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Pot = pm .V ) ,*

& %

;6;. ;. C;/9:7..;:7. :753." 9;..27/ 2/ 7.95D; >3<:7 748:7 ; =345> 6; C2:.; 6; 93.8B; 7 C5J7D;87
)=246; 6; C3>346:;* .85 C5:5C87:H.83C5 C;4.8:283<5" <3.5 65: /53;: .7@2:54D5 5 7.8:282:5" 9;3. 45
=5>L5 65 <0><2>5 67 67.C5:@5" 53465 L0 2/ <;>2/7 .2=3C37487 95:5 ; @0. .7 5C;/;65: .87 7.95D; >3<:7
F CL5/56; 67 7.95D; /;:8; ;2 4;C3<;
97.5: 67 .7: /238; 3/9;:85487 95:5 5..7@2:5: ; 712395/748; 12548; 5. 9;..H<73. =5>L5." ; 7.95D;
/;:8; 34=>23 47@583<5/7487 4; 67.7/974L; 6;. C;/9:7..;:7. 9:M?3/5 =3@2:5 ; 3>2.8:5

=;>@5 =" C;/; :7@:5 9;..23 9;67 .7: C5>C2>565 97>5 .7@23487 7?9:7..B;Q

f ≅ 0,005.L + 0,5mm ) *

5..3/ ; <;>2/7 6; 7.95D; /;:8; .7:0

π .D 2
Vo ≈ f . A ≈ f . ) *
4

. 9:34C3953. 7=738;. 6; 7.95D; /;:8; .B;Q

2/7485 ; 85/54L; 6; C3>346:;[

762A ; 67.7/974L; 6; C;/9:7..;: 5 93.8B;[
B; 34=>23 45 =;:D5 /;8:3A

#$ # 15
 ' ( ) *

7.127/5 87M:3C; 67 C;/9:7..B; 67 2/ @0. 58:5<F. 67 2/ C;/9:7..;: 5 93.8B; .7/ 7.95D; /;:8;
9;67 .7: <3.8; 4; @:0=3C; " /;.8:56; 5 .7@23:

:0=3C; .127/5 87M:3C;

67 C;/9:7..B; K
93.8B; .7/ 7.95D;
/;:8;

@0. F 5.93:56; 97>; C;/9:7..;:

58:5<F. 6; 9:;C7..; " >;@; 5 .7@23:
7>7 F C;/9:3/36; 62:5487 ; 9:;C7..;
;: =3/" 7>7 F 67.C5::7@56; 97>;
9:;C7..;
;87 127 4B; L0 2/ C3C>;
87:/;634R/3C; 67 C;/9:7..B; C3C>;
F .;/7487 /7CR43C; C;4.8382H6; 67
9:;C7..;.
. 9:;C7..;. 7 .B; 3.;J0:3C;.

9:;C7..; " 87;:3C5/7487" 9;67 .7: .29;.8; C;/; 2/ 6748:7 ;. 8:N. 839;." 5 .5J7:Q 5635J083C;
).7/ 8:;C5 67 C5>;: ;2 3.;748:M93C;*" 3.;8F:/3C; )87/97:582:5 C;4.85487* 7 9;>38:M93C; )/53. 9:M?3/;
6; 9:;C7..; :75> 67 C;/9:7..B;* %7I5 ; @:0=3C;

:0=3C; :;C7..;. 67 C;/9:7..B;

87M:3C;.

9:;C7..; 9;>38:M93C; F 3487:/7630:3; 5;

3.;8F:/3C; 7 ; 5635J083C;

