A Mini Project Report on

DESIGN OF AUTOMATIC MAIN GATE CONTROL

SYSTEM IN CORPORATE OFFICES

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the award of

Bachelor of Technology
in
Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Submitted By
Student Name Hall Ticket No.

D.VINAY KUMAR 07K91A0257

P.VINOD KUMAR 07K91A0258

MD.WASIF 07K91A0259

D.UMAMAHESWAR RAO 04K91A0256

___________________________________________________________
Department of Electrical and Electrical Engineering

T.K.R. College of Engineering & Technology

(Accredited by NBA, Approved by AICTE& Affiliated to JNTU, Hyderabad)

Meerpet, Hyderabad.
 This is To Certify That the Mini Project Work Entitled

DESIGN OF AUTOMATIC MAIN GATE CONTROL

SYSTEM IN CORPORATE OFFICES
.Submitted By

Student Name Hall Ticket No.

D.VINAY KUMAR 07K91A0257

P.VINOD KUMAR 07K91A0258

MD.WASIF 07K91A0259

D.UMAMAHESWAR RAO 04K91A0256

Of III B.Tech-II semester as per academic regulation (R-07) of JNTU Hyderabad

In
Electrical and Electronics Engineering
During the year 2009-2010.
PROJECT GUIDE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT EXTERNAL EXAMINER
Mrs.U.Anitha Prof.K.B.Raju
Asst.prof. Prof.& Hod (dept. of EEE)

Department of Electrical and Electrical Engineering

T.K.R. College of Engineering & Technology

(Accredited by NBA, Approved by AICTE& Affiliated to JNTU, Hyderabad)

Meerpet, Hyderabad.
 Harsha Embedded Power Electronics Systems
..... Where knowledge transforms into wisdom

15-142/1 , Sahithi Nest, Flat No.206, Kodanda Rama Nagar, Saroor Nagar.

Phone: +91 09966035655, +91 09395165195

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the following students of T.K.R. COLLEGE OF

ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, Meerpet, Hyderabad, studying in

Electrical and Electrical Engineering branch have completed their mini-project

work titled “DESIGN OF AUTOMATIC MAIN GATE CONTROL

SYSTEM IN CORPORATE OFFICES” in the month of june-2010

successfully in our organization

Student Name Hall Ticket No.

D.VINAY KUMAR 07K91A0257

P.VINOD KUMAR 07K91A0258

MD.WASIF 07K91A0259

D.UMAMAHESWAR RAO 04K91A0256

[Mr. Jakeer Hussain]

DIRECTOR
 Acknowledgement

This report would be incomplete without the mention of those who have directly or
indirectly helped us during the project.

We would like to thank our guide Mrs. U.Anitha Asst.prof.Dept of EEE, department
for her valuable support in various ways .

We express our thanks to our Prof. K.B.Raju, Head of Department, EEE for helping us
in carrying out this project.

We are grateful to our principal and would like to thank Dr T. Srihari, for the
encouragement has given us throughout the study.

We are thankful to our Technical Adviser Mr.Zakir Hussain in completion of this

project work.

We are also thankful to all the teaching and non-teaching staff of our department who
has rendered their cooperation in completion of this project.

Lastly, I would like to thank everyone who has been involved in this progress of the
project, whose contributions, have added a lot of value.
 INDEX

CONTENTS PAGE NO.

ABSTRACT

1. Over View Of Project 1

2. Project Schematic-working Principle 2

• Working principle

• Power supply

• Transformer

• Rectifier

• Voltage Regulator

• Capacitor

• Applications

3. 8051 Microcontroller 13

• Block Diagram

• Introduction

• Pin Diagram

• Interrupts

• Timers/Counters
 • Serial Ports

4. Other Hardware Components 21

• LCD Interfacing

• LED Interfacing

• ULN2003 MC

• STEPPER MOTOR

5. Fabrication Process 31

• Circuit Diagram

• Components Used

• Operation

• Result

6. Conclusion 34

7. Biblography 35
 ABSTRACT

In this modern world of new innovations, automatic main gate control finds a good solution
for security system which are light sturdy and easy to install on new constructions or existing
doors and gate. Automatic main gate control is the concept mainly introduced to find solution to
the employee access in the corporate offices.

This project demonstrates the application of microcontroller AT89C51 with a stepper motor
which both functions jointly in opening and closing of main gate. So, every employee at the time
of joining should register with the control system of entrance. Respective passwords are provided
by administrator to each and every employee.

Our demonstrated project can be upgraded or extended to complex control system of

entrance by employing high processing speed controller. And it can be taken as a base for
introduction of automatic main gate control.
 CHAPTER 1

Overview of the Project

Now-a-days, everywhere in industry is automation. Every process should take care of itself. One
these processes is main gate control of corporate office. In this project we designed a system
which automates the control process of

main gate. It allows only registered people inside and stops the others at entrance only.

Every authorized employee should register with the our entrance control system. Every
registered employee will be given a password. Using employee id and password, every employee
can access the gate. Newly joined employee should register his employee id through
administrator. Administrator assists the employee in the registration and setting a new password.

Block diagram:

LCD Display Unit

Steppe
r
Buzzer
8 Motor
0
5
Key Pad 1 Gate
 1

CHAPTER 2

Project Schematic – Operating Principle

Working Principle:

At the time of entering the office, every employee should enter his emp_id and password. After
authenticated verification, microcontroller AT89C51 activates a stepper motor which in turn
opens a main gate. Every employee at the time of joining the company should register with the
entrance control system using his/her emp_id. Administrator of this system will assist the
employee in getting the password. Using this emp_id and password, every employee can get
access into office.

Project Schematic Diagrams:

Power Supply Kit:

• It gives 5V and 12V DC output voltage from 230V, 50Hz AC input supply.
• The purpose of power supply is that many components in this project requires 12v
and 5v dc supply. For this purpose we require power supply kit.
 • In a power supply, basically, starting with an AC voltage, a steady DC voltage is
obtained by rectifying the AC voltage, then altering to a DC-level by filtering and
finally regulating to obtain a desired fixed dc voltage.
The circuit diagram of power supply kit is shown in fig (a).

Fig (a)

In this kit the 230v AC voltage supply step down to 15v. This 15v AC voltage converted
into DC supply by using full wave diode bridge rectifier. This 15v DC supply is given to voltage
regulators 7812 and 7805. The voltage regulator 7812 gives 12v output voltage and 7805 voltage
regulator gives 5v output voltage. At each stage we require capacitors filtering purpose.

For example a15V regulated supply:

Each of the blocks is described in more detail below:

• Transformer - steps down high voltage AC mains to low voltage AC.

• Rectifier - converts AC to DC, but the DC output is varying.
• Smoothing - smoothes the DC from varying greatly to a small ripple.
• Regulator - eliminates ripple by setting DC output to a fixed voltage.

Power supply circuit consists of following components:

• Printed circuit board(P.C.B.)

• Two-pin connectors
• Fuse-500Ma
• Step down transformer-230/15v,1A
• Switch
• Rectifier (1A) ----WO8M
• Capacitors-(1000, 100, 10) micro farad
• Voltage regulators- 7812, 7805
TRANSFORMER:

Usually, DC voltages are required to operate various electronic equipment and these
voltages are 5V, 9V or 12V. But these voltages cannot be obtained directly. Thus the a.c. input
available at the mains supply i.e., 230V is to be brought down to the required voltage level. This
is done by a transformer. Thus, a step down transformer is employed to decrease the voltage to a
required level. Transformer is a static device which step or step downs the voltage at constant
frequency. Here we are using step down transformer of 230V/15V rating. Transformer mainly
consists of two windings called as primary winding and secondary winding. In step down
transformer number of primary turns is greater than secondary turns.

Here we are giving 230V input supply voltage to primary winding transformer steps down that
input voltage to 15V from we are taking output. This output step down 15V is given to rectifiers.

Rectifier:

The output from the transformer is fed to the rectifier. It converts A.C. into pulsating
D.C. The rectifier may be a half wave or full wave. In this project we are using full wave diode
bridge rectifier is used because of its merits like good stability and full wave rectification.

