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CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The project is about the reinforcement of Electricity Power

Supply and Installation of 1 NO. 300KVA, 11KV/415V
Transformer at Onicha-Ugbo in Aniocha North Local
Government Area of Delta State at the cost of five million
nine hundred and forty-nine thousand twenty naira seventy
kobo (N5,949,020.70k). My work as an Electrical Engineer
attached to Onicha-Ugbo in Aniocha North Local Government
Area is to go for survey on areas that have made request for
reinforcement of electricity power supply or those areas that
do not have electricity power supply. I visited the Onicha-
Ugbo community on request for reinforcement of Electricity
power supply by the indigenes.

On getting to the areas concerned, feasibility studies which

covers where the transformer can be installed suitably is put
into consideration. The distance from the existing High
Tension Overhead (OH) line is also considered. The case of
installing a 300KVA, 11/.415KV transformer at Onicha-Ugbo
covers a distance of five hundred (500) meters for the High
Tension Overhead (OH) lines.

1.1 SCOPE OF WORK

The scope of work for the project includes (i) construction of

11kv High Tension Overhead lines and low tension lines (ii)
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Installation of 300KVA,11KV/415V transformer substation (iii)

Inspection and testing.

1.2 DELIMITATION OF THE REPORT

This report is restricted to Delta North Senatorial District of

Delta State. While in some areas that are waterlogged,
details cannot be given as Delta North Senatorial District is
not known to be waterlogged. Onicha_Ugbo town is taken
into consideration and the scope is limited to only a small
part of Delta State.

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE TECHNICAL REPORT

At the end of the exercise the technical report exposed the

reader to the operation of various components used in the
reinforcement of electricity power supply and installation of
transformers. The technical report will also serve as a
teaching aid on the basic principles of installation of
transformers.

The need for the report became necessary since one of the
criteria for Chartership in the engineering profession is to
give a small technical report on one’s experience within few
years of practical application of engineering teachings,
therefore, my work experience.
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DESIGN CRITERIA/METHODOLOGY APPLIED ON THE

PROJECTS

In carrying out the design for reinforcement of electricity

power supply in Onicha-Ugbo, the following considerations,
criteria and methods were put into use.

2.0 Survey / Drawing/Design

2.1 Survey

Survey of the area is done by taking note of existing High

tension/low tension lines. There may be need to extend the
high tension only or with low tension lines running across it.
Then I will find out the best option in taking electricity to that
point that is in need. The mapping out of the area for the
transformer substation is also covered in the survey. The
distance of the high tension line is measured locally by
taking each step as one metre and in every forty-five steps a
span of low tension line is concluded while by taking a step
of seventy a span of high tension line is concluded. Metre
tape can be used if available and naming of street is made in
the survey for better accuracy and if the distance is much,
the car speedometer can be initialized while the distance is
recorded at the point where the distance covers.

2.2 DRAWING / DESIGN

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In drawing, we represent the low tension lines, high tension

lines, transformer, streets, roads and necessary guide that
can lead one to install as designed. The representation
covers both existing and proposed lines as shown in the
design figure I. The legend will surely show how/where the
poles are to be placed and where the transformers are to be
installed. The span for low tension line is forty-five metres
while for high tension lines outside the town is seventy
metres. At every ten spans, there exists an interpole or H-
pole with four stay-wires with each pole having three pin
insulators and four shackle insulators and steel galvanized
cross arm.

The conductor for high tension and low tension is 100mm2

AAC/ACSR Aluminium conductor wire. The height of the High
tension pole is 10.4 m while … will be buried. The height of
the low tension is 8.5m while will be buried. Concrete poles
as support were used in the installation.

