illliUm6U14W ~WmUI1.jW ~1T6 UlIT ru!PJUITLmL14W wm, 6ill6Ur!.J@j56Tr, Qc$lTI,.56ir C:uITArIDru!DmID,$ @)6U,$ @j,IDlWLlTc$,$ Qc$rr6irrum~14tD (!pmC6lITlTrT ru!PlUITLmL14W ®Ji;~WIT&lSIru ~,IDl(Yla;uu(bl~~6lITrT.

il6Ur!.Jm5u5kirr 4f£!5 @)1p.56IT1T6IIT QruLrT56Tr (!p($5mlill';; . .r!.J56Tr mUl;;"1iII'1T1T5 ru!Plu(bl5lArJDlill'rT. ilArmID,$@j 2500 4-(bl5e,$@j (!pAr ruL ®dif£!wlT6l5l6'6l($di§l 6l5lmWAr 6TArID jlmrulTlFAr {il6Ur!.Jm5 4~5 @j1p.U QullilrIilllTlTIiII' @)QruIIIflAlw;; ~($Ul6IIITW QlFW~, .llQlQD6II'5 Q511'Altu QlFWW, cDlQlrrflAr ~YlJi;QD.56Tr 51TL.@5@6Tr 91p. dl@51ArJDllfrT. ~QlIi'561flAr

4rflw (gru~~~1iU @j,IDlUUlLuu(blW r 51(!!j~6lIIIT' 6TArID UI,$c$6ir~ITAr 6lJL (ilJi;~wrr6illru ~rulTlTmc$u u@j~uSlru rulTy!Ji;~ 51($~6lIIITm6llT~ Q~wruUllr5,$ Qc$lT6DirL J!iITCLITIp. UlB; a; 6ir. {iluulp. 9ruCruITrT ~1iII',$@)1!:9 LD,$5rrflm ruIT6lllT!DmID14w ~lTlTwJi;~ Q51T6Dir(bl QlFmID1T1iU 9ruQrulT($ru(!!j,$@)W ~IIIflUuLL ru!PJUITL(bl (!pmIDa;6ir ~®!t,:fil($,$.$lArIDIiII' ""irru~ Q~Jft51ID~. ~ru!DJl)l6ir, '(!P($5 ru!PlUIT(bl' .Wl!jlrflAr ru!PlUIT(bl 6TArU~ ~Qr6IT. ~rrflrurr5 6l5l6ITr!J@)5IJD.,.

( ~ oSUlI'ir.~: QlJurpil"'~ ) @

~mlLl1" (!Jl@5 ~LlTLIp.Iiir lJQ) BiLlDI56lr - ~~lTrueJ, Jd,AlII (YI'IDp]5., ~Alo$o$m, ruQraft, (!p($o$liir udJ!6Iw o$lT~" _~, ~Iiir Sl!IJUI, ~!:J!'IDo$ ml6lJlfl5~UJ (YIAllD mar @6lIlru

... ~~ - ~ ~ 8'~ Ul&II" ~m6OOlW ml6lTso$~eJ51IDeJ· Cult)l1ili, 8'1T ~AlUIIi.JdJID ~m6U61DWIljUJ - QJAilrlp.61DIJIljLD o$lT~m~ ~WIYIfT ~~ Qo$6lTlJmlj,~6lIl~IljLD

.rrL~5IIDeJ· il~dJ@j UlITIDrro$, 4rf1w ru!PIUITL(b\ (YI6lIlID

.llruli'o$6lTeJ 8'(YI~lTwj,,ilAr rulTYlsAlo$ (YI6lIlIDmwu

dlIr~5IIDjJJ.

(~ur~)

I:rummlo$m Q8'wru~1iir rulTuSl6U1T56ljLD ~Al~. ,il~u'u U~~6UITLD 6TIiirUeJ @ruli'o$meJ n;Ulti5mo$. IilrITUI6lIIITrr o$&rfIliir C~lTdJfDLil @&iJrurrI:ID L~ruITQIT". @rurro$m £ilJii~lTmlC6UCW ~rilo$6lIl6lT LwrrJii~ 8'1T~WIT5 Lwrrj,~s Qo$ITIiliarLQlTrr . 8'~~@ @rurT561fI&ir ~rutP i1<!5~eJ ~!iJ@ 9(!!)

o$ITIJIillllTUlIT@jUJ.

~6lIl1J@j.1D . n;ITI:LITIp.j,~QlTUlITQIT 4rf1wrr 0$. IilJii~wlTmru _(b\(!!i6ljLDCUIT", (YlArllll $l6llllllWITQIT 8'(YI~ITWS @j@S56lT1T5 @(!!iJii~ATIi'. @eJ, 8'1T~W6lIlUlUlI fTuulp. 1lIJi;~~ fTArU6lIl~S a;rrL~5IIDeJ·

3. GlUrT~ wa.a;m : mU6U1T 8'(YI~ITW~~!llI(YIfiir6lT" CUIT6U

. ~rflw 8'(YI~ITW~~!llILD QUlTeJ LDs5m ~6lIlQITj,eJu QUIT" Cru6lll6\J56l1l61TIljUJ ~~lTru .. , LDIJ Cru6lll6\J Q8'wru~661~Jii.. ~(!!i 8'(YI~ITW~~dJ@j~ C~6lIlruW1T6lIT 6T6U6\l1T~ Q~ITW!fiiJo$6lIl61TIljLD _ Q8'W ~ 6lIT rr . jDlT 61T 6lIl LmlfiiJ U6\J Q ~ lTW!fiiJ 5 &rfIWlLD (YIQrr C QIT JDl w @rurr5m '6lIlru61wrr56ir' 4ATlTrro$6ir. ®Ji;~lTml!D@j ®ruIi'56ir ru~LDCUIT" 6T@~~JDl6lj @(!!iJi,~~!D51T6lIT 6TJi,~ 4~ITIJ(YItD @6U6lIl6\J. @rurr5&rf1m- @(!!iB;@j Cru~tD 6T~~6lIlATCWIT ~!D!D1T6lIiJr(blo$6lT1T5 'ruITWQLDITW! LDJi,~IJLDlTo$' Cru @~Ji;~ ... ~C~ Cn;IJ~~fiiJ, 6lJi,eJQru&rfl n;1T5rf15e: 6lm-ATrilo$6irrulTuSl6\J1T5 W1~6ljtD n;1T5rf15LD6lIlLJi;~ ~(!!i 8'(YI~ITW LDlJlI @(!jJi,~(!jB;5IID" maru .. Q~rfl51!DeJ.

1. OUrTiJrTmla;m : @rurro$m jDITCLITIp.B= 8'(YI~ITW~~fiiJ ilm-!6IW6lIlLD wlT~rurro$6lTlTo$s o$~~UULL6arrr. ~LDeJ QU(!!iLD Qa:1Tj,~1T1iIII' lDIT(b\B;6lIl61T fT~ 56lT6lIII"Ip.S Q5ITAIr~ CLlT5ITLDfiil o$lTuueJ @rurr561TeJ (YI51T6lIlLDWITQIT u6lIIIfIwITo$ @~Ji,~ ... ilrurro$6ir '®Ji,~lJrr' 6TliirlDl~w55WLLQlTrr. @ru '®~IJ" ru66lmLD' Q~wrnl5lDlTS5UuLL". ru66lmLD UAIL~ CurrIJlT&rfIBi6ir 9(!!i BiLLLj,~m- ~6lIl6UruIilll'1T5 ®fiiJ6\lITUl." ~6lIl6UruATIT5 @(!!iJii~rulflm- Ulo$m- ~6lIl6U6lIlLDU U~6illB;@j ~wWlB;o$uuLLIT6lir. CUlTrfI(blLD @j@rnlQITrr n;1T61T6lIlLrnla, 8'~rr5m 4uSlQ1Trr.

2. a:WIU';: a:Util@) Gla:w06llrTrT : umlQo$lT(blj, .. wlTo$UJ Q8'wru~&irr rulTuSl6UlTo$~ 'C~rurro$&rfI' LtD ~rilo$~S@jj, C~6lIlruWlTlilll'eJ 5IAILW~lTo$ @rurr_ ~mQITUuIi'. ~riJo$m61TrnlL ClUlArmUlWITQIT 8's,ils~u u66I Qo$lT~Uu~. rulTuSl6U1T56ljLD

® ru surr ID IT 0$, 4 rfI W rr 8' (YI ~ IT W ~ ~ fiiJ (Ylliir lllIrnl ~ LD IT AT

@j@B;o$~ I @~Jii~ITWltD ~~ru6lll1J 9~rurr ~Lo!i;51WIT~LD 8'(YI~lTwo$. Q51T(b\6lIlLD Jtl6Ururnl6iJ6lIl6\J. CUITIJIT&rfIo$6ir, Y,6lIl8' Q8'wCrulTlT, QUIT" LDB;56ir Lm&rflLL 6T6UC6UIT(!!iLD 8'UlLDIT5 jDLj,~uULLlilll'rr. @ru ~lfIw 8'(YI~ITW~~JD@j @Jii,ilWlTmlmQ~ITa,@j1p.5~LIiir Q~ITLrrCudJuLL tSlliirQITCIJ 8'1T,ilW6lIlLDUlI LIiliarLITQIT" 6T1iir5l1D1Trr CIJITWl6U1T ~lTuurr (Romila Thaper, 1978) ~6lIIJeJ ~j,""" ®<$B;@j ~~ ~~s o$lTlll

.ilJii'WlTmla51(!!;Jii~ U6U ilQITB;~<y6illlillTrflAr Quwrro$m

(~.ur~)

". _",::,~"_-::,_:~:,,~',rt: ;i'';.:f''~

.'1' ,·I@e .............. L.NJ ~Afbei5lAL.. ......... __ ~ e.,:.LUu(bI.$lID~~ .. ~. (Sud(]$)

~ #I" ~ • ..... i· ,,"ArID ~1iIIT5@<!f6Dl&anT If_. eJ1lUIiLUU@IilJDII. ilQlri"5&Tr 6UL ueSlruhil ilc!J~JD'ri; &utoUfWr ~1T6 @~ m1Bi6UIf~i ....... ~ ......... fl)riJ5&Tr 6T~ .. ui:8IIfWIf (PQmIs) ... - ...... - (Oasas) 1I'_1)liD @!DlUSl4-~.$lIIiJr!J)IiIITrr.

5LLITWlBlTu5l~Ji;IIi"· ~~!iJ@5 51T11 ... aD IlilTtIIT lliaD(YILAr 561)Ji;16I fl)lB" cmlflw ~1iIIT5@{Y&IIl6UCW ~~ji;~m1(i1QJlTrr5Qr ....irID uW ~1flwri"~5@ ~$fI) .. 6T8r5l!J)lTri" lliniui".

>

. ut ....... -. e~ ~liIITaD 4&i5~ ~QI ~ ..... ~5.$lrirIDlill"i. ~.6ir

. .-Iftwtt • ..n_ lBlI'@.... ..6UIT'9-, @L.,.5Q51T_<b\

c:ur._ - .. e~ID~· ~01 1Jl(.@Lo6U6UlT16J.

il~ ut 8fCuri 4ftui5C!!!).$@ rulwU6lIluji; fI)(!iaD

............... ~5QIh ~tSlLUU(bl.$lID01·

fl)lT6rr ~UlU1T551i.L.L 51T1iU 5U_~ 6IT~ (YIfI)Al U'9-Jtl&lll1iU5@ ~'9-~fI)6lTtDlLWLL~; £ilJi;~lfdlAl tSlIDJi;fI) £ilJi;~wri", J!)ITL(il5@6Tr 1I@Ji;~ ~IflWI1If6U~IfYl~~UULL lB556ITlTilITIf1T5Ur. ~6iI ~@ @Ji;~w5 @"'lB55&11l6IT~ ~ITYI~~UULLQJIT56IT1T5 liL~~ ~QJ1f561r 6lJillrriJ5Iw Qfl)WruiJ5C!!!)aD 9~ 51T1Jr;anD mir5llDrrIT ~niui".

~"I~' ··ii"~""'t.~~~:

~ ,..,8 i'-5ecY cmIftui'56IT1T&U ~ITYI~ ~enar5"

5(!S1IiUI.L.LfI)JDe5 5II1J-U .JI6lJIi- 5JlllUll JtlmAA56ITIT~ ileJi; ... mir5lJl)II'Ii' .II'UUIT. il~utSl~aD, ®6l!. {il1illTB;@{y 4t&1tsQlll'Al ~ Qu-iirmUt.a:L.Jb@5 a;1T1T~UI ~~. .lIIuUlf5 il~Ji;... lBL(illBAlliUj j)6lJrra;&j1" ~~qllB U.L.,1lIri"5Q1'1I'5 i\~,."aD 4IflWIT5C!!!)5@~ .YI4f.~~'. L*'-1I'551wlI. If.CIlI, illlli5. t8 .ITAT Q~,¥-w 1~~.~"

ilQli5IRDiIr "' .... lB "511'.IlI.aD ~lflwIt5C!!!)5@5

~lflwIT a;~@ ~QJIT a;6Ifl1iir IlBIT(ij'Ia;6ir I fl)lfliir (YIIiU~ATaD. lBIT(ij'Ia;6ir !L.6ir6IT ~m1!iJ@;';: 6(!Jl~lfw5 Qa;m1J&lJU! 5kmL~~I6I . ~@ji;fI)~, ~6Urr561flAr @@6lIl1Ta;6ir. @~AlI1561f18r CQJ5aD .c:UITIJ1f61fl5&1f1_ Q6lJ!iJ!Dl5@ ®rir!DlW&llllBWIf~fI)If5 £il~!ii~I6I • Qulflw C6lJ6irdl5C!!!)5@5 @@6lD1T5fiir ul6lwlfu5l.. lBn:(bl56ir 56lJi11TlBIf5 6lJ6ITIT55UULLAT. 9~ @!DlUUlLL dlCIIL· J!)1T61fI.u um:..,.!J)Hl a=niDL.(bl6= I C6ITlB I urillTaD ~~. ~rfUJflAr QJIf Yl5 &Ill 5 5@ lBlT (bI5 6ir £illiir !Dl w 6lD lBW lf~fI)lfAl .JI &Ill 6lJ .(YI551wlBITAT~fT5 ~&IIllBJi;~61T. J!)fT6IT6lDLmlAl ~81Q) lImf1~

mIliUriJ@56lT1fu5lAT. lBITL6lIlL5 Q5IfAlQJ~ 1S1l1lTlBQllTIJ ~ c;ur~61fiuQ) ruTYI56lD56l1lW J!)1T6lB1T551w~. ~1IrIf.u. jlruT56lr Laarml.u lBITL'9-6lIlID';:.fI ~5!DIDuULL~.

. 'it:& H

.!(!,IftWi5..n_ 1615 (!I511' ..... II'AT 6T~1fl56l1'1T~~ fiII"~

.~.,..t. ..... ilut- ~.;: Q6rr~li5Ir1T1JJT56lf.iI "'~Q1'_5Q1'II'5QIh ~.$lrirIDlillTrf -. ~LH>fT1iU6= . 1I_81L.eU lSI_ .1I'1Ii il-~liIITrr ~rfiiurrfTAl QQJ!iJp5I Cil5IrIir~.

£ilJi;@WlTrul.u @1flJi;~ lB!DID mIliUriJ@56ir ~6lJri"5C!!!)5@ m1wlRu~ ~Ji;~AT. WIT6lIlAT6lDW5 I 6lD5 lJ61I)L~, ~6(!IIL.@aD dlliUriJ@' mirllll 5~@liIITrr. UlTaD1I56Tr Ba..LIf~ ",5~5C!!!)L. :9u!SlLuULLAT. "'5 5®i;~ !Ii1T5ji;AI~ QJAlrriJ@aD J!)fT5 1IIf~1flIIiJr Q~IfLri"4 5l6lllL~~ UIT~ 6T1iir.$l!DrrIT

Jj II'UU 11'. CLDIIJUJ. 4rflwrflAr QJiW6l.JliJ56lr 5l(J1T555 5LQjQTrT5_ Jt1mllll'~~ru~rr5 ji(!!;Ji;JiIlll' 6TAr51JDITrT ilQJ QlIT6llrrlD!D~erT. 4rflWrT5IilflmL<:w ~rflwAr. 611(!!;6lRITAr. ruITIlj. Cc!fITUIAr 6TArUIIII' (Yl551WLDITAT~IT5 ji(!!;Ji;~IIII'. 'c!fIT6l5l~~rfl' (Savltri) 6TAr!D Q~wru~~ QUWrT Qs:rr~~ITAr 4rflwrflAr .~h'£I(Yl551w LDJi;~ITLDITIIII' 5ITW~~rfl LDJi;~ITUJ ... 8:c!frrLIIII'UJ Qs:WWUuL.L~ 6TArWlLil jiM 6T@~51!DlTri".

(YlJilD ",ri.J5UJ, jiA>L8: c!ffiJ5UJ 6TArUlllJ' QruJDJil 5!iJa.--WiT 6TArWl 61(!;~~~1Al illiir!6lwmlDWrrJi~rr@LiI. lD5lTumrJjU CLII'lfIiI ilUJ LDArllll'rT56lr Q~ITLrTlI6lr61TrurT561Trr5 ji(!!;(!;Ji_rr 5TAr WI 5LWl51!DrrrT (JITITLlil611IT ~ITUUrT. LD5ITUITITJi.~Ml UIT&RTlIlWrT ~6IJ)li5ITUJ 5U1TLL,UUJ 6T1RIT8: 61~rfl55l.1..(b'l5l!D~ 5l.(yl. 2-4UJ iff!D!D1T1iliDr(bl5 51T611~~6iJ ~Llily! LDArllll'rr56lr ji6llriJm5AlW ~ljlmLD Q51T1iliDr1jl®(!;~mrr. ilruru61T&lj )li1T5rf15UJ umL~~ "'(Yl~lTw!i;~~mLw ~Llil!il~ ~LWUJ 6TriJ(J5? 6TArID (J56lr6l5l )liLiI (!p6irram 6T@.$I!D~.

"'lTml.~ 6TAr!D Q~wruUJ ~rflwrflAr Qu_ ~LiJc!flDlT@UJ. iJi;~5 5rrw.~rfl (J~ruAl~mw ru6lRlTriJ5I1III'1T1Al 8isUmlw!6l&ljUJ 6lJ1I'y!5m5uS1lAl LWrr&ljUJ 5lAlLUU~1T55 5(!!;~uU(bl5l!D~. jiUJ LDJi;~~QD~ r.5lITII'Ul6llllTrT5e6lr 4Air56lr lOL@(JLD Ld<g:ITLIillfU! Qc!fwwmlwiUUJ; Quoo5(J61Trr ~IT~UULL "'1T~uSIli11'(JlTrr jiUJ LDJi;~IT.m~ L8:"'ITLIIII'UJ Qs:W6ll~ ~~rTUlUllT55 5(!!;~UuU.~. .JI~IT'lJ~. 5IAlmlWJDI&ljUJ ruIT!il5m5uS1Ar (YlAr(JAT!D!DlYIUJ dllTrrlDlillllTrT c!frr~uSI6U ji(!!;UU~lD5rr58: c!flD6iu5l(!!;~ QlDrr~ lJIUAr~~L~. ji~ ~5 Quxr~ 5T1iir!D aUITrr~ c!fII'~rrlT6lRIT U155eB;@ 6TLLlr~ ~!jlWITWU urr~5rr55UuLL~. c!friJ5~ ~Llily! ru61TrTJi;~Q~1III'5 5L!Duu(jjlUJ ~Llily!)lirrLIjlIAl ~LlilYl QLDrr!jl 'c!fLDW QlDlT!jl' WIT5 jiMl6llrrLDMl ji6ll551w QLDrr!PlWIT5 L(!!;Qru(jjl~~~. ~Llily! QLDrr!jlAlW~ Q~ITlAl5rruLSiwrr ji611B;5Ii1111TUu(jjl~~lIII'rrlT 5TAr!D 6lI1T6llrrlDAI!D Llil5&l1Li1 5ruArLDrr5 4lTrrw~ ~Llily! .!DIJ6I(9If56lr lYIAr 6lJIf Cru.-airr(jjlLil.

(Jc!fITy! LDArATIiir 5rf15IT611nflliir 5rr611UJ 5l.(Yl. 4-4UJ iff lD!D IT IiliDr (bl 6T Iiir 51!D IT IT ~ IT UU rT • (J '" IT LD Iiir l1li' 6ir (J IT IT LD IT ~ 5L!DumLmw~ ~5rT~~~IT5&ljUJ BiL!DUU(bl5l!D~' 5L(Yl. 3-~UJ iff!D!DITIiliDrIjl6U ~Llil!il)liITL(jjl LDIiirATrT56lr 5l(J1T55 )liITL(jjlLAr ruITADfU~ Q~ITLrTlI Q8iIT6UiJrIjl(!!;Ji;~mLD 6lI1T6UII"lDJIlI&' Q",w~.

(Yl(!!;5 6lI!P1UIT(bi @!6I~~. ~rruurr (Romila Thaper. 1978) 5LWlLiJ(JUIT~. ~Llil!¢56lr (Yl(!!;5QDIIII'~ ~riJ56lr (Jurrri"5 5L&lj61T1T5 ru6llllTriJ5Imrr 6TArWl @J61uLSi(jjl5l!DITrT. ji~6ir 5IT6llUJ c!frflwrr56 Q"'IT6U6IJUULlTmlLLlT!llIUJ lYI(!!;5 6lI~UIT(jjl Llil5&ljUJ Q~ITArmLDWrrlillf ~ 6T6aTum~ ji6iJ .!DI!Di(5rr @J61Ul.I55~Ji;~ 5rr6lRlT ilw6iJ5I!D~.

~(Jc!frr5rr 5IAlQruL(jjl51ilfl6iJ urr6li!rljlw LD_IillfAlITU u!D!6I L6lr61Tj:ljrr5&ljUJ .JI~lrru~. .$l!6l6iu~6l5IlD@ (YlAr 3-~UJ ill"lD!DII'-@ ~LlilW)lill'LIjl.u Llil5&ljLiJ JDlT5rfl5W .!DIAIL(!;~ "'~lTwUJ ji(!!;Ji;~~rr5&l1UJ 4JilrlTr!.J56lr Uir61TAT. ~rururr!DrruSlAr, ~rr6U5rrWlu..tri" ji6lla51i1111TUJ ru@5@~1T ~LlilYl 6Tru L(!!;m'I.u il(!!;(!;~~? 5T81JLO (J5mrul )liUJ (!ptir 5T<!j51!D~

CUrrrT5 5L&lj61Trra; lYI~ArmLDuu(jjl.~ ru6llllTri.J5uULL~ LDL(jjlLD.u611rrLD6U LDnfI~ ilm~~1iir 6lI61Trr8:615@UJ (Yl(!!;5Ar i16irJ61wmlDWrr~6lIArrr6j5 5(!!;~UULLITAr. ~5 5L&ljA>61T ~M (Jurrliir!D ~lTnflwri.J561Trr6iJ ~LlilYlrr ru6lRlTri.J5Iw~ a(jjlLD6U6llrrLD6U IIiLQIr~QD~IljUJ ilnr!6lwmLDWrr~~1T55 Q51T.1jl(!!;Ji;~lIII'rr. jl8: ",LriJ@5QD61T~ ~A1Q)QDuxJ ldJ",rrrfl Qs:Wj:ljll'rT.

( ~ 5LA(61r ~ : ur-1J)Jh _.~ ) @

(YI(55 ru!:6lUIT(bl f6t6lYli o!f(YII6lTw,z,Ar ru61l'ITilll1lLAr ~IfLli"4mLW~. IIJD1 (pITUlT5 ~1iif6 ~~ jll6lIflU.LL IIJD1 @H!J55611'1T5 il<!S$f6 ~lTlTmlL~ - .,t6l.Yl ~6IIfUl, Qu~w

.IIlTo!f1T5611'1T5 UlIT!Dl, -'I $ Jf;IW AI IT Qru~i!lUl .116II'mlID~

Al6ITIT';:lIwAlL$f6C:UIT~, (YI<!S5 ru!:6lUITL(bl (YIAlID5~UI

UlIT !Dl uSI <!S 5 51 Ar ID 6IIf • -'I 16 IT ru ~, CUlT IT,:l; f6 61D auru AI' IT ~

IDL(blUl6UaulT~ 9<!S o!f(YII6lTw,z,Rr UIT~5ITLJl . .j5 5L&l.j6ll'1T56'l.jUl

~Rr uxr!iJ~Ar. o!fUl6iu5l<!S~ ~~f6 ~IT~ fl'cYI6UULL~ (YII6C.u ilru ru~UIT(bl I6!D1Y1~ITL"'au~ru~ _.piIuS1<!S$~<!S5511D~; C5lTuSlmau';: 5ID!Dl _IT 5 &IT UI16'l.j51RrIDAI'; .JIlTo!frT5&ir Ul55&l1l6ll'U UIT~51T5@UJ UAIL uau(YI 6ir 6IT ru IT 5 &IT IT 5 WIT JDI516irr IDAI' rT; .JIAlrT 5 61ft Rr 5L 6'l.j&IT1T 5 (YI<!S5Ar MDlUJ5lIDITOt•

ruL55166l<!S$" Al$f6 ~rflwu U6liBrUITL.,.&ir f6IT55,2;f6lT6U f6t6lYIIT~ -'lITIIW6U, Q.ir<!S6'IflW6U, o!f~W ru6ITrT';:1I56'1fl6b Qurfl~ UlIT!D1D1iI5&ir 6"flDULLAI'. ruL551lD@)UJ Qf6lD51!D~Ul UI&lIlYl~ 5ITauUllDID 51Tau1il56'1flRrCUIT~ UW6lIIIT,2; QIIIT~lTlI t6l~&l.jW '_(blf66UIT5 @<!S$f6... 51C1T55 llilT(bl LOL.(blw6U6UI'UJQl uau ~~~ f661D1T55L6U llilT(bl5<5LtIlIUJ IIt6lYlrr56'1flAr o$~6U rulT~~UI lli61DLQU!iJ!Dl<!S$~<!S5511D~' U6U 1Ii1T(bl51i1f1!l!11D Uauf6ITUULL 5L6'l.j6ITrr 561D1I5&ir 51T6lIIITUu(bl51ArIDAI'. 6T6IIfCru, U~ UAaI'L£(bl5(5LRr ®m6llllT$~ 51T6lIIITUU(blUl '(YI<!S5Ar ~UIT(bl. m!J@). 6TUCUIT~ Q,JITLri.J51uSl<!S556UITUl iTAr JDl uau C5&ITml5&IT lJjUJ (YI&ir 6TYlaumA

umrrulT(bla;6'Ifl6iJ Qf6ArULml6Umau. (YIAr6DTIT5 @)!DlW1LL~C:UlT6U 61fiU a; L 6'l.j&IT ITa; &IT o$rrfiU':!;~!iJ@)5 5ITauUJ C:wRr61DUlUu(bl,:!;~Uu(bl5lArID6DTrr -'l6iJfiU~ -'lrurr56ir (YI~RrmlDmW C:ruw 61fiU a;L6'l.j&ITrra;&ir6T(bl,:i;~5 Qa;IT6ir5lRrID6lITrr. ~AI'IT6iJ, (YI<!So$Rr IDL(blUJ ~t6ly!rr QIDIT!PlI1lLRr, U_UITL{bILRr. f6,2;§Jru,:!;§JLRr ru6ITlTt6 .. Qa;lTmrrCL ruQ!j5lIDlTrT.

(YIQ!jo$ ruWJUlT{bI 6TUCUIT@ ru&ITlT,:!; Q~ITLri.J5lW@ iTArU@ ~ITITWUUL Cru6icrr.,.w 9RrIDIT@)Ul. -'lC:~ C:lliITUJ, Q~Rr6llT5,:!;~6iJ o!flDW -'I.,.uumLuSl§!jUl ~1T61w6U -'l1p.uumLuSI§l!jUJ lliL$~ UlIT !iJ ID iii a; m &IT 111 UJ ~ IT IT W c: ru 6iur {bI UJ. ru L 5 5l6iJ o!fLDIilIiIT (!p UJ QU&IT,:!;~(YIUJ ru&ITrtt6~ Gila;IT6iurC:L ru$~CUIT@ Gil~m6lll'o$~~6U f6t6lW LDm6llTrra;&ir ~L61 L';:o!f~66JQ!j$~~; ~Q!jruQ!ja;Qa;ITQ!j6l.lrr C:UITIT Gil~IT{bIuu .. Ul lliITL61DLU Ul",uu~UJ lliClllL(!p61DJDWIT6DT mlLwri.Ja;6ITITa; @Q!j$~6lIT.

u6UfiUrurT a;IT6U~~6U ruL55l66JQ!j$~ ~rflwITa;61flAr ruQ!jmffi -'I~a;rfl:2;~§jITffi rulT6UITJDI an..!)Jl5lJD~. u6UaururTo$6Tr o$IT®6141T:2;m~,:!; f661DfiUlliffiITITIiJ5 Qa;IT6iur{blUJ UIT6i'ur1p.WITffi6ir LD~61DlTmW~ ~mfiUlli51TITffia; Qa;IT6i'ur(bltjl ~L61 !!iL~~5lRrJD6lITrr. LDC:a; $~lTrurtLD u6iJfiUrum a;ITfiU~~6iJ (5l.U!. 600 (YI~6iJ 5l.Ul. 630 ru61DlT) LDa;lTu66J41Ta; C:o$ITml6iJ @6lDLwuUL"'Q!jB;5lID~. @ti1 LDm6DT6Dr 6LDIim o!fLDW~m~';: o!fITrr$~Q!j$~ruRr; @rum -'luurflm (YIw!iJ61wIT6U '61Do!fruUl' ~@ml6llTITm.

481'1TIAl, fi,2;~ru -'I.,.lJu6mLuSlC:aurr. o!flOOJ ~"'LumL~~au~, QLDITy! -'I.,.uumLuSlC:aulT fTuu.,.u UITIT,zf6ITIIIUI fit6lYlIT5@W (YI<!S51)15~UI Lm&IT ilJDl55U1IT8T' Qf6lTLlTlI 6"fAUIII'W

o!flD6llll'rTa;6ir o$ITau~~6iJ uau o!fLDW mlrfl&l.jU U6lIllfIffi6Tr lliL$~6lIT. ~ t6l WJ6iJ (YI ~ 66J lib Q 6l.I61fl ru $ ~ U su J9lT IiiJ 5 6ir o!f LD lim IT ffi &IT IT IiiJ 6T@~UULL6lITrulT@UJ. U6iJfiUruIT ffilTau~~6iJ o!fLDIilIiIT. QU&IT~~ IfLDWB; ffi6Umla;6Tr mlrflrumLt6~Q!j$~AI'; a;lTauu C:UITa;5lru,

dll,lfIwri'5m ~&iJ (ilLr!aJ5QD6II'5 Al5UU!DJ6l5 Q51T61iarUIITri'. U.u6U6Uri' 51T6Uj;~.u, ~W1Y15j;~.u ~IflWri'5(!!!;5@U UiU ~ f&lTliltUIT5 ~5L.u:..LIiIt; ~!DJ6lJiJ@. 6UJft 5L(blru~ ",1Iir1lJil AJYI55UJ dll,lflwrr561f1611lL<:W 51T6IIIITUuU~I_6U.

~5m ~1fmt5m <:UIT6U.u6UIT~ UJ55(!!!;5@ ml6II'r!aJ.sw QUIIT~561f1.u 8'UlW5 5.uml6lllW5 5!Dt5Ij;~liIITrr. ~5 51T6Uj;~rll ~~<:6lJ5lDIT5U UlJmlll.I ' U5~ @W55UJ' , ~W1Y1' QlDlT!Pl6lllW ~LW1T55 Qa,lTmL~. 8'lD6IIIIT 8'lDW5 Q5ITmIilli55(!!!;5@ "'~1J1T5';: Al8'6lJ cflj;~IT!ii~ cfI!ii~6IIl1illT5m 6lJ6II'rr!ii~IiIIT. U5~ UIIIli"55UJ ~. 6, 7 -~UJ ~!D!D1T1i1itrrG!561f1ru ~ITLr!aJ5IliIITlTiIlIUJ ~~6IIuilT ' (Yl(!Jj5' (il6lll6llllTU4 6TliilTu~ 51.151. 10-~UJ ~!D!DlTm®5@u t51fiirrlillT<:1J UIJ!ii~551!D~.

Q~IT.u@1¥-5m fT!ii~ j6ITLl¥-rll (il(!Jj!ii~ITI!IUJ ' Lwrr!ii~ , (ilLr!aJ5611l6ll'j; Q~W6lJUJ 6lJ1T@UJ (ilLr!aJ5611'1T5 ~6IIl1illTj;~ 6lJ!:6IULLlillTrr. 8'ITAr!D1T5j;, QfilT6U@1¥- lD55611'ITriIIT Q~ArIillTITUt51Ifl55ITmlfiirr ' (ilr!aJ51T' (il1illT5@(!JmllillTrr ~r!aJ5&ir 6lJ!PIUITLG! i'Lr!aJo$6II'1T5 LWIT!!l~ i'Lr!aJ5611l6ll'j;~lTm <:firr!iiQ~G!~~(!Jj!ii~liIITrr mirUQD~';: c!liLL6UII1A.

-(il5 51T6U 5Lqi;~ru ~WI!PI.u fT@!ii~ fT@';:cfI, u5~uSlfiirr ~l¥-uu6IIlLuSI.u fT@!iifi 9(!Jj QlDlT!PI mI!PIU461111Trr6lll6lJ LIi1itrrLIT551w~. @~6lJ6IIl1J 5L6ll&ir QlDlT!:6IW1T5 i'(!Jj!ii~ 8'lD6iu5l(!Jj~UJ t51Ar~&ir6ll'UULL~. UB;~U UITLrll5&ir <:5ITuSI.u 1d.6IIl8'5(!!!;&ir gArJDIT5 @(!Jj!ii~6lIT. ~W1!P5 .5L6ll6ll'1T5 '(Yl(!Jj5Ar' Lwrr~~UULLITAr. @~!D@B; 51T1J6IIIITUJ, '6iu5!iifiAr' fTArID Quwlfl.u ~Iflwrr L(!Jj6lJ1T551w 5L6ll6lll6ll' ~~cflw 9(!Jj 5L6ll&ir fiWlYlrr5(!!!;B;@j; <:~6IIl6lJWITuS1(!Jj!ii~~1T fTArU~ ~!ii~5 51T6\l5LL~.u J6L!ii~ ~5Y16cf15(!!!;LAr 6IIl6lJj;~ ml6lJIT~B;5UuL <:6UmlpJU mlLWUIIT@UJ.

lD6IIl6U "'lTrr!ii~ 6lJITW6lll6lJ ~I¥-UU6IIlLWlTo$5 Q5ITml¥-(!Jj!ii~ Q~IT.u@1¥- lDB;561f1m 5L6ll6ll'1T5 (IJl(!Jj5Ar i'(!Jj!ii~(!Jj556UITUJ. "'1T~1T1J6lIlIT lD5561f1fiirr 5L6ll6ll'1T5 ml6II'r!aJ5Iw (Yl(!Jj56115@UJ ~UJ lDB;5(!!!;B;@UJ i'6IIlL<:W J:t\6UmlW LID6ll ~6lJ6IIl1iIIT 6lJ!PIULL (Yl6lll!D51ilfl66l(!Jj!ii~ Q~lflw 6lJ(!Jj5lID~. ~~IT6lJ~, ~IflW5 5L6ll6TTrr <:UIT.u, '<:6lJ6irml5(!!!;551T55' 51T~~(!Jj551T~ i'!ii~B; 5661 51T6UB; 5!ii~6IIl6llT~ ~~y!rr5&ir ~L.u, UITUU 6lJlTuSl6U1T5 6U61111Tr!aJ5Ij; Q~IT@~rillTrr;~lflcflIqUJ Id.6llUJ Q51TUp.U Jd,cfllk;liIITrr.

(IJl(!Jjifi 6lJ!:6IUITLG! 6lJ6II'ri'';:cfI '~~YI' mirID QlDlT!PIuSlm 6lJ6II'rr';:cflwlT@UJ. ~UJ QlDlT!PIB;@UJ UmUITLI¥-!D@UJ ~~Y!rt Q5rr®l'ii~ ~5, ~5 !LWrr!ii~ @L~ITAr (IJl(!Jj5 6lJ!PIUlTLIT@W.

(Yl(!Jj5fiirr, fiWlYllflfiirr i'W!D6IIl55 5L6llm. ~6Ur!aJ5611l6ll' m~ ~6II'IT5U ~j;~, 9<!!) ~W6Uj;mfi L1ilirrur55lj; QfilT(!jfi6UAr fi¥r. @J6l~j;. ~WW ' (Yl(!Jj.safl6ir' ~W fi~ 4~LIIir ilm6llllT~~·

u.u6U6lJrr 51T6U~~ru ~lflwrr5&ir 51T~cfl41Jj;~.u

8'lD6iu.$l(!Jj~5 5.ut\!lT1fl5611l6ll'~ Q~ITLr!aJ5 lDAr6llTrr561f111ir L~mI .$l6lllL~~~. 6UL5.$l66l(!Jj!ii~' !!i1T6II'!ii~1T' QU6II'j;~5 5.uml ~6IIl6UW~~!D@U <:UITL"_WIT5 ~lflwrr5&ir Q~!D.$l.u @5 5.uml ~6IIl6UW~6IIl~ ~6IIllDj;~liIITrr. @r!aJ@ 340 lDIT6IIIIT6Urr5&ir .uJ6iu.$l(!Jj~~~.u Lwrr 5m6lllW5 5!DjDlillTrr.

@<:fi 51T6U 5LLj;~.u j6ITWArlDlTrr5&ir lD5561f1A1L<:W 56U!ii~ 6lJIITJt~ u5~ UlTrr55UJ, ~1fIw <:6Uf5ri15(!!!;5@ fT~1T5

J6Lj,~ 9® B'UlWU 4JTL.fl mir JDI BiLL';: Qe:1T6iJ6Il6UlTlD. ~~II!lUJ, ~UurT (YI@ (YIlD(YIlJUlIT 1$';: B'UlUJU uADf\6I.u FF@LLlTrT; @6UrT 9rT Ly!nlrT; Jll,rflWrT a;m ~tDIy!1J ~ ~6U1il5m6TT LDAUarrT L~mlIllLAr 5n1rT j,~, ~tDI!p LDB; 5 m6TT ,:!; ~ 1il5m BiL6lS'I5 6TT1T 5 JII, B; 51W~Ar 6T~QIJ1T6lS'IWIT @6UIJ~ mB'6U B'LDW,:!; Q~lToo(bl 6TArJDI BiLL5 <:5mml 6T@UU6UlTlD.

~Ar6lJTrT5.~5@jlD QB'6U6UrT5(!!!j5@jlD LDL(bIlD 6TLL56io..,.W @mlD~6'DT .' ~OOLIT6ir 6TArID QU6lIBr_5@jlD ~UUrT 6TArID ~~@jLD U5~ ~m6Uu5l6U 9Ar,IDlmAIIT5I6lirIDITAr.

Jll,rflW5 5Ullm5m6TT Q6UrirlD (YI@(YI~!iJ 5L6J.l6TT1T5 , (YI®5Ar' ~tDIY! LDB;56TT1T6i.l <:UIT!iJIDUU(bI6U~Ar Lm6TTlTrTj,~ <:J!i1TB;5lD 6TAr6lJT? 6TAr!D <:5mml @Iil@j J!ilD UI6IIT~6U 6T@.$llD~. mB'6U,:!;~rir QU®lDQUIT ®6TTIT6lJT .fl6UIiIIfIAr LD5Ar; <:UlTrT ~6Il,:!; Q~Li.J6ULDIT6'DT Q51T!iJlDm6Uu5lAr LD5Ar 6TrirQ!D6i.l6UlTlD (Yl®5rir <:UIT!iJlDuu(bI.$l!DlTrir. Jll,rflw 6iua;j,~ 41J1T1ilIIIT,:!;~6i.l (YlrirfJIIB;@jU Ulrir (YI1J61IIIT1T5';: QB'IT6i.lruWLL 6iu5j,~liIIfIrir t51!D1I4 u!iJ,IDlw 6Tj,~5 5m~5(!!!jlD ~L1iIy! (YI®51i11f1Ar 6U1J6U1T!iJJ6l6i.l @6i.lm6U; ~6Ue»B;@,:!; ~lTllIlD ~5Uu@1llD LOO(bl.

B'LDIilIIIT(YllD QU6TT,:!;~(YIlD Jll,rflw ~,:!;~6U,:!;~6lir e!P6UIT~ITIJB; Q6iIT(bImLD56TT1T6'DT B'IT ~5 Q5lT(bImLD5m6TTllIlD <:nlmml5m6TTllIlD 6T~rT,:!;~~1T55 BiL!DUU(bI5I!D~. Jll,rflWrT 6U®m55@j (YIAr<:U JII,~51T6UlD Q~ITL(bI ~6UmlW mB'6U .fl,:!;~ITj,~,:!;~rir 9® Q6U6lfIUUIT<:L UB;~ 6lJWlUIT(bI. mB'6U6'DTIT6lJT @1J1T6UAllTrir {i)ms:u5lrir LD.$lmLDmw LAllTrTj,~6UAr; 6l!m6llllTmw5 Q51T.,.WIT5B; Qa;ITOOL6Urir; .fl6U ~IT B'6'DT1T a; 6UlTy!j,~6Urir.

~tDIWl6i.l UB;~ LDiTrT B;5lD 6U6TTIJ, 6U6TT1J (Yl®ffiW1lD 6U6TTrT 511D1T rir. @j,~u UB;~ LDIT1T5a;lD mB'6U,:!;~6iJ LDL(bILD6i.l6UIT~ m6U6llllT6U':!;~t}IJID UIJ6J.l.$lID~. UB;~ UlITrTB;5,:!;61J)~U UIJUUlW6UrTa;m ~1T!p,:!;~UULL B'1T~mW6 B'lTrTj,~6UrT56TTlTa; @®j,~®B;51rirID6lITrT. Jll,OOLlTm mir!D ~1Ty!,:!;~UULL LD5m a;6lIBr61lllTArW ~ ~lTrir Q5ITrililIrL a;lT~m6llU UB;~WIT6i.l Qa;ITL(bI5I!Drrliir. llilJlT ~IJB' <:UIT5,:!;m~ mlL(bI,:!; ~!DJi,~ 5rilil1r61lllTrir UITL6lS'I6i.l 56lf1uumL5I!DlTm.

•• @~ID6Um~llIlD uB;~m6'DTllIlD ~!!lfu(bI,:!;~u, lDITrTB;5lD UB;~ LDIT1T5~LD .• @~. ~W ~J!i,IDl <:ruliirmla;6TTlT6i.l 6TLL (YI"'WIT~~. 1JI6IJfl~~~6'DT ~~LDlTmruu UrfllJ,IJAllTLDlTffi @w!iJma;';: B'B;~L6ir (@m!Dru~L~) 9.rirL!)JuCbl~~ru~ @.di~u U5~ mir!D LD6'DT ~~6Il. @!!i~~ ~WmLDWIT6'DT ruWlUITLCbl (Ylm!DB;@j '~.di~AllTrT' 6T6'DT!D ~1J~rT LD6Ifl~,:!;~!iJ@lD @m!DmLD5@lD @mLu5l&6l®uu~ ~.flwtDl6Ilm6U 6TArL!)J 5ITL"'W~ UB;~ LDlTrTB;a;lD.

~tDI!Pl6iJ L.LIT5.$lW U5~ LDITrT55lD niL @j,~WlTml6iJ .$I.(YI. 6-JII,lD i!TIDIDIT • .,.6iJ <:~ITArJ6lw B'LD61IIIT, QU6TT,:!;~ B'LDwriJ5m QB'Li.JWIT~ rum5u5l6iJ ~rflw <:nI~j,~Ar <:ulT6lSlmw LD55eB;@ 6T(bI.315 5ITL"'W~·4rflWrT5e5®lD

•• .$l.~. 6-~lD, 7-~lD i!TID!DlTrililIrCbla;6lfI6i.l @j,~u UB;~ UlITlTa;a;LD ~rflwu <:UIT&6la;m6TT6 .fl~!D"'~~ @.di~WIT (YI@~lD l..JTmlW~1T5 nllJ6UlT~ BiL~.$I!D~. ~UU®lD 8ij,~1J®lil B'Uuj,~®lD LDIT6llafla;5n1lTB'5®LD U5~nllTu5l6ll1T5,:!; ~tDImy! LWrT~~6'DTrT.

~rTa;~~ ~tDI~ ~IDL!)J. 'UB;~:WlTffi U!IDQID~~fjl. '(YI®5rir' ~6lJT ~LD, 5!!i~6'DT ~6'DT JDllD 5~rT a;lTlDB; 5L6J.lm' 6TAr WlD

~~6'DT •6Trir!!lflD @jy!j,m~ <:nl6Um-' 6TrirWlD Q51T®.fl

LD.$Iy!nI~!D@j (YI®5ftlJ5®lD ~tDIy!rTB;®lD @mL<:W 9® ~UrfltDI~LDIT6'DT ~JDI~5lD nllJ ~5 51T6U 5LL~~6i.l !!iLJi,~ ~.flw6U 51T1J6lIIIT1IJ56TT ~Ip.UumLWIT5 ®®j,~®B;56UITtiJ.

~rflWrT LL6lIl1DW1T5 @&iJ6UITUl6U 5L6l1fiir B'1T~lTfT6IRIT Ul8;a;fiir QB'IT~~lTfilIT~!iJ@ !!P®a; 6lIWlUIT@ B'rflWlTfilIT B'lTmlDlT@LD. 5Ji;~ 4fTIT61RITLD ~tbijI&iJ 6T@~UUL (.$l.LSl. 12,14 ~LD ~!iJlDIT61Iirr®a;1ilfl6il) ~l!Jlu~~ (!pm l!Jl !!iITWmUllTrTa;~LD ~Llil@6Ua;~~!iJ@ 6lI®.$lriq!lfillTrT. @6lJrT5fiir ~rflw UfTLDU6lIlITCWIT@ UlL@LD ~6lIlLWIT6lTLD a;1T61RITUUL6U1&iJ6lIl6U. I2iLlilWlm B'UI~~6lILD ~l!Jl~~ (!pm l!Jl !!iITWmUIIT6lIl1TIllLD UrrrT ~~IT&iJ ~rflIl.lLD. @6lIrT a;~fiir 12 Curt UlL@CUI LSlITITUl61RITrTa;fiir; !!i1T6U6lJrT ~~ 6lIlB'6lJrTa;fiir; 12 PilTwmUllTrTa;fiir UlmfillTrT uITLDu6lIlITuSlfilITrT ~6U6U~ QB'6U6lJrT ufTLDu6lIllTuSlfilITrT; 12 !!iITWmUllTrT C6lJ6lTIT6lTrT; UI!iJ6lIllDCWlTrT tBm ~CUlTrT, a;fiir @lD8;@C6lIITrT, 6lI611irr61RlT1TrT, 6T61IirrQ61RITW 6T@UCUlTrT, LDIT@ CUlWUCUlTrT 6Tm l!Jl U6UC6lJl!Jl B'!!p~lTwri.Ja;6lIl6lT 8= CB'rTJi;~6lIrTa;fiir; a;6lIlL6I @®6lJ®LD 12i1T~~UULL B'(!PI2iITW~6lIl~B= CB'rTJi;Cl2ilTrT. ~~6U !!pa;1T6lIlUlWlTfilIT6lJrT !!iJi;l2ifillTlTrT. ~LlilYl!!iITL'9-6U Ul)"6illw @Ji;I2iU U8;~ UllTrT 8;a;LD ~LlilYl!!iITLLp.66l®Ji;~ B'UI61RIT ~6lIl~IllLD QU6lT ~~~6lIl12iIllLD ~IT ~~6illLL~.

• QU6lT~I2i!!pLD B'Ul61RIT!!pLD B'IT~ ~'9-uu6lIlLuSI&iJ Ul6IIfl~~6lIl~u aSkfUum~ Q6lJl!Jl~~~CUIT&iJ U8;~ UllTrTSa;(!pLD ~rflwrfl6ir B'IT~U tSl~6ill6lllfillT6lIlW 6T~rT~~~. JIl,rflwrTa;fiir ~ri.J5fiir ~!6l6lll6lJ~ 11i"'5~s@fiir UlL@LD 6lIl6lJ~~S Q51T6liDrLfilITrT. B'Ul61RIT(!pLD QU6lT~~!!pLD (~LlilWl&iJ ulT6illw) us~ UllTrTSa;<!pLD Ul8;a;fiir QUlITWluSl&iJ B'UlW~6lIl~ 6T&iJ6U1T @LriJa;Iilfl§l!JLD ufTuLSlfillTrT. 6lIl B' 6lJ ~ ~ m 616lJ §!llI LD 6lIl6ll61RlT 6lI ~ ~ Iiir @®UllTfiIU tiJ ~ Llil Yl a:

B' <!p ~ IT W S a; L 6lj6lT rT a; 6lT IT a; 6lJ 61RIT ri.J a; UUL~ L CUlT ~ (!p ® a; 611ft rir &lJ!PlUIT@ LWfT milffillT 6lJIT6U1T!iJl!Jl~ Q12i1TLrT4fiir6lT ~ 6TrirU6lIl~U U6U 6lIWla;Iilfl6b JIl,ITITW6UITLD. !!p®a;§!llIs@~ @®LDIT&iJ (6lIl6ll61RlT6lJLD) UllfUlm ~sa;UU@.$llDlTrT; !!p®a;m @Ji;@1T6IIftrir (LSlIJITUl6IIlIfIWtiJ) UI6lIlfillT6ill6lllW tBL@S Qa;rr@s.$llDlTrir. @®LOIT6lIl6U <!p®591JS@ UllTLDfilITITSa;s a;Ji;~ 41T1T61RITLD L~6illuSl®s.$llD~.

us@ UllTrTSa;LD 6TmlD @wsa;LD ~6b6U~ B'UlWU 41TL6I ~Ji;~s a;1T6U~@&iJ JIl,rflw JIl,j£lsa;~~!iJ@ 6Tj£lfTlTa; !!iLJi;~ ~® B'(Yl5U 4fTL6I miT l!Jl QB'ITm-filITlT6U Llil6llla;wlT a;1T~. JIl,filITlT6b, ~s 51T6U a;l..L~j£l6U @Ji;~u us@ @wsa;~6lIlI2is a;61RITs.$l6U 6T@~~S Qa;lTfiir6lT6ill6U6lIl6U 6Tm .$llDlTrT '@Ji;j£lw 6lIfT6U1T l!Jl' 6T@lILD ~6lIl6U if@j£lW CITITLlil6U1T ~lTuurt (1978). JIl,filITlT§l!JLD ~LlilYl!!iITL'9-6U B'Ul6IRIT(!pLD QU6lT~I2i!!pLD ~rflW(!PLD 6lI®6lI~!iJ@ !!pIiirCu @~ CUlT m lD us j£l 6lI6IRIT S 5, 6lI!P1 U IT L@ !!p 6lIlID a; &ir tB 61iar@LD 11i6lll6I)Qw@~~filIT. Ca;lTuSiQ)a;1ilfl6U u8;~ UlTL&iJ5fiir t.Dl..®lD6U6U1T ~ JliLAI'!!pLD @6lIl61RlTJi;~ U6U6Ururt 51T6Uii~6U C51TuSl6U JliITL'9-WLD . tSlfT 61iiI1iLDITAI'~. illiirQDlDW 51T6U 5LLii~6U ~~ B'1T';'~rflw JIiL"'"u, (ifF LJJI1i~) ifliirJDlTll5lJb8JI.

• u&iJ6ururt a;1T6U~dJ@u LSlm CB'''1¢ a;fiir Llila;u C;;U®6lIlUllllLrir ~61RITL 51T6U~@&iJ I2iLlilYlU u@@uSI6U ~tDu1T6UlT1iIIT C5ITuSI&iJa;fiir a;LLUULLfilIT. Ca;lTuSI&iJ a;6lIl6Ua;1ilflm- 6lI6lTfra:61 4~l2irT a;1T6U~~C:6UC:W Q~ITLffiJ.$luSl®8;a;6UITLh..

5Ji;~ 4fTIT61RITLD CB'IT!prT 51T6U~@&iJ 6T@~UULLlTfilULD <!p®a;6lIlfillTU u!iJ!6lw a;(!!j~I2iITS5ri.Ja;fiir I2iLlilYl!!iITLlp.&iJ Llila;6ljLD ~®.$l~6U .51T61RITUULLI2iITa;S @!6luLSl@.$lm-lDfilITrt ~!6l®rT QU®Ula;a;6lT. ~~IT6lJ~, ~s a;1T6U a;LL~@&iJ ~(!!jLDIT6lIl6UIllLD 616l16l1lfillT1llLD u!iJ!6lw @!6lu4a;6lIl6lTu UlTrtS@LDCUIT~ <!p<!!ia;6lIlfillTU u!iJ!Dlw @!Dlu4a;&ir Llila; ~rfl~ITa;C:6lI @(!!js.$lm-lDfilIT•

.$l.tSl. 7-~LD ~!iJlDlT6liDr.661<!!iJi;~ .$l.LSl. 12-JIl,LD

!ilTtDlDlT61iar@s@ @6lIlLUULL UI~j£luSl6U 5l.tSl. 9-JIl,LD

PlDlDrr_.,.iI (!jI(!!)5 ruWlurr(bl Q8'6Ururr5@u QUlD!6I(!!)5561lrrUl mir51IDrrrr ~. ClruI)llUtSlfiir61ll6lT. ClUlI)IIUl @rurr, ~L1ilH!lr,ITGl 6T6Ur1!ll Q8'rr6U6Iluu(bIUl urr • .,.w lfJrrL"'!D@Ul !.Yl(!!)5 ruWlUITLlp.!D@Ul Jf,l61llIDw~ Q~rrLrr4 @(!!)5.$lID~ 6T1iirr.$lIDITri". 8'1T6UrIDIT5, rulT@filIBr urrfiliar.,.W6Ur 6T6UrID UlAUllr6Ur 51T6Il~~6U ~!)JJU61IlL mGl5®fiir 96UrIDrrQIT ~(!!)6Q8'Ji,~rr 5LLUULlp.(!!)5561lITlD 6T6Ur!)JJ @rulJlT6U 5(!!)~LuGl.$l!D~. Ul61Il6ll61llW5 @61IlLJi,~ Cl51Tu5I6U 5Llp.W u6U6Ilrurr e;rr6ll~61Il~U LlI6Ur U!D!6I @5 Cl51Tu5I6U 5LLUULlp.(!!)5561lITUl 6T6Ur1!ll 9(!!) ruIT6IlITlD1!lI5 @!6IU4 &..1!lI.$l!D~. ~~lTru~, ~<!!i6Q8'Ji,~rr @61Il55 Cl51Tu5I6U5fiir .$l.LlI. 7-~Ul ~lD!DIT.lp.lD@Ul, ffil.LlI. 9-~Ul ~lD!DlTfiliarlp.!D@Ul @61IlLu5I6U 5LLUULlp.(!!)5561l1TUl 6T6Ur1!ll Q8'IT6il6llUu(bl.$l!D~.

u6U6Ururr, UlTfiliarlp.wrt 51T6U~5®5@Ul ~UUIT6U Q8'6Ur!)JJ, Q~IT6Ur61llUl5 51T6Il~~6U !.Yl(!!)56Ur ruWlUITGl 6J6Ur @Ar!)JJ5fiir 8'1Tri"~~ @<!!i5.$l!D~ 6T6UrU61Il~ UlrrIllL6l§lw6il ~lp.uu61IlLu5I6U 41TITW~~IT6il, L6U5~~· ~~ Ul5561f16il U6Il(!!)Ul Ul61Il6ll61llWl1lUl Ul61Il6U61IlW ~.lp.W U@~5611l6lTI1IUl @.,.uSl(!!)ULlIL~56lT1T55 Q51T.lp.(!!)~~6il 4rfll1lUJ..

56U6U1T6UITAT Cl51TuSl6il5fiir, @QI)55fiir, ~.5fiir 6TArUAT U6\l ufiliarurr(ble;Cl6lTITGl ~ITLrr461llLwATrurr5 @(!!)Ji,~5ffil6Ur!!J6IIT. U6\l UfiliarUITGl561f16U lfJ~5fiir, Ul61Il 605 fiir, UlIT~5fiir, oSl6U~@5&ir 46l1fl~UIIT 55 5(!!)~Uu(bl.$l6Ur!D6lIT.

.OoUITITW,,_Ar ml6lT55UlrulTu5I6U1T5, 4~ 51T6U~~6U _ ~ru~, ~~56ir &"L(bI5 ~5 M!P~ 51T~ _ ~~UUIiIIT ".uruAr 9(!!) @(blUlU~I'6lAr ~61Il6UrulillTlTruITAr. .II~~QI)5W ~61Il6UQl6ir .ffil61lljDW 8'5'5ceAlLWQlQlTIT5 il(!!)55 OuIiIr(bllb "liIITfljUl A'~UlTrt55lu:Ul'lir.

~LD\¢ 6UlJ6UlTlD!Dl6U (!P(!!)5 6lIJlurr(bl 6UlJ6UlTlDlllI5 51T~ (!jI!iJuLL~1T5 ®<!!;~5 Cl~ "ArU~ lJ6l) ~(9IT561fI6ir 5(!!).~IT@Ul. 1iITIilITuIT61IIfl "lDlD~5611lITu5I6il 5lQl)L~1i

( ~~!P5 5Ullm (YI(!))5Ar :&lIJIiIlII'I!lIW $Ii.PJ<YIW ) ®

9® @{blWU~6Il~B; 56lJ6lIft~~B; Q5ITm6lJ~!ilQ5m !L6lIly.W~, 6T@rfluSL~®J!,~ urr~5ITUu~, ~6irr~mIT{bl ®m6llDTJ!,~ @(iiUu~@6irr !Jj6U6irr561l6TTB; 5mrr5IT6lRIfIuu~ 6T6irrUQ~6il6UITW ~~ ~6lIl6U6lJ6lIft6irr 5L6IlLOffi6TTlTffi ®®J!,~m. 9® ffiIT6U ffiLL!ii@6il ~Ji;~~ ~6Il6U6lJ6irr ~m~ LOffi6irrffi6TTIT6il (~6il6U~ LOffimIT6il) Q6lJ!iI!61 QffiITIiir6TTUU{blW ~6Il6UB;@ Lliir6TTIT.$IlDlT6irr. ~~ ~6lIl6U6lJ6lIft6irr @lDUll, ~6lJWJ6IlLW 61IITy!J!,~ ffiIT6U!ii6ll~B; Qffi6TT1J6UlB;@w B'LITu@>, ~~~L6irr ~6Ulffi6ll6TTe:

B'LOIT~ITmuu{bl~~w ffiLLITWW 6T6irrum~IT6irr B'LOWe:

B'LITu@>ffi6TTITuSlm 6T6irr.$llDITrr oOoUIJITWL. B'LOW 61I!PJulT{blffililfl6il ffiIT6lIlIT6UIT@>Ul ~L6il, UITL6il, u6l5luSl{bl~6il LliirlilflLL B'LITu@>ffiliir 6T6DrUm UYlITuffiIT6U L06lIft~rfl6irr~e:B'!ii@6il L®6lJIT.$IW Q6lJ6lflUUIT{blffiliir 6T1iDT.$IlDITrr @6lJrr.

(~ UITIiIl6i~)

5m~ffi~L6irr @m6llDT~~U ulTrr~~Q, 1IiQ,6U~. {ilIJITLOrr {ilIJIT6lJ6lIDT6Il51JT Q6lJQ,6U 6lJJ!,~ ~urr~ {il6UITuffiITlIrfluSlAr J!i1T5rflaW ~6lJ6Il51JT 6UlwB;5u um_6lJ6Il~ ~ftlJLOlTrr ilJlTuSl6U1T5 ~!61.$1~lDITw. ®IJITLB'~rir fTArlD ULLW ~rflwlJlTil QaIT{blB;5UULL {il1J1T6lJ6lIDTrir '~1J1T6UlLrir' miru~ 6lJ1JIiIlII'tiJ!616il Lmlilflu ulTrr';;~ITQ, Q~rfl~w. {il6UITu6ll5uS1il QB'!PJ.~u UlJ6lSluSl(!))J!,~ $fT5rfl5UlIiDT .lDIAlLWIT6TTITu5m ®Ar!61il6ll6U. {ilJ!,~ {il6UITu5ITlIrfl Ul55m-~1T1iDT ~~~~~YlIJIT? {il~ ~ITITWUUL ~6lJ.~W 6lSlLWW.

9® ~6Il6U6lJWJB;@>rflW 5WUIJW, ~Yl@>, 6lJ6l5l6llUl,

ffiL6Il LOlli 6lIDTrr6l.l, 9® 8i1..LL~6Il~ 6lJ!PJJ]iL~~W 9(!:YITu@>(YI6IllD 6T6DrUm '(YI®5rir' 6TrirlD UIT~~IJ~@!iI@> @®J!,@®B;ffi6UITW. ~~riru~ uITrr~~IT6il, (YI®56irr @>!61®61 UlB;ffililfl6irr ~6Il6U6lJ51JT1T5 @®J!,~®B;56UITW.

• ~IJIT6UlLrflAr 5L6l.Im (YI®5Ar 6TArU6Il~ JfJI!lI6l.I~!iI@ 6T~~m51JT~WIT ~!61®rr5m (YIAr 6lJJ!,~®5.$1ArlD51JTrr. ~1J1T6lSlLrflrir y,rf~ 5W '@J!,~WIT6lJ1T '? UI~~W ~61wIT6lJ1T? UI~~W~ ~6Il1JB;5Lil U@>~56TT1T? 6TftlJUl <:5mmt5m- 6T(!:y.$IrirlD51JT• UI~~W ~6Il1J55LQ, U@~ ui551ilfl&irr 6lJIT!P561l55@>W 6T.$IU~w~ ~ITAr6llUlU l.I61iarun:.t,.!D@W ~Lrrll ®®5.$1lD~. .$I<:1J';;5 J]iIT5rfl5W, <:IJITUI J]iIT5rfl5W 6TArUIiIIT 6T.$IU~W J]iIT5rfl5~~rir ~~uu6IlLuSlil 6lJ6TTrrJ!,~6Il6lJ; .$I<:1J55B; 5L6l.I6TTrr 5m-. <:IJITUJ5 5L6l.I6TTrr 561l6TT 9~~®5.$16ir!D6DTrr.

~ Q 6U B; B' IT mrr L rfl rir LO IT 61h W mil 611 IT LlJl ' 6iu 5 J!, ~ 6ir '

ffi6lll~WITffi L®Qru{bl~~~ 6TrirU6Il~ 61I1J6UITdlLlJl ~~ITIJITu5~L6irr (,!p6DrmrrB; 5mrr<:LITW. ~<:~ <:UIT6U. 616U uairr6llUlB= B'UlU6lJITu5m @rirllll ®t£l51TB'W 6T6i1TlD ~6Il6UB;@ Lwrr.~UuL~®B;.$I6irrlDliIIT. ~®6lJ<:~6UluSl&irr LmmUl 6lJ1J6UITdl!61&irr Q6lJlilfluulT{bl ml.J6lJlTllll UlffilTUlTlJ~.~6il 6lJ~6lJW QUllll.$llD~ mirum~ L6lIDT1J6UITW. ~<:~ <:UITAr llll. 5L6l.I6TTrr56TT~ 61I1J6UIT 1!lI561l6TTILIW 9ruQ6lJ1T® 51T6U 5LL.t£l&ir 61I1J6UITJDllll ~5Y16l.15<:6TT1T{bl ~6U6U1I Q~IT&irUl5

.$I.Ul 3- ~w ~tiJlDITm~6il Q5ITrir6iulJ&irmlJ6ir 6TrirlD .$I <: IJ 5 5 UI &irr m &irr .$I !616iu 11611. 611 ~ ~ ~ @6UlWIIUl .$I <: IJ B; 5 B'(YI~ITw~~6l5l®J!,~ U6U 5L6l.I6TT(!))W Ul6IllDJ!,~ 6UlLLmrr. .$I.Ul. 7-~Ul ~dllDITm~il (!Jl5U111 J]iUl <:~ITdllDUl QUJ1lI6lJ~ 6lJ6Il1J ~<:IJUlw J]i1T{bl5Iilflil 61I1Ty!J.i;~ Ul55~W 6T~~6Ilm<:WIT 5L6l.I6TTrr 561l6TT J]iwUlmrr. {ilru ~6IlAT ~1I5 5L6l.I6TTrr 5~5@>W UIAlm6Ul. @Y!J.i;6Il$li. 6T~rfl5m 6T&irWl$lmjDW <:uri" ®<!!;J.i;~liIITrr.

( ~~ o$L~6lr (YI(!!)o$Ar : QJJQlIfIl)JD ~~6U(YIlD ) @

@th U16;o$~B;@th ~<:!!i U~~W ~fi1IllJ6;o$LQ>

u@~uSlr;6t(!!)Ji,~ 6l.IJi,!!iIiUlTo$6lr &TAr!!JI o$(!!)!!iuu{blth

~lJlTrulLrro$~6;@th ~~ o$IT6U 6l.I~UITL{bl (!Pfi1IllDo$liIfI6i.l ~!D!!JIfi1IlUl @(!!)Ji,!!i~6i.l. rulwuU!!i!D@ ~Iiirr !!JILbl6Ufi1Il6U.

(~urr~)

(YI(!!)o$ 6l.I~UITL{bl (YIfi1IllDo$6lr ~rflw 6l.I~UITL{bl (!Pfi1IllDfi1IlW rulL <:6l.IWlUITLIT0$ !!ifi1llLQU!!JI.$lliirrlDliIIT. If IT Rr lDlTo$ , ~rflwrro$6lr ~1iI0$6lr UIITL.,6Ul(!!)Ji,@ .$l6lllL~!!i Q!!iWfi1IlWl4th UlTfi1Il6Ul4th !.j,fi1Illf6;@U uwliirru(i)l~~liIITrr; UIlTlD IT 0$ , ~lJlTrulLrro$<:6TT1T i1w!Dfi1Ilo$uSlliirr (;,)o$ITIilIlLWITIiIIT lJ,1ilIl6l.l1llth lClilIllJllIth uwliirru{bl~~liIITrr.

* ~lfWrro$6lr @!L~WITIilIl6l.l~ ~rtW !JiITLITo$ti; Qo$ITAirUllITo$r;ir. @6l.Irro$6lr 0$ IT 6UU <:UIT6;.$lQ> U1rDlD @Llilo$~ti;@~ <:UlTlillTlTrr 0$6lr &TArlD o$(!!)~~ 9(!!) o$L{blti; o$fi1Il!!i. 9<:1J 9rr ~rflW6; BiLLLUI 9(!!) 0$1T6U o$LL~~6i.l 6l.IL @!L~WlTrul&61(!!)!L~ <:UI!iJ@ <:!JiIT ti;.$l !!iIT<:LIT"o$6TTlTfillTlTrr o$m. @6l.Irra;m!!iITth @&DrW m<:IJITUUlTrulliiir U6U U@~o$liIfI!l!ltD U6UIJIT!!JtD ~&Dr4W~!!iuu{bltD @IJITUllTlilIfIw !!i1T<:LIT.,o$r;ir (Romanic Gypsies). @6iJ @IJITUllTlilIfIw !!i1T<:LIT.,o$r;ir mirr<:ulTrr '@IJITUllilIlfiIIT 6l.I61IIIT1iI.$lW6; BiLLLtD' &TArU~1iirr Qur(!!)6TTIT@UJ.

~~®rr ~fillTITL <:~rr6; (1999) 6TliirrU6l.I1J~ BiL!D!!JIUU",

* @Ji,~WITr;ill1iirr 6l.IL6;@ 6T6UIilll6U6;@ ~UUIT&61(!!)Ji,~

@Ji,~wlT6Ul!D@m !HII{bl(!!)rulw6lJrTa;m ~rflwrro$6lr.

* ij!<:1J a;1T6U o$LL~~6i.l @Ji,~WIT6Ul!D@6l.I1JITLD6i.l ~rflwrro$6lr o$lT6UU <:UIT ffi.$liiU u.,u u.,WIT a; 6lJJI,@ alfrrJi,!!ilillTrr.

* ~rflwrra;m ~lJlTrulLrra;lilIl6IT 6l.IL6;.$l&61(!!)Ji,@ @IJ~~ rulL6Ul6i.l1illl6ll. ~lJlTrulLrro$6lr @Ji,~wlTrulm U6U U@~a;IiIfI~ UITJi;@ 6l.IITWJi,!!ilillTrr. @Ji,~wlT6Ul&61(!!)Ji,~ L51rf1Ji,@ <:UITIiIIT ulila;6IT1T<:!!i~, ulT.$l6Tu!!ilTm LmlilflLL @LIila;Q6IT6i.l6UlTtD ~lJlTrulLrr 6l.I1T~L1il0$6IT1T 0$G:6lJ @(!!)Ji,!!iIillT.

* ~rflwrra;m @Ji,~wlT6Ulm Q!!im u@~uSI&61(!!)Ji,@ .«w IJI6IT6;.$l 6l.IJi,!!iIJUIT~ U6U @@6;o$liITiTo$U L51rf1Ji,!!ilillTrr; {il6l.lJDWlm ~(!!) 116U @@6;0$6lr mIJIJITuulT6Ul1iirr .$lW6;@U u@~,$@tD IJ6l.IWI 116U @@,$o$m 6l.IL IJUlJD@U u@~,$@tD ulJrullillTrr. ~rflw QUlIT~uSlm &TB=lfIil0$1ilIl6IT IJUI!D@~UL51LL I6IT{blo$IiIfIAr Id,rrrulo$ QUlITWlo$~LAr ~UL51L{blU uITrr,$@tDIJuIT~ U6U ~~lTlJlilo$m .$lfi1llL,$.$lm!DfiIIT.

• ~lJlTrulLrr u61iirrUIT{bl ~rflwu Ur;iarUITL.,Ar !HII{bl(!!)6l.I!l!l5® &T~fi1IlfillTIJWIT ~uSllJtD ~uSlrrtD ~Air(bla;~@ (YIIiirr 6l.IIiITrrJi,!!i~ &TAru!!irD@~ ~lTlTrulL6; o$L~liITrra;1iIfI1iirr 6l.I~UITLITIiIIT 616l.11iirr, ~UllTQ> ~UIT(bla;6lr ~!!iITlJlilo$m ~@tD. @~ IJurrmIJlD, !!iITa; ~urr(bltiJ L516lrlillllilTWlTrr ~(bltiJ ~rfIwrr 6l.I(!!)&IDo$6;@ (!P6irfillTlJlJ i1!!i~ITrul6i.l @(!!)Ji,~(!!)6;.$lr;irr!DfiIIT. ISl6irlillllilTWlTrr 6l.I~UIT{bl .$l.L51.. 9-tD ~!iJlDlTr;iar{bl,$@ (YI1iirr Q!!iArATo$~~Q> @(!!)!L!!i!!irDo$ITfiIIT ~LwLbl6i.lIilll6U.

116l.11il1f1Ar U1o$IiIITITa;~ !!iLblWIJITQ> 6l.IABrIila;uu(bltD (YI(!!)a;Ar 116l.1~6;@u UITLtD o$!iJUl6;@tD '!!io$uUArlfITLbl'wlTa;~ !!iLblWIJIT6i.l ~ti;.$l 1ilIl6l.l,$o$UU{bl6l.lIJ!!iAr? ~lJlTrulL~~Ar ~~ (YI!!i6i.l Q~W6l.I~fi1Il!!i· '(!!)~~IJIT' &TArlD QuwrflQ> L(!!)~Q~rflWITUl6i.l @!:J!Wlw!!i1iirr rulfi1lllilT6l.IIT? ~6U6u" (!P(!!)a;Ar mirrlD '@6U ~W6l.I' ruJurr{bl ~(!!) o$IT~~ru 9(!!) @JDlWlLL Ulti;a;61fimd:w (@~~ ~6U U1ti;o$m) U1L{bltD UlTruluSl(!!)Ji:,~ UlArfillTrr '~LblW' mirrlD L61IIITrrrulAr Q6l.IIiIfIUUITLITIiIIT @~ITAr o$IT1J61IiITUIIT?

( ~~!P5 5L. lYI~56ir : QJj"QllflllJU! ~.~ ) @

~~~ ~~YlrT <:61.Il:'mLWlflp.W a;lf6U 5LL~~6iJ ~lilJrT&6Tr 6T6iJ6U1f ~~B; @lp.56Tr <:ulfllltD 6T<:~1f 9® B'B;~mW~ Q~If@~®B;ffi <:lilJfiliar@tb. lYI®5m- J)lJtSli B'B;~lf5 @®Jt~lfmmirru~ @rfll@ LDIOIB;5 @W6UIf~~. @~615I®Jt~, 20-~tD ~IDlDlffiliarlp.6iJ ~LDl~~ <:Sli61w 5L6lj6Tr (YI®a;6Dfim- Q~rrLB;5tb

150,000 ~filiar@5~B;@ (YIIDUL.L~ 6Tm-IOI Q~IfI51lD~' '

QU®B;ffilw<:urr~ ~6 B'(!:P~lTwtb QLDIT!Pl, U61irrUlfLlp.6U (!pm-<:6lIT!l5IW~1T5&U1~B;@tb 6Tm-um~ LDITWL&UlW6U Ulp.~~ fTlilJ®tD L6lm"IJ6UlftD.

~IfIWIJIT6U 6T@~UULL '6iuffiJt~ 41J1T6IAITtD' ~~YllflmQ~WIilJ~m~LD®&UI 6T@~W ffiIDum6llT<:w. mtDu~liIJI"lfu5llJtb ~filiar@ffi6lTlTffi @Jt~~ ~lJrr&UlLB; BiLLL9i~6lITrT ~61w, ~uUlIfIB;ffi (B'ffilTlJlT !Ll6UU UIJU4, 6T ffilu~w !Ll6UU UIJU4), m<:lJlTut5!w (51<:IJB;ffi), LD~~W ~61wu u@~ffififfl6iJ (Bi<:LDlflwlT, ~ID<:ulfm~w F1'1J1TB;) IilJITIPJt~®B;ffilm-lD6lITrT. <:LDIDffimrL Jt"l6UU ulJu4ffififfl6iJ IilJITIPJ!,~ LDB;ffififfl6ir ufiliarUITL@ §lIDJJJlIimLDmw~ ~t1il~ ufiliarUITL@ 9IDIOImLDl1.ILm- 9uUlL@ ~IJITW~6iJ <:rufiliar@tD.

L6U5~~<:6U<:W @m-mlDw Qulflw B'(!:P~ITW~~6U 9m-!!lI ~IJIf&UlL6 B'(!:P~ITWtD. ~~m- lilJ6lTrT661 9® 6l6U ~u5llJtD ~filiar@56Tr ru6lTrT661WlTffi @®Jt~®B;ffi&UlW6UIT~; ~IJIT&UlL~ Q~lfm-mLDu5l6iJ LDIDlDu uYlrfll@lp.ffififflL(!:p6Tr6lT '(!:p6ir<:6lITITrT IilJ!PlUIT@' ftlmlJB;@tD @®Jt~®B;ffillD~· @lDJt<:~lTmlJ 1il.l6lAlTrfllffil6llT1T6U ~lilJrTffi6Tr @u<:UIT~ IilJITIP<:lilJlTrTB;@ J!im-mLD QB'WlilJrT 6Tm-lD J!itDUlB;m5~1Tm- 'LDW UllDU4' - ~6iJ6U~ 'U6U UllDU456Tr' 6Tm-lD J!itbUlB;m5u5lm- ~~~wlfwtb 6Tm- W J!itD4ffilm- lD6lITrT ~!l5I®rT.

5) <: IJ B; 5 B; 5 L 6lj 6lT IT 6lIT m L <: W IT 611ft W fiiu mirr lD 1ilJ6lIT B; 5L6lj~B;@tD ~¥ 5L6lj6lT1T6lIT (!:p®5WB;@tD Q~IfLri"4 L61iIJr@ mirrlDlf6iJ ~~6ir CYI6UtD 6Trfll<:5<:WIT @®B;ffillD~. ~~ITIilJ~, 'mL<:wlT61Iftwfiiu - IiiuffiJt~m-' Q~ITLrT4tD 'mL<:wrr61lftwliiu - (!:p®ffim-' Q~ITLrT4tD 51T6UU<:UITB;ffil6iJ ID®&UI, LDIT!l5I 9m- IOIULlp.®B;56UlTtD.

@m-mlDw '@Jt~~' ~~~lilJrfllffi6lTlTffi ~IfIWrT56lT1T6U UlIJ5L6lITUU@~~uu@tb U6U ~~~lilJrfll56Tr ~IJIT&UlL~ Q~IT6irrmLDu5lm- QlilJfifflUUIT@ffi<:6lT. ffilLL~~LL CYIIilJITu5llJtD ~filiar@5~B;@ (!:Pm- J!i1T<:LITlp.ffi6lTlTffi IilJJt~ ~IfIWrTffi6Tr L6U5~@6U 51T6IAITUULL 6T6iJ6U1T ~B;ffillJt1iluUIT6lTrT56Tr <:UIT~tD

. 9® J!iITLlp.m- ffiWmlDlimW~ ~~~, LDlTID!l5I~ '~rfll5~mLW' ~1T5 ~B;ffil6illLL6lITrT .

51<:1JB;5 Jlilf51f15~~m- Q~ITLB;ffitb .$lLL,:i;~LL 6TLLITu5llJtD

~filiar@ffim6lT 9Llp.W~1T5 @®B;ffillD~. ~6lIT1T6U.

6lJ6lTrT661wmLJt~ ~IJIT&UlLrT JliIT51f15tD ~UUlp.IU6UQI;

9m-U~6lIT1Tu5llJtD ~filiar@ffi~B;@ (!:Pm- @Jt~IUIT&Ul6iJ 6lJ1T!PJt~ ~IJIf&UlLm- J!i1T51f15 6lJ6lTrT661u5l6iJ <:6lJ6lTlTfiliarmLD QB'W~ B'(YI~lfw,:i;m~B= B'lTrTJt~6lJm-. 9® B'(!:P~ITWtD 5ID51T6U, J!irr<:LITlp. 6lJ1f~5m5 (YImlD5m6lTQw6iJ6UlftD ~lTfiliarlp., <:6lJ6lTlTfiliarmLDmwu

@m-!!lI UITLB'lfm6U5fiffl6iJ ~t1ilIP QIDIT!Plmwu Ulp.UUl55~ ~Wrfll@6lJ~tb ~~~Lm- ~t1ilIPJ!iITL®B; <:ffirru5l6U56lf16U '~t1ilIP' @6iJ6UIT~~tD ~IJIT&UlLu ufiliaruITLlp.ID@ ~ruLDrr61JTtD. 5L6ljm6lT ~~5&U1W6U1T QLDIT!Pl '~t1ilIP' 6Tm-!!lI ~lfIlUrT QB'rr6iJ6lJm~~ ~t1ilYlm- ~<:LDIT~UU~ miJIilJ6lT6lj <:56lJ6UtD. @~ ~t1ilIP L6IAITrT&Ulm- 6T@B=61~1T1iirr (YI~5 6lJ!PlUITLlp.m- 6lJ6lTrTB=615@B; 5lfIJ6IAITtD 6TIiirrU~ UIJ6lJQlIT6lIT 9® ffi®~~IT@tD. ~!l5I®rTffi6lflmBia..lDIOIuUlp.. ~5U Qulflw Q~lTm5wlTffil 6lJJt~ ~lfIwrT Bia..LLtD

( ~ 5L6l!'ir lYI~ : QllTIiIlIrJ!)IUJ flj,i;~ ) @ 6lJL6;.$l1iU BlJ6lw @<!:e6;51i1T1T5 @®~~ ~lTlTmlL6 B'lYI~ITW~61Il~B; Q51T®B'tD Q51T®B'lDIT5 Q6lJ6irrQjD(b\~~®6;5 <:6lJ6lirr(b\tD; ~~6irr 6T~QITIT6UlWIT5~ ~1T1T6l5IL QUlIT!Pl56IT ~!PlB;5UUL(b\6 B'LD6iu.$l®~tD <: LD6irr61llLDUU(b\~~UUL'9-® B;5 <:6lJ6lirr(b\tD. JIl,riJ.$l<:6lJWrT !!L6lJ5~~6U U6lJ U@~5611l1ilT6; 61Il5UU!D.IDlW<:UIT~ Bll!Jl Bn...LLriJ51i1T1T5 @®~~ LDB;56IT ijl<:rrWljl.wrr5 ~!Pl6;5UULL~tD ~6lJrT56IT U6DlrrUrr(b\ 6l61ll~6;5UUL(b\, JIl,riJ.$l6lJ QLDrr!PlllftD JIl,rru.$l6UU umrrurr(b\tD <:LD6irr61llLDUU(b\~~UULL61Il~llftD @~!D@ ~® B'1T6irrjDIT5B; Bn...jD6lJrrtD.

JIl, rflw rT 5 6IT Q~ 6irr @ ~~wIT6l5I!D@ .$l.& 2 - JIl, tD, 3 - JIl, tD JilT!D jD IT mrr(b\5 1iIfl<: 6lJ<:w 6lJ1T,i; Q~ rrLriJ.$luSl® ~~ IT 8IJtD U6U6lJ6lJrT 51T6U~~6U~1T6irr ~6llIT 5fi1fl6irr B'LDW, QUIIT!:AI, ~,i;t616lJ JIl,~B;5riJ56IT fljLDly!rT5611l1ilTU UIT~~~RT; ~~6irr 6T~QITIT6Ul~rr6irr r UB;~ i'WB;5tD' milT.$l6irr jDRTrT JIl,ITITw6BlwITlilTrT 56IT • U6;~ @WB;5tD flj LDl y! rT 5 (!!li 6; .$l 61Il L <: W LDL (b\ tD 6lJ lilT IT m16u 61Il6U; 61Il6lJ 61RIT ru B'LDW~ATrfl61llL<:W11.fLil urmluSl®B;.$lJDt6I.

, u6;~' 6T6irrUt6I 9® ~ lD6IIfI~ !!L61RITrT61Il6lJ @61IljD6lJelILfiirr (<:LD6lJrrAT B'6;~IlfLfiirr) @61Il61RlTUU~IT@tD; ~~~6 B'B;~ , tIP®5RTrr5 @®6;56UrrtD; .$l®~61RITATIT5 @®6;56lJITtD; !li~56IT JijITW5LDIT 5 @®B;56lJITtD. @®U~~tD, !!L61RITrT6lj ~6irr<:jD; !!L6IT1iIT ~ ~W61IlLD ~6irr<:jD; ~rru<:5 6T~~U UIT@UIT(b\tD .$l61llLWrr~. tIP®56irr ~LDly!rflfiirr 5L6lj6IT - ~lTlTmlLIT ~ Q~rr6irr61llLDuSl6irr Q6lJliIfluurr(b\ - ~LDl!p6 BiW61IlLDuSl6irr (~LDl!p QLDrr!PluSl6irr) Q6lJliIfluurr(b\ 6TfiirrU~!D@ , tIP®5 6lJ!Plurr(b\' <!Jlc$rr61llLDWrrRT~rr@tD. U fiirr 61IfI ® <: ~ IT 6IT c$ (!!li tD U 6irr 61IfI ® L uSl rT c$ 6IT; U ~ Q RT L (b\ B; c$mrr c$(!!litD U~QRTL(b\ QLDWc$6IT; JIl,!DI tlP5riJ5(!!litD JIl,JJJJ @RT 6T@~~c$6IT; ~6lJRTt6I <:6lJ<:6lJ 000 6T6irrjD JIl,Ilf~tD; , <!Jl®@' 6T6irrjD QB'IT6U6Ul6U 'tIP' QLDIiU6UlRTtD, ' ®' @61IlLuSlATtD, '@' 6lJ6U6UlRTtD 6T6irrl!Jl QB'rr6iJ.$l6irrjDRTrT ~LDlY!J6l®rTc$6IT. <!Jl®c$ 6lJ!PlurrLIjl.6irr U6lJ <!Jl61lljDc$61Il1ilTIlfUJ @~6lJ61Il1T Q~IiIfl6lJITc$ JIl,ITITW~~RT<:lTrr @6U61Il6lJ<:wrr Q~rflWIT~; ~J6l~~ 6lJ61Il1TB;@tD U6U <:c$rruSl6U561ft6U U6lJ ml~lDITRT B'tD~lT~rrwriJc$6IT ~6lJ6lj.$l6irrJDRT 6T6irr l!Jl Q~rfl.$lJDt6I. B'rr6irr!D1T5~, ~®6QB'~~rflliU ~ITITLD61RIT1T6U6lJrr~ - 61IlB'6lJ 1:6lJlilTrrlilT®tD Y,61IlB'5611l1ilT6 QB'IiJ.$l&irrjDRTrT 6T6irr!DI Bn...jDUu(bl6lJ61Il~B; @J6lU~L6lJrrtD. @6lJrru61llc$61IlWU QurrWJ~~6lJ61IlITuSlliU ~lTrrLD6Mflw HI(b\®6lJ6U LDlc$6 Qa=1T!DULDIT5~~rr6irr c$1T61RITuu(b\.$ljDt6I. @~!D@B; 5 rr IT 61RIT ih, tIP ® 5 fiirr I: 5 IT mlliU c$ 6IT 61Il B' 6lJ <: 6lJ1iIT IT lilT rT 5 61ft 6irr JIl,~B;5~~6iJ @®UUt6I 9® 51T1T61RITLDITc$ @®B;56lJITtD ~6iJ6lJ~ @6UriJ61Il5~ ~LDly!®6;@~ Q~6irr @~~W~ ~LDly!®6;@ 6T!DULL~ I:UIT6U Qurflw ~liITml6U ~lTrrLD6lAITrt56IT 6lJ~t61 B'LDW~~~ ~rru56IT LL61IlLDWIT6;.$lB; Q5rr6ITlilTrr~t61 5rrIT6IIlITlDIT5 @®B;56lJrrtD ~6U6lJ~ @6lJriJ61Il5,i; ~LDlYJIT ~tD ' BiW61IlLD' 61IlW mlLIT~~rr5 @®6;56lJrrtD.

I!!~U U6lRrrUrrL61IlL <:ITITLDrr61lflWrT ~!Pl~~RTrT; ~<:~ <:urr6lJ, ~w<:lTrruL51wrt @riJ.$l6lJrr~61Il~B; 61Il5Uu!D.IDlw<:urrt61 L®uSlL6Tu UmrrUrrL61IlL (JIl,riJ.$l<:6lJwrfl6irr JIl,~5rr6lJU UmrrUITL61IlL) ~!Pl~~RTrt; JIl,U~rflB;51T QB'6irrjD<:urr ~ JIl,U~rfl6;5U UmrrUITL61IlL ~!Pl ~ ~ RT rT; JIl, riJ.$l <:6lJ W rT c$ (!!li tD ~ rrriJ 5 6IT <: urr RT !lirr (b\ 5 6Ift6U

. ~riJ.$l<!!i!1~ U6DlrrUITL61IlL !lirrB'Uu(b\~~RTrT; 6Tuurr61lflWrT56IT Q~1iiir ~QLDrflB;5 ' LDrrw6irr' 51i1fl6irr U6DirrUrrL61IlL ~!Pl~~RTrT; JIl,rflWrT56IT ~rru56IT QLDIT!Pl61llW Lwrt~~, Q~Wml5 QLDIT!Plwrr6;.$l, @~~W

QLDrr!Pl5611l1i1T ~!Pl~~ATrT; @~~WB; 5L6ljlilTrT5611l1ilT~

~riJ5 (!!li61ll LW~IT 6;.$lmlLLATrt; ~lTrrmlL6; 5611l6lJ51i1TrrRT

I:wrrc$rrB'RTtD, Bl~~ 61Il6lJ,i;~WtD <:UlTfiirr!D6lJ!D61IljDllftD ~rfl4U(b\~~mlLLATrT.

~LDlYl QLDIT!PluSl6irr BiW61IlLDIlftD ~W61IlLDllftD @6irr~tD @6UriJ61Il5,i; ~LDl!:PITIT6U LDl56ljti1 56lJATUllT5U urrt615rrB;5uu(b\.$ljD~ '" fiirr u 61Il ~ Q LD IT tjI W IT rt rutD L &ir lilT ru IT 5 6lr L 61IIIT1T 6lJ rt • 5 IT 6lJ U

( f5¥ 5Lflt6ir (YI(!)5Ar : QJJiUII"avW f5~~QI(YIUI ) @ CUlT55l6U 56\lUuulJ ~515 QlJjlTmrrlp.(!!).$@tb @!ii~~ ~Llil6lll!PUlUl 5T~~6lIl1illT~1T6irr ~1iIJ5I6\lU ULLUl QU!il!DIT~Ul @6irrWJUl 91T1ilI'6l5l!ilCIJjWJUl 6Jf1WITIilIT ~LlilWl6U 5T<!:V~U Ul9-51Jj (!:116lIl1illT14Ul @6\l1ilJ6lIl1Jj~ ~Llil6lllYl14Ul @LU5'lLffilu ulTrruCulTri" @6lIl~ L6lmrri"ruri". UlLUi;B>6lTuUl6U @6irrWJUl 61i1J1Jj~ ~LlilWl6irr 61TW6U @(!!}UU6lIl~ @~!il@B= 61T6irr!D1T1Jj6 BiLL6\lITUl. 6Tffil~~51JjITLLITIJj, ~riJ6m61JWlTrr UITl9-W ru<!:V@6lmrrfuIJjITW (1Jj~~JfIB;IJjITW) UlLUi;IJjIill'UUlTrfl6irr ~6irr!DITLU CUB=Bi ruYl51Jj1T IJj ~6\l6l.J~6lIl6\l5 @¢luUluuITUl.

@~~.WIT~6U !&6lIlLQUl!lIUl I mWUuAr A.I!AIL.JT(bl' <:L.JTil j6L5@t.O; UIJj~1T1Jj1ill' 61T~, 6U1W C61Jl!lIUITl9-6irr!Dlu 41i11f1~u UADrlilJ1Jj6lll1ill' CUI!ilQlJjrr6lr61Jri".

~1T1T6l5lL~~WJ6lIlLW ' BiW6lIlUl' uSl6irr Qru6!ftuulTffil (!:II(!!}1Jj 61JWlUITLl9-6U Q61J6!ftuuffil5l!D@ 6T6irrU~!il@U U5~ @WB;IJjUl gri" 6Tffil~~5 IJjITLffil; ~~C~IT®, (!:II(!!}1Jj ruWlUITL® (!:116lIl!D1Jj6lr, 1Jj1T61Jl9-WITLLUl CUIT6irr!D6lIl61J14Ul 6Tffil~@5 IJjITLffillJjlill'lT@Ul.

• @.6\lrfu6lll~ (YI(!!}1Jj WIT~~6lll1T lJj~rrIJjITUI~IiID~ C!&1T551 !&LIJj~UI. @j!i~ WIT ~~mlTuSlAr Q~ITL51Jj1ilJ1Jj6lr· - &T!ilulTffillJj6lr ~ 19-~ ~ (!!} 6l5l YlIT 6l5l!D@ (!PAr l!lI UlIT ~ 1ilJ1Jj(55@ (YIAr 6lITC UlC W Q~ITLIiIJ@~. 6l5l61J6rruSllJj61T1T1iDT ~L1ilYlrr ~1iIJ1Jj6lr ~l!Jlru6lllL U I!I.I ~ 6Gft uSl6\l (!:IIl9- ~ 61 ~ ~ 6lIl1T uSl6U mI Yl IT Q IJj IT IiIiDr L 1Tl9- mlL ffil (61~~6lIl1T 6151YlITIJj1Jj6llltiTT UlLLB;lJjtiTTUUlil 1Jj1T6lIirru~ grr

@6Gft6lll~WIT~ ~WJU61JUl; ®~!D@Ul 6rfulJj 1Jj1T6\l ru6!ii~ ~YlIT~~@UI 6T~~6lIl6llTCWIT Q!oliITLrr41ilirr(bl), m61JlJjlT61uSl6U

~IT~UI 6lIl1JjB;QIJjIT6lr61Jrr; UI~, UlITL1il6Ul, UlIilJIIlDIJj Q~ITLrr4 ~6lITU~ ~1Jj!il!Duu®LiJ; uB;~rr5&ir ~1iIJ1Jj6lr QUUJrflYl~@ Q61Jl!lIUl

61T~ 1Jj~1T1Jj ~6lIlYl5IJjuuffil61Jri"; .l:I!,1ilRrr 61TL1il, QuliIiDr 61TLlil, @~!&6lIl~6 61T~ 6T6irrl!ll UlJflB;lJjuuLffil @wQ61JIT(!) 61TLlilB; s;,_:L(YIUI Llil~!&~ ~1T~~ITU4LAr (1JjITffil, UlIilD6U, 5L~~ 51T~!!i6lllL.WIT 5ID 5~1T IJjITUlUI Q66U6U .;)6U 61JlTlTffiJ5&ir ~56UITUl) 4~uuffil61JlT; ~1T6l5lL~~6irr I 6~@W I ~ ~t.O; @1iIJC5 u~~ ~L1ilWl6U 9&6l5@t.O; UB;~rrlJj6lr .l:I!,1iIiDr, G;U_, @Yl~IiID~IJj6lr 6T~ l!Jl C61JJ?llUITl9-~¢l14Ul. 61T~, 6U1W C61JDJlulT.Ar¢l14Ul @liDTl!lIuffilrulT; UmJT551T1T1T, &T6lIlYl 6TArl!ll @ArDJIUl @rru@B; .$l6lllLWIT~; 6T6UC6\lIT(!!}W '6ITLlil5Qr'.

, IJjlTrul9-' 6T6irr!D Q61T6U ' IJjIT I 6T6irr!D Q61T6U6lSl6irr ~rfl4 6T6irr 516irr !D1iDTri". @!ii~ 5 ' 51T' 6T6irr!D Q61T6U @6irrWJUl @6\l1ilJ6lIlIDuSl6irr 51Yl5@u U@~WITIilIT UlLL55tiTTuUl6U LuSI(!!}L6irr @ruQrulT(!!} !&1T(5Ul uw6irruffil~~uuffil5l!D@. ' 51T' 6T6irrU~ UITITUl 5Ll9-5QIDlTmrrffil ' IDIT6l5l6' Q66Uru6lll~B; @¢l5@Ul. ' 51T QlJjlTmrrffil CUIT~6U' 6Tmu@ ~rfuID(5B;@U Ull9-~C~IT(!!}5@U U6U QUIT(!!}6lr1Jj6llltiTTB; IDLl9-5QIDlTmrrffil IDIT6l5l6 Q66U6\l6U tiTmU~IT@Ul. @!ii~B; , 5IT' 6l5l6U ~JfI61, UYlUl, U6\lIDlTlTrruID6lr, QJ!)w, C~m 6TmUIilITQru6U6\lITUl ~Lrfu@Ul. UlLLB;lDtiTTuUl6U 6l5lru6ITuSl56lr ~U!1I61J6lIlL (!:IIl9-w~ ~rfuID6lr ~6\lB= Q61T!ii~B;IDITITri"ID(5B;@ (CUITl9-UlIT(!!}B;@) !tl6\l~~6U 6l5l6llltiTT!ii~ ~1T6lIfIWrfu1Jj6llltiTT6 BiUl!ii~ Q5ITmrrffil ' 51T' QIDlTmrrffil CUlTruri". @~m Qru6!ftUUITCL UIT6U 51T61Jl9-, umnl'ri"5 IJjlTrul9- 6TmUIilIT CUIT6irrlD 51T61Jl9-IJj6!ftm Sn..lllI5tiTTlT@liL ~~~Lm,' (YI(!!;5 ruWlulTffil' 6l6U @LrfuID6!ft6U, @p5lUUITIJj UlLL55tiTTU4U u@~uSlil (~mrr6lDUl5 51T6UUl 61J6lIl1T)

• ®~~u 46l1f1~u UW6lmr~~!D@Ul 61T~uS1tiirr ""l9-uUAlLuSlfii:I !IiL5@UI .l:I!,JfIw 6U1WB= 6LIiIJ@5(55@Ul 5T~~6lIl6llTCWIT <:61JID!UIT~5~. "B!'ri"Q5@ Q6~!il§!lUl Q6rru<:51TffilUl Q~6mlT@liDTl!lIUI &TIT ID(!:IIUl ~rru51T @mlD61JAr" (616UUU~51TITUl) 6T6~urum~~ <:~l9-U uB;~rr s;,_LLUl 61Trfl, 61Trfltu1T5B= Q66iJ61J~ 56lmrQ~IT~tiTTITID. IDITL61. ~1T1T6l5lL~~Ar 6U1~~61JUl (I}I(!)5 61J!PlUITLl9-6lIT 961JQ61J1T ® .JIrru5~~IIIUl Q~JfI14Ul. BilTrul9-

( ~ 5LRI'ir ~ : UTlUrrpjl fIj~~ ) @ 6T(bIOOunt ~6lIirr5fiir uLGlUl6iJ6u; Qu61irr~~rrm-. l.HT6b 5rr6lJ1¥-> UrirA1'rT6; 5rr6lJlp.561D6TT mlL (!pfiir 5rr6lJ1¥-> ~@6; 5rr6lJlp. 6Tm-!1JI U6;~rT5fiir ~riJ561D6TT (!P(!!)5Iil1flrir u6;~Ml.u B'riJ5UlljUGl~~6lJ~ fljrrrir ~lbl!prir L6TT6Ulw66Irir ~(!!) Bn.D:)l.

5~rT5rrlJl~~6b b),61DB' !SIIJrrlJl6lllll"rT ~6UGUrrC~rrlJrr.u

!!iL~~UULrrlJl6U '5ULj(!!)6lIl6TT' 6Tm-ID b),B'5IJrr.u !!iL~~UUGlU,. ~fIj!D@u, ~rflw,;, B'LriJ@5~8;®U, 9(!!) Q~rrLrTLjlbl.u6lll6U. Lfi05U, ~J6l6Ulw6l5lrir L';'.fltill6b ~(!!)6;®W<:Urr~ @6lIl6lJ Currm-ID fi-JiaJ@5fiir (!pLLrrfiir~QlfUIIT5';' .flfiOlJrr.u 6Ul1JIri".fl6;5uuGl,$lID~.

@6TuGUrru, UlJ6Ulw Curr ~ 'If B;.$lwUI' !SIID~~. ~C~ Curr6ll, ,$l.!SI. 9-~u" 10-~UJ ~!iJIDrr61irrGl5~6;@U !SIm- lbla; ~~a;lJIlT a; 6lJ6TTrTJi;~ (!p(!!)a; 6lJW!UIT(bUl 6lJL @Ji;~wrr6Ul.u UIJ6Ul6; Qa;1T6lIirrlp.(!!)Ji;~ @8iGUrrlblw B'lJIW~~!iJ@ 6T~1J1T5 6lJJi;~~rr? 6TQIf ~lJrrwGUITUJ.

B'lJIW~6lIl~QwrrLlp.W ~,;, B'LriJ®5fiir ~lbl!prr5IirflLUJ lOLGllJl6U6IlITlJI6U L6\la;~~&iJ QU(!!)UJurrGUITQIf lJI6;51irfl6lllLCWIqU, J6L6;,$lrir!!J'llf. u6;~tillm- . L.J6l) !t16l1l6lla;1irfl6U 9(!!) !t16l1l6ll~ITm- 5rr6lJlp. n-Gluu~, 6Ul1J~UJ @(!!)UU~, QlJI6TTQlfU, 56l1lL!SIlp.UU~, urrL&iJ urrGl6lJ~. U6;~6lIlW Q6lJlirfluuGl~~6lJ~ 9(!!) ~1ilIfl lJIlil1fl~lilIflrir ~J6l611 !f,'l6lllGU6lIlWU Qurr(!!)~~~. @Ji;~u urflb),1J6lIIII"';' 8i~Ji;~IJUJ ~IJIT6UlLU u6llirrurrLlp..u Q~IiIfl6lJrr5 ~(!!)6;,$lID~. ~m-6lIlUIqUJ dIl,6lIirrL6lJ6lIlQlfIqUJ 9rirIDrr6;®6lJ~ U6;~Wrr@u,. ~~!iJ® C6lJfiir6Ul C~6lIl6lJtill&iJ6lIl6ll.

~(!!)(!p(!!)a;rr!D!1JlUU6lllL ,$l.!SI. 2-~UJ ~!iJIDrr6llirrlp.6b !!i6;&lJlJrr6U 6T(!Jl~UULlp.(!!)6;,$lID~· @~ ~(!!)(!p(!!)5rr!DJDlUU6lllLtill&iJ (!P(!!)5m- ®J6l®.fl~ ~6lIl6ll6lJQlfrra;6;, 5L6116TTrra;U urfl61JlJfrrlJlUJ 6TGl8;.$IIDITm-. urfluITuul1iil 6lJ(!!)UJ 'QB'6lJ<:rufiir' ~(!!)uulJriJ®m-~6Il~ L6lIlIDIi!SlLlJIITa;6; Qa;rr6llirrL6lJm-. (!p(!!)a;~ ~GUriJa;~fiir ~(!!),;,QB'Ji;~rr ~6Ul1J lJI!iJID6lIl6lJQw&iJruITUJ 'lJI6l1l6ll!!iITGl' 56l1l6TT ~lp.UU6lIlLWrra;B; Qa;IT6lIirrL6lIl6lJ. ~lblW!!irrLlp.!lIu, ~lblW 6lJ6TTrr~~ urr6llirrlp.w lJIrirSllTrr !t161l~~&iJ~ITm- ~D:)lU6lIlL 6l5'Gl51irfl.u QU(!!)UJUIT6IlITQlf6lll6lJ Lfiir6TTQIf.

(!P(!!)5Iil1flrir ~!iJLj~riJa;fiir 6TrirD:)l Bn.IDuuGlu6lIl6lJ U6;~rT51irflfiirr 5!iJU6lIlQlf 6Trir!1Jl 6TGl~~6; Qa;rrOBlLrr!llu, ~Ji;~ ~!iJLj~riJ561ftm~IJU,UUJ WrrCIJIT 9(!!) ~6lIlGU6lJlilIflrir (@J6l®.fl) 6lJITW8;6lIla;IqLmQ'm- Q~ITLrrLjULlp.(!!)6;56; Bn.LIT~? QU6TT~~(!pUJ B'lJI61J1Jf(!pUJ 6lJ6TTrrJi;fIj 5ITGU~~&iJ 6lJL ~Ji;~WITml&iJ U6\l '4IJIT61JIJf6; a;6lIl~a;fiir' !SIlDJiifljQlf. B'IT~6; Q5ITGl6llllJl, ~rflw B'lJI6Tu,$l(!!)fIj~~6;5UJ Lfiir&JfLL6lJ!DmID~ fljITriJ5ITfIj B'IT~1T1J6lIIII" UJ55fiir QUiIT~~~~IqUJ B'lJIAIII'~6lIl~1qu, !!irrlp.wCurr~ @U LjIJrr6lllll"riJ5fiir UITlJIlJ lJI6;56l1l6TTB; 5QIIJ (uwuuGl~fIj) 6TtYfljLa.L.L6lIl6lJ n-m-,$lm-IDQlfrr.

(!P(!!)8i6lJWlUlfLlp.&irr Q~ITLB;5~~!iJ®U, @Ji;~WITtD ~ LI6lIlLQWGl~~ B'Ji;~~a;~6;@UJ ,$l.t51. 1O-~UJ $IT!D!!JIf6llirrGl 6lJ6lIl1J 9(!!) Ul!r';'.fl6lllQlftljUJ ~(!!)6;a;6Ul&iJ6lIl6ll. ~!D® lJIITIDIT5~, ~lblY!Iflfiirr QUIT!iJa;ITGUUJ 6Trir!1Jl C:UIT!iJIDuuGlUJ CB'IT!p UMirATrr 5ITGU~~&iJ UGU C5ITtill&iJ5fiir a;LLUULLQIf. ~6; a;IT6\l~~6U~ITm- Q~rir ,$l!p 6; 51T .fl W !!i IT Gl5 6TT IT 61If .fl riJ 5 U b), rr , lJI C 6\l.fl W IT CUlT m ID !!irrGl5~B;@UJ @6IlriJ6lIla;8;@UJ CB'IT!prT ~riJa;fiir U61irrUITLGlLrir QB'm!1Jl ulJliillQlfrr. (!P(!!)5 6lJWlUITGl ~Ji; !!iITGl51irfl.u 6TUUlp.U UlJ6UlW~ 6TrirU~ 6Ul6TT6;5lJ11f5 ~IJITWUUL Cru61irrLp.W~. ~lblY!rir 'B'8;a;IJ6lJrr~~' WITQIf C!!iIJ~~ ~lbl!¢ Lfiir6TTriJa;lirfl.u (!P(!Jl6lJ~UJ , 5L611~B;®6; 5L6116TTITa; , (!P(!!)5m- LWrr~~ Alru55UULlp.(!!)B;,$llDlTm- •

{iIuilAl5mwu C8Ur_rumrrn ~JT6UlL j;lT5rfl5Lh r..6ls.~ Q~rrm-mUlWJT6IJJ"~. @rrrrUlrrW6lIlIT~~Al 5JT6lIlITuu(blLh @6Urilm5 ""rr",m- @rrJTru6llllTAr 9® '61ru' U5~Ar, 6T6IJJ"C:ru, (Yl®5Ar - 6lru&llflAr U15Ar - ~~5JT6U~~C:6UC:W @6Urilm5~LAr Q~rrLrT~551JDJTAr.

<!p®5Ar ~1EI!p QUlrr~WlAr @&lIfImlil~LAr 56U!L~ ""y!5JT6IJJ"ruAr; 6lru!L~ ~lD~m~ LmLC:WJTAr; ""ru61JT~ ""y!@ 6l6UuU~5JTrr~~6U C:5JTru6UOlILAr 9uulLuu(bl5lJD~. (Yl®5&l1f1Ar 'IirrLh' u6lilJrmL~ ~1EIy!rflAr C:UrrrT5 @6lIlIT~m~ Qrulilfluu(bl~~51lD~. C:UrrrT556TT~ Q~wruLh Q5rr!DlDmruWlAr ~rururir ""rurir; ~w "'5~5m6TT ",,~uururir; ""rum- ~1EIy!rflrir '5JT~6Urir'; ~1EI!:J!ri'5@!)6;@Lh @!L~ @mlDmlJ)6;@Lh !L6IT6TT 5JT~ru ""6TTUUrflW~; U161Jft~rir 5JT~ru ruWUULLJTru 6Tru6UJTLh ",,"'JT ~JTrr6llllTUlJT 5~ Q~rfl~Lh.

@rirWJ 6lril56TT U1556IT (Yl®5m6lJJ"~ ~ril56IT Q~wruLh <' Q~wC:wrr') 6T6irr WJ Q5JT6lilJrLJT(bl5lrirJD6IJJ"rT. m",ru~~Lrir Q~rrLrTUJT6IJJ" (Yl®5m6lJJ"~ ~ril56IT ~rflw L6lIlITrT6ljLOr Q~rrLrT4u(bl~~B= "'U1~~ru~~6irr QrulilflUUJTLrr5 6l5l6TTril@Lh <!P®5m6lJJ" 9® @6IJJ"ru~6; C:5JTLUJTL(bl6;@6IT ""L6;515 Q5rr6IT5IrirJD6IJJ"rT; U6U QUl6TT~~ 6l5l5JTrT5@!)6;@U U6;5~~ru <!p®5m6lJJ"~Lh mru~~ ru~u(bl5lrirJD6IJJ"IT. u5~mw~Lh "'U1w~m~~Lh ""rr61w6UJT55161JJ"JTru 6Trir6lJJ" ",,~wJTwLh J!)L5@Lh 6Tm-U~!D@ rurr6UJT!!ll Bn..WJLh 6T~~m6lJJ"C:WJT "'JTrir !!ll5@!)LOr @rirWJ 1i'6Urilm5Wlru J!)L6;@Lh Q5rr(blmUl5<5Lh 6T(bl~~5 5rrL(bl56TTJT@Lh. ""rir!!ll @!L~WJT6l5lru ~rrJT6l5lLrflOr 5L6lj6TTrT5m6TT~ ~ril56IT 5L6lj6TTrT56TTJT5 L®U1rr!Dp51W~ C:UJT6U, @rirWJ @6Urilm5Wlru 6lffi.J56TTrurT (Yl®5m6lJJ"~Lh Q"'JT!L~Lh Q5JT6lilJrLJT(bl5lrirlD6IJJ"rT. @6Urilm5 U1Ar6lJJ"IT56IT Q~rir @!L~W ""rr'" @(blLhU~~LAr ~®U16l1l1T LJDmru mru~~6; Q5JT6lilJrLrurT56IT. 5L!L~ ~!DJDJT6lilJr(bl rumrr @6Urilm5 ""rr'" @(blLhUril5Ii1flrir QUlJT~ ~1EIy!JT5~~JTm- @®!L~®6;51lD~; ""Q~6U6UJTLh ~61wru 5JTrr6llllTril56TTJTAl U1rr!DlDUuLL~ 6l5l!Lm~C:w. @6Urilm55@Lh @!L~wrr6l5l!D@(Yl6IT6TT U6lilJrUJTL(blB= "'U1WB= Q~rrLrf456IT ~WlrrUIJTufut.h ~6lilJr(bl56TTJT6IJJ" LJD6l.l; ~ LJD6l5lm ufIU1JT6lIlITril5@!)6IT <!p®5 ~uJT(blLh 9Ar WJ.

(Yl®51iDflm- ~!!ll <!p5ril5m6TT~ ~1EIy!rT56IT

ru®mrfl5@LhC:uJT~ 6T~~m6lJJ"C:WJT 6l5l6TT6;5ril5m6TT~

~®51lDJTrT56IT. ",.G:ru. BiurrtSlrrUlmrflwLh, ~ @rrJTG:~!L~rrrir (1985) 6TrirlD @® ""p51®rT51i1fl6irr Bn..!D!!llUU.,_,B'ril5 5JT6U~~ru ~1EIy!rTffi6IT ruJTliDflwru ~rrJTwB=61ffililflru G:U1LhuLIp.®!L~6IJJ"rT. ",ril5 5JT6U~ ~1EIy!rT (Yl®5m6lJJ"B= 'C:",G:WJTrir' 6TAr!!ll ""my!~~6IJJ"rT; C:",G:wJTIiDfl6irr U1!!ll QUWrT Q",rururrw. Q",rururrw551y!mUl <!p®5IiDflrir J!)JT6TTJT5~ ~1EI!:J!ITrrru ru6llllTril5Uu(bl5llD~. (Yl®ffiliDflrir urir&llflrr6lilJr(bl m55@!)Lh ~rT ~6lilJrlp.rir UAr&llflrr6lilJr(bl U1JT~ril5m6TT5 @p51uu~JT56ljLh ~!!ll (Ylffiril5@!)Lh ~!!ll 5rr6Uril5m6TT5 @p51uu~JT56ljLh Bn..lDuu(bl5llD~. <!p®5IiDflrir @® 56lilJr5@!)Lh "'!L~rr, @j,rflWIT 6TArWJ J!)Lh4516irrlD6IJJ"rT ~1EIy!rT56IT.

~6IJJ"5@~ ~ril@ Q6w~rum6lJJ"~Lh U1Ar&llfl5@Lh ~1EIy!rT U161JJ"uuJTArmUlmw (Yl®5Ar @j,rru~U1m6lJJ" ""~55JTUlru UIWl6UJT56ljLh C:",ru6Urr56ljLh Q5JT6lilJr(bl ~ArBllLAr @m6llllT~~~rir rurrWl6Urr5B= @j,rru~U1m6lJJ"~Lh ""ruAr @® ~LhtSlwmrr~Lh ""~~~~ 5ArUlLh, U1rrmw, ~AllTruLh 6TArJD U161Jft~ ~w LAllTrT6lj5m6TT ",,~~~~JiJ@ LrumUl. <!p®5IiDflrir ~WJ

(~ ( ilnrCmWuft LJr~]

5. QJ~QflI4lb <!P~~

(Yi51iaJ5(5tD UlIilIfIIl5Iil1f1Ar ~W1 llIiUAr56Tr, ~I!)I LI!)ILIL.j56Tr. ~~~LAr ~I!)I (YI51iaJ5(5tD ~liiIrll. uliIrmLD, ~J6l&lj. illiilruLil, 1!F5~. 6l~~ fTArID ~JIIl urflLDIT6lAJI"1iaJ5m61T &l5I61T8;@51lii1rlDfilIT fTliilrUlTrT ~J6l(9rT 5Wla, 56lJ6UtSl6U (1975). <:LDtlULil @rurT. ~Wl!PU ufillirrUIT® Wl5&ljtD ilWl8;BiLDITfilIT~; LD!iJlDu UfillirrUIT®5(5LIiiIr Q~ITLrTll!iJJIIlLil LDlTIDITIl5~ fTliB1'51lD""rT.

(YI(!!)5 ru~UITL® rulJliUlT!iJJ6la, Wl5 (YIBifUlDUlWlT&IIT BiLWl. ru6Tr6lfl-(YI(!!)BiIiilr 5IT~6U ~(!!)UIAII1'lfI1'@tD. ' ~@ 9(!!)~~' fTliilrWl U6U6lJ&l5I uIT®Lil ufillirrulTL.,iI (YI(!!)Bi5 5L&lj6Tr @(!!) QufiIIirr.,rflliilr Bi61Rl1'rufillTIT5U urflAlll'ITLDLil fT~~Il5"tD UITIJITL® QUWJ6ll~Lil 9(!!) ll~mLDO:w.

I!FUl6fu5l(!!)~ 5IT6lJ~~!iJ@ fT~~mfillT<:wIT

~u51ITLDlTfiIIirr®5®5@ (YI!iJULL~ ~WlW ruITW&ljLil ru~UITL® (YImIDBi(5Lil. LDIilIfIIl5 L(!!)&l5I6U (YI(!!)BimfillT8; BiIT61I1J1'~ ~WlYlrT Wl5&ljLil &l5IrflruIT&IIT ~~~ru~m~ L6Tr61TL8;51~(!!)~~(!!)8;5 O:rufillirr®Lil. @~~~ 1l5~~ruLil 9(!!) '8'LD~~ru' ~.,uumL~6U ru61TrT~~(!!)8;5IID~ fTliilru~ ~~ Il5WlYlrT ruITW8;m514LIiiIr miJru61T611 Q~ITmliU&lj @m6lAJl"~t£l(!!)5511D~ fTliilrumll55 BiITL®5IID~'

'~LDlTrT @LrT~rT~O:Il5 ~rurT5Bi(!!)®Lil QruliilrJ6l5 @LDlTfilIT.,61~UITli.J 8iLrT~~' fTliilr5llD~ mc!fru c!fLDW QJ!)J6l. 'mirr6llfl(!!)m61T ~5@Lil @mLD<llWITrT5 51LrT5.,14Lil uIiilr6llfl(!!)O:~ITL UIT6lJ1iiIr UITIl5Lil' fTliilr5llD~ c!fIiaJBi!iJU

!tlITITBiIT61IIJ1'tD.

@&iJ rulT6UIT!iJl!)J8;@ fT~~m&IITl:wrr (YI61I&llT5""1661(!!)~~ ml61T5BiIiJBi6Tr ru(!!)51Iii1rID&IIT. (YI(!!)5Ar fTArlD ~(!!)LiJ QU(!!)LiJ 1!F5~~1iiIr U8;Bi U6ULDIT5 ru6Tr6lfl. C:~ilIWITQD_ L(!!)ilI5LiJ Ql!FWWUul.L~!i@It\u ~~~ru5 5(!!)~~56Tr '1lJrr61TtD.

(YI(!!)5A1&IIT 95 @J6l<9l1~ 1l5~ ~O:Il5ITArJD6Uf1'5 fT~.,,5 Q5IT_Lrra, ~dill5. 1l56111iUilItJII5@ jlArAllDW ~.ftuMm~ !Uir1l1'~ harp 'CiUftu "(bU' '6l6irr_

"@ii' il®~~iI ~!iJ6i'"

fTdill55 <:5ITAIIl'.~(!!)~~ UITrT.~IT§lJLil - ~~ITru~. I!FLDW ~"UumLu5la, ~~ 1!F(YIIl5ITw ~"UumLu5l6U ~a,6lJ~ 1l5.~ru ~.,uumLu5la, urrrTliill5lTlllLiJ - (YI(!!)BiAr ~WlYlrflAr ruITWCilIIT® filArJ6iwAlUllUITll5il1&11TIT5 jlm6lAJl"Ul(!!)551JDITAr.

1l5L61!9rT58r "I5(Y1tD 4lD(YItD I!FUlUlrr5 9<!5 UlfIfI~lilIfI. ~ ~JD6If fT~ ~ .p;rr ..... 4!Dp;rrflllTJIIl ~55liirJD61l1'rT •• p;rrllllfpjl 4!DJ!jrrMJlfpjl ~56'Ifl6ir 1lII'!iI5A15611W L&1r 1:J!)f1'55kqUJ Qud'I O:J!)IT5~ fT(yIl5UULL @6U551wIiaJ56l1'rr@tD. C:~ilIWIT61I1i11' 41D~m~14tD ru&ir6lfl fTArID @IDLD561r ~Bi~61I~14tD QilI61fWu~~~51ArlD_rT fTArJlll ilIf1'~(!!)Lil L&ir6l1'liII'rT.

"IQIiU51!F1T_L(!!)LAr Qll5rrLrT4A1LW jl(!!) QulilArr.,(!!)&ir urrrTAlI!FAr fTArllJ QUMr ' ilI&1r6lfl' Curr.u 9(!!) Qum. , fT(!!)5c!fQf1'IT' fTArID Qulf\u ilLliiJjIU QuMr Uil~1ilIfI1iiIr LD5&ir) . '~ilIWf1'm&IIT' I:LJr.u Qc!f6U6lJW UQIIL~. ~ Qru6lfILur~

~ rflw arus; Ji;~ 4ITrr 6RT ~~rru mlJ61Jm 611 Q~ rrm6\l6lj Q~6Ift61Jrr s; @(!!)5.$lID~ mDrum~ 1 ~6U5B'rr6llirrLlT6UT6\lIT!iJmID '14U1 1 arus;~ 41Trrli1lllT~ 1 m~l4U1 ilm6m~~u urrri"~~rrrru 6T6Ift~rru mlm~@UI.

B'LOW LOlTtSlru urrri"5@UI<:Urr~ ~lTrrmlLU QU_lilll'rrQIT, ~rrW~~UULL @1iM"~m~e= B'rrri"Ji;~ Qufiliarli1lllTrrar QJ&ir6lftmw <:LO!iJB'rr~U tSllTrrL06mOr «(!p(!!)s;Or) <:~lp.wm6\l61J6II~ 6T@~W61Jri" wrrri"? @Ji;~5 s;rr~rru B'~S;~ B'rr~ Q6lJ!6I QS;rr_L ~rflw ~~@61J~,®rru tSllDJi;,®®5s;mlW6llrr~Q61Jrrfiirr!!Jl. ~ID "",'·'lQOuUlrru L06lIft~mliM"u tSlrfl~@~ 1 Q~rrL6Ulw6lllT ~ 1 Q~rrm6Umlru UIIiIIfI~~ m61J~~ tSlITrrL06lIlIflwUl S;!!Jl~~ Qu6llirr6llllflfiirr S;rr~m6\l~ Q~W6Uls;LOrr5.$luSl®5s; @W6llrr~. @,®s;rr~s;61fl6U t5IlTrrlJl6llllfiuu Qu6llirr1p.ri" ~rru6llrr<:~rrri"5@ «§ri"uUliM"mS;, ~rrLmS;) !liLJi;~ s;,®~rrOr 61J&ir6lft5@UI !liLJi;~ ~61Jm- (!p1iIIQ)s;mm<:wrr e!:Jl5mS;<:Wrr @!:J!Ji;,®®uurr&ir. @ru L6lIirrmLOQDW L061DID5S; ilOrmlDB;@UI B'LOW 6J(bls;&ir 6Tfiirr JIll QB'rrru66l5 Qs;rulirr(bl B'rr~WmLOutSl!iJ@tD Qu6llirr ~lp.mLO~~IiM"~'®!D@UI ~~~611 ~umLuSlru ,ffilwrrwUl BiL.!!JlUl 6l6ll Q6lJ!6I tSIIp.~~ 6J(blB;&ir '61J&ir6lft - (!:p®s;Or LIDm6lJ 1 ~ 1 ~~@61JtD 1 ~ru6U~ 1 B'LOW LmmLO 1

6TOrID uliJLOrr~~ 61Jrrri"~m~s;mrrru e!P1p. L061DID5.$lfiirr~.

,®lTrrmlL~ ~t1il!:J!rflmL<:W !liLJi;~ B'(!:p~rrw LOrr!iJID~s;&ir ~611 ri" s; 61ft fiirr S; L 611 &ir 611 Wl u rr L Ip. §!J UI Q 611 61ft U u (bl.$l ID ~ . Q~rrfiirr61DL05 S;rr6\l~,®&6l®Ji;<:~ S;rr~§!JB;@5 Qs;mIT6lJUI Qs;rr(bl~~61Jri"s;m- ,®lTrr6UlL~ ~t.bl!:J!ri". B'~S; @6ll5c$lw~s;lilflru @~Or Q61J6Iftuurr(bl Q~6Ift61JrrS;~ Q~rfl.$lID@. B'ri.Js;~ ~t.blW @6ll5.$lW~S;m- 1 ~1TB'1iII1iM" 1 <:wrr 1 ~m6ll61ImliM" 1 <:wrr 4S;WJi;@ urrlp.u5l@iuu~rrru 9@i ~fi1IfI LOfi1IfI~6DftOr B'rr~rrlT6m L6mrTe=61mw Q61J6Iftuu(bl~@61J~rr S; L&irm ~ 6TOr JIll 6l6llri" 61Jrr ~rrL6llrrUl. !2i6llfl LOfi1IfI~e= 6IJi;~mliM"s;&ir 6TOrU~ 9@i B'(!:p!2irrw~,®Or 9L(blQLOrr~!2iLOrrliM" 6lrf,!2i6ai1iM"5@ (!:p@5S;, (!:P@5S; 1 ~uurrru 1 <:urrw ~Orfi1lflwLOrru5l@i5s; @w6llrr~.

s;rr!2im6llu u!iJ!6I~ ~t1il!:J!s;~,®ru 6l~,:!irfl~,:!i~ <:urrrru ~y!s;rrs;6ljUl ,:!i~@611 ~lp.uumLuSI~UI 6l~,:!irflB;S; <:61IJIll 6TJi;,:!i QLOITWlwrr§!JUI ilw6llrr @ 6TOrU,:!i!iJ@~ ,®@i61J&ir(561JrflOr 1 S;rrLO~~U urrrru 1 8rflw 6T(bl~~5 S;ITLLrr S; L&irm~.

1 611 &ir 61ft uSI Or LID 611' (!P@iS; ( 611 WI urr L (bI) 611 IT 6Urr JiJ!6I ru (!P S; rr m LO W rr QIT Q 611 rr Or JIll. il e= B' rr B' 5 ~, (9rr QIT rr B' 5 ~ u5l Or @mLuSlru LOfi1IfI,:!iOr 61JITW.$lIDrrOr 6TOrum,:!i @~ s;rrL(bI51ID~ 6TOrurr@iUl L6lIirr(bl. @w!iJms;<:wrr(bl Q,:!irrLrT4u(bl~~C61JrrrT S;LUlu~,®ru «(!:P@is;fiirr) ULri"Ji;~ Qs;rr.,. (61J&ir6lft) 6TfiirrJDI @ruTs;&ir LIDm61J5 s;rr6llirr.$lOrIDQlTri". @ru LIDm61Iu Qurr®6Iftwru ~lp.uumLuSlrru ~lTrrw<:61Irrri" U61RlT5S;rr1TU QU_61D61RIT (<:~61IwrrmQIT) LO!D!DrurT s;LLrrw~~!D@ L061RITUI QeW~ Qs;rrfililrL LOrrutSlm-mm «(!:P@is;fiirr) ~mB' ~ri"5S;. ~fiirr s;rr~661li11w (61J&ir6lflmw). <:~.,.u <:urr61J~rrs;u 4lillQlTs;m~ ~AirJDQITrT.

9@i~,®5@ 9@i6lJ0r 6TfiirrID 9@5S; 6lJITUlmu '61Jm-1ilfl - (!P@is;Or S;1T~ru 1 tBJIll61I,:!ilTuSI@iJi;,:!ilTru ~Ji;,:!i 1 9@5S; 1 LOIT4 ~t.bl!:J!s;~,®rru tB !6I~,:!irrOr il@iJi;,®@i5s; <:61J6lIirr(blUl. '6lJ1iir1ilfl_ (!P@is;Or LID61D6lJ 1 ~ ,:!i~~611 ~lp.uumLuSI§!JUI B'LOW ~lp.uu61DLuSI§!JUI QLOITWl ~lp.uumLu5l§!JtD @w!D61DS; ~lp.uumLuSI§!JtD ~6UBi.$lOr!DIiM"ri" ~!6I(9ri"Bi&ir. 61Jm-6Ift5@tD C~61JWrrmIiM"5@UI (!P@is;0ll5@(!pm-m Q~rrLri"mu~ ,:!it1il@5@UI 'LOaru.$l@i~.,® !iJ@UI il61DID61DL05@(!p&irm Q~rrLri"urr S;6ljUl ~.~rfl5S;6IlITUI mir.$llDlTri" s;t1ilru 561J6Ut5Iru.

@ilDu QUfililr_LAr LfiliIrLrrQIT ~J61ell. ~1iIIQ)6lJaflAr LID6lI ilwJiJms;wrrQIT~ 6TfiirrpD <:~QJWII'_l'IqUinr_ ~ .. LID6lI QewJDm5lUll'_" 6TArGJJh QJIT~<!§1lI ~ il5

@j ID U Q u liliBulAlfl rir 51T f1; IAl 5 6lD ~ {il6U riJ 6lD 5 Wl6b rulT ~ UJ ~,:£lB;@jIp.5&ITIT'" Cru(blrurT5@!)LAr Q~lTLrT46lDLW~. {il~!il@jB= B'ITArIDIT5. @6\JriJ6lD5ruITYI Cru(blrurT (Yl(!!j56lDfilIT,:i; ~riJ56ir 6lD 1D,:i; ~ IiIIT Ar 6T AT J!ll BiL. J!llUJ ID IJ 6lD U B; @j!6luUlUUITUJ. C su ~ UJ ~J6lJi,~ UllJlTUI6lDITrT Q~ITLriJ.$l Cru(blrurt ru6lD1J @B; 51T ~6b 56lD~ Crut:!!jAT!6lWl(!!juu~!il@j 6TC~ITQrulT(!!j Q~lTrir6lD1D ~~ITIJUJ (Lfililrr6lD1DW1T5 Jl)LJi,~ 56lD~) {il(!!jJi,~(!!jB;5 Cru6iar(blLD.

uflB'6IftU4, B'LLUJ, ~IJ 61w6b, ~rTUlTrT, B'LriJ@j, ~LLiurrUJ 6TAr J!ll 6T,:i;~6lDfilITCWIT ml~riJ561ftru BiL.!D6UITLD. '.UJ' 6TArID Ciil.mrui1lUJ ~ruruITCID U6\J 5(!!j,:i;~a;6lD&lTB; Q51T6liar1p.(!!jB;.$llD~; ~~ITQJ~, ~ 5 UJ miT u ~ 9 (!!j 1D6Dfl ~ 61IftAr L 6ir 1D6IIT ,:i;6lD ~, ~ 6lD B' AlW, ~Ji,~lJriJ5,:i;6lD~, 51Tf1;6lD6U, ~WAlID6lDW, BiWAlID6lDW, CJI)rT6lDID6lDW L6lIDTrT ,:i;~l!tiIlD~.

.$l.U!. 4-~UJ JiIT!illDlTfililrr(blB; 51T6U,:i;,:£lru ~rflwrTe;6ir B'IDW ~lp.uu6lDLWl6b (B'IDWB; @jlJrurT5&IT1T5) ~L6IYI 1D1iliIrrmf'l6b 51T6\J1p. 6T(bl,:i;~ 6lDru,:i;~ 51T6\J,:i;~!il@jU UlATfilITrT~lTrir (Yl(!!j5rir - fiiue;Ji,~rir ~6b6\J~ e;lTrT,:i;~Ce;wrir ~6b6\J~ BiuUlIJIDmf'lWUJ 6TrirJ!ll ~.$lWl(!!jB;56\JITUJ; ~Ji,~B; 51T6\J,:i;~C6\JCW ' ru6ir6lft' Wlrir 56al~lljUJ (Yl(!!j5~Lrir Q~ITLrTJi,~(!!jB;56\JITUJ. @~m Qru6lftUUITCL ruLB;I!tiI6b rulT@UJ 5ITrT,:i;~C5W61IB;@j lD6lDfilITmlWl6b6lD6\l 6TrirU~IT@jUJ; ~riJ@j, ~rurir UlIJIDB=B'lTrflWIT5Cru (?) ru6llDTriJ5uu(bl.$lIDlTrir •

su 6ir 61ft ~ (!!j ID 6lIDT UJ 5 IT ~ ru ~ (!!j 1D6lIDT UJ; C ~ su W IT 6lD IiIIT ,:£l(!!j1D6lIDTUJ 61I1W8: B'LriJ@j; ru6ir6lft~(!!j1D6lIDTUJ, C~ruWIT6al1illT ,:£lQ91D6lIDTUJ mirrufilIT ~L6IWJl)ITLIp.6b ~B; 51T1iU,:i;~6b JLl600ilw 5&IT611, 5!il49; ~(!!j1D6lIDTriJ56lD&IT Qru6lflUU(bl,:i;~.$lATlDfilIT.

an, {ilJi,,:£lWB; C51TWl6b561ftru @jIp.Q5ITfililrrlp.(!!jB;@jUJ

5L611&ITlTfilIT 5ITrT,:i;~C5W6lDIillTU QUfililrr56ir ru6llDTriJ5 @W6\l1T~. ~B; 51T1iU,:i;~6b (Yl(!!j5WlB;@j 6T!ilULL IDIT!illD,:i;~!il@jUJ @mw @6\JriJ6lD5Wlru ~L6I~ 5L6116ir (Yl(!!j5rir 61riJ5&IT B; 51Tru6b Q~wruUJ ~B;5UUL(bl,:i; ~L6I!¢561ftLL6I(!!jJi,~ Ulrfl.$5UU(bl6lJ~!il@jUJ ' ~rflw' L6lIDTrT611~rrrir5rrIJ6lIDTUJ. (61riJ5&IT6lJrT ~riJ56al&IT ~rflWrT 56ir 6Trir J!ll QB'IT6b6UlB; Q5rr6ir.$lrirIDfilITrT1 6lJlJliUrr!ilJ!ll ~~ITIJUJ 5ITLUUlw6\Jrr~ ~56lJ6b @~).

@rirQfilITlT(!!j ru6al5Ull6b ' 6lJ6ir6lft - (Yl(!!j5m- LlD6lD6lJ ',:i; ~tbly!rflm IDfilIT L6lIDTrTC6lJrr(bl 6al6lJ,:i;~ CJI)rrB;l!tiIfilITrr6b UlIJITUI61RIfIwB; (J5ITLurr(bl56al&IT 6T~rTUU~6irr ~(!!j Q6lJ6IftUUITCL {ilJi,~ 6lJ6ir6lft L(!!j6lJ5LiJ 6TrirJ!llUJ 5(!!j,:i;~(!!j6lJrrB;56\JrrUJ. 6T(bl,:i;~B; 51TLL1T5, ~rflWrT U6alL,:i;~ {il~51TB'riJ561ft6b ~lJlTmlLU Qu6liar56ir (~BiIJU

QUfililrr5@!)UJ ~1J55U QU6iar5@!)UJ) rfl~56lD&lTlljUJ

(Yl6Dfl6lJrT56al&ITlljUJ @IJITS! @jlDrrlJrr56al&ITlljUJ IDWB;51U

Ullp.uU6lJrT 5GlTrr 58: 61,:i;~rflB;5UUL,¥-(!!jB;.$lrir lDfilITrT•

6lJ6ir6lft 6TrirlD 5J!llU4lJ Qufililrr6lD61IITU UlIJITIDmf'lW «(Yl(!!j5Qrr) 5Ji,~rir C~1p. 9(bl6lJ~ urrlDlJ 1DB;56lf1rir Q6lJJ!llUJ 5!ilU6alfillTB; 5ITmlWIDIT5 IDL(blUJ ~Ji,,:£l(!!jB;5mlw6UIT~. '4lDUJ' 6TQrrID QB'rr6b utU 5(!!j.~56lD&lTB; Q51T_L.,. il~Al"'U CurrrT, Q6lJ!ilJ61,

BiJi,~ 41J1T6lIDT,:i;6lD~B; 5B=61WUUrT .$l.Ul. 1400-~UJ ~fililrr(blBi6lft6U @W!il~Wl(!!jB;.$llDrrrT; ~uCurr @ 6lJ1T ,:i;B'ITW6ilTlTrflAT 5rrID @,,:i;~IJUJ 6T@~UUL(bl ~WlIJUJ ~6Iiar(blBi6lD&IT,:i; ~lTfililrrlp.mlLL~; CID~ ~UCUIT~ 6lJL LilJi,~rrml&iJ 5~rrC51T C"mWl6616b 5rrID iiU 6al1iU56al&IT 61.~rflB;@jUJ 6l!ilUriJBi6ir ruJi,~ mJilTw ~1iliIrr(blBi&ITrr.$lmlLL6IIT; ~(!!j6lJ6ir@!)6lJrT BiITID,:i;~U urr6b {ilw!ilJ6l ~WlIJUJ ~1iliIrr(bl56ir 5L$~mlLLfilIT. 6TIillTCQJ, ~B; 5rr6\J,:i;~ru ' 51T~ru' UID¢! Q6lJ6lfIuU6lDLWrrBiB= QB'IT6U6U,:i; ~6iIlLCW~UJ ®<!5Ji,~B;51T~.

£ilArQATIT~ ~!6I®IflAr &:lDlDluulp., UIA>6U6lJrT 51T6Il~~1A> WI61IIIT®LO Qum~~®LO QajITm6U, 561T&lj, 51TW, QumiJ, ID~ IiTpD ucgB'UIIT UIT ~5r!.J5(55Qaj~1J1T 5 1Dl561jU1 L5.$1IJIDIT 5U UlIr B=B'ITIJLO QB'W~ATrT. B'1D6ef B'UWLO ~W~ ~ITLr!.J5lw j;lT61f\aJ 1D55(5LO 461lrurT 5 (5LO U&1DYlW UIp. 1D&afl~ !L61AJrrT &lj5 6IT1T AT ~ &1DB' , <:UlTrT U!D!6IU UITL&ljLO 1iT@~&ljLO QjliITLr!.J.$IATrT. ~~Ar IiT~QIJIT661U4~ITAr (~IDl!p) 5Ji;jIi 41J1T1iIRIT(YlLO IiTAr51lDlTrT il&iJ ~!6I®ri".

&,..~6llrT56IT1T5U UQDL55UULIp.~551ArIDATrT. cl!,IflWlJlA>&UlTjIi UlArATrT56ITITAT illJlT6lJlilRlTauLO ~IJU"lJIauLO ~UUIp..jliITAr LJA)L55~55lArIDATrT.

QU6lilIr5&1D6IT ~t£lIllLO ®!6IUUIT5~ ~lJlTmlLU

QU6lilIr5&1D6IT~ - ~W&1DIJIWlDlDrurT56IT1T5U U&1DL~jlijli1D® 1iTt£llJlp.jlirrfiirr ®!DU Qu6lilIr 6U6irilfl 'Q~ruUIIT55Ut..a:.L~LO' IiTfiirrlDl 6lJIT~1T(bl<:rulT®LO !L6lilIr(bl.

£il1J1T6lJ61AJr&aflAr ~ITWITAT &1D551T6IIiTArUru(5LO.

~~ ·jliITW<:UlT6U 9<!!i ~W (iIII6lJIiiIxr6lJ (!pQ1f16T&irurut; il6lJrT 46Ulliut£lW (YllillflruAr 1D5Ar) IDW551ATIT6ITITLO. ~jliAr IIilm6IT6lJrr5, (YljlilA> (YI'irlDl ®YlJi;&1Djli5(5LO £ilIJITLB'~rT56IT1T5&ljLO ({ilIJIT6lJIilRlTAr, ®LOU5ri"IiIRITAr,~rTUUATm5) lfl~uSIAr ' ®ITATLO' ilJi~ £ilIJITLB'61uS1Ar QB'Wm5mw L61AJrrTJi;~<:UIT~ LSl!DJi;jIi @iYlJiAl~ (mltJLIAllll'Ar) IJIIiIIfljli L61AJrrT&lj5(5L01ILO LSlIDJi;jliATruITLO.

cl!,lflw £il~51TB'r!.J5m6ITU UlTrT~jlilT6iJ cl!,IflWIJ6iJ6IlITjlirurT 9<Y555 ®m!D6lJITATrurT561TrrWU UmL55UULIp.~UU&1DjliU UlTrT556UITLO. {ilJi;~WlTml!D® cl!,IflWrT ruJi;jIi 51T6U~~6U cl!,IflWIJIA>6UIT~ cl!,6lilIr5&irQru&ir&1D6IT ~!DLO UQDL~~ cl!,lflwu QU_5&1D6IT5 56lJrTJi;~ Q51T&lArr(bl <:UITATjliIT5&ljLO cl!,lflwu Q.Rr5&ir urr&6lW6U 6lJAr(Yl&1D!D5(55® .llI!,LU(bl~jliUuLLjliIT5&ljLO 6lJ1J6U1T1Il BiLlDl51!D~. £iljliAr IiT~QlJrr661jliITAr £illJrrru6effiirr 5L~~5Q51T_(bl <:UITAT 8&1DjliuSlAr 5&1D~ IiTArlDlLO Qmr~51!D~. (Raj Pruthi & Bella Rani Sharma, 1995)

£il&1D~I1jLO mlL, @Bi6ll1T1Dlwu u6lilIrUITLIp.6iJ 9ArlDl5® alDlA> U6Il ID&1DATmlW&1D1J &1Dru~~®uu~ B'rr~rrlJ6efLO. . @jliAr QruilfluulT(bl ~t1il!pu u6lilIrurrLlp.IA> 1iTJi;~ ~6ITml!iJ®u urr~55UuLIp.®5.$1!D~ mirrlDl Q~lflwrr~. 5Ji;jIi 4IJrr61AJr~~6iJ ru®LO Qjliwml5U Qu6lilIr61AJrITAT ru&irilfl 6Tfiirr!D ~1J1T6lS1LU Qu6lilIrmu5®LO @~5rr B'r!.J5i1f11lJL01D!D!DU 4IJ1T6efr!.J5i1f1Il1LO 6U<!!)LO ~1J1T6l51Llj Qu6lilIr5(55®LO liT~jIi&1DAT<:WIT <:ruWJ-lrr@6>&ir !Llimrr(bl.

6T(bl~~5 51TLL1T5, 5Ji;jIi 4IJ1T1AIIII'~6iJ ru<!!)Lil ~lJu~IJIIiIIflAr "IT W IDrr W IT mirr U su &ir U &1D L 5 ® LO 6> L&lj 6IT IT AT LSlIJ LO UIIT mlAr Ul5ATITAT 5rr6lu (!JI6IIflru&1D1J IDW551 jlilTrir® ~BilJrT5&1D6ITU (~IJU~IDAr, 61r!.J5(Yl5Ar, jli1T1J5Ar, ~B'(Yl.$l IiTAr!J) QU&lArr) Qu!D!DIT6ITrrLO. ~.$I6Il !L6U&1D6>1ljLiI U&1DL5®LO LfuLillJllTmlfiirr IJI5QD6IIT 9rT ~BiIJU Qu6lilIr 1iT&iJ6lJlTlDl IliITAr® ~L&1Dru5&ir IDw55mlwIlILO

6T6irrU~ jliLOu6l51W6Il1T~ mlLWLO. ~Iflw il~51TB'r!.J5i1f1.u

~IflWIJIA>6UIT~ ~.5(5LO QU_5(5LO 5rrIDQ6lJ!6I

~Q6Il5B'IT.LrT <:urrfiirr<:!Drr Q~r!.J51fiiu5ITAr <:urrAr<:!D1T Q ulfl W U &1D L I1j L Iiir <: urr rT 41fl W .lQ!, Ifl W rT ru IJ 6l516iJ &1D 6Il; U 6Il .lQ!, ~ (bl5 6IT IT 5 B= 61lDl 61lDl BiL L L r!.J 5 6IT IT 5 ru Ji61 61 J!)I 61lDl ilLIlI5&1D6IT5 &1D5UU!iJ!6lI1j&ir6ITATrT; ~U<:UIT§I {il~<:UITArID 6lJAr(Yl&1D1D5&ir ·J!iLJi~®556UITLO. IiTru6lJlTlDl il~JijliITIlILO il~t£lw~mllD~~ JilmYlJijli .lQ!,IflW5 BiLLL.~6IIT~5@i £il!ii,£lw ~6lJIT!:II5QD5 (YAID mJwliAlu ~§1 gArIJlll! Qufku ~.

@) ( ~rr~ urr6UBi~)

6. <!p(!!>& QJ~um.: .. Lq.Q) 461w IJ)041b ~on~L IJ)041b - ~O ilut!®

~rflwo$ @(bltDU ~6lDlDlJl5Iru 5rr,:!iru ~(!!jlD6lI1ITrru5t5B;@ £ilLlDlru6lD6\l; QU6iDr51iir ~(!!jlD6lI1IT QJW6lD,:!i ~6lDL.ffi,:!i@tD LD6lI1IT (Yll¥-Iii ~ 6lD QJo$ 0$ uu(bl5lfiirr lD6M"rT • J6rr~ L 1Tl¥- ruITYlB;6lD5u5l ru (QJ&616lDlD tfilB;5) ~6iDr @!PJi;6lD,:!i51iir ~ru6lWtD 6TfiirrU,:!ilTru ~6iDr @HPJi;6lD~ QU!DWJB; Q51T(blB;51T,:!i ~rflwu Qu6iDr ~QJfilIirrLIT,:!iru61T1T5 J6LIii,:!iuULLITIiir; ~tD lDlT4,:!ilTfiirr @fiirrWJtD Q,:!iITL(!!jtD 'Qu6iDr 610$0$ Q51T6lD6\l' B;@ ruW!W6lDlDlii~B; Q51T(bl1ii,:!i~. UIlTlD1T51ii, ~lTlTmlL~ Q,:!ilTfiirr6lDlDu5lru '8'B;~ QJW!UIT(bl' @(!!jJi;,:!i~; QU6iDrl¥-6lDITB; Q561TlTruuu(bl~~tD u6iDr4 il(!!jJi;~~; ~,:!iAr 6T~QITIT6'6I~w QJliirfilfl , Q,:!iWml5 ' UlIT B;5UuLLt~JtD.

QJliir6lflu5lfiirr @6lD8'511 QUIDuu(bltD ru6lD1T (Yl(!!j5Ar u:._ ur@jJ I5IArlRlTrT QJliirfilflo$@ (Yl(!!j5fiirruT ~ 51T,:!iru ruJi;,:!i~tD ~&ir mI(!!juulii~!D@ rulTru6lD!pIii,:!i~tD ~lTlTmlL lDIJUIT@tD. Qu6iDr5~@1ii ,:!irru51iir nJlTY156lD56lDW (!JIl¥-511 Q8'w~Q.srrliirt5tD ~lTlTmlL lDlT6lDUB; 5ITL(bl5lID~ @e: 8'tDurutD. Ulll'1D1T5, ~rflw LDlTtSlru ~6IIUft6irr Q8'IT~,:!i1T5U Qu6iDr lD~B;5UU(ijl5lIDITIiir. ~ruiUlT6lDIRIT6lDW ~ ,:!i5Luirr {ilJi;~fiirr QQJ!D1lMWr 'ufla:rr 5 ' (Yl(!!j59lJ8;@B; Q51T(blB;5IIDIT6irr; @~,:!iITAr ~rflw UI]l.j. ~,:!iIT6lJ~, ~rflw lDlTtSlru 9rT ~li1I1Iflfiirr Q8'ITIii~ @fiirr(]6M"lTrT ~liIIIIfIfiirr Q8'ITIii~1T5 LDIT!DIDuu(bl5lID~. £ilrru@,'Qu6iDrIillllflAr ®6lD8'511' 6TfiirrID ~Ue:6iB;a5 @LtfiliU6I!i6\lj ®,:!iQlI"ITru, '51T~ru' 6TArID ~Ue:BiB;@ ~~5 ®L (Yltfilru6lD 6U. ~rflw lDlTtSliU Qu_ 9(!!j , 8'Ji;,:!i~' U6lDLB;@tD 5(!!jmlWIT5~,:!iITAr 5(!!j,:!iUULLIT6Tr frAr 51fiirrIDlRITrT 4(!!j~~llItD 8'rTlDIT511tD (~lD6U~).

QJL @Ji;~WIT6lDruu ~UlTiU Q~Ar @.ffi~WIT ~l¥-B;5l¥- 6T~rfl5fi1flfiirr 6lD55fi1fliU ~5UULmlru6lD6\l. ~,:!i6M"lTiU, QU(!!jtDUIT6\lIT6M" ~lTlTmlLIii Q,:!ilTfiirr6lDlDU U6iDrUITL(blB; Bit..J!lI51iir ~tfilYlrflfiirr QJITYl511Lfiirr 9fiirr!l5lB; 51LB;51fiirrID6M"· Q,:!i!D@ ~j6ITB;51 QJJi;,:!i tSllTlTlD6lI1IT(!!jtD Q,:!i&irlillfl.ffi~wu U6iDrUITLl¥-fiirr .@6lDIDWB; Bit.. J!lI 56lD 61T L Iiir su ITrru5lu5l(!!jB; 516irr ID6M" rT • 6T(bl ~ @B; 5ITLLIT tti, ~(!!jlD6lI1ITe: 8'Lrru5liU ,:!i1T6UI 5L(blru~ ,:!itfilYlrT 8'Lrru51T5~,:!irrEirr ®(!!j,[,,:!i@ 6Tfiirr5lfiirrID6M"rT ~!l5l®rT51iir. rulT~@Lfiirr 4&61 Q5ITfiirrJ!ll ~,:!ifiirr UiU6lD6U~ ,:!ifiirr 51T,:!i6'6lu5lfiirr 5<!:9~~iU 5Ll¥-W,:!ifiirr ~6UtD,:!ilTfiirr ',:!iIT6'6I' u5lfiirr nllJ6U1T WJ.

~rflWrT ~51T1T~u5lru Qu6iDr51iir ~UIT6lD,:!iU QUIT(!!j1iir5~tD tSlliir6lD61T QUJ!lItD @WJi;::furru5t5lDIT5~ru &(!!j,:!iUuLLlRITrT. ®,:!i!D@ ~!6rT lDITIDIT5~, ,:!itfilYllDlTtSliU '51T,:!iiU' L.jIilIfI,:!ilDlT5, Q~W6Ul5Ul1T5o$ 51TB;5UU(bl5lID~; @,:!ifiirr Qrufilfluurr(bl 'ruliirfilfl'. 4rflwrflfiirr LDlTtSlru Qu6iDr5fi1flm LLtD4 6T~rT5rr6UIii6lD,:!i L(!!jQJrr5@tD ml6lD6lT@6UlDIT5B; B;(!!j,:!iUULL~ 6Tfiirr5lArID6M"rT ~!l5l®rT51iir. j6rr(XLrrl¥-(I;61T1T5 @®Ji;,:!i,:!ilTiU ~6iDrB;fiIfl6irr @IDU4 (5l¥-lRITlDrr6M" B;rrL(bl 6T~rfl8jt5LAr ~UITITITLLtD) ~~ffilDIT5 @(!!jJi;,:!iIRlT. ~$D6M"lTiU, @61TtD rol,:!i6lDru51iir lDWJLD6lI1ITtD Q8'WWUuL(ijle: 8'~5

Q,:!ilTru5rrutSlw~~a6U(XlU B;61T511, ffi!D4~ ~(!!jlD6lI1ITrruffiliir @!l5lB;ffiUU(blru,:!ilTru @Ji;$D~ ~lTlTmlL~ Q,:!ilTm6lDlD tfilffiU UYl6lDlDWIT6M"~ 6T6M"B; Q51T1iir61T6UlTtD. ~.ffi,:!iB; ffirr6U~~iU ,:IitfilYlffi~~ru @(!!j.ffi,:!i~ $DlTwruW!e: 8'e!:PffitD 6Tm WJtD ~(!!jlD6lI1IT mlLWrruffifilflru Qu6iDr5fi1flfiirr @6lD8'511 (!JI51T6lDlDWIT6M"~ 6TfiirrJ!lltD @!l5lutSI(bl5l6irrID6M"rT 4(!!j~~llItD 8'rTlDrr511tD (1975).

mt®~~5@ (QU®UlUlTtIl!Ul

L~mt6llTlTrT a;6lT1TUl.

@Ul (!p61II!J)W1T6U U61RIT5a;1T1T5 5ly!ruta;Qr ®ri QuQirra;61II6TT ml61ll6U Qa;1T@~~ Ul61RIT 5a;6\lITU!;

1. i5lITU!UIAr ~®Ul6lIIITUl (Brahma Marriage) : Ul6lIIITUla;61D6TT~ ~a;uuAr ~1T61D1T 61JlTrT~~5 Qa;IT@uu~;

7. 61IIUB'ITB'~ ~®Ul61RITUl (Paisacha Marriage) :

QU&icrr_5@U (gUIT61D~ UI®~~ Qa;IT@~~u UIT&6lW6U Qa;IT@61IIIJiIU@~~~ ~®Ul6lIIITUl QifW~6U. (®~@!6l~~5 a;ITUI ~~lTmt6U ml6TT5a;Wl®551lD~);

8. ®ITITLB'If~ ~®Ul61RITUl (Rakshasa Marriage) : (gUlTlfl6U Q 61J Ar lD 151 Ar (g ~ IT !i> lD 6111fl Ar UI a; 6lIl6TT ~ 6U 6l) ~ (g 61J WI Qu&icrr a;6lIl6TT I.06mIT ~~6U.

®®5@ (g61J~~~Arutp. a;6lIIIT61JAr 9® @@UlU~~Ar ~ 61D 6U61J 6lIT IT a; UlL@Ul6U6U 9 ® I a; Ul.1Qr I ~ 6lIl6U uSl6U 61D61J5a;w@51!J)lfAr. ~lTlTmlL (Yl61lllDUUtp.W6U6UITUl6U ~rflw UllTi516U 6TL@ 61J6lIla;WIT6lIT ~®Ul6lIIIT <!p6lIllDa;Qr @®~~6lIT. ~6lIl61J i51Ar 61J®UIIT WI :

2.· Q~W61J~ ~®Ul6lIIITUl (Dalva Marriage) : Qu&icrr6lll61RlT~ ~1T6lIl1T 61JlTrT~~5 Qa;IT@uu61JrT ~a;uu6lIT1Ta; @®5a;~ (g~6lIl6lJuSl6U6lIl6U;

@~~ 6TL@ 61J6lIla;~ ~®IJI61IIIliJB;(5Qr ~6U J!)ITAr@Ul~ITAr QU®UlUlTtIl!Ul 61Jy!5a;~~&6l®~~6lIT. @~ J!)ITAr@ 61J6lIla;~ ~®Ul6lIIIT.rua;Qr QU®UlUIT§llIUl Qu!i>(glDlTlTlT6U 9@.ru@ QIfWWUU@61JIillT61JIT@Ul. ®~ ~®Ul6lIIIT.rua;6Ifl6U UlITUi51Qr61D6lT Qu&icrr6lll61RlTU UlTrTUU~ Wla; ~rfl~; ~®Ul6lIIIT J!)1T6Ifl(g6U(gW QU®UlUIT6U1T1iIIT 1f~~U4 J!)6lIlLQUJIllUl. ®~~6lIla;w ~®Ul61RIT <!p6lIllDa;(5LAr 9Ui51L@u UlTrT5@Ul(gUIT~ '61JQr6lfl - <!P®a;Ar' ~®I.06mITUl <!p@5a;, (Yl@5a;~ ~lTmlL UllT4~ ~®IJIQIIITUlIT@Ul.

3. i5llTmITU~W~ ~®Ul6lIIITUl (Prajapatya Marriage) :

Qu&icrrmrflAr UIT~a;IT61J6UrT ~1T6lIl1T 61JlTrT~~5 Qa;IT@uu~;

4. ~rT~~ ~®Ul61RITUl (Arsha Marriage) : Qu&icrrIilllflAr j:!)a;uuall5@ UlITUi51Qr6lll6TT 61J~uSl6lITrT @® UlIT@a;61II6TT~ j:!)ITIillTUlITa; 61J!:II.ru51w i51Ar JliL5@Ul ~®Ul6lIIITUl;

~lTlTmlL UllJi516U UlIiIIfl~IilIflAr ®Ar!6lW6lIlUIWIT~ B'5~WITa;U Qu&icrr ~6lIlUl51lDITQr. ®~!i>@';' B'ITArlDlTa;, Q~ITAr6lllUlIllLAr ®6lIl61RlT~~®5@Ul B'5~ 61J~UlTL6lIlL5 @!6lUi51L6UITUl. 61JQr6lfl61DW <!P®a;IilIflAr ~JIll B'5~a;(5Qr 9ArlDlTa;5 a;1T&icrr51lDlTrT ~61RIT51rflJ!)lT~rT.

5.· a;~j:!)rT61J~ ~®UIAIII"Ul (Gandharva Marriage) : a;1T~6U ~®Ul6lIIITUlIT@Ul B1~; ®~j:!)61IIa;w ~®Ul6lIIIT.rua;Qr Wla;5 @6lIllDP;j:!) ~6TTmt(g6l)(gW JliLP;j:!)IiIIT;

6. ~BiIT~ ~®Ul6lIIITUl (Ashura Marriage) :l:u61 (Yltp.6l.l 5Ltp.W QtilTma;61DW5 Qa;IT@~~mtL@u Qu&icrr 6T@~ti6U;

"6T WI UJUSI6iI 6Tp5l GUl61D6ITWIT(GltjJ (YIa;QwITm-ClD FFe=W1Lm- ®IT6lITQLDIT~ CUBi @a;QLDITm-ClD 8iLWlLD'¥-WlTrra;r;ir GUl61DfilIT ~rr~~ @a;w 9m-ClD ~m-Wl®a; <:6l.J6iI 6l.JITri.J.$l !tlm-lD@a;w 9m-ClD LDrrWl u(bI ~1T61D1T 6l.J61D~~~ @a;UJ 9m-ClD 6l.Jr;ir6lfl61DW Ul6D"GTW 4&m'1T 6l.JJi;~ @a;w 9m-<:lD ~WI(YIa;LDrr6llT QUIT®r;ir ~ W®6ITtJC6l.JfiliIr(blw ~,tl ~®&m'ITe=6\)W ~LDrTJi;~ QU®LDrrC6IT "

~~. ~&mT1lJD J!jIfilTmLml6U ~ i1a~ <:ruJ!Jll4; Q~ITLri.J51w~.®u~rr a;IT6UW 9® a;IT6U!b,tla, @Ji;~u UfiliIrUITL.1ir QUIT!Da;IT6ULDrra; @®Ji;~~<:UIT6U <:e=ITYlrr a;IT6U@W 61De=~~Ar QUIT!Da;ff6UW 6TArWl <:UIT!DlDuu(bI5llD~. @B; a;IT6U a;Lqi;,tl~IT61ir QJIfW LJJ1TfilIIIrili 6T@~Uu..:_L~; L.J66IfH,rr ~Wt51WIT6iJ ,tl®GU161DilTWITUiU 4ITIT&m'W @W!D!J)lu:.L~. a;6o!flwuutflm- a;Ji;~ 4ITITfiIIIIf(YIW 4ITITAIIr 6l.Jrfl61De=uSla, ~Lri.J~W 6TAr.$llDITrr ~. <:6l.J§\!JLlISlr;ir61D6IT (1985).

miT WI Qe=ITQ,t»lw ~®61I1IT .$l1fl~IT ~rr ~urfltDI$!jLDrr6llT e=B;,tl 6l.JITwJi;~ (YIa;LDITa;U QUljm (YIa;~61D$!jll.jw uITrrB;5l!DITrr; @ru 6l.Jrfla;r;ir LD6DfI$!i L&m'rrGU1fiirr Q6l.J6lfluulT(bla;r;ir.

(YI®a; .6l.J!PlurrL'¥-!D~U UB;,tlU UITLmr;ir rurruSl6UITa;U Qu®w LriJa;6lfllILj6 Qe=w~ ~®fiIIIIf,$lrfl~IT~rflAr Q~ITfiliIr(bl ~6ITUUrflW~. (YI®a;W1B;~B; ~LDIT~®UlTrr, @ITITLD6I5lri.Ja; Bi6l.JlTtDla;r;ir, UlTwumBi6l.JlTtDla;r;ir, ~filiIr&m'ITLD61D6U @QITL,¥-wlTrr, 6l.J6lIirr&m'6e=ITUW ~marLUlTfiIRIfl . Bi6l.JlTtDla;r;ir ~51<:wlTrr ~rflw Qurflw @6UB;.$lW LDrr61D6Ua;61D6IT ~maf"Iml!b~B;5lfiirr!D6llTrr.

IX e= IT!:II LD m- 6lIT 1fIm- ~ L o!fl B; a; IT 6U ~,tl6iJ IX a; IT uSl6iJ a; r;ir LwrrJi;~filIT; ~tDlW 6l.J6ITrrJi;~~; e=LDW 6l.J~UIT(bIw 6l.J6ITrrJi;~~. e=LD&m'rr a;1T6U~,tl6iJ IXurr®w a;1T$!itl!lw COlruWlB;a;UULLfilIT. ~6lIT1T6iJ, ~Ar t51fiirr u.i,tlu UITLm6lflWJlb a;1T ~a, a;1MIflJi;$!i~; ~tDI~6il UB;,tl @6UB;.$lW~ ~tDlW 6l.J6ITrrJi;~~; $!iLlilW JljlTwfiirrLDlTrra;6lflfiirr u5,tl @6UB;.$lwti.Ja;6lfl6iJ ~lfIw~ Q$!iW6l.J 6l.J~UITL,¥-fiirr 6T6e=ri.Ja;r;ir IT ,tl Q IT IT 661 B; 5lm- lD 6lIT • ~ IfI W 61D filIT (YI@ @ ~ 6iJ a; L 6lj 6IT IT a; 6l.J~ULL~fiirr Q~ITLrr4 o!fl6l.J61DfilIT6 o!fl6l.J ~rflwfilITlTa;~ ~®~IT6ljB;a;ITe=rr UIT,¥-w,tl6iJ Q$!iIfl.$llD~. ,tl®(YI®a;IT!DWlu u61DLuSltl!Iw (YI®a;m- ~rflw6lITITa; L®6l.J5lB;a;uu(bI5llDlTfiirr.

5l.U!. 7-~w liIT!DlDITIi1i1Jr,¥-6U ~uurr o!fl6l.J61D6lIT6 ~IfIWfilITITa;B; a;IT6lIirru61D~u uITrrB;~w<:uIT~ t5lITITLDIilI1IflW~ ~~~6l.J6 o!flJi;$!i61DfilITWIT6lIT~ $!jtDI\pu U5~<:WIT(bl @61D&m'Ji;,tl(!!jJi;~~

~rflwmfilT~ Q~rrLlh.jLJ{bl~~u U6U @)y!UU5 o$m~o$6Tr Q6W~~ 9® o$rrlT6mlDrra; @®5a;6UrrlD; ~1ii>6U~ U6U &llIT6Urr!DIDrr6lrflwrTo$6Tr Bn..Jl)I6lJ~ ~urr6iJ ' liiua;Ji,~ 6lJWlurr{bl '~Q6U56rrmrrLrT @Ji,~wrrml!D@)U umLQw{bl~~ tSlliirrQlJ"rT tSllDJi,~ o$m~wrra; @®50$6UrrlD. 6Tru6lJrrIDrruSleulD, 6lJL lDIT4 1iiu0$Ji,~elI5@)lD Q~1iirr lDIT4 (!P®0$0lI5@)lD L.6TrfiIT ufilirrurrL{bl C6lJJl)Iurr{blo$AlfiIT L.6lAIf1T ~6lJ61iar{bllD.

6lJL6lJrT 6lDW lDlT~urr{bl @m6mJi,~ a;rr6muu{bl6lJ~ ~urr6iJ Q~rflJi,~rrtl!.llD a;6Ula;rr6U5 a;L6lj6Tr l!:P®a;liirr ~L6ly!rflliirr a;ul.j6Tr. ~JDI®rT oOotSllTL @j~filTrr~~ (Fred Clothy,· 1998) @)JDIutSl{bl6lJ~ Curr6iJ l!:P®a;liirr ~L6lYlu u61iarurrL~Lrr{bl ~liirrJDIm6mJi,~6lJ1iirr. l!:P®a; 6lJWlurr{bllD l!:P®a;mfilTu u!DJDlw !!ilDtSl8;ma;a;®lD U6U 6lJWla;filTrr~lD ~6rr~5a;uu{bllD ~L6lYl8; @)'1lD5a;®5@) 6lJWla;rrL{blum6lJ. oOotSlQITL @j~filTrr~~uSlliirr Bn..!D!lJlu ~urr6iJ l!:P®a;mfilTu u!DJDlw Q~wmla;5 a;m~a;6Tr 616U ~6lJmfiIT !!ilDumlw6Urr~~ ~urr6iJ @(!!jJi,~rrfil!JlD l!:P(!!ja; 61J1T6Urr!lJl 6T~~rr 9® 6lJ'1ml6iJ 6rr~rrlT6m~ ~L6ly!mfilTu urr~5.$lID~; ~6lJfiIT~ 6lJrrYl5ma;uSl6iJ urrua;6lflu4Bo Q6w.$lID~. L.6Ua;lD L.6TrfilT6ljlD ~L6l@lD ~L6ly!®lD (!p(!!ja;@lJlD 6lJrrYl6lJrrrTa;6Tr. ~L6ly!rra;6Tr ~L6ly!a;~~6iJ lDL{bllD6iJ6UrrlD6iJ L.6UQa;6iJ6UrrlD UITJi,~ .$lLJi,~rrfil!JlD QlDrrWlllllD 6lDWl!:PlD ~6lJrT a;mfiIT ~®rru.$lm6m ~~®5.$lliirrlDfiIT.

6Ji,~IT@)U~ QlDfilTrflWeu5@) ~1T6Iw6iJ .!lI!,~6Urr6a;filTrra; @®Ji,~ 6rr61iar'16iJWAr ~rfl~wrr~QIJ"mQlJ"llIlD 8Al~mWllllD U!DJDl5 @)JDIUtS1{bl.$lIDrrliirr. lDa;rrUIfIJ~~!IlIlD @lJIflDlfW6lAIf ~~~lD 1iiu0$Ji,~ 6lJ1T6Urr!lJl @)JDIutSlLuu{bl.$lID~. ~~rr6lJ~, ~Q6U56rr61irrLrT @Ji,~wrrml!D@) 6lJJi,~~urr~ 6T!Do$fiIIf~6lJ lDo$rrUrrlT~(!plD @lTrrlDrrW6ml!:PlD @Ji,~wu u61irrurrL'16iJ @®Ji;~®551ArIDfiIT. @~661®Ji,~ , 1iiu0$Ji,~ 6lJWlurr{bl' Q~!D5I66I®Ji;~ 6lJL551!D@)Bo Q6ArID U!j!Ull145 o$m~o$liIflQrr ~rfl4 6TArJl)l Q~rfl5l1D~.

6lDW 6lJWlurrL'1fil!JlD ' Q~liirrfilTrr{blmLw 6I6lJ~fiIT ~urr!DJDI!; 6TJi, !!irrLL6lJrT5@)lD @mID6lJrr ~urr!DJDlI' 6T1iirr!lJl 6I6lJmfilT~ Q~rr@~rrtl!.llD l!:P(!!ja;mfiIT ~6lJrTa;6Tr ~rrua;6Tr Q!!i(!!jB;a;lDrrfiIT a; L 6ljfilTrr 0$5 a; rrmrr .$lliirr IDfilTrT . ~lD 6T Iiirr ID tSIlT6m 6lJ lDJi,~lTlDrrfiIT ~a;lT, L.a;lT, mlJi,~, !!irr~, 65~, a;rrJi,~~m~~ ~a;uu@lJB;@) L.6mrr~~w ~a;uufiIT 6rrL6lmw~ ~rrua;6Tr o$L6ljfilTrra; L.wrr ~~.$lliirrlDfilTrr.

4ITrr6mrrua;6Tr 9®6lJlTrrlii> 6T(!9~uuLrrUl8J u6UlTrrliU

fT'<y~uuLL~rrliU 1iiu0$Ji,~ 41Trr6llllT(!plD ~ru6lJrrJl)l 6T(!9~UUL{bl ailo$Ji;~1iIIfl1iirr e!P6U 6lJ1T6UrrJl)l @)filTJl)Iu'1 Q6wiuuuLIp.(!!)50$6UrrlD.

~{bl~~ @liirrQfillfrr® (!po$rrmlDwrrfillf ~0$6lJ8J 0$Ji;~

4ITrr6llllT.~6UI®5511D~. ~~rr6lJ~ ~lD 6TArID tSllT6m6lJ

lDJi;,JlIr.~!D@j mlfilT50$lD Q~rflwrr~ ~QIJ" (!P®o$Ar 61AllDuSl6iJ

dlIAlL~~~rr0$5 Bn..lDuu{bl5l1D~. •

@ru6lJrr!lJl l!:P®a;mfiIT ' L.rflmlD' Qa;rrmrrLrrL ~6lJmrr'1w ~6lJ6IWlD 6T1iirr 6T!DuL'1®5a; ~6lJmrr{bllD 6T1iirr Jl)I 6lJ1T6Urr!D!lJl ~'1uumLuSl6iJ urrrr.~rr6iJ ~® a;rr6U a;LL~~6iJ 6lJL6lJrT &iua;Ji,~mfilTu umL~~ ~6lJell5@)~ ~rrua;6Tr @)6U Q~W6lJlDrrfiIT

L511TlD lD IiIIfI Iiirr L (!!) 6lJo$lD tSllT rrUl6lAlfrT 0$ 6IfI Iiirr L ® 6lJo$lD.

UAlL~~8J,. o$rr.~..u, ~W1.~8J 6TelIlD (!P. Q~rrWl6iJo$®6Tr , UAlL~~IiU' 6TArID ~®lD QU(!!)lD @L.Al~. ~rruo$®5@) 9~5518; Qa;rrmrr{bl, ' o$rr.~Al6U' ~1I!IlI6ll5@)5 Qo$rr{bl~fillfrT;

( .~t&J!5 5La,lr I!P~ : UTIUlTAlJh ~.~ ) (§)

~~ITru~, ~rflwrr5m ru(!!)iliauIT~ ~ruIT1T61D5U U@~ pjITaLITIp. Ul8;5Af1Iiirr 5IT.~a, 5L~6'lT1T5 &ill6'ITriaJ.$lw .$l(l]j~nartp8;@8; Q 5 IT (b).~ ~ 6lIT rr; ~IT IT &ill L rflliirr a UI&irr 6111 UI W IT 6lIT 61 ru 61D6lIT , ~W1~Ii6I' ru FF®uL ~~ Q.sIT~~6lITrr; ~~ru~, @®5@ aru~~~ru 61ruliirr 6TliiralDuSla,61D6Il; UllTlDlT5, L(!!)~~1T1iirr 6TliirlD tlil5~ili uwriaJ5ITUlIT6IIT 5L~m L®ru.$l8;5Uu(ijl.$llDITrr• tSlliirr61D6IITW 5IT6Il 5LL~~ru ~rurflliir LD5&irr 6T6IIT fiiu5~~1iirr @jp5lutSlLuu(ijl.$lliirrlDlTliirr; ~~ITru~, Q~!iJ.$l1iir (.Yl®5Cru6lD6'IT ~® ru61D5u51ru ~riaJ5@8;@U tSl1p.551T~ L(!!)~~1T1ilIfI1iirr Ul56IIT1T5 L(!!)ru5ili QB'W~®8;56UITLil.

tSIIJiliUJ61Il6llT6: 6I6lD!IJuSI6U ~61IlL~ 561D~61DWU tSllTlTUI61IBTrr 9<!!) pjIT@ili U61DL~~®B;5 fiW6IlIT~. tSllJiliUJIilIfI&irr ~61D6Ilu51ru 1!P®51iir @L1p.6lIT1T1iirr 6T1iirr WI ~tlil!p5~~ru UIT&illw 561D~61DWU tSlITITUl6nT61Il6IIT ~ ~tlil!Jlliirr ~61D6Uu5lru ~Ip.6lITITIiirr mM DJJili 6T(b\~~B; Q.sITm6'IT6IlITili. ~(b\~~, rumAflu511iirr U61IlLUlI~ITm- 1!P®5m tiI® ~tlil~8; 5L611m 6TliirU61Il~~ ~LLruLLLDIT58; e....WI.$llD~; qQ6llTliirlDlTru, tSllTlTUllilRIflwu U61IlLUtSlru ~rflWITa,6UIT~ QuIiliIsr5m ~61Il6llTru®ili 5ITUIU u6ICwIT(b\ 91p.~ ~rflU.fili QUIiliIsrlp.IT1T5Cru URlL8;5UULIp.®8;.$lliirlD6lITrr• LDIT!DIT5, rum6lflu51m- U61IlLUtSlC6U1T ~~ LIiirr6llT~8; 5L~6lfl1iirr LD51iirr (tSllT IT LD61RIT Iiirr I) (.Yl®51iir ~mUuLL ~ - 5W1~~ QU6iar - 6lJ6lIT~~ru ruIT@ili QuliIRrr _ 5~~~ITUlIT5~ ~rflU.fili QuIiliIsrnarIT6lIT rum6lflu51Lili UlWriaJ.$l, 6T~~61D6lITCWIT I!Pw!iJ6I5m 6T(ijl~~ ~rum 61115 tSllp.B;.$llDlTliirr•

~(bl~~~IT5, @&irrQ6lITIT(!!) m'lruIT~.~U.fili ilril@j pjITili 5(!!)~~a, Q5ITm6'IT Cru.(blili. ~~ITru .. , (.Yl<!551i11f1&irr ' arua, , 6TliirU~ ~6U.$B'ITIiliIsrLrr 61Ilru~<!5~~ ~U.f~ili 6T6lIT~ili _AfI - a~ruWIT61D6lIT 6Tliirrururr5m ~Q6U8;B'ITIiliIsrLrfl&irr UITrr61IIB'&irr, 6T (!!) 8; II' 6lIT IT 6TfiM lD @® 5 IT ~ Ii6I w rr 6T 6lIT ~w 5 <!5@ili ~_@j1!P61IllDWIT@jili. @®utSltpili, {ilru 9llt!Llp.ru 5IT61RIT6IlIT@ili aruWlUIT(ijl5611l6'ITU.fili 5®~~ru Q5ITm6'IT aru6lirr(ijlili. ~~ITru~, ~Q6IlB;B'ITIiliIsrLrr ruIT6IlIT!iJp5lru urrrr61llB'61Il6llT ~Q6U8;B'IT6lirrLrr ~®LD61iUrili QB'W~ B'~5 ~~~fiiu~ Q5IT(ijl8;5m'la,61Il6ll. ~Q6Il8;B'ITIiliIsrL®B;@j Q~ITB;.$l661wfiiu 6TliirWl 9(!!) UI5&irr uiar(ijl; UllTlDlT5, 1!P®51iirr Q~ITLrrUIT6IIT 5611l~561f1ru ~ruliir rum6lfl61llw Ul61RIT1!P1p.~~~1T5B; 5ITLLUU(ijlru61ll~U.fili ~rutp8;@j8; @j!:J!~61Il~ 6T~tlilru61ll6U 6T1iirr WI @p5lutSlLuu(ijlru61ll~U.fili CrullllUIT(ijl56'ITITW L61RIT1T6Il1TlD.

5IT~61Il6UU u!iJp5l~ Q~rfl~~ru&ir ~ITITm'lLIiirr; 5IT~t»I551T5U aurrrr Q~IT(ijl~~rum- ~ITITmlLIiir; 5IT~61D6UU.fili 6l5'1T~61Il~U.fili @<!5 8im5mIT5U UITIT~~ruliir ~ITITmlL&irr; ~ili UllTtSlliir Lnarrrmla,~1iir ru6ir6lfU5\r;ir 5IT~ UIAIlD~5mlW~

{illillfl 'Cruru' 6Ttpili ~U.f~ili udJp5l ~ITITw6UITili. @ru ~U.f~ili a5ITIp.6;561R1T8;51T6IIT ~.(ijl56'ITIT5 CruL61IILWITlp.U tSl61Il!:J!B;@ili LDB;561f11iirr ~U.f~UlIT5 @<!5~~6lDUI 1I6UUUL5 5IT61RIT6IlITili. @ru Cru6611iirr ~p5l(Yl5ili~Q6IlB;B'IT.LITITru ru~~®B;5~ C~61Ilruu51ru61ll6ll. 6TQ6IITIilIfIru, CruL61IlLWIT(ijlili B'(.Yl~ITW~~1iirr ~U.f~ili @@. UlIiIIfI~1iirr 5!iJe;IT6Il~1i6I(!!)Ji;~Curr~ 5.(ijltSllp.~~ l!P~ru mlLwili tiI® 5ru61ll6llU u~uu(ijl~~, e....rr61llUluu(ijl~~ 6TruruIT JDJ ~U.f~UlIT5U uwliiru(ijl~~ru@ 6T&irrU@~ITIiirr. ~~ ~!D61IlIiJ61llW8; @jp5l®618; 5L. (.Yl(!!)8ip$@ wIT®ili QB'IT6iJIi6I8; Q5IT(ijl6;5~ C~61Druu51a,61Il6U. u6iJCruJ!ll ~ITITW6:61561f11iirr ruITu516ll1T5, oOotSlQITL @jamIT~~ (.Yl®51iir ~tlil!:J!IT" 5L~m 6T&irr J!lI (.Yllp.~ 5L(ijl.$llDITrr; 8itlila, Biru6UtSl6iJ, ~tlil!prr pjIT5rfl5ili tlil5~ili Bi~Ji;~ITUlIT6lIT~ - ~.. 6TU u6lirrurrL<:LIT(ijlili {il61D61RIT~~ru6UIT~ 9(!!) 'BiW61IIUI' 61IlW U1DLW~

6T1iin" .$llDlTrT. <:lTlTthl6U1T ~ITUUrT 6Tliin"lD ~JDl®<:1T1T l!P®a;6lJIQlTu U!iJJDlB; @JDlutSlGlLh<:urr~ '~thl!prflliin" <:UrrrTB; a;L6lj&ir' 6T1iin"<:lD @jJDlB;.$llDrrrT; '@Ji;@w 61.I1T6Urr!!JI' 6TWlLh ~6lJI6U 6T@@W @6i.J ~JDl®rT l!P®a;6lJI6lIT ~ ~thl!prT 6lJrr!JlB;6lJIa;<:WrrGl COI~rrLrT4U®~@B; a;rrLGl.$llDrrrT •

~<:~ <:!IiIT,i;~6U, ~®,;:COI8'Ji;~rT 41T1T1iIIDI"~@6U 6lJ&ir6lfl6lJlw <!P®a;Ii1IflAr l!P~6U LD6lJI6lITml 6T1iin"!!JILh COI~w6lJW1T6lJI6lIT6lJIWU UIT~6lJ @6U~~U COIu61iar 6TAr!!JILh LDITIJJlUrrLrra;U U6lJlLB;a;UUL"_®~~6U @r§J@j a;®,i;~6U Qa;rr&ir6lf <:6lJ61iar.,_W LD!iJCOIlDlT® mlLWLD.

~COI6UB;8'rr61iarLIT~ 6lJ®6lJIa;6lJLB;a;siJ@1U ~rflWrTa;~B;@ ~® 6lJ6lJIa;Wrr6llT LD.$l!Jl';:c!fl6lJlWB; COIa;rrG\~@®B;a;6UrrLh. @Ji;@wrrml6U 8'LDIiIIDI"· 8'lDWUJ UlTmlB; COIlfjrr6liirr"_®Ji;~ a;rr6U~@6U U6U lllTrrlillDl"ff.Ja;&ir COI8'rr6U6U <:6lJ61iar"_ 61.IJi;~<:UIT ~ @,rflw 6lJLh8'~~1iin" tSllT@~@ 6Tliin"u~rra;~ ~1iin"6lJI6lITU tSllTa;LlillTuuGl~@B; Qa;rr61iarGl 6lJJi;~ ~COI6UB;8'rr61iarLrt @lrflLU6lJI6lITB; @6U Q~W6lJLDrra;B; Qa;rr61iarLrrGlLh ~rflwrflliin" a;!iJU6lJI6lIT B;@ ml~@Li¥-®B;a;6UrrLh.

Q~!iJ6lJIa; L6lJIlDmlLLDrra;B; Qa;rr61iarL l!P®a;1i1Ifl1iir 61.I1T6Urr!!JI COI~rr&irr6lJlLD~ @lTrrmlL~@Wl6lJlLW Biw6lJILDu511iin" tSllDutSlLLDrra; @®B;.$llD~· ~1iir4, a;rr~6U, 8'LD~~6lJLh, ~L6U, UrrL6U, UB;@ 6T Iiin" lD ~!!JI l!P a; rr 6lJI LD W rr 6lIT Bi1..!!JI a; 6lfI1iir COl 6lJ6lfI u U rr Gl ~ rr Iiir l!P®a;Iiir; ~6lJ6lJI6lIT ~ "~~u<:urrrT B;@ 6lJ6Uml6lJl6llT <:urrLh; ~liiruLh <:urrLh; Q!Ii®616U u~U<:UrrrTB;@';: Q8'6U6lJLh U661~~B; a;@~<:~rrff.J@Lh; ~L6lJILU . .fLh 6lJIa;Bi1..®Lh; ~LD6UIT®&ir a;Ji;~rT 8'L"_ a;6lJ8'Ji;~6lJI6lIT. "

6lJ&ir61fl6lJlw~ COI~w6lJU COIu61iarlillDl"rr a; 6lJLB;ffi~@W lDIT4 6J'!iJ!!JIB; Qa;rr61iar"_®B;a;mlw6Urr~. 6J'COImli1lfl6U, ~rflwrra;&ir ~rflWIT6U6Ilrr~ Qu61iar.,_rflliir LL~!!JIU4a;6lJI6If COI6lJL"_B; @ml~~~ ~LD~ Q6lJJDl6lJlW~ ~rt~~B; COIBm61iarL6lJrTa;&ir; 6lJrr~~@6U (g~rr!iJlD ~u51ITB;a;IiIIDI"B;a;rr6llT 8'LDlillDl"rT a;6lJI6IfB; a;(!:Yml6U 6J' !iJJDlW6lJrT a;&ir; !IiJi;~6lJIm Lu51<:lTrrGl 6Trfl~~6lJrta;&ir; LDa;rr~LDrr a;rrJi;@6lJIWB; Qa;rr6lJl6U COI8'w~6lJrTa;&ir; @61J!iJJDl661®Ji;~ @~~6lJIa;w ~rflWrTa;6Ifrr6U ~® @lDu COIu61iar6lJl1illDl"~ COI~w6lJLDrrB;.$lu51®B;a; mlw6Urr~ 6T1iir!!JI ~.$l~~IiIIDI"IT6UrrLh.

"~LDlTrT @LrT~1T ~LDITLh4rflJi;~ @LDIT6lIT"_ Q!Ii®<:8' @JDl"

"~thl!PJ6lITrr6U Lliir6lJl6llTU u!Pl~~rr~Lh UrT8'<!pLrir ~®~Lh @LDl!Jla;L6U ~ITLh @6lJI61RJI'!1~ a;®Lh<:u 8'1T6lJ1iIIDI"<:6lIT "

LDrrlDrra;,;:, 8'LD~~6lJ~@6U LD6UrTJi;~ 9® !Iirra;rfla;LDrr6llT 8'<!p~rrW~~rr6U~rrbirr ~6i.J6lJrr IJJl Q6W~®B;a; @w~ili. 6lI&ir61fl6lJlwlI.jLh <:~6lJwrr6lJl6llT6lJIwlI.jLh U!iJJDlB; Bit..IJJlLh<:urr~ Bi6lJ6UtSl6U, <!P®a; 6lJ!PJUrrLG\siJ ~~~6lJ~@6U 61.I&ir1ilflu511iir L®6lJa;Lh @Ji;~B; 5L6lj6lfrr6llT a;Ji:,~WlLIiir ~th16lJ1!pU.fLh 8'LDr;1uffil®~~6lJI~lI.jLh @6lJIIillDl"UU~ 6Tliiru~rra;B; lfj®~@6U COIa;rr6Tr6n'6UrrLh 6T1iin".$llDrrrT.

( ~ 5LaF ~ : l1I1urpjl ~~ ) @ "JbpSl"tJ6Il6lllft G)®a.~

(~Uil!il)

Errington, Shelly. 1979.

"Some Comments on style in the meaning of the past".

Journal of Asian Studies.

Vol. XXXVIII.

.lUD61JITAllTm-, 5.U. 1984. ~Uil!pril6iJ ~rTUJ<'Ji1h. Qe:m-IilMlT:

LliU5~ $!)tDllP"'lTfTw,;:.fI ~!!)J61JfilITu!"

8'lT1iI5lc!!;~wlTw&irr , illTlT@j1iU.

QlrT"'<'JirT,li";-6l®!i;~ <'JirtilO1l<'Ji 1949. 6lI61l1}. Qe:m-AlfillT:

$!)tDlYIU 4~1T 51T1iIlWUJ.

Fox,

. Robin Lane.

Alexander, the Great. 1973. London: Penguin books.

~61JtllI':II51&irAl61T,~. 1985.~ Uil!ili ""WUJ 6lI1}6l.lrTJUI.

Qe:&irrAlQIT :

UITffl 4~t:!i5 ~Al6UWUJ.

<'Ji 61l GnT UJ rr ySl. Qe:m- AlfillT, ~Al6U 1993

Ions, Veronica. 1967. Hindu Mythology London: The Hamilton Publishing Group Ltd.

Mitchell A.G.

1998. Hindu Gods and Goddesses London: UBS Publishers & Distributors.

Clothy, Fred W. 1978. The Many Faces of Murugan - The History & Meaning of a South Indian God. New York:

Mouton, The Hague.

0' Flaherty,

Wendy Doniger 1975.

Hindu Myths (A source book translated from Sanskrit). London:

Penguin books.

Dawson, John. 1992. Classical Dictionary of Hindu Mythology and Religion, Geography, History and Liberation. Calcutta: Rupa & Co.,

Pruthi, Raj. & Bella Rani Sharma 1995.

Aryans and Hindu Women.

Delhi: Anmol Publications.

Sen, K.M.

-1987: Hinduism,. London:

Penguin books.

(~~~) D.lf1Q)n&lljlwC:on(b'l C:jbOa.nQAAQ)

Subramaniam, S.V. &

G. Rajendran 1985.

Heritage of the Tamilian Temple Arts, Chennai:

I nternational I nstitute of Tamil Studies.

@lfTml : lYI®lfj61DQIl"U uJilJDl';: QB'Ar61DQIl" ~61wmhu6iJ ~W16l.JIilIT~~&l !Jj61DLQUJil!D lfj(!!j~~rr~.$lJillfjrrlfj ~~lfjfiir ~~Wlfj~~JiI~ 6l.J~~(!!j~.$l~rrlfjfiir. ~~lfjfiir ~rr~L~w6iJ LIp.~~~.$l~rrlfjfiir. BiW~QIl" ~1i.J6l.llfjfiir 6l6U6l.JJil61D!D14LD ~~lfjfiir QB'Ii.J~®~51~rrlfjfiir. £ilLD <!p61D!Du5l6iJ <!p(!!j561DIilITU u!DJDlw ~1i.J~&lll~W~rrlfj ~~lfjfiir 6TArm lfj6llirr(ij'lLlllp-~~(!!j~51~rr5fiir?

Thaper, Romila. 1968. History of India. Vol. I.

London: Penguin books.

Zvelebil,

Kamil V. 1973.

The smile of Murugan. Netherland.

~fTamGiu~rf1 : <!p®561DIilITU uJilJDlw mGT ~1i.J~6iJ, <!p®a;61DIilIT~ ~~!P~ lfjL6l.lfiir milTWI QB'rr6iJ6l.J~JiI@ <X~6UITa;, ~~!pU u6llirrurrLlp-Ar 6lArm~ITa;~, ~~y!rr 6l.JlPlUITLlp-Ar Q~ITAr61D~61DW a;6lIirrL!6l6l.J~lTlfj~ ~tDl!pu u6lIirrUITLlp-Ar <:6l.Jrrrrlfj milT ~1i.J~m CYI6ULD a;1T61!lIT <!plp-~~~. ~61D~~L, <!p®a;~~@LD ~tDl!pu u6lIirrUITLlp-!D@LD, <!p(!!ja;~~~LD Lll!D u6llirrurrLlp-JiI~LD Lfiir6lT Q~ITLrrll @!6l,2:.~~ a;1T6lIirru~lTa; IiTAr ~W611 ~61D~~~~. <!p(!!ja; 6lJlPlUIT(ij'l 6l.JrJ6UITJilWI~ lfjlT6U~~JiI@ <!PJilULL~. <!p(!!ja; 6l.JlPlUIT(ij'l ~6lIfl~61D1ilIT~ @JDl,2:.~ ~6iJ6U~ Q~Ii.J6l.J,2:.61D~~ @JDl,2:.~ 6l.J!PlUITLITa; @6iJ6UIT~&l Q~ITAr61D~u5l6iJ £ilw!D61Da; 6l.JlPlUITLITa; @(!!j~~~. @~JiIa;lTm B'ITArwa;rn6lT,2:. <:~ljI. !JjITAr Q~IT@,2:.~(!!j~.$i<:!DAr.

Zachner, R.C.

1987. Hinduism. London:

Oxford University Press.

~fTa~Giu~rf1 : <!p(!!ja;Ar mDru~Ar U6U ~LDB'~a;fiir - ~JDlUUlTlfjU um6Dfirr&air(ij'l rna;a;&ir, ~W <!pa;~lfj&ir, @(!!j ~61DfiIIT~wrr, @mJDlfiil 6l.Jrr!il6l.J~, <!p(!!ja;6irr ~JDl®61u5lm ~61D6U6l.JAr. Lil61D6l.JQW&l6UITLD ~~a;rr6U ~6Dfi~rt a;rrfl6irr QIII'!P561Da;61Dw Q6l.J6lflUu(ij'l~~.$lAr!DIilIT.

~~BiIT6U UlIiuflj51iirr Ul6al6llBi6lfla, ruITYlJi:.~ITIiirr. Ul6al6ll6DlWU 1I Iiufl j5 @LUlITBiffi 5 (!!; ~ &lIT IT &Dr • 6T a, 6\l1T B' eYl Bi ffiJ Bi 6lfI6irr ruIJ6Il1T!D6alIDlI..IUJ ~lJlTwJi:.~ UlTrTffi@UJQulT@~ @liij5 L61Rrr6DlUl Q j5 rfl W su (!!;.$I ID ~. !Sl1J tDl (bl Bi 6ir L W IJ UlIT &lIT 6Dlru. Q j5 6irr ~QUlrflffiBilTml6iJ UlITW&Dr Bi6ll1T ';:B'ITIJ ~~6iJ 41iuflj5U1IT&IIT @LffiJBi6ir UI6al6Uu5l&Dr IE ~ ~6DlUlJi:.~®ffi.$l&DrID&IIT. 6lJIT&llTmlw6iJ ~wmltlllUJ ®~ Qj5rflw 6lJ®.$IID~' !J)LB'~~lJffiJBi~ @W!D6alBill..lUJ ~~BiIT6U UI6IIfIj5rT Bi6lfl1iirr 6lJ!PIUITL'¥-!D@rflW6al6lJ.

(!p ®Bi Iiuflliirr uliufl QIJ 61Iir(bl 6DlBi Biliir 6T &Dr U6al 6lJ uliuflQlJlilAIr(bl UIIT j5riJBi6al6IT ffi@!!51ffi.$l6irrID&IIT • .$I~IJ ffiBi';: ~B'IT ::blL~~6iJ @6alj5ffi Bi1T1ilIlJI"6Il1TUJ. j5tDlW UllTtliffiJBi~UJ u6irr1iufl1J6lIiJr(bl. .$I~lJffiBi';: ~B'IT~L~~6iJ @®Iii~ U&Dr1iufl1J61Iir(bl UllTtliffiJBi6ir 6T&DrID ~6lDUlUlI 6lJliij5j5IT? @6Dltli (!p&Dr~U Bi61lirL6lJrT Bi6ir tlitDlYlrT Bi6fTIT? 6T&Dr WJ

mlru IT ~ ffi o$6Il1T UJ. B' ffiJ Bi Bi IT &1) ~ ~ !D @ tY16M ~ U tIi tDl Yl rT Bi sir

6lJIT&llTmlw6iJ ~wml6iJ FF(blUL'¥-®Iii~®ffi.$lIDlTrTBi6ir.

QUlITBi®B'tlilT~lJlT, ~IJUUIT !J)ITBirflBi~~&Dr BiIT6U~6al~ tDlBiffi @6alIDliitli ~6fT6lj8;@';: GlB'IT&Dr&IITIT§l!JUJ 5I.(!P. 2500~61Iir(lila;~ffi@ (!P!DULL6al6lJ. 4~tIi UltIi~~6irr ~tlilT!DID~~!D@W (!P!DULL~ @liitli !J)ITBirflBiUJ. 4~tIi UltIi~~!D@ (!::Il&Dr4 ~rflWrTBi6ir 6lJliitli&IITrT. ~rurTBi6lfl&Dr 6lJ®6DlBiffi@ (!::Il&Dr~U QtlilT&Dr6DlUlWIT&IIT !J)ITBirflBi~~j5IT(bl 6lJITWliitli6lJrTBi6ir j5tDlYlrTBiIiir. ~Bi~6lJ, u1iuflQ1J61Iir(bl UllTtliffiJBiIiir 6T&DrID Bi®~~ .$I~lJffiBirTBi6lflLlDl®Iii~ ~ tDl Yl rT Q U !D ID &lIT rT 6T &Dr WJ Q B' IT 6iJ 6lJ tIi !D.$I6iJ 611') 6Il. @ ~ tIi L61 W UlffiBi6rfl6irr Bi®~~.

CB'rTlii~®Iii~~· ~riu~~IJ&6lWIT~rulT(bl ~B'rTlii~®,!iitli~. 5611irLffiJBi6ir ml6U.$I';: QB'liirrlD ~ UIT ~tlIlUJ ®&Dr OllUJ ®6\JffiJ6Dl Bi~ ~ml6iJ QtlilT&Dr6DlUlWIT&IIT 6lJ!PIUITLIT Bi (!::Il®Bi 6lJ!PIUIT(bl @®ffi.$lID~' ®Ji:.~WlTml6iJ !SlIJITUlIiIIlrflW~~j5IT(bl (!::Il®Bi 6lJ!PIUITL6alL ®6DlIilllJl"~~®ffi.$lIDlTrTBiIiir. ®6IlffiJ6DlBiu5l6iJ @~6lJ6Dl1J @UU,¥!J)6DlLQuIDml6iJ6al6ll. ~rflwu U6alLQW(blUlI @6IlffiJ6alBiu516b @6iJ6al6ll. 61 ffiJ Bi 6fT 6lJ rT Bi 6lfI&Dr 6lJ!PI U IT L (bl (!p 6Dl ID Bi 6ir (Bi Ull (!!; 6al 6fT) tIP ® Bi ru!PIUITLljI.!D@6ir 6lJlJml6b6al6U. @1ii~wlTml6iJ (!::Il®Bi 6lJ!PIUITL'¥-6iJ

. tSlIJlTUlmsflwUJ Jil6DlYlIii~®ffi.$lID~. Bi~rTBiITUI~~6iJ !J)6alLQUWJ6lJ~ Qj51T &Dr 6DlUlWIT &lIT j5L61W ru!PIUIT(bl. Bi ~rT Bi ITUI~~6iJ B'Ulfiiu.$l®tIi UlIii~lJffiJBi6ir @6iJ6al6U. (!::Il®Bi 6lJ!PIUIT(bl 6T&DrU~ t!:PtIi&6l6iJ ®6IlffiJ 6al Bi u516iJtIi IT 6irr ~~ IT &Dr !!51u5l(!!; ffi Bi ~6lJ61Iir(blUJ mM U ~ 6T &Dr Bi®~~. @IIJU~UlIiirr @6UffiJ6alBiffi@ ~uulT6b @®!b,:r;6lJ&Dr. @IIJU~Ul6Dl&IIT BiLtlIlffi@6ir QB'&Dr WJtlilTfiiIr (!::Il®Bi&Dr ~W1~~IT&Dr 6T&DrU~ 41J1T1ilIlJI"UJ. @1ii~wlTml6iJ (!::Il®Bi 6lJW1UITL6alL ~rflUJ®ffi@

mlL(blffi QBiIT(bl~~ ~6fTml!D@ @6IlffiJ6alBiuSl6iJ mlL(blffi

QBi IT(blffiBi ml6iJ6Dl6ll.61JIJ@1ilIlJI" UIT61Iir,¥-W~&llTIT(bl (!::Il®Bi

6lJ!PIUITL6DlL~ QtliITLrT4U(bl~~ffi Bit..!!51&IITlTtlIlUJ~j5!D@ (!::Il&Dr~U £i)6IlffiJ6DlBiWl6iJ (!::Il®Bi 6lJ!PIUIT(bl @(l]jIii~®ffi.$lID~. ~Bi~6lJ, (!P®a;Iiufl6irr Y,rTmlBiUJ 6TffiJ~a; 6T1iirr WI ~j5,¥-W~UIT~, £i)6UffiJ6alBiu5l6iJ .$I6alL~j5~ 9® (!::Illp.lfBi.

~ IT 61Sf1 : j5tDlYlrT !J)IT BirflBi~6alj5 @Ulrflffi a;61IirL~~tlilT(bl ~ffiJa;6ir QtliITLrT4u(bl~~~rTa;6fTIT?

.$I~lJffia; BiL6lj~ffi@UJ, (!::Il®a;Ollffi@UJ ~6DlIDW

9 !D!DI6Dl UI WI ® ffi .$l ID ~. .$l ~ IJ ffi a; rT a; 6lfI6irr UI 6al 6Il ffi Bi LSlj 6ir 6alL~wlTliuflwfiiu QB'wtli ~IJ ~1J1f QB'w6iJBi~ffi@UJ (!::Il(l]jBiOllffi@w 9!DWl6DlUlll..l61lir(bl. 6lJ1iir6lfl @!!51®61 ~6IlUJ B'lTrTliij56lJIiir; ~6DlIilllJl"U 4&IITUJ BiIT ~tIi 6lJ6ir. ~IJITL!lffi Bi6ll1T 1fB' IT IT ~ ~6iJ LWIT&llTIT 6T 6irr ID Q,:r;W6lJ~@!D@UJ @~ ~U1T6Il L!D6lJ L61Iir(bl. .$l~lJffia;ffi Bi6\l1T 5B'1T1J ~~tlIlUJ BiITL(bl~ ~tli6lJ6Dltlia;6ir QB'IT6iJ6Iluu(bl.$l6irr ID&IIT. BiIT(bla;~8;@ffi BiIT6lJ6Il1T&IIT ~tli6lJ6altlia;6ir @rurTBi6ir.

!JnOm6iuQlrfl : @Ulrflffi Bi61lirL~~tlilT(bl tIP®Bi&Dr 6lJW1UITL6alL !J)1T&Dr QtliITLrT4u(bl~~.$l~ID&Dr. @Ulrflffi a;61IirLw ~UrflffiBiIT~6lJIT(bl

( ~ 5L1ll'ir lYI&5Ar : QlJIill1T8)JiI ~~ ) ~ ilJii~ 9tD4lIfilDL05m6ITU UIT.t5~UlQUlTlY6I IiL05~m 95 C:5mml 6TlYtO. il~ ~5rfla;~ BiLWJ56Tr ~~Jii~ ~ QJJii~fillTrulT? ~6UIill61 @rbJ515Jii~ ~rbJ~ Qa:OrlDfillTrulT?

5Jii~41T1T6DDT~~6U rum6lft5~ (!p551WLDlTfiIIT @LUI~ITUu(bl51lD~. I 5Jii~ I 6TArlD QB'IT6U I 5Jii~ I 6TriirrlD QB'IT6UC:6IJIT(bl Q~rrLrT4mLw~.

~rflWrT5m @Jii,@Wrr6lj5~ ru5ru~ID~ 6Tji;~filDRTC:WIT iITIDlDrrfi1iJrGl5~5~ l!:Priirr4 5lC:1T55rT5C:6ITIT(bl ~11ily!rT5m rurrmrfl5ji; Q~ITL.t4 Q5fTlilillrGl @®Jii~5551riirrlDRTrT. 6T51u~W ru!PlUITGl 5lC:1T55 p;rr5rfl5ji;~6U ~rr55U1 QB'§llji;~u5l5551lD~. 6T51uC:~rr(bl C:B'rTJii~ ~urfl55 561iirrL~~6U ~LDrfl5 561iirrLUI @m6DDTJii~®Jii~~. 6T51u~WrT5m @,rflwmRT ru!PluLLrurT5m. P;UI (!P55RTrr5lw 6Tu5Jii~Or ~551mlu5lm LD5m. ~c:~ 1fLDWUI ~Q6IJ51frr61iirrL®5@UI 6Tu5Jii~0ll5@UI Q~rrLrT4uG1~~ C:5rrUrr6IJ t5lm6Ul6lT C:urrm!D6lJri"5m Q1frrfliJ~uSl®551!DITrT5m. ~Q6\J51fIT6lil1fLrT ~riirr6UlRT';' @,rflwmlm LD5RTIT5 6T51U~WrT561ft6UlLC:W t5l1T5LRTuu(bl~~5 Q5IT61iirrLrrm. 6T51U~WrT5~6UlLW ~1T1friirr @,rflwOr ru!Pl ruJii~rum. ~Q6IJ51ffT61iirrL®UI ~riirr6UlRT';' @,rflWC:RTIT(bl Q~ITL.t4u(bl~~~ Q1fITriirrRTITriirr. ~C:ITt5lWrT561ft6UlLu5lrro ~Q6IJ51fIT61iirrLrT 6Tu5 Jii~m 6Tm L!ll @!DIUt5lLUULLfTOr. ~Q6IJ51fIT61iirrLrT 1fft,~IT@u~ QLD6lTrflWriirr 5IT6\J~~rro 61ft,61u U@~5@ ruft,~®551!!JfTriirr. ~Urfll1il~LDITRT 1f5~ !L6UlLwrurT 5L6ljm- 6Triirru~ j!iUl LD5561ftm j!iUlt5l56Ul5. ~Q6IJ8;B'IT61iirrLfflriirr ru®6Ul56UlW~ Q~ITLrTJii~ 6Tu5Jt~IT 6T6irrU~riirr C:~rrIDlDID ~6UlLDJii,@®556IJITID. @UUl9-';' QB'ITrroururT C:5rrUrr6IJ t5lm6Ul6lT .

5Jii~ 6TOr!!JlTrro 5l6Ul6IT - lDITji;,@. 5lm6lT. 5Jii~ 6TriirrU~ ru6ITrT';'61 6Triirru~C:RTrr(bl Q~ITLrT46UlLW~. LDITUI, 5l6Ul6lT fT6iruRTruJiJ6UllD @WID6Ul5C:WIT(bl Q~ITLrT4u(bl~~6IJrrUi. 5Jii~IT, 5LUlUIT 6TOrL!ll BiLJ!:)I51C:!!JITUI. 5LUl46TriirrU~ 9® LDITID. 5ft,~riirr 5LIDUIT56ljID, LDITLDrr56ljUi m16lTrbJ@51lDITAr. 5LlDU LDIT~6Ul~~ ~<!:96ll1w Q5ITl9-wrr5 rum-61ft @®551lDrrm. ~5C:ru, (!P®5@lJUi rum6lft1llUi ~11ily!rT561ftriirr @WID6Ul5 ru!PlurrL6UlL Qru6lftuu(bl~~51lDrrrT5m-.

C:~ruwrr6UlRT 6TrbJC:5 4@~~UULl9-®551lDfTm? 5LUlU LDITUI Qrum6Ul6lT !LllDUi. rum-61ft 5J!:)1l14 !f;ilDUi. C:~ruWIT6UlRT Qru61iirr6UlLD Jf.llDUi. C:1fC:wrtsir l!:P®5Or Q1fJii !LllDUi• Q1fJii !LllDl!:P6UlLW C:~ruwrr6UlRT6Ulw l!:P®5Or ~®LD6lIlITUi Q1fw51lDITriirr. @uul9-~ C:~ruWIT6UlRT ruJii,@®556IJITUI. l!:P®5Or45y! QUID!!J IilfITRTIT5 il®Jii~®B;561JrrUi. rum-61ft @!DI~61 ~6UuQu61iirr. C:~ruWIT6UlRT Qru6lftu5l6'6l®Jii~ ruft,~rum; C:ruIDJ!:)I P;1T5rfl5~~661®Jii~ ru Ji,~ rum • rum- 61ft .$llTrrLD~ ~u Qu61iirr 6T Or lD IT rro c:~ 6lJ W IT m RT 1i51T~~U Qu61iirr. @rbJ@ P;IT5rfl55 561JU6UlW UITrT551C:lDrrUi. ~rT ~rnrr @® QU61iirrl9-6UlIT~ ~®LD6lIlITUi Q1fWW6IJITUI. 1fCYJ56ll1W6U C:P;IT551rro UITrT~~IT6U 9® U6lIlIT55ITITm @® Qu6lIiJrl9-6Ulrr~ ~lD6lIlITUi Q1fW~ Q51Tm-51lD 5m~WIT5 @6Ul~ P;ITID UrrrT5a;6IJITtO.

@!JrrGllfl : (!p®56UlRTU uID!DIw 56Ul~u5l6U C:~6lJWrrmRT5@ miITRT @LUI?

IJrrOmGiuQlrfl &iu5Jii~ 4ITrr6llllT,:i;~6U C:~6lJWrr6UlfillT5@

(!p551WLDITRT ilLUI ~ITUUL.5551lD6I. IiUll!:P6UlLW

IJrrOfgGiuQlrfl : 5Jii~m 6TfiiITU6Ul~~ ~11ily!,;, Q1fITrro6IJIT5C:ru 5®~6IJrrtO. I 1iiu5Jii~1T I 6TriirrU~ 6lJL Q6ITrro. 5Jii~riirr 6TriirrlD G1fIT6U

@) IT 6Ifl : (!p ® a; &iJr 6T &iJr U ~ ~ 61ft Jt1611161l B; a; L 6lj rn- 6T &iJr U ~ ",rfI~ITATIT? 1l6lJ<:QlTIT® (!p®a;~B;@ 6T&iJrQIT QjDITLlTL.j?

Q"'lTrrB;5;;~&iJr ~QD6U6lJATIT~W ilJifill1QDATU (JUIT6U6ljUl 9® 5L6ljrn- 5l<:11B;a;rra;(!!)5@ ulirr®. ilJi~B; 5lCI1B;5B; 5L6ljrn- 1'IID1!IIIB;@jUl .JI'Il~U <:UIT6UC6lJ ilJi~I1F@)UI "'UlUIITAT a;L6ljrn-. ~rflwrr5(!!)B;@ ~filirr Q~W6lJ 6lJ!PlUIT® !L61Iirr®. ~l1lTmlLrr5611l6ITU QUITJ!JI~~6lJ61Il11 Qufilirr Q~W6lJ 6lJW!UIT® L61IlLWruT5rn-. 6l6ll6llfl6Dr mlJi~ml&6l®Ji;~ 6lJ~ru&iJr &iu5Ji;~&iJr. il6lJI!IIIB;@~ ~ITW @ru61ll6U. (Yl®a;61IlQITU QUITJ!JI~~6lJ61II1T tilTW Lfilirr®. Qa;lTliIlD61II6lJ il6lJ0lI5@~ ~lTw. Qa;IT!DlD61II6lJ <:UlTrTB;@rflW QtiW6lJ1D, il6lJrn- ~1Tm- ",5~. iljD&iJr a;1T1T6lmT1D1Ta; (Yl®5guUl <:UlTrT~ QjDW6lJUI JIl,ATIT&iJr.

.ru5Ji~&iJr 6T&iJrJ!Jl ~QIT~. ~Q6Il51i1U1T.LrflQrr 6lJ®QD5B;@)U iSllD®~IT&iJr ",lila; j,l6ll5~wIiI5&rfI6U (Yl®5&iJr 6T&iJr J!JI il®5.$1lD~; 5Ji~Qrr 6T&iJrJ!Jl j,l®B;.$IlD~· (Yl®@) 6T&iJrlDlTru ~YI@. (!p®5&iJr ~YI~W6lJ&iJr. j,lw!D61II5uS1&iJr ~YI@jDlT&iJr j,llil@) (Yl®@. ilw!D61IIa;uSI&iJr IDIT~IiIa;rn- u&iJr6lftITfilirr®. u®6lJlila;rn- ~J!JI. UlIT¢l 6lJ®U61II6lJ illT6ljUl Ua;t}UUI. j,l®6lfl&iJr Jt1!D1i1 5J!J1U4. ua;Q5I&iJr Jt1lDUI Q6lJm61ll1D. illil@ 6Tru6ll1T6lJ!D61IIlDU.jUl £il6m6ll1lT~~U UlTrr556UITUI. (Yl®a; 6lJW!UIT® 6T&iJrU~ ilW!D61II5uS1&iJr ruWJUIT®.

lJIT a m Gfu QI rfl : (Yl® a; 6111 QIT ~ Il6lJQu® IDIT 61ft &iJr ID5 Q QIT &iJr J!JI Q"'lTru6lJ~ &iua;Ji;jD 41T IT 6lmTUI. ~ITIT&illL 6lJW!UITL61IIL5 @)61II61l~~6lJrta;rn- ~rflwrTa;rn-. Qu61Iirr QjDW6lJ 6lJW!UITL'¥-!D@ (Yl5.$1W~~6lJUI Qa;IT®~jD6lJrTa;rn- ~1T1T6UlLrTa;rn-. ~ITW~ QjDW6lJ~61IIjD 6lJW!ULL6lJrra;rn- ~ITITmlLrT5rn-. !,!,Wl61llw~ ~ITwlTa;6ljtD. ~61Iirr. Qu61Iirr uIT661wru LlD61Il6lJU.jtD 6lJ6lRITIiI.$Iwruri"5rn~lTlTmlLrTa;rn-. ~61Iirr. Qu61Iirr LJ!JIU455rn- QjDwmla;IDITQlT61Il6lJ; U61IILU4B;@ ~jDITITIDITQlT61II6lJ; 6lJ6ITlj~1l5@ ~jDITITIDITQlT61II6lJ; il 61IIjD ~ j® IT IT ml L rT 6lJ 6lmT iii .$I QIT rT • ~ IT IT ml L LD AT ~ j® &iJr ~W61IIIDWIT6IIT 6lJ6lmT5a; (Yl61lllD il~. j,l~tD@ ~6lJrTa;rn- 6lJ,¥-6lJtD jDlTmlru61ll6ll. 66l1ila; 6lJ,¥-6lJ~61IIjD5 a;tDtSI~jD6lJrTa;rn- ~rflWrTa;rn-; 66l1ila;~61IIjD~ Il6lJLDIT5.$lW6lJrTa;rn- ~rflwrTa;rn-. 616lJ&iJr ~ITIT615lLB; a;L6ljrn-. j,lITIT6lJ6lmT6irr 616lJ61IIQIT 6lJWlULLIT&iJr 6T&iJrU~ 41T1T6lmTtD. ~6lJ&iJr 6lf61ll6lmT <:jDrrJi;~ a;61II61l®&iJr. 1l6lJ&iJr ~ITIT615lL5 a;L6ljrn- 6T&iJrU~!D@)QLDITa;®6jDlT<:1T1T 1l&iJr6llTlila;rn- ~jDITlTtD. 1l6lJ61IIQIT ®~~ITQlTITB;.$IW~ ~rflWtD. .$I<:1T5a;5 a;L6lj6ITrT56lflfiil ®~~116111611TU <:UIT6U 9® a;L6ljrn- LAiIT®. 1l6lJ61IlAT ®~~I1&iJr ~B;.$Iw~fiil .$I<:1TB;5~~&iJr UIT~U4B;@ ilL (!p6lIirr®.

~1J1T6l5lLU UIilArrUITL,¥-ru Wla; (!p5.$1WIDiT6IIT 615lLWUI a;1T jD§l!.ltD 1ilf1T(!pt.D. ilu uRirr4a;6lf'1iir Q6lJ6lfLur® (!P®a;&iJr; a;lTjDru a;ullrn(Yl®a;&iJr. 5ITjD§!J5@ LrflW~ a;ml61lljD. a;fiill61lljD5@ QIDITWl <:~61116lJ. (Yl®a; ruWlUIT® ~Wl!p5 a;fiill61lljD5@ Qu®tD 6lJ6ITtD

. <:6rT~~®5.$1lD~. 6 iii a; j,l6ll5.$1W~~ru ilLtD QutD!D6lJ&iJr

(Yl® a; &iJr. a;1T6Il~~!D@)5 a;IT6IltD (!p®561ft&iJr Q6ru6lJITB;@ ~~5rf1~~ 6lJJi;~®B;.$IlD~. U5~ j,l6U5.$1W~~ru (!p®a;~5® .$I6111L~~6Tr5Tf j,lLtD Qurflw~. (!P®a;&iJr ~1T6rra;(!!)5@~ Q~W6lJtD. @jD&iJr a;ITIT61mT1D1Ta; (!P®50l15@rflw <:a;lTuSlrua;rn- U6Il 6T@Ji;jDQIT. (J61T!j!rT a;IT6Il~~rujDlT&iJr @6Il1i161lla;uSlru !!iru~rT5 <:a;lTmlfiil a;LLUuLL~. U&iJr6lft1T61IirrLlTtD ~tDlDIT61Iirr®5@U tSI!D@ ~®fiDllTtfi1rf1WIT61II1T~ QjDITLrTJi;~ (!P®a;&iJr "'lTjDiTlT6ImT LD5a;(!!)5@rflw a;L6ljrn- ~6IITIT&iJr.

~®6lI1IT.$lrfl!!ilT~rT ~AT5@rn- ~fIlIuml~~ a;ITjDru L6lmTrT61II6lJ (!P®a;&iJr ilL~~§!JtD. 6lJrn-6lfl ilL~~t}UtD a; 61Iirr,¥-®5.$llDlTrT. QJrn-6lfluSl6lftL~~fiil (!P®a;&iJr Q5ITAilTL a;IT~fiil a;6Ift6ljWl5a;~; L®B;a;(!ptD Jt1611llDJi;~~. (J~6lJWIT61II6IITuSI&iJr ilL~~§l!.ltD

( ~ lJjLAlm- (!jI~lJjAT : QJJIUITII)JiJ I'li~~ ) f@) il,i;l'limlJjw L~5lJjUl @fiilmlU. ~lJjmQll' ruWlUL.LITm- rum-6Tfl. ru m- 6Tfl m W (!jI (!!) lJj §Ill Ul ru Wl U L. L IT rir • lJj IT I'li 6ISl6i.l 9 ~ 8' UI W ih Jl!,gJ5®U Qu61iar ~lp.mUl; @rirQ6lITIT(!!) 6U1WUl Qu61iar~5® Jl!,&iar ~lp.mUl. @ml'li ~WlJjITlJj ~(!!)6m"~rflJljITl'lirr Qru6Tfluu(bl,i;~ml(!!)5~lDlTrr. lJjlTl'li~ffiffilTffi, 6llm-6TflffiffilTffi ruJi,1'li (!pffiUl Jl!,!Dl(!pffiUl. (!P(!!)ffili1lflrir Jl!,{!IJ(Ylffir!.Jffim6TT rurr~ffi~lDlTrr ~(!!)6m"~rflJljlTl'lirr. QffilT(bl6lllUlffi6lll6TT ~Wl,i;1'li (YlffitD 9rir {!IJ. ~uulp.u U6U (Ylffir!.Jffim-. rum-6Tfl6lllw Ul6m"tD 46m"1T ruJi,1'li (!jIffi(!jltD 9rir {!IJ, ~~ ffiIT1'li6lSlrir (!pffitD; I'liWl@ffiffilTffi ruJi,1'li (!jIffitD.

I'liWlliJ @~ru6lll1T u61iarIp.I'liITffi(§ffiffilTffi ~(!!)Ji,I'li@'

~(!!)6m"~rflJljlTl'lirr I'liWl6lllW ulTUllTrrffi®rflw I'litDlWlTffiU U6lIlL,i;l'lilTrr. ru6Tr6Tfl6lllWll.jtD (!P(!!)ffi6lll6llTIl.jtD JljITl:_(blu4lD Ul5ffi6Tr UITlp.W6lIll'liu G:UIT6U G:ru{!IJ 6TJi,1'li QI'liLi.Jru~ml'lill.jtD UITLml6i.l6lll6U. ru6Tr6Tflffi®tD G:l'liruwIT6lIl6llTffi®tD ~mLml6i.l LDuSlrr t5l1p.B= 661iar6lllLffi6lll6TT 6T6i.l6UlTtD UITLliUffi6TTlTffi rulp.~~6Tr6TT6"Trr JljITL(blu4lD Ulffiffi6Tr. 1'li1T6UITL(blU UITL6i.lffi(§tD L&iar(bl; ®lDru®61 JljITLffitD 6T@I'liUULIp.(!!)ffi~lD~. ~uulp.u UITL6i.lffi6TTlTffiffi, ffimlml'liffi6TTlTffi, JljITLffir!.Jffi6TTlTffi (!P(!!)ffiWlffi®u umL~I'li~ G:UIT6U G:ru!Dl 6TJi,1'li QI'liLi.J6ll~@rD®tD Ulffiffi6Tr U6lIlL5ffiml6i.lmliU. ~w6i.l, ~6lIl6, JljITLffitD 6TrirlD (!p~I'liWl@tD (!jI(!!)ffi§lll5® L61iar(bl.

Bn..!Dl~rir!DQII'. @r!.J® w 6lIirr(bltD ~G:lTffiffiU 41T1T6m"5

ffi6lllI'liffi(§ffi®B= Q66i.l6U G:ru6llirrIp.uSl~5lfi1lD@. .$lG:1T5ffiU

41T1T6m"~~6i.l (Yl(!!)ffi6lll6llTU G:ulTmlD ffiL6l.j6Tr L61iar(bl.

lY'tDeYlrt~~ffi6Tr 6Tmu~ Jl!,rflwrrffi6Tflrir ffi(!!)~@.

~lTlTmlLltffi(§B;® @61IlLuSl6i.l @6iJ 6ll6lllffiB; ffi(!!)~~ @6b6lll6U. 6lruWl6lllLW Ulffirir, mlJljlTwffi(!!)ffi®~ 1'litDt5l 6TmQlD6i.l6UlTtD Q6IT6b661 Jl!,rt'lwrrffi6IT (Yl(!!)a;6lIl6llT~ I'litD 6llwuu(bl~~ffi Qs;1T6lIirrL6lITrr. (!P(!!jffiWlffi®u U6U ~tD6r!.JffiGir L61iar(bl. t!:P®ffi6lll6llTffi ®wJi,RlI'liWlTffiB;, ffilT 1'li6\J6lIT1Tffiffi , ffi6m"ru6llTITffiU ulTrr~~6lIlI'liu G:UIT6UG:ru tlllTtDLDB=6ITrflWlTffi6l.jtD UITrr ~@(!!)B;~lDlTrr a;6Tr. uW6Df'l Jl!, 61iarLru rr (!jI (!!) ffi Ii1Ifl rir Jl!, 61iar1p. ru'1ru ih. ~ m I'li U G: U IT 6U G: su, UIT6U(Yl(!!)ffim, 5ruITWlJljITI'lirir 6TrirU@tD (Yl(!!)ffili1lflrir ~tD6tD. ~6lIlruQw6i.l6UlTtD (Yl®ffili1lfl6ir Urfl6m"ITLDtD, ru6TTrrB=61. '®wJi,6lIl1'li' milT !Dl th r U IT 6U Girr' 6T rir !Dl tD '5 IT I'li 6U rir' 6T 6irr {!IJ tD '~~ @jm ' 6T m !Dl tD (Yl ® ffi 6lIl 6lIT ffi tn SliarL su IT tn 6Tr @!Dl@ uSl6i.l ~ su WI ffi ® 6Tr Jl!,6lIirr1p.6lIlwffi ffi6llirrL6lITrr. @J))J~Ml6i.l~IT6irr @Ji,1'li Jl!,5lior'1 6'.J'1ruLil. ~~l'lilTrir ,ffilrrrulT6m" ~6lIl6U. (!jI1'li6616b @6i.l6UlDtD; ~!!ll~uSl6i.l ~lD6l.j Jtlm6U; @~ I'litDlliJffi ffi(!!)~~.

®rrml : ffiJi,1'li 41T1T6m"~~6i.l (!jI(!!)tnrir (Yl@ (Yll'lirD ffiL6l.j6TTlTtn 6l~l'lirflB;lJjUUL.(bl6Tr6TTITAT. @l'lirD® (Yl6irr4 ~,i;1'li6llltnw 6l~l'lirflu4 L_LIT?

~(!!)B=Q6Ji,~rfl~tD uWli1IfluSl§!ltD (Yl®ffi ruWlUIT(bl 6TrirU@ G:tnlTuSl6lSlrir L6Tr a;(!!)6lJ6lIllDuSl6i.l t5l1T1Tl!l~W 6l..IWlUITLITtn ~(!!)Ji,~ITtl!ltD, Qru6TfluSl6i.l LDffi&'6Tr ruWlUITLlTtn~l'lilTrir ~®ffi~lD~· L6TrG:6TT t5lITITLDrilmfIw Jl!,~8;tn~~6i.l @®ffi~lD ffiL6l.j6Tr Qru6TfluSl6i.l LDffiffi6Tr UI~@uSl6i.l @lTlTmlLffi tnL6l.j6TTlTtn~l'lilTm ~(!!)B;~lDlTm. Qru6TfluSl6i.l 9tD (Yl(!!) tn IT, ffiJi,l'lilT, rulp.G:ru6U1T miITlD (Yl6llllDuSl6i.l ruWlUIT(bl; L6TrG:6TT 8'Ul6fu~®~ LDJi,@ITr!.Jtn6Tr.

!JrrOm.rururf!: 8'r!.Jffi @6u55lw~~6i.l ~Ji,I'li6m"rrffi6Tflrir tnLAlmfTm-{!IJ 6lrum- 6l~l'lirflffia;Uu(bl&llDlTm. t5llTtDLDWlffi® 9tD 6TATlD t5l1T i'lllUlJ ~ m I'li (!jI (!!) a; AT a;!D t5l ~ I'li IT &iT milT {!IJ 41T IT AlIT r!.J tn 6Tr

ffiJi,1'li 4ITIT6m"~~6i.l ru(!!)tD ru6Tr6Tfl - G:l'liruwIT6lIl6llTffi@tD @@tnIT6!futn6Tfl6i.l ru(!!)tD Qu61iartn(§ffi®tD L6Tr6TT LlD6l.j ®~~@ JljITtDulTrrffitn G:ru61iar(bltD. @@tnIT6r!.Jtn6lfl6i.l 6ll(!!)tD ./ll!,rflWIT6i.l6U1T1'li

t86birr(blID @6Ul~8; .$lC:IT8;e;U 1I1T1T1ilIlIT,:5C:~IT(bI 9Ut51L(bIu UITri" 8;e; 6\lITLD. .$lC:1T 8; e; U 1IITITlilIlITriaJe;6!fl6iJ e; L6116TTri" e;~8;@8; @YlJi,6Ul~e;m lIT6birrfi1lllfl8;6Ule; Wle;611LD @6UllD611. )liLD 4ITITlilIlITriaJe;6!fl6iJ e;L6116TTri"e;~8;@LD8;e;~LD C:UIT8; @YlJi,6Ul~e;~LD an..(bI~6\l1Te; @@j8;.$lmlDfilITri". (!jI@je;@JJ8;@ @@j LD6UlfillT6illWri"; IIT6Ufl@JJLD, @YlJi,6Ul~e;m @6iJ6Ul6\J. .$lC:IT8;e;U 1IITITIilIlIT,:5@6iJ UIT6'Siw6iJ LlD611 lIT6aru~ @YlJi,6Ul~U C:uIDw8;e;ITe;. ~rflWIT~ 4ITITlilIlITriaJe;6!fl~LD @YlJi,6Ul~U C:uW lIT6aru~ <!:p8;.$lWLD. ~@j 6lJ6Ule;u5l6iJ @~ 6lJfi1IlIfle; <!:P6UllD. @riaJGle;6iJ6\lITLD @mu,:5@ID@ (!jI~rir6UlLD @6iJ6Ul6\J. @U <:UIT8;@ @rirWl t5IITITLDIilIlITri"e;6!flLLD L6IArr(bl IITrir WI ~¢l®ri" fT(bI,:5~8;e;ITL(bI.$lm lDfilITri".

@6U8;.$lW ,:5@Ar 6lJ 6TT ri",;: g'l <: W IT (bl AI 6lJ4; ~ <!:p@j5AUlirU LII'li'55 <:6lJ6iArr(bUL <!:Jl@j56Ul6IITU ulDj6lw 56Ul~56IflQ) mirQIITliirfiIIT UIl"lD!!Jrial5m, fTUGIurr@~ <:!¢Ji;~ IITArID (!jI6Ul!!JlOl6U )liITtD ~1JlTW C6lJ6iar(bUL yg'lwuu (YI6IIflruT 5Ji;~ 4J1T1iIIIIT~~ IIT~ ~~ @'Yl6Ui6U, 1ITJi,~ C:)liIT55.C~IT(bI 1IT@j£lfillTlTri" IITrirWl UITri"55 C6lJ6birr(blLD. )liLD5@6 B'rflWIT6IIT 6lJ1T6U1T1lll @6U6Ul6U. 45C6lJ, GlLDIT!P1u5lAr ftIlT6UlTlDAllD )liITLD ~lTlTtUJi,~ UITri"5e; C6lJ_(blLD • ~Wl!p GlLDIT!P1u5lAr ftIIT6IlITID6IllD ~1T1T~LDCUIT~~ITAr ~rflW5 56UUt5I6U6IlIT~ (!jI@j56UlfillT )liITLD e;1T6IIIIT<!:p .. ~LD. @UU .. ~1T1T~LDGlUIT@~~ITAr (!jI@j5Ar IITArUftiAr '~Wly!5 5L611m', 'i'wID6Ile;u5lrir 5L611m', '5IT~6UIIiir 5L611m', 'Currri"5 e;L611m', '~IT6illL8; e;L611m' IITArGl!IJ6U6UITLD )liITLD 51T6IIIIT~tD.. <!:p@je;m",Uu .. @riaJ@,:5 GI~tU6lJLDlTfillTITAr? 56TT6lj5@U t51lD@ 5ID4, j£l@jUl6lllJT (!jI6UllD, ~rflw8; 56UlA..j ",riru6IIT6lJID6IllD 1IT6U6UITLD 5IT6lRIT (!jI .. ~LD. @1T1T6illL5 56UIT6B'1T1T,:5j£l6iJ ~~5@U Glu6birr B'LDID "'ArlD B'LD,:5~6lJLD L.(bI. j£lITIT6illL8; e;L6116ITIT.$lw <!:P®e;rir i'® GlU6birr,,6UlIT~LD UI6lIIJTJi,~ Gl51T6lArrLlTrir. ~rflW8; 56UIT 6B'ITIT ,:5@6U

9@j,:5@ LD6Il6llT6ill; @rirGifillTlT@j,:5@ 6IlftlUUITLIf. @ITIT6illL

<!:p@je;@JJ8;@ @® LD6UlfillT6illW®LD GI~tUruriaJe;6ir. @ITIT6illL

LD6IITUUITriaJGl5mu~ B'LD,:5~6lJ,:5~8;@ i'LLD ~®6lJ~. @riaJ@u Glu6birre;m e;~Ji,@IT,:5C:~IT(bI @®Ji,@@j5.$lArIDfillTri". ~rflWAr 6lJ@jLDGlUIT@~ ~rut!lll8;@ GlLDIT!P1 @6U6Ul6ll; B'LDWLD @6U6Il6U; j£l@jLDmrr (!jI6IlID @6U6Il6ll. ~6lITIT6U, ~6i1Tri"e;~5@ Wle;u Q.nf\u )li1T5rfl5LD, LDIT" 6li(bl56ir,C5IT4ITriaJe;m, ~fi1IlIfle;6Il&ir ~1ilIIIflJi,~, ~B'~LD an...~LD GI~rflJi;~ Glu6birre;m i'@jJi,@®5,$lArIJlfillTri".

Qufiliar5m t5IITITUI6lIIJTri"e;6Il6TT UllU5,$lW~1T5 fT@j£l 6Ilru,:5~m6TTfillTri". @ITITrumrrt!lll6UlLW ~ITtU t5IITLDLDIT6illrir CUIT6Il6IIT LDW5,$l (!11m-WI t51m6Ul6TT5m GlulDWl8; Gle;IT6birrL~1T55 e;6Ul~ "'@@ Lm6ITfillTri". @lTlTrumrrrir, @LDU5ri"Ii1IlITAr, @,ri"uUfillT6Ule; "'Arururi"e;m ®Ji;~ (!II rir WI @YlJi; 6Il ~ e; m • t5IlT IT LD &AT 611ftAr ~ ru,:5 6Ul ~ @ 6Ul6ll,:5 ~ 5ITIT6lRIT~IT6iJ @6lJri"e;m ~BiITri"e;6TTIT5 t51!D~ri"e;6TT1TtD; t5IlD@~ITAr

. 6lfL61IITrir t5IlDJi;~lTrir. @,ITU,:5LD6lIftrir ~ITtU lDITWIT. ~ru~LD 9@j <!:pfilIfI6lJ6Ul6llT LDw8;.$l6IITITm. @,ITU,:5LD6IIftrir ~LDt5I ~riaJ6Ul55~LD @UU .. U t5IlDJi;~ruri"e;m. ~filITIT6U, (!jI@je;6lIftAr 56Ul~u5l6U t5IITITLD61IIT6IIT1Te;,;: GlB'IT6iJ6IlUULL Glrum6Ul6IT ~ID(!jI6UlLW (!jI@je;rir e;rflw ~ID,:5C:~IT(bI an.. .. w rum6!fl6Ulw Wle;6 g'lITLDUUL(bI LDW5e; C:ru6birr .. u5l®Ji,~~. t5IITITLD61IITri"e;~8;@ @UU .. ",@ri"6ill6UlfillT ~Ji;~ j£lITIT6illL8; e;@j,:5~ @~. @@5ITB'riaJe;~8;@ @6Ul~U uj£l6\J" ",rir WI )liITLD UITri" 8;e;6\JITLD.

@ITIT6illLrfl6llLCW e;IT~6iJ Wl5 <!:p5,$lWLD. t5IITITLDfi1IlIflW,:5@6iJ t51j£lri"8; e;Lrir GlB'tU6lJ~1De;1T55 @YlJi;6Il~U CUIlll.

~rflwri"5~5@ (!jIIDULL ®Ji;~,:5 GI~IT&ir6UlLD6IlW )liITLD ilArt!lllLD an..(bI~6UITe; ~ITITWCru6birr(blLD. ilJi;~ ~tU6Ilru ~ g'lW6iJrurrj£la;mLLD mlL(bl 6illL5an..LIT~. <!:P®Bi ~ri"e;Cmrr(bl . ilAlIi1lllTJi;~ )liITLD~ITAr ilJi;~ ~tU6Ilftl';: GlB'tUWCru_(bIID.

( ~¥ iDUljm lYI~iDAr: AlJ6llITJDJU! ~~~6lJ(YU ) @ ~rflUJr'r btI®btlfb!i>® (!pm j!JrT6DlLU uGiiiMUrTffi\ 6T GUi\)rT W ~ lD!fi ~ ®!b fb ~6Tm u m fb ~!D1 btl fb!i> ® (!P®Sim6Jn':" u!i>!D1UJ ~!bfb ~O!J ~® ~uJ~ ltilJ)a.®u uUJmuffi\w 6Tmu~ 6Tm fbrnlUULL Si®i;~.

GlSi rr m 61f rr lJ) 6U , j !J rr 6Dl L ill !J su rr lD rr Si a. Si rr 6m ObtlGiiiMffi\ ib,

@JrTrnl : l!P~iD6DlfiaTU u!b!6lw ilJi,~ ~W6lj,S®U LSI!D®~lTrir ~riJiDm ~rflwrir, ~1T1T6l5lLAr 6TArQ!DMl6UITU, <:U6~ Q~ITLriJ,$l61ll'rTiD6lTlT?

~ IT IT 6l5l L il w,s iD U, iD L 6lj 6lT rT iD 6DI6lT mu 6ll IT U, Q 6iJ 6Ifl <: W ~m6lfl6l5lLL~IT6iJ LSllTlTlDfilIDflw ~~,siDlii~!iJ® ~~ ilLU, Qe;1T®1ii~~· L5I!TlTwfilIDflw ~~,siDU, il6iJ6\J1T ~ lYI®iD ruWJUITLljl.rir QJ615l6DI1D ~1T1T6lSlL ilW,siDlii~!iJ®1ii Q~rflw6lSl6iJ6Dl6\J. ~®B=Q6Ji,~®,$®U, UYl6Dfl,s®u, Q66iJ~U,<:UIT~!lilTrir ilJi,!li QJ615l6DI1D J!iw,s®1ii Q~rfl,$l!D~~ @6\JL6,siD6D1lI",siDlTfiaT lD,siDm 8ft..@,$l!DlTrTiDm. iDITQJljl.iD<:6TTIT@U" ~IT, ~1T<:QJIT@u, lD,siDm ~@,$l!DlTrTiDm, UIT@,$l!DlTrTiDm. @QJrTiD~,s®m ~~Iii ~LIilYlrTiD6Iflrir QJIT6Il1T!D6DI!D J!i1TU, iDIT6D1lI"(!:jlIjl.UjU,. ~ !JrT6Dl Ld; SiL~61frT8ilUJ (!P®Simma. SiL~m 6TmIDI lJ)Lffi\OlJ) j!JrT6DlL ~UJffiSiW urTr'ri;fbfbm ffirT!J6WlJ)rTffiU Ul!JrTlJ)~UJi;~!i>® ~~ 6lIy51 6DlLL~. ~1T1T6lSlL @W,siDU, !liLlilYlrriD~,s®B= 61T@ @6iJ61Il6ll, W!liu, @6iJ6m6ll 6Trir!!Jl <:u61w~; (!:jl®iD~U, 61T@ UlTrT,siD6lSl6iJ6Dl6Il. ~BilTrTiD~,s® (i16D1LuSl6iJ 6WIii~QJu, @®Ji,M~I. ~ffil)"rriD~,$®B= 61T~ @6iJ6Dl6Il mil"!!Jl ~rflwrir ®6DI!D iD6DirrLlTrir. ~rflwrir QJrT6D1lI"U, 6Trir!D QJtp.6lSl6iJ W,$iD6Dl6TTU LSlrfllii~lTrir. ~1)"1T6lSlL~,$@jB= 61T ~ @6iJ6Dl6Il. ~rflwrir!lilTrir 61T@6DIWU U6DlLIii!liQJrir. iD!!JlU4 .ffil!DIii!liQJ6DlfiaT ~lTwJi,!liQJrir ~,s,$lWQJrir ~rflwrir. @1)"1T6lSlLrTiD~,s®,s iDlT!li6iJ ~®1D6D1lI"u, @®Ji,!li~. ~rflwlii@6iJ ulii~ QJ6DliDlii ~®LD6D1lI"riJiDm @®Ji,!lifiaT.

!JrrO ~6iubtl rfl : ~1)"1T6lSlL @W,siDriJiD6Dl6lTU QUIT J!)Iji;j1iQJ6Dl1T 6T61IT,s® 9®' uunh @®Ji,j1i~; 9® QQJ!6lIiij1ifiaTlDlTfiaT <:UIT,s6DIiD ~~ UI,s®6lSlIii~6lSl@<:1D1T 6Trir!!Jl J!ilTrir ~®61<:fiaTrir. ~fiaTlT6iJ, lYI®iD6DlfiaTU u!iJ!6lw ~W6lj,S®U LSI!D®!lilTrir QurflWlTrT 6Jrir ~1T1T6lSlL,$ iDL616DIWIiiQ~ITLriJ,$lfiaTlTrT 6TrirU~ 6TfiaT,s®U L.JflJi,j1i~. iDIT1T6D1lI"U" ~1T1T6lSlL,s iD6Il1TB=61T!TU, LIiliD, LIiliD, LIiliD, LIiliDlii Q!lilTrir6DIIDWlTfiaT ~ 6TrirU6Dlj1iU 4rflJi,~ QiDlTli1iar<:Lrir. ~1)"1T6lSlL @w,siDlii~QJrT iDL6lj6DI6TT J!iU,UIT~QJrTiDm. ~QlTITIib, l!P(!!jiD QJWlUIT@ ~1T61w~,s® ~UUIT!DULL~. il~ 1D1RIfI~ji;<:~IT@ Qj1iITLrT1I6DlLW~; iD6Il1T B=61T1T 1ii<:~IT® Q~rrLrTlI6DlLW~; ~rirtBiD~<:~IT@ @1T6DirrL!D,s iD6IlJi,~~; @w!iJ6DliD6DlWIii j1iLlilYlAr 6TUUIjl.U urrrTlii~lTrir, QJ6D1lI"riJ,$lfiaTlTrir 6TAr~IT® ~ITLrT46DILW~. (!P®Simmu u!i>!DlUJ ~uJ6Dlm ~i\)W fbuSltp6Jflm GI fbrTmm lJ)m UJ ffi Si rTGiiiM5l0lDrTw. !L6lliDj!;~!b® QJWlBiITLIjl.WITW ~LIilYlrir ~iD!PJi,~(!!j,s,$l!DITAr. QJITQlT6lSlw6616iJ ~LIilYlrir 1JIBjji;~ITQIT ~!6l<:QJIT® il(!!jJi,~®,s,$l!IllTrir.

5l 0 !J ffi ffi W $b uSl W lti rr ffi rfl ffi i; 611 fb U U rr j i; fb ~ 6T mIDI GI ,n 6U btl m fb ffi ffi rr L 14- ~ W fb uSl W !!J rr ffi rfl ffi W 5l0!Jffiffii;mfbu UrTji;fbmfbu u!i>!D1 !!JrTW ~!JrTUJi\)rTw. ~<:6ITiDfiaT~ iD6iJQQJL@iD6Ifl6iJ <:61)", <:6ITYl, urr6DirrIjl.WrT ®!6lULSlLUuLLfiaTrT. _~,s iD1T6Ilj!; !liLlilY!rir ,$lYl,s,$l6iJ

<:lDtlIIu, 9rir WI· ~Ji,~ITU" 1DJi,~ITU, 6TriruQ~lib6ll1Tu,

~ LIilYl rT iD 6Ifl rir iD 6DI61l. @QJ!D6DI!II 6T lib 6ll IT U, ~ rflw rT mUQJIT J!)I

6DIe;uu!b!6lfiaTrT 6Trir J!)I J!i1TU, ~ITITW <:QJIi1iar®Ui. dlbe;<:QJ, (!p(!!)ffimmU u!i>!D1UJ ~uJmbtlu Ua.~UJrTSi 6Tffi\i;~a.

· ( f1i~ 5LAI6ir ~5Ar : R1T611IT(!JJA f1i.~ ) ~ IIIITITCQlIT(bltD aUl!D.$l6il .$laIT55siiC~IT(bltD Ql1ilIlIfI5~ Q~ITLlh.j 'Qa;ITIiliITl,.®Ji;~ITm-. IIltD(ylmLW l!P®55 5L6ljm6IT LCwlT6M'l61w6fu ITQrrID 5L6l.j6ITIT5 ~5.$l ®®556UITtD. .$la1T55U 41T1T61RIT,i;~mB;rr6\JtD Q~6IftQlIT5 ~ITITWUULIp.®5.$l1D~. IIlUl5® @~~m5W ~W6l.j @6ilm6\J; @~~IT6ir IIltD(YImLW t5IIT661mfilJl". 5lCIT8;5~~!D® (YIJi;m~w~ 6T.$lU~W III IT 5 rfl5 ih. 6T.$lU~W IIlIT5rfl5~~m- LE~ Q6ruQlIT8;® Q6§!J~~W@ ~61w mUlfilJl"rflru ®®Ji;~ 1Il1T5rfl5tD; ~Ji;~ 1Il1T5rfl5tD QUlIT5®6~ITCITIT, ~ITUaUlTa6lJIT(bl Q~ITLrr4 QffiITQ)'l!n9-®Ji;~!bl. QUIlT ffi®6~1T~ITITmlfiir Q~ITLrrmU8; ®~ITIT,i;~ru ffilT6lRJT6UITtD. ®~ITITsii U18;ffia6ITIT(bl ulTRirrlp.wrr LID6l.j QffiITRirrIp.®Ji;~mrr. @UUIp. 9® IIlITffirflffi~~ru 9® 6ljmffiWITm 6IT.J.$l661~ Q~ITLrrmU IIlITtD ffiIT6lRJT6UITtD. ~L.6lY!5 ffi6UIT66ITIT,i;~m- 6lm-filJI"IT.Jffim6IT U1,i;~W ~61wITruJ§l!JtD ffiIT6lI1JI" l!Plp.l1jtD. @UUIp.~ ~ITITruJL8; 56\JIT661T1T~~m- Q~ITLrt661alLllT® Q~ITm-mUlmWl1jtD IIllTtD 51T61RIT (YIlp.l1jtD. ~uurr6M'lw QUlITW! 6TIT.J.$l®Ji;~ G:~ITm-t61W~ 6Tm-1D ~WruJ§l!JtD @J!ll~WITffi ~6lJrrffi6IT 5 Rirr (bl Q 61T ru §l!J tD L Rirr m UI 6T m- m Q 6lJ liiqD IT ru, ~ U U IT 6M'l W QUlITW!8;® eYI6\JtD ~L.6lW 6Tm-U~~IT6ir. ~rt1wl'r Q1®GlI~!i>@) <!pmau ltiuniilLW ~!f;il!Jriil8irn ~®!f;~m, w!f;il!Jriil8irn ~®!f;~~r. ~Q1!i>m!D ~rt1lUl'r ~w~rTlii~lii G8irT6WLRlI'r. 4!JrTlOmriil8im, ilwrTmw, aWrT8iW <!p~.tS1wm6lfW ~!JrT6lllL®mLWmQJ. j!JrT6lllL wliiaim w~i1ul1~ ~®!f;~ d'W~{!)IQI~('~~~ Gl8iffil~~Q1~T ~rflwm. ~6W8irn, GU6m8i~lii@) ~mLW1~ d'w~{!)IQI~m~lii @)m,",~~Q1m ~rt1wm. ~!JrT6lllL ltirTairt18i;,m~ ~~~~Q16ir ~rt1wm.

@)rTm1 : jlUQUIT<Y1I ~IT.J56IT ~66\J1Tm f1iL.6lWu Qunirr61RlT1T5~, ~lTruJLU Qunirr61RlT1T5 UllTt6I @®8;.$l!!1rt5oir. !DATt6Il

~IJITO~6lIlQlrf1 UITQ)IJYUU1IJUl~UJlb <IJITOm6iu UIT6lllT) 6Tlil.6J~ (UI(!!j~jjlQJ llIfTJf,jlirflwQJ), 15I.6J~ ~mlhiu) (~61IlITUULUJ & 6l!tp.(gWIT) .!Q!,ri.~.'niT, .!Q!,ri.miu.lA.mir, & !lim /J;$)milf IFlTiirJ6ljD!il

@ITITCm6Tu6lJrfl UIT6UBiUt5IITUlmrflWtD (ITITCm6fu U IT6\l IT) 6T@sii~IT6ITrt, @~W!W6UIT6ITrt, U16M'l~ LrflmUlu aUITITIT6Ift, ~6M'l ~m6U,i; ~mITUULU UmLUUIT6Ift, 6eY1ffi 1Il6U urWlwrt, eYIm- J!ll ~61iar U15ffi6lftm- ~ITWITrt. @6lJrt .$ly!8;® 61 !!16UIT.Jffi IT (U1LL5561TU4 UIIT6lJLLtD) -ruJ§l!J6IT6IT Qa;IT6UruJru 6TWltD 6l!D.(I)ITrfl6iJ ®y!Ji;m~C6lJ§l!J, UIITrfl(YI~~ ~tDU~W®5® U1ffi6ITITffiU t5IlDJi;~lTrt. ~tD ffi61RlT6lJ®Lm- 1970-@ru @IT.J.$l6UITJi;~ 6lJJi;~ a6rtJi;~ @6lJrt ~!DCUIT ~ 6lJL8;® (il6URirrL6M'l6iJ 6lJ61~~ 6lJ®.$lIDITrt•

1996-@ru @6URirrLm- uru5m6\J8; 5y!ffiji;m~6 6ITrtJi;~ &YI~~m6 U1!Dl!)ltD ~Ut5Irfl55 ~W6l.j ~J!ll6lJm~~6iJ 6TtD.6J., U1®ji;~ru UIITJi;fIirflw6iJ ULLtD QU!DID @6lJrt 1988 ffilT6U 5LL~~a6UaW ~mITUULtD U1!DJ!lltD 6l5'lp.awlT Ulp.ut5I6iJ t51.6J., (~mrt6iu) ULLtD Qu!D!!)J6IT6ITlTrt. il6lJrt CIIlITI1j!D1D 6lIDITrtffi@lB;ffiITm ~rtUlRirrL Q~® U1®ji;~6lJLllmmu5lru 1993 ffiIT6U ffiLLsii~6iJ ~rt.6T6fu.61.6Tm-. ULL(YItD 1994 -il6iJ Q6lJ6fuL tDl6afl6iuLrt ffi6iJ§l!JTrflu5l6iJ 1Il6\JB; 56UruJ6 61Tm-!6l~@tD Qu!D!lll6IT6ITrrrr. G:U1§l!JtD, @6lJrr 6l!!16UIT.JffiITruJ6iJ 1964, 1967 ffilT6U ffiLLIT.Jffi6lft6iJ u6iJ~mlDji; ~®~ffia6ITIT(bl Q6ruJ615IWITITffisii a~rt661 QU!DID6lJrt 6TArU@ ®!6lut5ILsii~ffiffi~IT®tD.

( ~t.6ij15 aLIlF (YI~ : 6lIJ-mJiI ~.~ ) ~ c!f(!ll~fTUJuu_ :

- (Yl~6616U ~rrut ~a; @6IlRUirr (Yl1J6IMl Qru61flwrr.$l, 1993 LD~l!llLo 1998 -a;61flQj @~~wrr6lll6U U16111fl!:U1a;6IIl6llU t5lIJIliW, QlfQrr6lllQlf 6l.JrruSl6IJrra; JFJTru6U ~ ~iI--

L6IJ&;QUIMl6IJrrliJ m1wrrumfla;6ir (1991). @~~wrr.

B'eYJ5 1f»6U~j£l6U U6IJ rumauuLL j£lLLU ufiIIlIfla6lft&iJ ilrurr ~!iJJ6lIl.j6ir6IT uriJ@ ufiIIlIfl Curr!iJ!!l!iJ@rflw~. ~W1Y! ~a~wrr @Ip.WLDrr6lj6 B'riJa~~m ~D.llruQIT LD.llLIIS161JTrra~6ir 9(!!jrulJrr61JT @rurr 1985-87 e;rr6U aLL~j£l&iJ il&iJ ~mLDLIlS11iirr ~m6IJmLDU u~6DluSl§IJtD ~lDri"Jt~ ~fiIIlIfl QB'w~6ir6ITrrrr. il~ CurrmD.ll, 1983 - 87 arr6U aLL~~&iJ ilrurr ~W1Y! ~e;~wrr QB'W6Urr!iJD.llB; @@6Dlm ~D.llru61JT LD.llLIl5l61JTrr LD!DD.lltD ~m6UrulJrra6ljtD 1982 - @6Ut(!!jJt~ Q~rrLrrJt~ ~W1Y! LDa6lftrr BiLLLmLDuUlIiirr ~D.llru61JT LD.llut5l61JTrr LD!iJD.lltD ~m6\lrulJrre;6ljtD Q~rrIi1RrrLrr!DJ6l ru(!!j5l!!lrrrr.

u6llf'l Q.llulllliJ illf6ljlli6IT (1994). ~liJuIrr fTfiirrQIDrr@j QUAar (1996).

urrrflll!ii~a; ~ Qe:QrrQllQlf. - (YlQrr l!ll @l!ll J61TUl6;6ir LD~!!JJD CYlQrr l!ll 611D1a; 6IIl~a; 61flQrr Q~IT@UUrrlli Q6uQflWl.uuLLiI·

- umtl 1I!ii~1li ~6IIl6UWW.

QIfQrr6lll6llf.

J6II'AlSIr&@ ilQrrQmrr@j~~Qrr (1996). -·61l!ll a;6IIl~!ii Q~rr@llll -

urrrfl 1I!ii~a; ~6IIl6IJII.IiL Q/fQrr6lllQlf.

6T@~~U u<illfl :

il~rumlJ 6J@ If»rrrurua6ir LD!DD.lltD CYIIiirr D.ll 61D.lle;m~~ Q~rr@u4e;m6ITu umL~~6ir6ITrrrr. ilJt~wrr, 61,rD6UrIDe;rr, a61JTLrr, tSlrrrrme;, ~6iu~CIJ6Utwrr, Q~rrUl6llfl, j61rrrCru, QIf»~rr6UrrJt~ LD!iJD.1Jtil @rID .$l6\l IT Jt ~ L 6ir 61ft L L If» rr (bl e; 6Ift6Ut (!!j Jt ~ Q ru 61ft su (!!j th U&iJCruD.llULL @6UB;51wu u(!!jru @~y!a6lft6b ilrulJ~ umLu4a6ir Qru6lftuSlLuuL(bl6ir6IT61JT •

&},5aliJ (1998).

- 61JD1ffi6lll~!ii ~rr@llll -

LD61IIIfICLDe;m6Uu UlIJBilJtD.

QB'mm61JT.

QJ,,~1iJ QJ~II Cumu m1LLII (1998). uITrflll!ii~a; ~6IIl6III1B QIfQrr6lll6llf.

""All)' @Al!!l ~"'AllDBi&ir (1998). U1nuflCLDa;6IIl6\lU tfu5tJUL QIfQrr61llfilll'.

~ uS1 y5l GU Ghj}Jrn1QJ!ti~m-61T jtifTQJGUdi@!)lb il.!l)l dim~~ Gl~fT@)U4di@!)lb :-

9(!!; CarrmL 6ill~(YIm!!l (1982). ~6IIl6Il tfuBiIJW. 61!661lffiJa;1T. ~6Um6llwrr~jDrfu a;6IIlI)'!Ulofl&u (1987). LIIlflIl!ii~a; ~UJ. Q/fQrr6lll6llf.

urflaidi@!)lb ~®~di@!)lb :

61!66ll1iJ51f BiJjJi;~1)' ",@g;~lfmrr Ulf'lBi - C$liww

!Dj£lB;am~ (JDlrru6U) - 1993.

2. 5UU1Ii1Bi6lTrr UIflBi - wlT~~mlT (61JD1Bim~) - 1994.

3. BiAlf;t)6lJrr6llllfl ml(!!j~ - ~55mIJUuL(bl (lDLL556TTU4

lDlT6ULLLiJ) £ilJi;~, (YIw6l!LiJ 6T(!g~~IT6TTrre;6TTIT6iJ

6U!P'iJ5UULL~ - 1995.

4. e6l.,1i1SI a~6lJ.fIBirrUl6llllfl £il6ll';;51wu ulfla .,.. @ArOllLiJ 616\l ~a5!D!!JID (61WJ5m~) - 1998.

s. 1i1SI.,1i1SI a~6lJ.fIBirrUlIillllfl £il6ll';;51wu ulfla - ~IT @6lDjD

~lp.mlD56Tr (61WJ5m~~ Q~IT@u4) - 1999.

~hm!JuuLlil & d'lll-0wrr 1bwrrrflu4 :

Escape from Genocide - - (61pT6IJriil51T ~tblW "Ia;~lUmfT

6l!'i¥-alUlT "Ii¥-WmLIUITa;.i Qa;rr6liJrL~) - !l.mu.6l. ,!!i"uma; L~IljUDr. 1986.

Private Place - (~®lOnar rurrwm1"u urr~lU6iJ

16 mil.mil. ~uuLlil. rum-(Yl6lJl!D Q~rrLrTurrlilrr~) - mu.61.Ul. 1988.

lOrr!tirr~5m & 5®~1b!JriiJ@)5m :

t . u6Dr6llTlrL(b1 IOrr,!!irr(bla;6lft"u ur!.J<:a;!Dl!Jl6 i1!D6IJriila;IT.nlbU 1Dgi11b ~rf1~IDIJjGiT, 1D1Jj61f1(!!)W !!i6IJ6lJITWQjw, 1D1Jj61f1(!!)W OT@~~U umfhqw Uir6lfh':'L u"uaruw 6l.ia;"ua;6ir @!Dl!ii~u U6IJ ~wfll.i a;L(b1mfT a;6ir "I6lfl~~6ir6lTrriT.

2. @6\JAiruafl~6lT ~ B'eYlID~rr8;a;rr6IIT u6iJ<:ruW ~

a;®~~fTriil@a;m6lT L®rurr.i.$lu uriilaa;.rD!OJ6ir6lTrrrr.

3. U6IJ ~rrm6IJ.ia;rrL61 .ffi]a;W661a;6lfl"u uri.J<:a;.rD!lJi! 461JW Guwl'rQj, ~6IJmrLgi1~Grr6lT 1bu5lW ~lJjilwl'r, @)!pj;m1bIJj~L6M Bi6IJGiUl GIfWG6lJrTl'r, ~6M!DITW ~6IJ1Jj !!iITffilIJjGrr L6ir6lflLL LJ6iJCruJl)l 6l.ia;"ua;6ir @J61~~.i a;®~~6IlITa;6ir ,!!i6U.$lIll6ir6lTITri".

0Ji1!:¢& ChLGl.jGTTrT&1W (gl~ChGiflGilT& ®d)10~ 'B'~ Ch~00~~&1GiT

C0GiflGlJ&ChrTGilT ql,wGJSlG\.> cr-(9ULLrTir ~~LD~ &l~rTCg;GicJGlJrfI

UrTG\J&U~LDGililflWLD ~GlJirCh0r. LDrT®lLGbIWG\.> ChG\.>GJSluS1G\.> ",---wir 0®~ QU!D!D

&lGlJir, (gl~Ch6ilflGiT Q0rTGiTGiflLDWrTGilT GlJ~G\JrT!DJ· ®d)10;'9J c}lG\J y~W

",---0iirrGiflLDChGiflGTT& Ch0iirrLd)1Jb0C0rT(9, <Q!,rflw0~!D® <OT~~rTGilT 0LE1!:¢ /

~~rTGJSlL &lGilT0~GiT GlJrT!:¢GJSlwG\.> CLDGiTGiflLDGiflWLljLD, QLDwuS1wGiflG\JLljLD

Ch0iirrLd)1Jb;'9J 0LD&®0r QU~LD GJSlWUy!D!DrTir. &lGlJ~;'9J

QGlJclluU(90;'9JGlJC0 &lJb0s c}l!DJ(;9ITG\.>.

0LE1!:¢ i0rTGlJG\.> LD!D!DJLD c}l!DJ ChGifl00;'9JGifl!D'.6lG\.> ~LDrTGilT (gl0~Gifl~ U~00GlJir ~~LD~. &l~rTCg;GicJGlJrfI ~GlJirCh0r. &l~U0rT0iirr(9Ch\5&® C':PGiTy &lG\J0iirrL6ilflG\.> ®"+Cwd)1 GlJrT!:¢Jb;'9J GlJ~LD &lGlJir, 0LE1!:¢LD&ChcllGiT G'urT!:¢GJSlww c}l&ChG\.>Chcllw Q0rTLlTJb;'9J <Q!,!:¢Jb0 ~&ChGifl!D QChrT0iirr"+~&&1!DrTir. ~~00LDrTGilT Qu0iirrGililflwu UrTirGiflGlJCWrT(9 UGiflL&&1!DrTir. 0LE1!:¢& ChLGl.j0r (gl~ChGiT ®d)100 &lGlJ~;'9J 2'l::',WGiflGlJU

UrT~rTL"+ ~GililflJb;'9JGifl~ GlJl:jlrr~,t1 &l~&&1!DrTir, CChrTGiflGlJuS1G\.> "'---0rGTT

~~~ChrTLGlWCh0~W ChrTUUrTSc}lW~rTChU UGOofIyrflLljLD (glGiflGilTGlJir

LDCChGicJGlJ~GiIT ~GlJirCh0r. 0LE1l:jlir GlJ~G\JrT!D!DJ&® &lJb0 (;9ITG\.> GLD§,2JLD 'B'~ ChrTGililfl&GiflChWrTCh0 ~Ch~LD <OTGiTu~G\.> ffiwLElruGiflG\J.

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi