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1 Stoichiometry
We are now experts at balancing chemical equations and know that
a balanced equation tells you how much product will be formed from
a given ammount of reactant. There is a realtionship between how
much you start out with and what you end up with.
For example; if you have three hamburger patties, three slices of
cheese and six slices of bread how many cheese burgers can you
make.
Think of some other everyday examples where the amount of what
you start out with is directly related to what you end up with.
Your ideas:
Title: Apr 277:01 AM (1 of 10)
A balanced chemical equations allows you to predict
the amount of product you will get from a know amount
of reactants, or how much reactant to start out with in
order to produce a given amount of product.
Stoichiometry is the practice of calculating quantities
from chemical equations.
Try Practice Problems #1 & 2
Title: Apr 277:06 AM (2 of 10)
A chemical equation demonstrates a consistent relationship between
elements in a reaction:
Reactants Products
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g)
> 2 NH3 (g)
Total 8 8
atoms
Molecules 1 3 2
Moles 1 3 2
Mass g/mol 28 6 34
What patterns do you notice?
Complete Tables for:
2 H2(g)
+ O2(g) > 2H2O(l)
CO + 2H2 > CH3OH
CH4 + 2O2 > CO2 + 2H2O
Title: Apr 277:10 AM (3 of 10)
12.2 Chemical Calculations
Because of the relationships in balanced chmical equations, we can
use them to write mole ratios, that relate moles of reactant to moles of
product.
A mole ratio:
From the equation N2 + 3H2 > 2NH3 we can write 3 mole ratios.
1) 1 mol N2 / 3 mol H2
2) 1 mol N2 / 2 mol NH3
3) 3 mol H2 / 2 mol NH3
Do you remember what is so cool about ratios or equalities?
Title: Apr 277:40 AM (4 of 10)
You can use them as conversion factors!
Using the previous equation
If you know you have 0.6 mol N2 to start out with, how many mol of
NH3 will you end up with?
Pick the conversion factor that relates N2 to NH3: 1 mol N2 / 2 mol
NH3
Set up your conversion equation:
0.6 mol N2 x 2 mol NH3 / 1 mol N2 = ___ mol NH3
** The general equation is:
x mol G x b mol W / a mol G = _xb_ mol W
a
Title: Apr 277:46 AM (5 of 10)
When we measure quantities in the lab we actually use grams (or
g/mol), therefore in order to make mole ratios practical we have to use
them with molar masses:
If 5.4 g H2 > ? g NH3
g H2 > mol H2 > mol NH3 > g NH3
Use molar mass
Use mol ratio
Use molar mass
There are many conversion factors that have used with moles:
1 mol/molar mass 1 mol/22.4 L
molar mass/1mol 22.4 L/1 mol
1 mol/6.02 x 10^23 RP 6.02 x 10^23 RP/1 mol
Title: Apr 277:57 AM (6 of 10)
Making Stoichiometric Flashcards:
1) Make two piles of 4 cards each
2) Write on the top card of 1 pile: "Converting a given quantity to
moles." On each of the other three cards write the conversion
factors for mass to mole, representative particles to moles, and
volume to moles.
3) Write on the top card of pile 2: "Changing moles of wanted
substance to a measured quantity." On the other three cards write
conversion factors for mole to mass, mole to representative particle
and mole to volume.
4) On the colored card write "Converting moles of a given to moles
of a wnated using mole ratio from a balanced chemical equation: b
mol W / a mol G
5) Staple the piles together.
Practice!
Title: Apr 278:23 AM (7 of 10)
12.3 Limiting Reagent and Percent Yield
If you have 2 tabletops and 7 legs, how many four legged tables can
you make?
What ingredient is limiting your ability to make more tables?
This is your limiting reagent.
Think of other examples and identify the limiting reagent.
If you have two tabletops and 9 legs, how many four legged tables can
you make?
What ingredient do you have leftovers of?
This is your excess reagent.
Title: Apr 278:41 AM (8 of 10)
** In a reaction, an insufficient amount of reactant will limit the
products formed.**
In order to determine your limiting reagent in a chemical equation,
you will have to use mole ratios to predict the necessary amount of
reactant and product.
Look at Sample Problem 12.7
You can also use a limiting reagent to predict the amount of product
that will be formed.
Look at Sample Problem 12.8
Title: Apr 278:57 AM (9 of 10)
Percent Yield: A measure of how much product was produced in a
chemical reaction.
Percent yield is based on theoretical yield which is a calculation of how
much product would be produced in a perfect world.
% yield = actual yield / theoretical yield x 100%
First, how do you calculate theoretical yield?
If CaCO3 > CaO + CO2
g CaCO3 > mol CaCO3 > mol CaO > g CaO
This is theoretical yield.
Title: Apr 279:02 AM (10 of 10)