2.3 CONNECTIONS (SUBSTATION)

The following connections were done at the substation. The

H-pole must be mounted at the substation. The H-pole will
bear the two or more channel iron, the lightening arrestor
and J&P fuses. The 35mm2 x 3HT dropper cable runs from
the 11KV over head (OH) High Tension line to the primary or
high voltage side of the 300KVA, 11KV/415V transformer.
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The 300mm2 x 1PVC/SWA/PVC (U/G) cable will run from the

secondary or low voltage side of the transformer and linking
up to the feeder pillar. The provision for the feeder pillar is
800A 4-way and the up-riser cable of 150mm2 x 4LT will now
distribute to the 4-wire Low Tension (LT) lines. The
schematic representation of this section is as shown in
fig.ii, fig.iii and fig.iv,

The high tension overhead is made up of 10.4m concrete

pole, steel galvanized cross arms, channel iron, tie straps,
pin insulators, disc insulator and j-hooks, clamps, clevis. The
high tension overhead pole has three pin insulators and for
every ten (10) poles of HT line, two poles are mounted (H-
pole) which will bear the steel galvanized channel iron. The
tie straps support the steel galvanized cross arms. Eighteen
number disc insulators are used for 33KV line where there is
only one section while six number disc insulator will be
adequate where there is only one section for 11KV line.
Danger plates are mounted on every high tension overhead
pole. Anti-climbers of 3 meter per pole is also placed around
the pole. Every high tension pole should be earthed. The j-
hooks, clamps, clevis should be the anchor for the disc
insulator.

2.5 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

The setting up of a high tension line that goes with a

transformer involves huge amount of money. Therefore,
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there is need to protect the transformer network. The

provision made by the use of J&P fuses, lightening arrestors
and aerial line isolator (especially for 33KV overhead line) go
a long way in protecting the transformer network.

EARTHING

Earthing is done to limit the potential (with respect to the

general mass of the earth) of current-carrying conductors
forming part of the system, and non-current carrying metal
work associated with equipment, apparatus and appliances
connected to the system.

The sizes of earthing and bonding connections should be

based on the following; High Voltage steel work earth lead or
bonding – to be suitable for each fault currents of the H.V.
system typical conductor requirements for 11KV are as
follows:

Since the project in question is ground mounted substations

– earth leads 32mm2 (3/3.75mm2) copper conductor, bonding
connections 25mm x 3mm copper strip or 25mm x 6mm
aluminium strip. The MV neutral shall be connected to earth
electrodes at or near the substation and to any metallic
sheath and armouring of the MV distributors. The combined
value for these electrodes should not exceed 10 ohms. The
HV steel work earth electrodes provided for this purpose
should be capable of passing a fault current of at least twice
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the value required to operate the line protection equipment.

The maximum resistance of these electrodes should not
exceed 70 ohms.

In general, earthing is done on the transformer, feeder pillar

and the conductors. The trenches dug in order to bring the
earth pole are of four / three holes measuring 5ft x 5ft for
the transformer, 4ft x 4ft for the feeder pillar, conductors
and lightening arrestors.

CHAPTER THREE

DESCRIPTION OF MATERIALS AND RATING

3.0 LINE CONDUCTORS – Material Sizes and Stranding

The line conductors for new distribution systems shall

preferably be aluminium or ACSR (Aluminium Copper Steel
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Reinforced) of appropriate size as recommended below.

Copper line conductors shall be used for maintenance
purposes only where copper lines already exist. Copper
conductors will, however, continue to be required for special
purposes such as drop leads to equipment, earthing etc. The
recommended conductors for the project are shown in the
following table:

Copper or To B.S. 215 ACSR

copper part 1 1970
equivalent to
B.S. 125 1970
Metric Metric Curren Area Stranding
t metric
AL (mm) Steel
rating
(mm)
35mm2 50mm2 181A - - -

70mm2 100m 271A 50mm2 6/3.35 1/3.35

m2
346A 100mm 6/4.72 7/1.57
2
150m
m2

The neutral conductor shall be of the same size as the

phase conductor. The normal arrangement of conductors
for a three phase, 4-wire from top to bottom shall be as
follows:
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Red phase no. 1

Yellow phase no. 2

Blue phase no. 3

Neutral no. 4

3.1 MINIMUM HEIGHT OF CONDUCTORS

The lowest conductor (neutral) on the pole shall not be less

height above ground level at any point, after adjusting for
the increased sag at 150oF (65 C), than

Over roads and streets - 5.5m

Along roads or over other places accessible to vehicular

traffic -4.91m

Over places normally accessible to pedestrian traffic only

-4.30m

3.2 LENGTH OF SPAN

The standard span of 45 metres shall be regarded as normal

for spans over 45 meters, the high tension overhead line
span may be considered up to 70m outside town.

3.3 SUPPORTS
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The approved poles are pre-stressed, reinforced concrete

poles of 10.4m (34ft) for high tension pole and 8.6m (28ft)
for low tension pole.

3.4 INSULATORS

Insulators shall be of brown porcelain or of toughened glass

3.5 STAYS

Stay wire shall be of 4/8 S.W.G and 7/8 S.W.G galvanized

steel strand of 45 ton quality and shall comply with B.S 183
as applicable. Please see fig v.

3.6 RODS

Stay rods shall be galvanized steel and comply with the

requirement shown in fig.vi.

3.7 GROUND MOUNTED TRANSFORMER

The substation shall be fenced using block and cement. The

substation compound shall be surfaced with crushed stone,
graded 1 ½ “ down and finished with a ¾ ” nominal size
stone chippings. The transformer plinth and foundation of
the feeder pillar shall be taken through the topsoil with a
minimum (150mm) depth of mix concrete. This may be
increased when necessary to good load bearing ground.
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3.8 SUBSTATION EQUIPMENT – TRANSFORMER

The transformer is oil-immersed, naturally cooled (typed On)

suitable in all respects for outdoor operations, three phase
11000/415 volts, 300KVA. The schematic representation of
this section is as shown in fig. vii, fig. viii and fig. ix.

Transformer is a static electromagnetic apparatus which

transforms one alternating current system into another with
different voltage and current levels, but of the same
frequency. Transformers are designed in various forms for
different applications, some of these are:

a. Power transformers used for the transmission and

distribution of electric power.

b. Instrument transformers – used for connecting

instruments for the measurement of current and voltage.

c. Radio transformers – used in radio and electronic circuit.

INSULATOR: A device that opposes the flow of current and

does introduce resistance into the circuit e.g, sand, paper
etc.

CONDUCTOR: A device that allows the flow of current and

does not introduce any resistance to it. E.g, copper,
aluminium, steel etc.

SPAN: The span is the horizontal distance between two

adjacent supports.
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INTERMEDIATE POLE: AN intermediate pole is a pole on

which the conductors are supported on pin insulators.

SECTION POLE: A section pole for the purpose of this

specification is an ‘H’ pole inserted into the line where
additional strengthening is required, stayed both ways in the
direction of the line of route and with the conductors made
off on tension insulation on each side.

BONDING WIRE: The bonding wire is a conductor connecting

together metal components.

EARTHING WIRE: A conductor connecting components or a

bonding wire to an earth electrode.

CHAPTER FOUR

THE BILL OF ENGINEERING MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION /

TESTING OF FINISHED PROJECT

4.0 THE BILL OF ENGINEERING MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION

Herein referred to as BEME is a document showing the

materials and quantity of materials with their local costing in
one’s currency or international currency and at the back
cover, the total cost for the execution of the Engineering job.
Please see fig.x,xi,xii,xiii and fig.xiv for the enclosure of
BEME for the reinforcement of electricity power supply at
Onicha-Ugbo in Aniocha North of Delta State.
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In the case of my area of work, the costing for survey, high

tension line materials, high tension overheads labour,
substation materials, substation labour, transportation of
materials, contingency, amount allowed for Ministry of
Mines, Power and steel and PHCN pre-commissioning testing
fees and connection to PHCN National Grid and value added
tax of 5%. This BEME is only restricted as a presentation
from the Department of Electricity Power supply, Ministry of
Energy, Asaba.

My job entails designing the high tension (HT) overhead

lines, low tension (LT) overhead lines, township distribution
network (TDN) lines, the installation of transformers
(transformer substation).

4.1 TESTING

All pre-commissioning and commissioning tests in

substations are the responsibility of PHCN and Federal
Ministry of Energy. My department carries out supervision
and inspection of electrical projects. The following write-up
describes some of the tests to be performed but the actual
test figures may vary.

Overall Requirements

i. High voltage test shall be conducted in accordance

with PHCN safety rules (distribution).
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ii. The insulation level of the equipment under test shall

be measured by means of a constant voltage insulation
level set e.g, a “megger” before and after the
application of a high voltage test

iii. The application of a high voltage test to any item of

equipment shall be recorded in a “Record of High
Voltage Test” form. Please see fig. xv-xix for the
enclosure of test results.

4.2 MATHEMATICS OF DERIVATION OF VALUE FOR BEME

In below column is a little mathematics that will throw more

light on the derivation for High Tension and Low Tension
values for materials used in the design.

Taking the case of the project into consideration that is the

reinforcement of electricity power supply and installation of
2 no. 300 KVA 11KV/415V transformer S/S at Illah, we have:

H.T Material

The distance for high tension is 500 meters for the second
transformer while the first is a direct dropping. The five
hundred meter will cover about eleven (11) poles of high
tension. Note that for every ten poles, there is a section of
two poles. This will make a total of twelve (12) poles. In this
case two extra poles are used to tie-off the high tension line
for the first transformer dropping. The twelve poles plus the
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two poles will make a total of fourteen (14) poles. To derive

for cross arm, use the formula as:

Cross arms = Total No. of poles – (section x 2). The total no.
of poles here is 12 poles.

Therefore, cross arm = 12 – (section x 2)

= 12 – 2 = 10

Channel Iron = section x 2

Two section exist in this case, therefore, 2 x 2 = 4

Tie straps = Total no. of poles – no. of section = 12-2 = 10

Pin insulation = 3 x cross arm + 2 x no. of section

= 3 x 10 + 2 x 2 = 34

Disc insulator length = No. of span x 3 x distance of one

span

= 10 x 3 x 50 = 1.5km = 1.6 km for sagging.

Danger plate = no. of poles = 14

Anti-climber device (barbed wire) = 3meters x no. of poles

= 3 x 14 = 42 meters.

Stay assembly (complete) = no. of conductor stringing = 12

Earthing system complete with soil treatment

= total no. of pole – ½ (no. of section) + 1

= 14 – ½ (4) = 12
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Aerial line isolator, complete handle pole and H.T.

accessories = no. of substation

This is mostly used for 33KV overhead lines

LT Earthing = No. of Poles (not applicable)

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HT Earthing = No. of Poles – section

= 14 – 2 = 12

CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION, PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED, RECOMMENDATION AND
APPENDICES
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5.0 PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED

It must be stated here that a little problem was encountered
in the course of the project. Solution was also proffered
hence the installation work was a success. The problem was
due to the earthing. From the test the earth resistance was
very high (above 20 ohms) which was not acceptable

Moreover, the earthing was improved by bringing the high

resistance to an acceptable level with connection of more
earth rod and earth mat at different nearby position properly
linked with 70mm copper wire.

Another problem that was experienced in the process of

preparing the certificate for the payment of the project, is
the delay in pre-commissioning test by PHCN and Federal
Ministry of Energy.

5.1 RECOMMENDATION

i. Proper earthing network should be put in place

especially at substation in order to protect the entire
network

ii. PHCN and Federal Ministry of Energy should respond

quickly to pre-commissioning test

5.2 CONCLUSION

The electrification project of Onicha-Ugbo village was

satisfactorily completed. I ensured the use of standard
materials. For the installation, with earthing and protective
devices put in place to achieve the maximum performance
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of the installed transformers. The voltage level at the

consumer end was between 220V – 230V at frequency of
50hz at the time of completion.