Summary of Important Formulas and Concepts for the A.P.

Examination

is continuous at x=a if : increases

o exists;
o exists
o
Intermediate value Theorem: If f is continuous Critical points: Where DNE
on [a,b] and , then there exists a c,
a<c<b such that
Definition of the derivative:
;
o
o

,
Displacement =
o =
Total distance travelled =
Average Value:
a(t) = acceleration
v(t) =

If is differentiable at c, then is
Area: A =
continuous at c. (Converse is not necessarily true)
Volume (Disk): V =
, Volume (Washer):
V=
Volume (Shells): V = 2
Volume (Cross-Sections):
Arc Length: L =

Differentials (Tangent Line approximations) Inverse functions:

o

Newton’s Method:
o ;

Rolle’s Theorem: Let f be differentiable on (a, b)

and continuous on [a, b]. If f(a) = f(b) = 0, then
;
there exists at least one point c in (a, b) where
= 0. c;

Mean-Value Theorem: There exists at least one c Second Fundamental Theorem:

(a, b) where:
 Trigonometric Substitutions:

Differential Equations:
o

Work: W =
Infinite Geometric Series:
Hooke’s Law (Springs): F(x) = kx (if |r|<1):a = 1st term, r = common ratio

Trapezoidal Rule (area approximation):

Harmonic Series: : Diverges

P-Series:
Indeterminate Forms:
Converges if p>1, Diverges if 0<p<1
Integral Test: f(x) decreasing, positive-valued,
continuous:

Area (Polar Coordinates):

Ratio Test:
Double-angle formulas:
:
<1, converges; >1, diverges; =1, don’t know
Parametric Equations: , Limit Comparison Test:
: if finite and >0, both series
Arc Length (Parametric Equations):
converge or both series diverge.
Alternating Series Test:

Surface Area ( Parametric Equations):

Maclaurin Series (a=0)

Vectors:
Taylor Series:
r(t) = x(t)i + y(t)j: Position vector
r’(t) = v(t) = x’(t)i + y’(t)j: Velocity vector
Speed = ||v(t)|| =

Integration by Parts:

Good Series to know:

Improper Integrals: if limit is finite, convergent

Converges only if both limits converge