8:5J5>L; :75>3A56; 62:5487 5 C;/9:7..B; 67 2/ <;>2/7 67 @0. 97>;. C;/9:7..;:7. 5>87:4583<;. 5

93.8B; 9;67 .7: 87;:3C5/7487 C5>C2>56; .29;46; .7 8:N. 839;. 36753. 67 9:;C7..;." 5 .5J7:Q

5* :;C7..; 5635J083C; ;2 3.;748:M93C5 )C;/9:7..B; 45 125> ; @0. 4B; 8:;C5 C5>;:*

#$ # 16
 γ −1
γ p2 γ
ℑ= p1V1 −1
γ −1 p1 ) *

J* :;C7..; 3.;8F:/3C; )C;/9:7..B; 45 125> ; @0. 97:/547C7 5 87/97:582:5 C;4.85487*

p2 V
ℑ = p1V1 . ln = p1V1 . ln 1 ) *
p1 V2

C* :;C7..; 9;>38:M93C; ;2 :75> )C;/9:7..B; 3487:/7630:35 748:7 5 5635J083C5 7 5 8F:/3C5*

n −1
n p2 n
ℑ= p1V1 −1
n −1 p1 ) *

;467 9 F 5 9:7..B; 343C35>" % F ; <;>2/7 67 @0. 5J.;:<36; 97>; C;/9:7..;:" 9 F 5 9:7..B; =345> 45
67.C5:@5" % F ; <;>2/7 67 @0. 67.C5::7@56; 97>; C;/9:7..;:" γ F ; 7?9;7487 5635J083C; 7 4 F ;
7?9;7487 9;>38:M93C;

#> < 0 0
5>C2>5: 5 9;8N4C35 87M:3C5 7/ P 5 =;:47C7: .7 5 2/ C;/9:7..;: .7/ 7.95D; /;:8;" 95:5 127 7>7
5.93:7 & / 67 5: 9;: /3428;" K 9:7..B; 58/;.=F:3C5 7 C;/9:3/3 >; 5 + Z@=XC/ " 4;. .7@23487.
C5.;.Q
5* ;/9:7..B; 3.;8F:/3C5[
J* ;/9:7..B; 5635J083C5 )656; 127 γ] " 95:5 ; 5:*[
C* ;/9:7..B; 9;>38:M93C5 C;/ 4] "

79;3. 67 :7.;><36; ; 7?7:CHC3; " 9;67/;. C;4C>23: 127 5 C;/9:7..B; 3.;8F:/3C5 F 5 127 59:7.7485
2/ =24C3;45/748; /53. 7=3C37487 6; C;/9:7..;:
;67 :762A3: .7 ; <5>;: 67 S4T 7" 9;:8548;" ; 6; 8:5J5>L; 5 =;:47C7: .7 5; C;/9:7..;:" :7.=:3546; .7
; C3>346:; 7 .25 85/95" 9O: 3487:/F63; 67 2/5 C3:C2>5DB; 67 0@25 ;2 >54D546; /B; 67 2/5 C;::7487 67
5: 5 7.C;5: .7 97>5 .297:=HC37 7?87:45 6; C3>346:;
G 45 95:87 =345> 6; C2:.; 6; N/J;>;" 3.8; F" 4; =3/ 65 C;/9:7..B; 127 ;C;::7/ 5. 87/97:582:5. /53.
7>7<565. 4; C3>346:; 6; C;/9:7..;: O: 3..;" 67<7 :7.=:35: .7 9:34C395>/7487 5 85/95 6; C3>346:; 9O:
/73; 67 C3:C2>5DB; 67 0@25 O: 7..7 /;83<; C;4<F/ :7..5>85: 5 3/9;:8R4C35 6; 2.; 67 M>7;
>2J:3=3C5487 C;/ 9;48; 67 =2>@;: 5C3/5 67 ^ 45 >2J:3=3C5DB; 6;. C3>346:;.

5>C2>5: 5. 63/74.E7. 67 2/ C3>346:; 67 2/ C;/9:7..;: 67 5: 67 .3/9>7. 7=738; 7 .3/9>7. 7.80@3;

.7/ 7.95D; /;:8;" C2I5 9;8N4C35 3463C565 F 67 %" .746; 656;.Q

] Z@=XC/
] Z@=XC/
4] "
V/7:; 67 :;85DE7. 9;: /3428; 6; /;8;: 127 5C3;45 ; C;/9:7..;:Q :9/
%7>;C36567 /F635 6; 93.8B;Q ' /X/34
#$ # 17
 + ( ) *

7.127/5 87M:3C; ;2 3675> 67 C;/9:7..B; C;/ 7.95D; /;:8; 9;67/ .7: <3.8; 4; @:0=3C;

:0=3C; .127/5 87M:3C; 67

C;/9:7..B; C;/
7.95D; /;:8;

5&7 & 7?954.B; 6; @0. C;4836; 4;

3487:3;: 6; 7.95D; /;:8;[
7&% & 56/3..B; 6; @0. 9:;<346; 6;
7?87:3;: 6; C;/9:7..;:[
%&+ & C;/9:7..B; 6; @0.[
7&% & 67.C5:@5

7.85J7>7C3/748; 67 2/ 956:B; 67 3675>36567 95:5 ; C;/9;:85/748; 67 2/ C;/9:7..;: F ; 9;48; 67

95:8365 95:5 63.C2..B; 67 2/5 .F:37 67 5.97C8;. :7>583<;. 5; .72 =24C3;45/748; 5:5 3..;
=;:/2>5:7/;. 5. .7@23487. L39M87.7.Q

• =>236; 7/ 7<;>2DB; F 2/ @0. 97:=738;[

• . 9:;C7..;. 67 C;/9:7..B; 7 7?954.B; 6; @0. .B; 36753. 7 5635J083C;." ;J767C746; 5
:7>5DB;Q
γ
p.V = cte.
• . 9:;C7..;. 67 56/3..B; 7 67.C5:@5 .7 =5A7/ 3.;J5:3C5/7487

+/B /% & 2
/5 65. 9:34C3953. <5:30<73. 127 6787:/345/ 5 7=3C3N4C35 67 2/ C;/9:7..;: K 93.8B; F ; :7463/748;
<;>2/F8:3C; 2548; /53;: ; :7463/748; <;>2/F8:3C;" /7>L;: .7:0 ; 67.7/974L; 6; C;/9:7..;:
.7@23:" >3.85/;. 2/5 .F:37 67 7>7/748;. )<5:30<73.* 7 C5:5C87:H.83C5. 67 =24C3;45/748; 5..;C356;.
5; C;/9:7..;: 5>87:4583<; 3675> C;/ 7.95D; /;:8;
• 63R/78:; 6; C3>346:;[
• C;/9:3/748; 6; C2:.; 6; 93.8B;[
• :;85DB; 6; 73?;[
• % <;>2/7 6; C3>346:;[
• % <;>2/7 6; 7.95D; /;:8; )C;34C367 C;/ % *[
• %9 <;>2/7 67.>;C56; 97>; 93.8B;" %9 ] % % [
• %5.9 <;>2/7 5.93:56;" C593856; 65 56/3..B; ;2 %5.9 ] % % [
V0
• C>75:54C7" 67=3436; 97>5 :5AB; C= [
Vp
p2
• : :5AB; C5:5C87:H.83C5 65. C;463DE7. 67 C;/9:7..B;" r = [
p1
• γ 7?9;7487 5635J083C;[
• 4 7?9;7487 9;>38:M93C;

#$ # 18
 :7463/748; <;>2/F8:3C; F 67=3436; 97>5 7125DB; " ;2

V asp
η vol = ) *
Vp

5:5 2/ 9:;C7..; :7<7:.H<7> 5635J083C; ;2 9;>38:M93C;" 5 7125DB; 8;/5 5 =;:/5 65. 7125DE7. &
7 ' " :7.97C83<5/7487

ηvol = 1 − C.(r 1 / γ − 1) ) &*

ηvol = 1 − C.(r 1 / n − 1) ) '*

2548; K 34=>2N4C35 67..7. 95:R/78:;. .;J:7 ; :7463/748; <;>2/F8:3C;" 67.85C5/;.Q

• :7463/748; <;>2/F8:3C; <5:35 34<7:.5/7487 5; C>75:54C7 ;: 7..5 :5AB; 4B; 67<7/;.

52/7485: 67.47C7..5:35/7487 7..7. <5>;:7. 4; 9:;I78; 6; C;/9:7..;:
• :7463/748; <;>2/F8:3C; <5:35 63:785/7487 C;/ ; <5>;: 67 SZT 5.7. 67 5>8; 97.; /;>7C2>5: ;2
C;4.8382H6;. 9;: C56735. /;>7C2>5:7. C;/9>7?5. 59:7.7485/ J53?;. <5>;:7. 67 SZT ;C;::746;
; C;48:0:3; C;/ @5.7. >7<7. 7 .3/9>7.
• :7463/748; <;>2/F8:3C; <5:35 34<7:.5/7487 K :7>5DB; 67 C;/9:7..B; 6; .3.87/5 <5>;: 67
S:T 4B; 9;67 7>7<5: .7 5>F/ 67 C7:8;. >3/387. .;J 9745 67 ; C;/9:7..;: 8;:45: .7
34;97:5487
γ n
1 1
rmax . = +1 = +1 ) +*
C C

.7@23: /;.8:5/;. ; @:0=3C; " :79:7.748583<; 6;. C3C>;. :753. 67 C;/9:7..B; 5 93.8B;

:0=3C; C3C>; :75> 67

C;/9:7..B; 5 93.8B;

9:;9M.38; 67 59:7.7485: .7 ;
635@:5/5 5; >56; F .5>37485: ;.
.7@23487. 6785>L7. C;4.71U7487.
65 63=7:74D5 67 9:7..E7.
47C7..0:35 K 5J7:82:5 65. <0><2>5.
67 5.93:5DB; 7 67.C5:@5

#$ # 19
 ..3/ 9;67/;. C;4C>23:Q

• 9:7..B; 67 5.93:5DB; F 34=7:3;: K 6; 125> .7 :783:5 ; @0.[

• 9:7..B; 67 67.C5:@5 F .297:3;: K 6; /73; 127 :7C7J7 ; @0.[
• . >34L5. 67 5.93:5DB; 7 67 67.C5:@5 :7=>787/ <3J:5DE7. 65. <0><2>5. :7.97C83<5.

7?9:7..B; .M >7<5 7/ C;485 5 34=>2N4C35 6; 7.95D; /;:8; 4; :7463/748; <;>2/F8:3C;" ; 125>

6797467 85/JF/ 65 12765 67 9:7..B; 6; @0. 5; 95..5: 97>5 <0><2>5 67 5.93:5DB; 5 87/97:582:5 65.
95:767. 5127C365. 6; C3>346:; 7 65. =2@5. 67 5: 62:5487 5 C;/9:7..B;

=782546; .7 5. C;::7DE7. 47C7..0:35." 87/;.Q

ηvol = [1 − C.(r 1 / n − 1)].

p1Tm
) ,*
pmT1

;467" 9/ 7 / .B; 5 9:7..B; 7 5 87/97:582:5 6; /73; 7/ 127 ; @0. F 5.93:56;

. <;>2/7. 6; 7.95D; /;:8; <5:35/ 67 _ 4;. C;/9:7..;:7. 67 @:5467 9;:87" 67 9:;I78; 7./7:56;"
5 _ ;2 /53. 4;. ;28:;." .746; C;/2/7487 74C;48:56;. ;. <5>;:7. <5:3546; 748:7 ' _ 7 , _
;4C>23 .7 65 7?9:7..B; 6; :7463/748; <;>2/F8:3C; 127 .72 <5>;: 67C:7.C7 12546; C:7.C7 ; 7.95D;
/;:8; ;2 12546; 52/7485 5 :5AB; 65. 9:7..E7. 7?8:7/5. 6; @0. P 0 C;/9:7..;:7. 127 63.9E7 67 2/5
CR/5:5 127 .7 C;/243C5 528;/583C5/7487 C;/ ; 7.95D; /;:8; C;/ ; 9:;9M.38; 67 :762A3: .7 5
C595C36567 6; C;/9:7..;: .7/ 5>87:5: .7 5 <7>;C36567 6; /;8;: 127 ; 5C3;45

+/C /% & 1 = 0

:0=3C; & :5J 5>L; 4; C3C>;

:75> 67 C;/9:7..B;

8:5J5>L; 67 C;/9:7..B; 4; C3C>;

:75> F 7?9:7..; 97>5 7125DB; "5
9:3/73:5 :79:7.748583<5 67 2/
9:;C7..; 5635J083C; 7 5 .7@2465 67
2/ 9;>38:M93C; 7<7 .7 :7..5>85:
127 7>7 71U3<5>7 5 0:75 L5CL2:565
3487:45 5; C3C>;

n −1
n p2 n
ℑ= p1 (V1 − V4 ) −1
:;C7..; 9;>38:M93C;
n −1 1
) *

746; 127" 7.85 7?9:7..B; C5>C2>5 ; 8:5J5>L; 95:5 C565 C3C>; 67 C;/9:7..B;

#$ # 20
+/C /+ & 0 2
C595C36567 <;>2/F8:3C5 ;2 <5AB; 67 2/ C;/9:7..;: :75> F 7?9:7..5 97>5 7125DB;
• x = 1, se simples efeito
V = Vdesl .ηv .N .x
x = 2, se duplo efeito ) *

467 5 <5AB; :79:7.7485 ; <;>2/7 5.93:56; 9;: 2436567 67 87/9; 9;: 2/ C;/9:7..;: :75>
!1 2 3 5:5 2/ C;/9:7..;: 3675> ;2 87M:3C; .7/ 7.95D; /;:8;" ; :7463/748; <;>2/F8:3C; F
3@25> 5

#> < 0 0
/ C;/9:7..;: 67 629>; 7=738; 7 .3/9>7. 7.80@3; 5.93:5 + / X/34 67 5: 45 9:7..B; 67 "
Z@=XC/ 7 87/97:582:5 67 ' ; ; =3/ 65 5.93:5DB; 5 87/97:582:5 7 5 9:7..B; 6; 5: .B; 67
;
7 " + Z@=XC/ " :7.97C83<5/7487 9:7..B; 67 67.C5:@5 F 67 ' "& Z@=XC/ 7 ; @:52 65.
9;>38:M93C5. F 4 ] " 7.95D; /;:8; C;::7.9;467 5 & _ 6; <;>2/7 V83> 7 ; C;/9:7..;: =24C3;45
5 :9/

5>C2>7Q5* <;>2/7 V83> ;2 67.>;C56;[

J* 9;8N4C35 87M:3C5

2546; .7 47C7..385 67 7>7<56; <5>;: 67 9:7..B; 67 67.C5:@5 F C;4<7437487 5 283>3A5DB; 67

C;/9:7..;: 67 /V>839>;. 7.80@3;.
;/9:7..;:7. 5>87:4583<;. 67 /V>839>;. 7.80@3;. .B; 74C;48:56;. C;/ @:5467 =:71UN4C35 7/
34.85>5DE7. 3462.8:353. B; /012345. 6;8565. 67 <0:3;. C3>346:;. C;/ 5. :7.97C83<5. 95:87. /M<73.
5C3;4565. 9;: 2/ V43C; 73?; @0. 95..5 .2C7..3<5/7487 97>;. 63<7:.;. C3>346:;. :7C7J746;
5C:F.C3/;. 9:;@:7..3<;. 67 9:7..B; / @7:5> C565 95: 67 C3>346:;. F 3487:C5>56; 9;: 2/ 8:;C56;: 67
C5>;: 3487:/7630:3; )3487: C;;>7:*" L5<746; 53465 2/ 8:;C56;: 67 C5>;: 9;.87:3;: )5=87: C;;>7:*" 59M.
; 2>83/; C3>346:;
; 8:;C56;: 3487:/7630:3; ; @0. C;/9:3/36; 4; C3>346:; 5487C767487 97:67 95:87 6; C5>;: ;C;::746;
2/ 67C:F.C3/; 67 87/97:582:5 7" C;4.71U7487/7487" 2/5 :762DB; 67 <;>2/7 548; 4; 8:;C56;:
3487:/7630:3; 12548; 4; 9;.87:3;: ;C;::7 5 C;4674.5DB; 67 2/36567 9;: <7482:5 C;48365 4; @0."
.746; 9:;<3674C3565 .25 6:745@7/ 95:5 127 4B; 5=787/ ;. 712395/748;. 127 :7C7J7/ 7..7 @0. 7" 4;
C5.; 6; 5: C;/9:3/36;" 4B; C52.7/ 654;. K. /012345. ;97:58:3A7.
7.127/5 C;/9;.8; 9;: 8:;C56;:7. 67 C5>;: )3487: C;;>7: 7 5=87: C;;>7:* 95:5 C3>346:;. 67 J53?5
9:7..B; )# * 7 5>85 9:7..B; ) *" 7.80 /;.8:56; 5J53?;

#$ # 21
+/D /% & , 6 0 46
:75>3A5DB; 65 C;/9:7..B; 7/ 7.80@3;." 5C;/954L565 67 :7.=:35/748; 3487:/7630:3; 59:7.7485
5>@2/5. <5485@74." /74C3;4565. 5 .7@23:Q
5* 2/748; 6; :7463/748; <;>2/F8:3C; 65 34.85>5DB;
:7463/748; <;>2/F8:3C; 67 2/ C;/9:7..;: 5>87:4583<; <5:35 7/ .74836; 34<7:.; 5; 65 :7>5DB; 67
C;/9:7..B; ;: 3..;" ; :7463/748; 67 C565 2/ 6;. C3>346:;. 67 2/ C;/9:7..;: 67 /V>839>;. 7.80@3;.
F /53;: 127 ; 67 2/ V43C; C3>346:; 2.56; 95:5 7=7825: ; /7./; .7:<3D; ..7 F 85/JF/ 2/ 7=738;
C2I5 ;C;::N4C35 346797467 65 7?3.8N4C35 67 :7.=:35/748; 3487:/7630:3;
J* 762DB; 65 7/97:582:5 67 7.C5:@5
..5 F 2/5 ;J<35 C;4.71UN4C35 6; :7.=:35/748; 3487:/7630:3;
C* 762DB; 65 ;8N4C35 ;85> 6; ;/9:7..;:
G ; :7.=:35/748; 3487:/7630:3; 127 9:;93C35 7..7 7=738; 58:5<F. 6; 5J53?5/748; 65 87/97:582:5 67
56/3..B; 6; @0. 45 748:565 67 C565 7.80@3; .2J.7127487 5; 9:3/73:; 8:5J5>L; 67 C;/9:7..B; 9;:
2436567 67 /5..5 C;4.2/36; 7/ C565 7.80@3; F 9:;9;:C3;45> 5 7..5 87/97:582:5" :762A346; .7"
9;:8548;" 7 C;48:3J2346; 95:5 5 :762DB; 65 9;874C35> 8;85>
;4<F/" 4; 748548;" >7/J:5: 127 L0 2/5 97:65 67 C5:@5 4; 7.C;5/748; 6; @0. 58:5<F. 6;.
:7.=:356;:7." 9:;<;C546; 52/748; 65 :7>5DB; 67 C;/9:7..B; ..; 87467 5 C;48:59;: .7 5; 7=738; 67
:762DB; 67 9;8N4C35 K /76365 127 C:7.C7 ; 4V/7:; 67 7.80@3;.

J.7:<7 ; @:0=3C; 5 .7@23:

:0=3C; ' ;/9:7..B; 7/

/V>839>;. 7.80@3;.

;67 .7 4;85:" 127 ; 8:5J5>L; 67

C;/9:7..B; :75>3A56; 9;: 2/
C;/9:7..;: 67 /V>839>;. 7.80@3;. F
/74;: 127 5 67 2/ C;/9:7..;: 67
.3/9>7. 7.80@3; 0:75 %EE&%E&+&+E F
2/5 63/3423DB; 4; 8:5J5>L; 67
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