FULLWAVE DIODE BRIDGE RECTIFIER:-

 As mentioned earlier many components in this project requires DC supply. For this here
we are using full wave bridge diode rectifier. The circuit diagram of full bridge diode rectifier
shown in fig (b). And corresponding input and output waveforms are shown in fig(c).A diode
bridge or bridge rectifier is an arrangement of four diodes in a bridge configuration that provides
the same polarity of output voltage for any polarity of input voltage. When used in its most
common application, for conversion of alternating current (AC) input into direct current (DC)
output, it is known as a bridge rectifier.

A bridge rectifier provides full-wave rectification from a two-wire AC input, resulting in lower
cost and weight as compared to a center-tapped transformer design, but has two diodes drops
rather than one, thus exhibiting reduced efficiency over a center-tapped design for the same
output voltage.
5

FIG (B)
The 230v AC voltage supply is connected to a transformer which steps down that AC voltage to
the 15v for desired DC output voltage. The 15v AC voltage is given to full wave diode bridge
rectifier to convert AC supply into DC supply.

WORKING:-

The block diagram of full wave diode bridge rectifier is shown in fig (b). As shown in
block diagram for positive half cycle of AC supply diodes D2 and D3 is forward biased and
diodes D1 and D4 will be in reverse biased. In forward biased mode diodes acts as short circuit
and in reverse biased mode diodes acts as open circuit. For positive half cycle equivalent circuit
diagram is shown in fig (d)
 For negative half cycle of AC supply the diodes D1 and D4 will be in forward biased
and acts as short circuit and diodes D2 and D3 will be in reverse biased and acts as open circuit.
The equivalent circuit diagram is shown in fig (e).

7
 For positive and negative half cycles of AC supply the current is in only one direction. So
we can say that rectification from AC to DC is done by using full wave diode bridge rectifier.

The rectifier is used to convert A.C. voltage to D.C. voltage of same magnitude. The
rectifier converts 15v A.C. to 15v D.C. but it is not a pure D.C. as it contains ripples. Hence, in
order to make output voltage ripple free, capacitor of 1000micro farad is used (capacitor acts as
filter). As a result of this ripples are reduced to certain extent.

VOLTAGE REGULATORS:

As the name itself implies, it regulates the input applied to it. A voltage regulator is an
electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. Such regulator
does not require any external feedback connections. Hence only three terminals are requiring for
device of such type input, output and ground terminals.

8
 The L78XX series of three terminal voltage regulators are available with output current
up to 1.5A, output voltages of 5; 5.2; 8; 8.5; 9; 12; 15; 18; 24v. Thermal overload protection,
short circuit protection and output transition Soa protection.

DESCRIPTION:

The L7800 series of three terminal positive regulators is available in TO-220

ISOWATT220 TO-3 and D2PAK packages and several fixed output voltages, making it useful in
a wide range of applications. These regulators can provide local on-card regulation, eliminating
the distribution problems associated with single point regulation.

In this project, power supply of 5v and 12v are required. In order to obtain these voltage
levels, 7805 and 7812 three terminal voltage regulators of linear type are to be used. The first
number 78 represents positive supply and the numbers 05, 12 represents the required output
voltage levels.

The DC voltage obtained from rectifier circuit contains some ripples or AC voltage
variations. A voltage regulator circuit can use this DC input to provide DC voltage that not only
has much less ripple voltage but also remains almost the same DC value even if the input DC
voltage varies some what or the load connected to the output DC voltage changes. This voltage
regulated is usually obtained by using one of a number of popular voltage regulator IC units.
Here we are using IC7812 for 12v and IC7805 for 5v DC supply. The main purpose voltage
regulators are to give constant DC output voltage.
 9

FEATURE:

 Output voltage up to 1.5 amperes.

 Output voltages of 5, 5.2, 8, 8.5, 9, 12, 15, 18,24v.
 Thermal overload protection.
 Short circuit protection.
 Output transition Soa protection

VOLTAGE RANGE:

 LM7805C 5V
 LM7812C 12V
CAPACITORS:

As mentioned earlier the rectified DC voltage contains some ripples or AC voltage

variation. To eliminate this ripples capacitors are used which acts as filters. This filters or
eliminates the ripples or AC voltage variation. At rectifier output we are using 1000UF capacitor
at IC7812 we are using 100UF capacitor and at IC 7805 we are using 10UF capacitors.

In practical circuit, when a capacitor is directly connected to the output of a bridge, the bridge
diodes must be sized to withstand the current surge that occurs when the power is turned on at
the peak of the AC voltage and the capacitor is fully discharged.

