Unidade 3.

1 – foco gramatical: past simple

(+) Forma afirmativa

I go to a nightclub on Fridays, it’s very exciting. (present simple – routine/habit)

I went to a nightclub last Friday, it was very exciting. (past simple)

I play table tennis with my best friends at the weekends. (present simple – routine/habit)
I played table tennis with my best friends last weekend. (past simple)

O que devemos ficar atentos é que existem verbos regulares e irregulares para conjugar o
‘past simple’.

 Regulares: terminados em ED – e.g.: play > played / work > worked / finish > finished
 Irregulares: não há regra (consultar na 2º coluna da página 126) – e.g.: go > went /
make > made / buy > bought / be > was,were

(-) Forma negativa – uso do auxiliar DIDN’T

(+) I went to a nightclub last Friday, it was very exciting.

(-) I didn’t go to a nightclub last Friday, because I was tired.
*com o uso do didn’t o verbo volta para a forma base (infinitivo)

(+) I played table tennis with my best friends last weekend.

(-) I didn’t play table tennis with my best friends last weekend
*com o uso do didn’t o verbo volta para a forma base (infinitivo)

(?) Forma interrogativa – uso do auxiliar DID

(+) I went to a nightclub last Friday, it was very exciting.

(?) Did I go to a nightclub last Friday? I don’t remember…
(?) Did you go to a nightclub last Friday?
*com o uso do did o verbo volta para a forma base (infinitivo)

(+) I played table tennis with my best friends last weekend.

(?) Did I play table tennis with my best friends last weekend?
(?) Did you play table tennis with your best friends last weekend?
*com o uso do did o verbo volta para a forma base (infinitivo)

Unidade 3.3 – foco gramatical: present perfect

É importante desde o início ter a consciência de que embora o nome seja ‘present perfect’,
o uso dele é para expressar o passado.

A principal diferença entre o present perfect e o past simple é que você usa o:

 Past simple: para expressar acontecimentos no passado mencionando quando

aconteceu (definite time). Key-word: WHEN
 Present perfect: para expressar acontecimentos no passado não mencionando
quando aconteceu (indefinite time). Isso acontece porque a data que aconteceu não
é importante ou não-conhecida.
(+) Forma afirmativa

I play table tennis with my best friends at the weekends. (present simple – routine/habit)
I played table tennis with my best friends last weekend. (past simple)
I have played table tennis with my best friends. (present perfect)

I go to a nightclub on Fridays, it’s very exciting. (present simple – routine/habit)

I went to a nightclub last Friday, it was very exciting. (past simple)
I have been to a nightclub. (present perfect)

Para formar o present perfect, você precisa:

SUJEITO + HAVE (or HAS) + VERBO NO PARTICÍPIO PASSADO (3ª coluna na página 126)

I HAVE BEEN (GO) TO A NIGHTCLUB.

SHE HAS PLAYED (PLAY) TENNIS WITH HER FRIENDS.
CARLOS HAS WRITTEN (WRITE) AN EMAIL TO HIS BOSS.
THEY HAVE SEEN (SEE) THIS FILM.

(-) Forma negativa – uso do auxiliar HAVEN’T or HAVE NEVER

(+) I have played table tennis with my best friends.

(-) I haven’t played table tennis with my best friends.
(-) I have NEVER played table tennis with my best friends.
*note que mesmo com o uso do haven’t o verbo se mantém no particípio passado.

(+) I have been to a nightclub.

(-) I haven’t been to a nightclub.
(-) I have NEVER been to a nightclub.
*note que mesmo com o uso do haven’t o verbo se mantém no particípio passado.

(?) Forma interrogativa – colocar o auxiliar HAVE no começo da frase (é muito comum
usar a palavra EVER em perguntas e tem o sentido de ALGUMA VEZ neste contexto).

(+) I have played table tennis with my best friends.

(?) Have I played table tennis with my best friends?
(?) Have I ever played table tennis with my best friends?
(?) Have you ever played table tennis with your best friends?
*note que mesmo com o uso do have o verbo se mantém no particípio passado.

(+) I have been to a nightclub.

(?) Have I been to a nightclub?
(?) Have I ever been to a nightclub?
(?) Have you ever been to a nightclub?
*note que mesmo com o uso do have o verbo se mantém no particípio passado.

Mais referências na página 33 (Total English Pre-Intermediate)