Vous êtes sur la page 1sur 10

1 2



•       
   
! 
"  #  $  % &"  
   
 '%
 6 
 • /
&0,,  (Stress) ",, (Strain) 

 '%  
•    ,.  (Modulus of Elasticity)
-     (Young’s modulus)
-   *  (Shear modulus)
-   +

  (Bulk modulus)

3 4

6.1 ,,  (stress) ",, (strain) • ,,   ! 3 +



• ,,  , 
0 4 $.   

   1) ,, ' "  (tensile stress and



!  /  #&"7      compressive stress)
"4   "77/% .       ! &"/  $. , /
 '% . 
 "4 , 2) ,, *  (shear stress)
F
,,  &"4$.    !  #
    
   
A
• .  ,,  : 
      N/m 2 3) ,, +

  (volume stress)
• ,,  !." '% !   &"4$.     
 
 
5 6

• ,, , 
0 '   6.2   ,.  (Elastic modulus)
.  !     &  
 "4  ,,% ." • 4 .,,    ,, 
 '% &"
+ ,,  %  % '% !    7 ,, $ .   
  $$
! "
  ,,  = , ,  × ,,

        "
$. ,,    <    !$ "# $
  ,.  = ,, 
,,
• .    ,.  : 
     

7 8
•    ,. % 3 "   6.3     (Young’s modulus)
-     (Young’s modulus) < 
0
 ' ,$   
,  <
-   *  (Shear modulus) < 
0 '
,$  ,    +%
 <   $  
-   +

  (Bulk modulus) < 
0  !  < "" ' L
  @'  
, Li 
*
' ,$    
   &   F  "4$ % *
 < " . /% .    A
9 10

& /  • ,, ' (tensile stress) , 


1. .$.    A "4    F
,, '
,          &" !   A
  
• ,,' (tensile strain) , 
2. ./% .       ,   'L
  /  4$.      ,,'
Li
•     (Young’s modulus, Y ) ,< 
,, ' F A F Li
Y
,,' ' L Li A ' L

11 12
• # %  4  #$+
 
  .  ,   .$. 
• &,
 &" , &  ,,
  
!   4 $.   
      % &".  

 , /.    . , /
   
  /.  (elasticity)
(,, )  "4    A &"' &.'
  @'
•       % ,   '% &' , A .'    

   & &  %   & .


.$.
      &"  .! (breaking point)

   &"   !   &  
 

 G! /. %   &,


 (elastic limit)
13 14

   H".  ,, ",, 



'%      &!' (&   !  $   ,   ,.  +

    A
# $ #  '   !$ "# $ ! 


15 16
   6.1 ,
%  10    4% .  940 &"  F Li 4 F Li
Y

     .'  ,
% % 4 &#."@' , §S 2 · S d 2 'L
¨ d ¸ 'L
     20 u 1010 
      & .  © 4 ¹
7 IJ
!  ,
% % & "4$.    %  7 IJ
!  ,
% ,
 
 0.5 @
  4 F Li
F A F Li d

K4 & Y S Y 'L
' L Li A'L
4 940 10
"/% .      7 IJ
2
!  d ,

S 20 u 1010 0.005
m

§d · S 3.4 u 10 3
A S¨ ¸ d2 m
© 2 ¹ 4 3.4 mm
17 18
   6.2   200 
#   .'
@'  4.00   /% .    0.200 u 10 4  F Li
'L
  ",      8.00 u 1010 
   AY
   & .  &% " < "" $ 200 kg 9.8 m
s 2 4.00 m

K4 & 0.200 u 10 4
m2
8.00 u 1010 N m 2
Y
F A F Li 4.90 u 10 3 m
' L Li A'L 4.90 mm
,     ,% 

19 20

   6.3 $+ , @'  30 


#  "@'!    
K4  *   ""4
! ,  ,
m v f  vi
7 IJ
!  2.30 @
  "4&#." ,     F
't
   20.0 u 1010 
       ,   30 kg  10.0  20.0 m s
&"   "! ,   <  20.0    
 0.110 s
. &    " ! <  0.110 
 ,  8.18 u 10 3 N
"     < 10.0    
 & . &L    
   ,  "4 "&"
!
,,*  
 '%  "$ 0"
! ,     "! ,  ,
F 8.18 u 10 3 N
21 22
F
 6.4   *  (shear modulus)
A
8.18 u 10 3 N
2
§ 2.30 u 10  2 m ·
S ¨¨ ¸¸
© 2 ¹
1.97 u 10 7 N m 2


  $.   "4))' *#+ , .'
Y
1.97 u 10 7 N m 2   #/ % 7
  .' %'
! $.  !
   
20.0 u 1010 N m 2 .' 7<,   &"
    !   
9.85 u 10 5   $!

23 24

• ,, *  (shear stress) ,< 


F
,, * 
A

   $0 ,, ' %  &"I



% */% 7 
  $0 ,, *  !+
  ) )' *#+  , 
      !        
*  -     
   
25 26
• ,,*  (shear strain) ,        6.4 <,.'    " /%
".  ""     ' x ", @'    #    "4/%   
 
! $ 
 % * h   "      20.0 
  /%   /%   
'x 14.0  @
  ",. 5.00 

  & .
,,* 
h  /%    "   %&"  .  &
•   *  (shear modulus, S ) ,<  < "" $ 4.$.   *   , 

,, *  F A Fh 3.00 u 10 6 


     
S
,,*  'x h A'x

27 28

K4 &
   *  6.5   +

  (bulk modulus)
F A Fh
S
'x h A'x

""     /%    "   ,


Fh
'x
AS
4 . @'  

  Vi    4  F
20.0 N 5.00 u 10 3 m
14.0 u 10 4

m 2 3.00 u 10 6 N m 2 "4A  /% 7
  $ 
 % *  &"

   <  Vi  'V   $!

2.38 u 10 5 m
29 30
• ,, +

  (volume stress) , •   +

  (bulk modulus, B ) ,
,, +

  ' F
A ,, +

  'F A Vi ' P
 A , /% 7 
% .   "   B  
,,+

  'V Vi 'V
   ' F , /KJ   
! (pressure) ' P <     


#  )
' "'  
*#
'P
'F .    !$ "
& !+  
 )  & 
A  , "4  ,/
 '% 'P ! 0 
 
• ,,+

  (volume strain) , &", 'V  0 4$.    ' P 'V ,< 
'V
,,+

  
Vi

31 32
   6.5 0"   @' 4& . %  !$ 
K4 &
   +

 
I ,  1.0 u 10 5 
        'F A Vi ' P
B  
&% "
   0.50 IJ
!    4 %  'V Vi 'V
 $  " ",'@' ,  2.0 u 10 7 &"  
      ,
Vi ' P

      
   &% "  'V 
B
 $ 4.$.  . ,  +

  


0.50 m 3 2.0 u 10 7  1.0 u 10 5 N m 2
6.1 u 1010 N m 2
6.1 u 1010 
     
1.6 u 10  4 m 3

#  )" 
#   +    
!
   
33 34
   6.6   4% < 4%  < 
  &" 
 $. 
  4% $. 4%  < 4%  < ,
 "0 9.00% & . ,$. 4% <  V0  %. & < 4%  <   
 &"
 J &"   $ 4% $. 4% <  /
 '% 9.00% &<  1.09V0 &"$+ ,% < 
4%  < 4.$.   +

  4%  < ,  
 
  $,40 , Vi 1.09V0 "
2.00 u 10 9 
      'V V0  Vi 0.09V0


K4  &
   +

 %/
&0&  % &
   +

 
 !  
$   %&"/
&0G.#%  'F A Vi ' P
B  
.,   $+ $4$. 
  4%  < $. 'V Vi 'V
4%  &, 
  4% $. 4%

35 36
,   , 6.6    " J
 : ,  
.<

B 'V 4 .,  $ + $   %# &" , 


'P 
Vi    '  $.   '% ,  2 u 10 6

2.00 u 10 9

N m 2  0.09 V0 
      $ 0" ,       $.
1.09 V0   %  ,  20 u 10 6 
      "
1.65 u 10 8 N m 2   * ,  2 u 10 6 
     
 %,    $
 /  4% .& 
&'   ,,  @'  $"
37 38


, <  ,    #$+ ,
,
/
IP  , $ .  ,  % &" 
 /  ' .< $.   "  ,   < 
 &"4    %  74$. .< .
 4% .  7 ,  @'  O   "   ,  ,  &' ,
7 ,  &"# & " " .   $  <   '% " 4% .  '%  
! (a) &' 
& "
.<   $ % ,  $! (c)
/  /
 , <  " 4% .  '%  
$! (b)

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi