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http://www.hku.hk/bse/mech3005/
Electrical Supply –
Load Assessment and Regulations
Dr. Sam C M Hui
Department of Mechanical Engineering
The University of Hong Kong
E-mail:
E mail: cmhui@hku.hk
cmhui@hku hk
Sep 2010
Basic Terms
• Connected load
• Sum of all the loads connected to the electrical
system, usually
ll expressedd in
i watts
• Demand factor
• = Maximum demand / Connection load
• Load factor: ratio of the average demand to
the maximum demand over a defined interval
• In commercial buildings, between the hours 9:00
to 18:00 the load factor is usually close to unity
Typical load profile for an office building
Max.
Average
Min.
Basic Terms
• Power factor
• The ratio of the apparent power in a circuit (V.A)
to the
h useful
f l power (W) if the
h voltage
l andd current
are sinusoidal
• Power factor = kW/ kV.A
Load Evaluation
• Tenant supply
pp y – energy
gy consumed by y each
tenant; monitored by separate energy meter
• Landlord
L dl d supply:l
• Non-essential supply:
pp y pplumbing g and drainage,
g
passenger lifts, air-conditioning plant, public
g g
lighting
• Essential supply: fire protection/detection system,
fireman’ss lifts, essential lighting, PABX system,
fireman
building management system, important computer
room
Load Evaluation
• Objectives
• Ensure loading demands are estimated accurately
• What happens if they are “under-estimated”?
• What happens if they are “over-estimated”?
• Important factors
• Load research data (from power company)
• Design margin
• Checking & monitoring at each design stage
• Obtain info from the client (e.g. by questionnaire)
Load Evaluation
• Preliminary stage
• Estimate total loading so as to:
• Plan the transformer (Tx) & main switch room
• Apply to power company for supply
• Based on rough info or past experience
• Important
I t t to
t know
k the
th loads
l d off other
th BSE systems
t
• Detail design
g stage
g
• Update the estimate w/ more accurate info
• Detail design e.g. protective device & circuiting
Load Evaluation
• General
• Usable floor area (UFA)
• Follow Building (Planning) Regulations
• Development
p information
• Floor area usage, public services, any special loads
• Standard load estimation sheet (see handouts)
• Public services
• Assessed independently
• Public lighting,
g g, lift,, water pump,
p p, fire services,, lobbyy air
conditioning
Minimum design
g load capacities
p for lighting
g g and small p
power
requirement for various types of building
60.0
ADMD for UFA < 50m2
50.0 ADMD for UFA 50-80 m2
ADMD for UFA > 80m2
40.0
A/Flat
30.0
kVA
20.0
10.0
00
0.0
1 6 11 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 51
No. of Flats
• Typical
yp legal
g system
y in Hong
g Kong
g (statutory)
( y)
• Ordinance (Laws of Hong Kong)
• Regulations
• Code of Practice
• Supporting documents (non-statutory)
• Technical Guidelines
• Technical Notes or Technical Memoranda
• Circular letters
• Reference standards (usually from other countries)
• Rules (from utilities companies)
Legal Framework