Vous êtes sur la page 1sur 18

Willmore 1

David Willmore
Mr. Lundy
AP US - Pd. 5
30 March, 2011

The Empire in Transition


Brinkley Chapter 4
Summary
Despite a number of disagreements, by 1763 Anglo-American ties seemed stronger than ever.
The colonies had prospered under British rule, had developed local institutions through which
they seemed to govern themselves, and with the defeat of France, appeared ready to expand into
the heart of the continent. However, no sooner was the war ended than the British began to alter
the pre-1763 system in an effort to make it more efficient and more responsive to control from
London. The means chosen to do this -enforced regulations to end the illegal trade that had
flourished under salutary neglect, plus taxation to pay for the colonial administration - were
seen by the colonists as threats to the way of life they had come to accept as rightfully theirs.
Rising in protest, the colonies faced a British government determined to assert its authority, and
with neither side willing to give in, the cycle of action and reaction continued. Finally, spurred
on by a propaganda campaign that characterized the mother country as a tyrant determined to
bring America to its knees, the colonies acted. The Intolerance Acts proved the final straw, and
in September 1774, twelve British provinces met in a Continental Congress in hopes that a
united front would cause London to reconsider and that conflict would be avoided. But it did
not work. In the spring, fighting occurred at Lexington and Concord. Although independence
was not yet declared, the American Revolution had begun.

Points for Discussion


1. Why were most Americans content with their role within the British Empire in the 1750s?
What evidence of discontent did exist?
2. What were the goals of the British and the Americans in the Great War for the Empire? How
did the war affect the attitudes of British leaders, as well as those of American colonists,
toward the proper relationship between colonies and mother country?
3. What role did colonial assemblies play in American protests of British policies after 1763?
Why did the assemblies take such a leading role? What effect did the British attitude (and
action) toward these legislatures have on the American decision to revolt?
4. Some historians have argued that the American Revolution was the result of a constitutional
conflict over the relationship between the mother country and the colonies. How does the
colonial reaction to British attempts to regulate commerce after 1763 support this
interpretation?
5. From the British perspective, why was a reorganization of the empire necessary after 1763?
What gave England the authority to do this?
6. It has been said that Americans revolted against tyranny anticipated, rather than against
tyranny inflicted. Define tyranny as you believe an eighteenth-century American might have,
and then assess this point of view.
7. From the outset, Massachusetts was a leader of the anti-British protest studied in this
chapter. Why? What was it in the economic, political, and intellectual climate of that colony
that made it such a hotbed of revolution? What part did Puritanism play in creating this
climate?
8. Identify the American leaders and organizations most significant in converting popular
discontent into action from 1765 to 1775. Analyze their motives as well as their degrees of
success.
9. How did Americans justify their revolution? Discuss the sources and development of the
philosophy of revolt.
Willmore 2
10. How (and why) did taverns become a central institution in colonial American social life?
What circumstances and events helped make taverns central to political life as well?

Main Themes
1. How colonists who had enjoyed considerable freedom within the British Empire
came to regard themselves as slaves of that empire.
2. Why, after a considerable period of laxness, England made sharp policy changes
designed to significantly increase its control over the colonial economy.
3. How colonists who had generally prospered within the British Empire rose up in
rebellion against that empire.

Key Terms and Concepts


1. French & Indian War (1754-1763) 14. Townshend Acts (1767)
2. Albany Congress/Plan of Union 15. virtual representation
(1754) 16. writs of assistance
3. Treaty of Paris (1763) 17. Boston Massacre (1770)
4. Salutary neglect 18. Regulators’ Revolt (1771)
5. Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763) 19. Committees of Correspondence
6. Proclamation of 1763 20.Gaspee Affair (1772)
7. Sugar Act (1764) 21. Boston Tea Party (1773)
8. Quartering Act (1765) 22. Coercive/Intolerable Acts (1774)
9. Stamp Act (1765) 23. First Continental Congress (1774)
10. Stamp Act Congress (1765) 24. Suffolk Resolves
11. Sons (& Daughters) of Liberty 25. Declaration of Rights & Grievances
12. Paxton Boys 26. Board of Trade & Plantations
13. Declaratory Act (1766)

Important People
1. Edward Braddock 10. Crispus Attucks
2. George Washington 11. Lord North
3. William Pitt 12. Edmund Burke
4. George Grenville 13. Thomas Jefferson
5. King George III 14. Thomas Paine
6. James Otis 15. John Locke
7. Patrick Henry 16. Robert Walpole
8. John Dickinson
9. John Adams

Places and Battles


1. Fort Necessity (1754)
2. Battle of Quebec (1759)
3. Lexington & Concord (1775)

Internet Resources
For Internet quizzes, resources, references to additional books and films, and more,
consult the text’s Online Learning Center at www.mhhe.com/brinkley.11.
Willmore 3

Outline:
The Empire in Transition
I. Introduction
A. Part of British Empire
1. 1750s - little American rejection
a) Many benefits
(1) Trade opportunities
(2) Commerce
(3) Military protection
(4) Political stability
b) Few costs
c) Left colonies alone
d) Trade
(1) External: regulated
(a) Lax
(b) Easy circumvention
2. Develop greater autonomy
3. Mid-1770s
a) Relationship strained
(1) Suspicion
(2) Resentment
4. Spring 1775
a) First shots fired
b) War of independence
B. Revolutionary crisis
1. Longstanding differences
a) Colonies - England
b) Events: 1760s + 1770s
2. Diverging
a) Ideas
b) Institutions
C. New policies
1. Changed international realties
2. Brought differences into focus
3. Crisis followed crisis
a) Americans disillusioned
4. Relationship damaged beyond repair
II. Loosening Ties
A. British Control
1. Glorious Revolution
a) 1688
2. Dominion of New England
a) Collapse
3. No serious effort, 70+ years
4. Colonies brought under king’s control
a) New Jersey - 1702
b) North, South Carolina - 1729
c) Georgia - 1754
d) Total 8
e) Appointed royal governors
5. Parliament
a) Navigation acts tightened
b) Strengthened mercantilist
c) Restricted manufactures
Willmore 4
d) Prohibited paper $
e) Regulated trade
6. Divide
a) British government
b) Interfere?
c) Colonies allowed to part
B. A Tradition of Neglect
1. Glorious revolution
a) Parliament > King
2. George I, II
a) German born
b) Unaccustomed to English
c) Prime minister, cabinet real executives
(1) Held parliamental majority
(2) Depended on merchants, landholders
(a) Feared imperial organization
i) Increase large expenditures
ii) Increase taxes
iii) Diminish profits
(3) Robert Walpole
(a) Refrained strict enforcement Nav. Acts
(b) Relaxed trading restrictions
i) Stimulate commerce
3. Day-to-day administration
a) Decentralized
b) Inefficient
c) Board of Trade and Plantations - 1696
(1) Advisory body; little role in decisions
d) Privy Council
e) Admiralty
f) Treasury
g) Responsible for administering laws
(1) Home + overseas
(2) No sole colonial affairs concentration
h) Overlapping, confusion of authority
4. Resistance
a) Colonial legislatures
(1) Claimed right to levy taxes
(2) Make appropriations, approve appointments
(3) Pass laws
(4) Subject to veto by governor/Privy council
(a) Circumvented
(b) Passed in slightly altered form
(5) Seen as little parliaments
b) Board of Trade
(1) Reported that legislatures had removed power
C. The Colonies Divided
1. Englishmen
a) Despite frequent resistance
b) Loyal English subjects
c) Strong ties to England
2. Colonies
a) Viewed each other as foreign
b) Only connected by geography
c) Forged connections w/ one another
Willmore 5
3. Population
a) Growth
b) Continuous line of settlement
(1) Seacoast
(2) Construction of roads
4. Postal Service
a) Increased communication
b) All colonies by 1732
5. Cooperation
a) Minimal
b) Threat from French, Indians
c) 1754
d) Treaty negation
(1) Franklin proposed general government
(a) All colonies
(b) Govern all relations w/ Indians
(c) “President General”
(d) Legislature
(e) Albany plan
6. French & Indians
a) War
b) Prevent Albany plan approval
III. The Struggle for the Continent
A. An Uneasy Balance of Power
1. Great war in N. America
a) 1750s-60s
b) Struggle
(1) England, France
(2) Dominance
(a) World trade
(b) Naval power
c) Seven years war - Europe
d) French and Indian War - Americas
e) Upset balance of three
f) Brought close contact
(1) British authority
(2) Raised underlying tensions
B. New France and the Iroquois Nation
1. Coexistence
a) French
b) English
2. New Sources of Conflict
a) Settlement expanded
(1) Religious, commercial tensions
(2) + French presence in America
(a) Louis XIV’s search - nat’l unity
(3) French expanded rapidly
3. France’s North American Empire
a) Founded
(1) Communities
(2) Fortresses
(3) Missions
(4) Trading posts
b) Fort Louisbourg
(1) Cape Breton Island
Willmore 6
(2) Gulf of St. Lawrence
c) Seigneuries
(1) Established large estates
(2) Banks of St. Lawrence river
d) Quebec
(1) Center of French empire
e) Mississippi
(1) Plantations
(a) Worked: Creoles
i) White immigrants of French descent
f) New Orleans
(1) 1718
(2) Service French plantation economy
g) Shared land w/
(1) Indians
(2) English traders, settlers
h) Alliances
(1) Native tribes
(a) Trading partners
(b) Military allies
i) Indians
(1) Concerned w/ protecting independence
4. The Iroquois Confederacy
a) Most powerful native group
(1) Relationship w/ French
b) 5 Indian nations
(1) Mohawk
(2) Seneca
(3) Cayuga
(4) Onondaga
(5) Oneida
c) Alliance
(1) 15th century
(2) Northeast
d) Commercial relationship
(1) Dutch
(2) English
(3) Eastern seaboard
(4) Continued w/ French
e) Avoided close relationship
(1) Balance of power in Great Lakes
(2) Ohio valley
(a) Potential battle ground
C. Anglo-French Conflicts
1. European Seeds of Conflict
a) England, France @ peace
(1) Balance survived
(2) Tensions mild
b) Glorious revolution
(1) Throne passed to Louis XIV enemy
(a) William III
i) Opposed French expansionism
2. Repercussions
a) King William’s War
(1) 1689 - 1697
Willmore 7
(2) Few, indecisive clashes
(a) English, French
b) Treaty of Utrecht
(1) Ended conflict
c) King George’s War
(1) Strained relations
(a) English
(b) French
(c) Iroquois
i) Trading concessions: English merchants
(2) Tensions increased
(a) Virginia militia force
i) George Washington
ii) Ohio Valley
iii) Vs. French expansion
iv) Attack Fort Dickens
v) Surrendered
D. The Great War for the Empire
1. Braddock
a) Defeated
b) French reinforcements
IV. The New Imperialism
A. England
1. At peace
2. Treaty of 1763
3. Leaders
a) No longer govern casually
4. Needed $ from empire
5. Expanded involvement
B. Burdens of Empire
1. Experience
a) Involvement not easy
(1) Resistant to control
(2) Policies relaxed
(3) Unwilling to be taxed
(4) Reluctant to tax selves
b) Defiance of trade, regulation
C. Commerce vs. Territorial Imperialists
1. Management
a) More difficult
(1) 1763
(2) Shift in imperial design
b) Colonies viewed as trade
c) Opposed acquisition of territory
(1) Argument
(a) Benjamin Franklin
(b) William Pitt
(c) Land of value to empire
(2) End of 7 years war
d) New acquisitions = problems
2. Annexations
a) 1763
b) Area 2x
c) Governing more complex
d) Risked Indian conflict
Willmore 8
e) Restricting settlement
(1) Keep land available
(2) Hunting, trapping
f) Development
(1) Disagreed on control
(2) Contradicting claims of jurisdiction
(3) Problems and pressures
D. Britain’s Staggering War Debt
1. Debt
a) Running out of options
2. Taxes
a) Objections
(1) Merchants
(2) Landlords
3. Troops
a) Added cost to colonies
b) Halfhearted colonial response
4. London
a) Administering taxes
b) Effectively meet needs
E. George III
1. Needed redefinition
2. 1760
a) Death of grandfather
3. Determined
a) Active
b) Responsible
4. Removed from power
a) Coalition of Whigs
(1) Longterm governors
b) Mistrusted
5. Created new ministries
a) Inherently unstable
b) 2 year terms
6. Shortcomings
a) Intellectual, psychological limitations
b) Diseased
(1) Bouts of insanity
c) Immature
d) Personality
(1) Contributed to intransigence
F. Greenville
1. Immediately responsible for problems
2. Prime minister - 1763
3. Brother in law, William Pitt
4. No sympathy
a) American POV
b) Too long indulged
c) Compelled to obey laws
d) Pay part of cost
5. Tried to impose new system
G. The British and the Tribes
1. West
a) Departure of French
b) English settlers, traders
Willmore 9
(1) Move into Ohio Valley
c) Indians objected
d) Alliance of tribes
(1) Ottawa chieftain Pontiac
(2) Stuck back
e) Prevent escalation
(1) Gov. Issued ruling
(2) Proclamation of 1763
(a) Forbid advance beyond Appalachian mountains
H. Proclamation of 1763
1. Appealing
a) London controlled West movements
b) Expansion orderly
c) Indian conflicts limited
(1) Militarily costly
(2) Dangerous
d) Slow population exodus
(1) Away from coast
(a) Important markets
(b) Investments
(2) Land speculation
(3) Fur trading
2. Tribes
a) Not enthusiastic
b) Required to cede more land
c) Supported agreement
(1) Best bargain
d) Cherokee
(1) Hasten drawing of boundary
(2) End white encroachments
e) Improved relations
f) John Stuart
(1) Indian affairs, southern colonies
g) Sir William Johnson
(1) Northern
(2) Sympathetic
(3) Married Mohawk
(4) Played role in American revolution
3. Failure
a) Not even modest expectations
b) Limited land speculation
c) Controlled fur trade
d) Almost completely ineffective
e) Failed to stop white advance
(1) Agreements superseded
(2) Pushed line further west
I. The Colonial Response
1. Grenville
a) Increase authority
(1) More direct
(2) Troops stationed
(3) Mutiny Act
(a) 1765
(b) Colonists req. Assist provisioning, maintaining army
b) Customs service
Willmore 10
(1) Reorganized
(2) Enlarged
c) Manufacturing restricted
(1) Not compete with Britain
J. The Sugar Act
1. 1764
2. Illegal trade
a) Designed to eliminate
(1) Colonies
(a) French, Spanish Indies
3. Raised duty on sugar
4. New vice-admiralty
a) Try accused smugglers
K. Currency Act
1. 1764
2. Stop paper currency
a) Practice during war
3. Retire in circulation
L. Stamp Act
1. 1765
2. Tax on printed documents
a) Newspapers
b) Almanacs
c) Pamphlets
d) Deeds
e) Wills
f) Licenses
M. Reapplication
1. Old principles
a) Mercantilism
2. Highly effective
3. 10x annual revenue
4. Created problems
5. Colonists
a) Resented
b) Difficult to resist effectively
(1) Harbor grievances against each other
(2) Conflicts between societies
(a) Coast
(b) West
i) “Backcountry”
N. Regulator Movement
1. 1771
2. Small-scale civil war
a) North Carolina
3. Farmers
a) Upcountry
b) Opposed high taxes
c) Underrepresented
4. Resisted tax collections by force
5. Suppressed by militia
a) Defeated regulators
6. Exceptional bloodshed
a) Conflicts common
O. Postwar Depression
Willmore 11
1. Restrictions
2. Beginning of economic depression
a) Poured $ into colonies
(1) War
b) Flow stopped
(1) Economic bust
3. Aggravated by taxes
a) Feared doom to economic stagnation
P. Circumvention
1. Around British policies
2. Economic anxieties raised
a) Periodic slumps
b) Large unemployment
Q. Political Consequences of the Grenville Program
1. Political > economic
a) Active interest public affairs
b) Attached to broad powers
(1) Self government
(2) Provincial assemblies
(3) Give/withhold appropriations
2. British challenging power
a) Control over finance
3. Home rule
a) Not something new/different
b) Old, familiar
(1) Desired to keep
V. Stirrings of Revolt
A. The Stamp Act Crisis
1. 1765
2. Antagonizing, unifying colonies
3. Affected all Americas
a) Merchants
b) Lawyers
c) Tavern owners
d) Political leaders
e) Printers
4. Economic burdens
a) Relatively light
b) Stamps inexpensive
5. Obnoxious
a) Immediate cost
b) Precedent set
c) Americans rationalized taxes
(1) Regulate commerce
(2) Traditional imperial duties
6. Direct attempt to raise $$
7. Passed w/o resistance =
a) More burdensome taxation
B. Protest
1. Few believed
a) Grumble, buy stamps
2. VA House of Burgesses
a) “Trumpet of sedition”
b) Aroused Americans
c) Voice of aristocrats
Willmore 12
d) Challenge power of planters
3. Patrick Henry
a) Fame for oratory
b) Defiance of authority
c) Dramatic speech
C. Virginia Resolves
1. Set of resolutions
a) Americans posses same rights as English
b) Taxed only by representatives
2. Many defeated
3. Created militant impression
D. Massachusetts
1. James Otis
a) Intercolonial congress
b) Action against tax
2. Stamp Act Congress
a) New York
b) Nine colonies
c) Petition King, 2 houses parliament
E. Sons of Liberty
1. Crowds
a) Law in own hands
2. Riots
a) Boston
b) Terrorized stamp agents
(1) Hastily resigned
(2) Stamp sales ceased
c) Attacked Thomas Hutchinson
(1) Privately opposed Stamp Act
(2) Supported law
(3) Pillaged house
d) More than opposition to policy
(1) Symbols of affluence
(2) Symbols of authority
(3) Fueled anger
F. Relationship
1. Dangerous moment
a) Crisis subsided
b) England backed down
(1) Economic pressure
(a) Stopped buying English goods
(b) Loss of colonial market
(2) Stories
(a) Unemployment
(b) Poverty
(c) Discontent
G. Parliament Retreats
1. Marquis of Rockingham
a) Succeeded Grenville
b) Prime minister
c) July 1765
d) Appease merchants, colonists
e) Convinced King to end Stamp Act
(1) Parliament repealed
f) Opponents
Willmore 13
(1) Strong
(2) Vociferous
(3) Compelled colonists to obey act
(a) Cease to obey laws
H. The Townshend Program
1. English reaction
a) Less enthusiastic
b) Protested government
(1) Sacrificed landed gentlemen
c) Lead to government tax +
2. Pitt
a) Candidate to lead gov’t
b) Lord Chatham
c) Administration
(1) Charles Townshend
(a) Reckless politician
(b) “The Weathercock”
I. Mutiny Act
1. First challenge
a) Dealing with grievances vs. Parliament
(1) Stamp Act
(a) Failed
(2) Mutiny (Quartering) Act
(a) 1765
(b) Provide quarters, supplies for British troops
i) Considered reasonable requirement
(c) Law assault on liberties
i) Resented mandatory nature
ii) Form of taxation w/o consent
iii) Response: defiance
J. Internal and External Taxes
1. Enforce law
a) Raise revenues
2. 2 measures
a) Disbanded New York Assembly
(1) Until Mutiny Act passed
b) New taxes
(1) Townshend Duties
(2) Various goods imported
(a) Lead
(b) Paint
(c) Paper
(d) Tea
(3) External taxation
3. Failed to satisfy grievances
a) New duties not accepted
4. Massachusetts Assembly
a) Opposed new measures
b) Circulated letter
(1) Urged to oppose
(2) Evoked little response
K. Colonial Boycotts
1. Merchants accustomed to loose enforcement
a) Aggrieved x2
b) Diverting smuggling trade elsewhere
Willmore 14
c) Organized boycott
2. Nonimportation agreement
a) Philadelphia, New York
b) Southern merchants, planters
3. British goods subject to duties
a) Homespun products fashionable
L. Townshend
1. Suddenly died
2. 1767
3. Duties fell to Lord North
a) Repealed duties
(1) Except tea
(2) 1770
M. The Boston Massacre
1. Townsend Duties
a) Never pacified colonial opinion
b) News of repeal took long
2. Event in Massachusetts
a) Colonial resentment
3. Harassment of officials
a) 4 regiments of troops inside city
b) Presence affront to dependence
(1) “British Oppression”
(2) Encountered soldiers
(3) Clashes frequent
4. March 5, 1770
a) Intense skirmish
(1) Workers
(2) Soldiers
b) Dockworkers pelted sentries
(1) Rocks
(2) Snowballs
c) Capt. Thomas Preston
(1) Lined up men
(2) Scuffling
(a) Soldier knocked down
(b) Firing resulted
i) 5 people killed
d) Result of panic, confusion
e) Transformed
(1) Boston Massacre
(2) Symbol of oppression, brutality
N. Samuel Adams
1. Jury of colonists found British guilty of manslaughter
a) Punishment
2. Most effective radical
a) Cousin of John Adams
b) Born 1722
3. Public events
a) Stern moral terms
4. Business failure
a) Political, gov’t positions
O. The Philosophy of Revolt
1. Calm
a) 3 years after Boston Massacre
Willmore 15
2. Crises
a) Arouse enduring challenges
(1) Vs. England
b) Powerful colonial grievances
P. The Tea Excitement
1. Apparent calm
a) Disguised sense of resentment
(1) Heavy handed British enforcement
(2) Navigation Acts
(3) Customs commissioners
(a) Remained
(b) Clumsy
(c) Intrusive
(d) Arrogant
(e) Harassed merchants
(f) Illegal seizures
2. Revolutionary sentiment
a) Writing
b) Talking
c) Dissenting leaflets, pamphlets, books
(1) Circulated widely
d) Gatherings
(1) Discuss politics
(2) Express disenchantment
(a) English policy
e) Not result of intellectuals
(1) Social process
(2) Ordinary people
(a) New ideas
Q. Anger
1. Occasional acts of rebellion
a) British revenue ship seized
(1) Lower Delaware River
b) Boarded Gaspée
(1) Set afire
R. British Response
1. Enflamed American opinion
2. Sent commission to America
a) Sent defendants back for trial
S. Revolutionary fervor
1. New act of parliament
2. Tea Act
a) 1773
b) East India Company
(1) Official monopoly on trade
(a) Far east
(2) Effort to save company
c) Export tea directly to colonies
(1) No tax
(2) Monopolize colonial tea trade
d) Angered colonists
(1) Colonial merchants
(2) Revived passions about taxation
(3) Exemption on duty from Townsend acts
(a) Put merchants at disadvantage
Willmore 16
(4) Boycotted tea
(a) Important event
(b) Large segments of population
(c) Linked colonies together
i) Mass protest
T. Women
1. Significant roles in resistance
2. Mercy Otis Warren
3. Dissident literature
a) Satirical plays
b) Fan colonial resentment
4. Anti-British riots, activities
5. Daughters of Liberty
a) Mocked male counterparts
(1) “Insufficiently militant”
6. Mobilized widely
U. Prevention
1. Plans to keep ships form landing cargo
a) Philadelphia
b) New York
2. Boston
a) Spectacular drama staged
b) 3x 50 men
(1) Dressed as Mohawks
(2) Boarded ships
(3) Broke open tea chests
c) “Tea Party”
(1) Example followed
V. Coercive Acts
1. “Intolerable Acts”
2. Closed port of Boston
3. Reduced powers of gov’t
4. Sparked new resistance
a) Passed resolves supported Mass.
b) Boycotts
(1) Extended
(2) Substitutes
(a) Tea
(b) Textiles
(c) Commodities
VI. Cooperation and War
A. New Sources of Authority
1. Passage
a) Royal government
b) Local level
(1) Autonomy
(a) Strong
c) Extralegal bodies
(1) Emerged semi-spontaneously
(2) Perform functions of gov’t
B. Sons of Liberty
1. Adams organized
2. Source of power
3. Disciplined bands of vigilantes
a) Colonists respected boycotts
Willmore 17
(1) Popular resistance
4. Met with citizens
C. First Continental Congress
1. Committees of correspondence
2. Virginia
a) United action
b) 1774
c) Royal governor dissolved assembly
(1) Session met in tavern
(2) Declared Intolerable Acts menaced liberty
(a) Call of Continental Congress
3. 13 colonies, - Georgia
4. September 1774
a) Carpenters Hall Philadelphia
5. Rejected
a) Joseph Galloway
(1) Like Albany Plan
6. Reaffirmed autonomous status
a) Declared economic war
(1) Win bloodless victory
D. The Conciliatory Propositions
1. Lord Chatham
a) Urged withdrawal of troops
2. Edmund Burke
a) Repeal of Coercive Acts
3. Efforts vain
4. Lord North
a) Won in 1775
b) Conciliatory Propositions
(1) Less conciliatory
5. Colonies not taxed directly
a) At Parliaments demand
b) Too little, too late
6. Did not reach America until after war
E. Lexington and Concord
1. Minutemen
a) Gathering arms, ammunition
b) Training to fight
c) Approved preparations for defensive war
d) Awaited aggressive move
F. General Thomas Age
1. Boston
2. Commanded British garrison
3. Considered army too small
a) Requested reinforcements
b) Resisted less cautious advice
(1) “Americans never dare to fight”
4. Major John Pitcairn
a) Small action
(1) “Set everything to rights”
5. Orders to arrest rebel leaders
a) Sam Adams
b) John Hancock
c) Hesitated
d) Acted to destroy supply of gunpowder
Willmore 18
e) 1000 soldiers
(1) Intended to surprise colonials, seize supplies
(2) Seen by Boston patriots
(a) 2 horsemen
i) William Dawes
ii) Paul Revere
iii) Warned villages, farms
(3) Encountered minutemen
(a) Shots fired
(b) Killed minutemen
(4) Powder supply moved
(5) Attacked by hidden fire
G. Shots heard around the world
1. Fired
2. Inconclusive results
a) Firing first
3. Rallied rebel cause
a) Not immediately clear to British
4. First battles of war
5. War for Independence begun

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi