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Generator
• Electrical energy is produced by using a generator in the power station.
• A generator can also be called as an alternator or dynamo.
• Generators convert mechanical energy into electrical energy.
i. Thermal generator
a. Fossil fuels such as petroleum, natural gas and coal are
burned in a boiler to produce steam.
b. The steam, which is produced under high pressure, is
channeled through pipes and valves from the boiler to rotate
a steam turbine.
c. The turbine rotates at high speed and this causes the
generator to produce electrical energy.
d. Steam from the turbine is then channeled to the condenser
where the steam is cooled down with sea water to become
water again.
e. The water is returned to the boiler to go through the process
again
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iv. Nuclear power plants
a. Large amount of heat energy produced by nuclear fission in the reactor is used to convert water into steam
b. The steam produced turns the steam turbine to drive a generator to generate electrical energy.
c. It is expensive to build a nuclear power plant.
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Alternative Sources of Energy
1. Cogeneration is a technology which involves the generation of several types of energy such as heat and electrical
energy simultaneously from one energy source, such as biomass.
2. The decomposition of rubbish and animal faeces produce methane gas and alcohol.
3. Solar cells can convert light energy to electrical energy.
4. Photovoltaic cells are the quickest and cheapest method of supplying electrical energy to remote
households.
5. Wind energy , wave energy and geothermal energy can also be used to rotate turbines connected to generator
2. Transformers
1. Transformers are used to change the voltage of
alternating current.
2. A basic transformer consists of two sets of insulated coil
windings on opposite sides of a soft coil.
a. The core is constructed of many layers of thin iron
called laminations.
b. The primary coil is the wire coil that connected to the
input voltage.
c. The secondary coil is the wire coil that connected to
the electrical load
3. When alternating current flows through the primary coil, a
continually changing magnetic field is created and thus
induce a flow of current in the secondary coil.
4. The output voltage produced in the secondary coil
depends on
a. the input voltage
b. The number of turns of the primary coil and secondary coil.
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Step-up transformers
a. A step -up transformer has more turns in the secondary coil than in the primary coil.
b. The secondary voltage will be higher than the primary voltage.
Step-down transformers
a. A step-down transformer has more turns in primary coil than in the secondary coil.
b. The secondary voltage will be lower than the primary voltage.
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ELECTRICAL POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
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8. The voltage required for various sectors:
a. Heavy industries
b. Small industries 11 kV
c. Shops and office 415 V
d. Residential area 240 V
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3. The electrical wires from the mains supply cable contain a live wire and neutral wire.
a. An alternating current at 240 V flows through the live wire from the mains into the house.
b. The neutral wire carries the electric current back to the mains to complete the circuit
4. The earth wire is connected to copper plates in the ground for safety purpose.
5. Live wire that carries the electrical energy is connected with the mains fuse and to the
electric meter which is located outside the house.
a. The mains fuse will break the circuit if excessive current is supplied.
b. The electric meter measures the amount of electrical energy used in the house.
6. Main switch controls the electric energy from the mains supply to the appliances.
7. The circuit breaker will cuts off the flow of electric current under abnormal condition cause by short circuit of
leakages.
8. This prevents electric shocks and fires.
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Single-phase distribution lines and three phase distribution lines
3 pin plug
1. Electrical appliances at home are connected to power circuits through sockets.
2. Each socket has a 3-pin plug and the current that flows from the power socket to the appliance passes through
the 3-pin pin plug.
3. 3-pin plug contains three pins marked
• L representing live,
• N representing neutral and
• E representing earth.
4. The cable that connects the electrical appliance to the 3-pin plug contains three wires.
a. The live wire is brown and is connected to the live pin (L). Electric current from the mains is carried to the
appliance through the live wire.
b. The neutral wire is blue and is connected to the neutral pin (N). Electric current flows from the appliance to
the mains through the neutral wire
c. The earth wire is yellow with green stripes and is connected to the earth pin (E).
5. The 3-pin plug has a pin plug has a fuse that is connected to the live wire.
a. When excess current flows through the fuse, the fuse melts and it breaks the circuit.
b. In this way the fuse prevents the appliance or the live wire from burning.
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5. COST OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY USAGE
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5. The relationship between power, voltage and electric current can be represented by the following equation:
a. A joule is a very small unit and is not used to measure the electrical energy used by consumers.
b. Tenaga Nasional Berhad uses the kilowatt hour (kWh) to calculate the amount of energy used.
c. 1 unit of electrical energy = 1 kW h.
Examples:
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6. FUSE AND EARTH WIRE
Fuses
1. A fuse is a safety device which consists of a thin piece of wire that gets heated up and melts when the current
flowing through it is higher than its rating.
2. When the fuse wire melts and breaks the circuit, the fuse is 'blown'.
3. Fuses usually have the following ratings: uses usually have the following ratings: 1 A, 2 A, 5 A, 10 A and 13 A.
4. The most suitable fuse has a rating that is slightly higher than the maximum current that normally flows through
an electrical appliance.
5. A suitable rating of a fuse can be determined from the following formula:
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Fuse in electrical wiring systems
1. In a home electrical wiring system, a fuse
functions as a safety device.
2. A fuse prevents current exceeding its rating from
flowing through the cable and wires in the
household circuits.
Earth Wires
1. The earth wire is another safety device in the electrical wiring
system.
2. The earth wire has a low resistance and connects the metal
casings of electrical appliances such as refrigerators, kettles,
electric irons and televisions directly to the ground.
3. When a 3 -pin plug of an electrical appliance is plugged into a
socket, the metal casing of the electrical appliance is
connected by the earth wire to the ground.
4. If an electrical fault occurs, and someone touches the metal
casing which is earthed, a large current flows into the earth
wire instead of passing through the person.
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7. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS IN THE USE OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY
Safety devices
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A miniature circuit breaker (MCB) is an electromagnetic switch that operates like a fuse but does not blow.
Another safety device that is installed in the household wiring is the Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB).
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END OF STUDY NOTES
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