10

Sometimes a small series resistor is included before the capacitor to limit this current, though in
most applications the power supply transformer’s resistance is already sufficient.

Output can also be smoothed using a choke and second capacitor. The choke tends to
keep the current (rather than the voltage) more constant. Due to the relatively high cost of an
effective choke compared to a resistor and capacitor this is not employed in modern equipment.

CAPACITOR TYPES:

Practical capacitors are available commercially in many different forms. The type of internal
dielectric, the structure of the plates and the device packaging all strongly affect the
characteristics of the capacitor, and its applications.

Values available range from very low (picofarad range; while arbitrarily low values are in
principle possible, stray (parasitic) capacitance in any circuit is the limiting factor) to about 5 kF
super capacitors.

Above approximately 1 microfarad electrolytic capacitors are usually used because of their
small size and low cost compared with other technologies, unless their relatively poor stability,
life and polarised nature make them unsuitable. Very high capacity super capacitors use a porous
carbon-based electrode material.

APPLICATIONS:

Capacitors have many uses in electronic and electrical systems. They are so common that it is
a rare electrical product that does not include at least one for some purpose.
 12

CHAPTER 3

8051 MICRO CONTROLLER

 13

INTRODUCTION:

The Intel 8051 is a Harvard architecture, single chip microcontroller (µC) which
was developed by Intel in 1980 for use in embedded systems. Intel's original versions
were popular in the 1980s and early 1990s, but has today largely been superseded by a
vast range of faster and/or functionally enhanced 8051-compatible devices manufactured
by more than 20 independent manufacturers including Atmel, Infineon
Technologies (formerly Siemens AG), Maxim Integrated Products (via its
Dallas subsidiary), NXP (formerly Atmel Semiconductor), Nuvoton (formerly Win
bond), ST Microelectronics, Silicon Laboratories (formerly Cygnal), Texas
Instruments and Cypress. Intel's official designation for the 8051 family of µCs is MCS
51.

Intel's original 8051 family was developed using NMOS technology, but later
versions, identified by a letter “c” in their name, e.g., 80c51, used CMOS technology and
were less power-hungry than their NMOS predecessors. This made them more suitable
for battery-powered devices.
 14

PIN DIAGRAM:

The 89c51RD2xx is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with

4K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (EPROM).The device is
manufactured using Philips high-density non volatile memory technology and is compatible with
industry-standard MCS-51 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program
memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional non volatile memory programmer.

15

By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the P89C51RD2xx
is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to
many embedded control applications.

Features:

1. Compatible with MCS-51 Products

2. 4k byte of in system reprogrammable flash memory Endurance: 1000 Write/Erase
Cycles.
3. Fully Static Operation: 0Hz to 24MHz
4. 128 x 8- bit Internal RAM
5. 32 Programmable I/O Lines

INTERRUPTS:

The P89C51 provides 5 interrupt sources. The External Interrupts INT0 and INT1 can
each be either level-activated or transition-activated, depending on bits IT0 and IT1 in Register
TCON. The flags that actually generate these interrupts are bits IE0 and IE1 in TCON. When an
external interrupt is generated, the flag that generated it is cleared by the hardware when the
service routine is vectored to only if the interrupt was transition-activated. If the interrupt was
level-activated, then the external requesting source is what controls the request flag, rather than
the on-chip hardware.

The Timer0 and Timer 1 Interrupts are generated by TF0 and TF1, which are set by a

rollover in their respective Timer/Counter registers (except see Timer0 in Mode3). When a timer

interrupt is generated, the flag that generated it is cleared by the on-chip hardware when the

service routine is vectored to.

 The Serial Port Interrupt is generated by the logical OR of RI and TI. Neither of these

flags is cleared by hardware when the service routine is vectored to.

16

In fact, the service routine will normally have to determine whether it was RI or TI that

generated the interrupt, and the bit will have to be cleared in software.

All of the bits that generate interrupts can be set or cleared by software, with the same

result as thought it had been set or cleared by hardware. This is, interrupts can be generated or

pending interrupts can be cancelled in software.

Each of these interrupt sources can be individually enabled or disabled by setting or

clearing a bit in Special Function Register IE. IE also contains a global disable bit, EA, which

disables all interrupts at once.

TIMERS/COUNTERS:

Timer Set-Up:

The tables below give some values for TMOD which can be used to set up Timer

0 and Timer 1 in different modes. It is assumed that only one timer is being used at a time. If it is

desired to run Timers 0 and 1 simultaneously, in any mode the value in the TMOD for timer 0

must be O Red with value shown for Timer 1. For example, if it is desired to run Timer 0 in

mode 1 GATE (external control), and Timer 1 in mode 2 COUNTER, then value that must be

loaded into TMOD is 69H (09H from the table for Timer0, O Red with 60H from the table for

Timer 1).
 Moreover, it is assumed that the user, at this point, is not ready to turn the timers

on and will do that at a different point in the program by setting bit TRx (in TCON) to

17

1.

TIMER/COUNTER 0

As a Timer:

Mode Function TMOD (internal control) TMOD (external control)

0 13-bit Timer 00H 08H

1 16-bit Timer 01H 09H

2 8-bit Auto-Reload 02H 0AH

3 Two 8-bit Timers 03H 0BH

As a Counter:

Mode Function TMOD (internal control) TMOD (external control)

0 13-bit Counter 04H 0CH

1 16-bit Counter 05H 0DH

2 8-bit Auto-Reload 06H 0EH

3 One 8-bit Counter 07H 0FH

 18

TIMER/COUNTER 1

As a Timer:

Mode Function TMOD (internal control) TMOD (external control)

0 13-bit Timer 00H 80H

1 16-bit Timer 10H 90H

2 8-bit Auto-Reload 20H A0H

3 Does not run 30H B0H

As a Counter

Mode Function TMOD (internal control) TMOD (external control)

0 13-bit Counter 40H C0H

1 16-bit Counter 50H D0H

2 8-bit Auto-Reload 60H A0H

3 Not available --- ---

19

SERIAL PORTS:

The serial port is full duplex, meaning it can transmit and receive
simultaneously. It is also receive-buffered, meaning it can commence reception of a second byte
before a previously received byte has been read form the register. (However, if the first byte still
hasn’t been read by the time reception of the second byte is complete, one of the bytes will be
lost.) The serial port receive and transmit registers are both accessed at Special Function Register
SBUF. Writing to SBUF loads the transmit register, and reading SBUF accesses a physically
separate receive register.

The serial port can operate in 4 modes:

Mode 0: Serial data enters and exits through RxD. TxD outputs the shift clock. 8 bits are
transmitted/received (LSB first). The baud rate is fixed at 1/12th oscillator frequency.

Mode 1: 10 bits are transmitted (through TxD) or received (through RxD): a start bit (0), 8 data
bits (LSB first), and a stop bit (1). On receive; the stop bit goes into RB8 in Special Function
Register SCON. The baud rate is variable.

Mode 2: 11 bits are transmitted (through TxD) or received (through RxD): start bit (0), 8 data
bits (LSB first), a programmable 9th data bit, and a stop bit (1). On transmit, the 9th data bit (TB is
SCON) can be assigned the value of 0 or 1. Or, for example, the parity bit (P, in the PSW) could
be moved into TB8. On receive; the 9th data bit goes into RB8 in Special Function Register
SCON, while the stop bit is ignored. The baud rate is programmable to either 1/32 or 1/64th
oscillator frequency
Mode 3: 11 bits are transmitted (through TxD) or received (through RxD): a start bit (0), 8 data
bits (LSB first), a programmable 9th data bit, and a stop bit (1). In fact, Mode 3 is the same as
Mode2 in all aspects except baud rate. The baud rate in Mode 3 is variable.

SMOD =0, Baud Rate = 1/64 Oscillation Freq.

20

CHAPTER 4

4.Other Hardware Components

LCD INTERFACING:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
 21

To display any character on LCD micro controller has to send its ASCII value to the data
bus of LCD. For e.g. to display 'AB' microcontroller has to send two hex bytes 41h and 42h
respectively.LCD display used here is having 16x2 size. It means 2 lines each with 16character.
 Pin Information of LCD:

Algorithm to send data to LCD:

1.Make R/W low

2.Make RS=0 ;if data byte is command

RS=1 ;if data byte is data (ASCII value)

3.Place data byte on data register

4.Pulse E (HIGH to LOW)

5.Repeat the steps to send another data byte

22

LCD Initialization:

This is the pit fall for beginners.Proper working of LCD depend on the how the LCD is
initialized. We have to send few command bytes to initialize the lcd. Simple steps to initialize the
LCD
1. Specify function set: Send 38H for 8-bit,double line and 5x7 dot character format.

2. Display On-Off control: Send 0FH for display and blink cursor on.

3.Entry mode set: Send 06H for cursor in increment position and shift is invisible.

4. Clear display: Send 01H to clear display and return cursor to home position.

Addresses of cursor position for 16x2 HD44780 LCD:

line1 80H 81H 82H 83H 84H 85H 86H 87H 88H 89H 8AH 8BH 8CH 8DH 8EH 8FH

line2 C0H C1H C2H C3H C4H C5H C6H C7H C8H C9H CAH CBH CCH CDH CEH CFH

23

LED INTERFACING:

This section describes how to interface an LED to the microcontroller AT89C51/52 to flash.
 The circuit explains how to connect an LED to the Microcontroller, the program to flash
an LED connected to port 1.4 using the CPL instruction.

24
Enough current flows to make the LED light up, but not so much that the LED is damaged. Later
in this Chapter, you will find out how to calculate a suitable value for this resistor.

The 'box' symbol for a fixed resistor is popular in the UK and Europe. A 'zig-zag' symbol is used
in America and Japan:

Resistors are used with transducers to make sensor subsystems. Transducers are electronic
components which convert energy from one form into another, where one of the forms of energy
is electrical. A light dependent resistor, or LDR, is an example of an input transducer.
Changes in the brightness of the light shining onto the surface of the LDR result in changes in its
resistance. As will be explained later, an input transducer is most often connected along with a
resistor to to make a circuit called a potential divider. In this case, the output of the potential
divider will be a voltage signal which reflects changes in illumination.

25

Example: Circuit symbol:

Function:

LEDs emit light when an electric current passes through them.

Connecting and soldering:

LEDs must be connected the correct way round, the diagram may be labelled
a or + for anode and k or - for cathode (yes, it really is k, not c, for cathode!).
The cathode is the short lead and there may be a slight flat on the body of
round LEDs. If you can see inside the LED the cathode is the larger electrode
(but this is not an official identification method).

LEDs can be damaged by heat when soldering, but the risk is small unless you are very slow. No
special precautions are needed for soldering most LEDs.

STEPPER MOTOR:

26

INTRODUCTION TO STEPPER MOTOR

Motion Control, in electronic terms, means to accurately control the movement of an object
based on either speed, distance, load, inertia or a combination of all these factors. There are
numerous types of motion control systems, including; Stepper Motor, Linear Step Motor, DC
Brush, Brushless, Servo, Brushless Servo and more. This document will concentrate on Step
Motor technology.

In Theory, a Stepper motor is a marvel in simplicity. It has no brushes, or contacts. Basically it's
a synchronous motor with the magnetic field electronically switched to rotate the armature
magnet around.

A Stepping Motor System consists of three basic elements, often combined with some type of
user interface (Host Computer, PLC or Dumb Terminal):

The Indexer (or Controller) is a microprocessor capable of generating step pulses and direction
signals for the driver. In addition, the indexer is typically required to perform many other
sophisticated command functions.

The Driver (or Amplifier) converts the indexer command signals into the power necessary to
energize the motor windings. There are numerous types of drivers, with different
current/amperage ratings and construction technology. Not all drivers are suitable to run all
motors, so when designing a Motion Control System the driver selection process is critical.

The Step Motor is an electromagnetic device that converts digital pulses into mechanical shaft
rotation. Advantages of step motors are low cost, high reliability, high torque at low speeds and a
simple, rugged construction that operates in almost any environment. The main disadvantages in
using a step motor is the resonance effect often exhibited at low speeds and decreasing torque
with increasing speed.

Types of Stepper Motor:

A stepper motor is a motor controlled by a series of electromagnetic coils. The center shaft has a
series of magnets mounted on it, and the coils surrounding the shaft are alternately given current
or not, creating magnetic fields which repulse or attract the magnets on the shaft, causing the
motor to rotate.This design allows for very precise control of the motor: by proper pulsing, it can
be turned in very accurate steps of set degree increments (for example, two-degree increments,
half-degree increments, etc.). They are used in printers, disk drives, and other devices where
precise positioning of the motor is necessary.

27

There are two basic types of stepper motors, unipolar steppers and bipolar steppers.
Unipolar Stepper Motors

The unipolar stepper motor has five or six wires and four coils (actually two coils divided by
center connections on each coil). The center connections of the coils are tied together and used as
the power connection. They are called unipolar steppers because power always comes in on this
one pole.

Bipolar stepper motors

The bipolar stepper motor usually has four wires coming out of it. Unlike unipolar steppers,
bipolar steppers have no common center connection. They have two independent sets of coils
instead. You can distinguish them from unipolar steppers by measuring the resistance between
the wires. You should find two pairs of wires with equal resistance. If you’ve got the leads of
your meter connected to two wires that are not connected (i.e. not attached to the same coil), you
should see infinite resistance (or no continuity).

Like other motors, stepper motors require more power than a microcontroller can give them, so
you’ll need a separate power supply for it. Ideally you’ll know the voltage from the
manufacturer, but if not, get a variable DC power supply, apply the minimum voltage (hopefully
3V or so), apply voltage across two wires of a coil (e.g. 1 to 2 or 3 to 4) and slowly raise the
voltage until the motor is difficult to turn. It is possible to damage a motor this way, so don’t go
too far. Typical voltages for a stepper might be 5V, 9V, 12V, 24V. Higher than 24V is less
common for small steppers, and frankly, above that level it’s best not to guess.

28

To control the stepper, apply voltage to each of the coils in a specific sequence. The sequence
would go like this:\
 Step wire 1 wire 2 wire 3 wire 4
1 High Low high low
2 low High high low
3 low High low high
4 high Low low high

However, if you do not have an equivalent diagram for the motor you want to use, you can make
a resistance chart to decipher the mystery connections. There is a 13 ohm reistance between the
center-tap wire and each end lead, and 26 ohms between the two end leads. Wires originating
from seperate coils are not connected, and therefore would not read on the ohm meter.

29

STEPPER MOTOR CONNECTOR

PIN CONNECTION OF ULN2003 MC:

30

CHAPTER 5
 5.Fabrication Process

Circuit digram:

Power supply kit:

31
a Key-pad circuit: To enter employee id and passwords.
 b. LCD display unit: To display the information over LCD.

c. Stepper motor: It opens and closes the main gate.

d. Microcontroller circuit: AT89C51 information.

OPERATION:

At the time of entering the office, every employee should enter his emp_id and password. After
authenticated verification, microcontroller AT89C51 activates a stepper motor which in turn
opens a main gate. Every employee at the time of joining the company should register with the
entrance control system using his/her emp_id. Administrator of this system will assist the
employee in getting the password. Using this emp_id and password, every employee can get
access into office.

6.2 COMPONENTS USED:

COMPONENTS SPECIFICATION QUANTITY

1.Resistors 1kΩ 01

10kΩ 12

2. PCB ---- 01

3. IC’s ULN2003 01

4. LED’s ---- 01

Red ---- 01

5. Micro controller 8051 01

6. Capacitor 10µf 02

100µf 02

33pf 02

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 7. Push button ---- 12

9. Crystal oscillator 11.529mhz 01

10. Transistors DC549 01

11. Digital display ---- 01

12. Transformer 230/15v,500mA 01

13. Fuse 1Amp 01

RESULT:

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 Chapter 6

CONCLUSIONS

The proposed project we designed is demonstrated successfully. This idea can be extended to
sophisticated control with much more accuracy by adding high processing speed controller.

34
 Chapter 7

BIBLOGRAPHY:
The following is the list of study material referred while designing, developing and
fabrication the project work.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. The 8051 Micro controller and embedded systems by Mazidi.

2. The 8051 Micro controller Architecture, programming & Applications by
Kenneth J.Ayala.
3. Atmel 89C51 data sheets.
Journals:

1. Electronics for you

2. Electronics today
3. Electronics design
Websites:

1. www.library.thinkquest.com
2. www.atmel.com
3. www.nationalsemiconductors.com

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