General Calcuation

1. M1V1 = M2V2 M1 = Molar concentration 1 (M or mol/l)

V1 = Volume 1 (l)
M2 = Molar concentration 2 (M or mol/l)
V2 = Volume 2 (l)
2. No. of moles = concentration (M or mol/l) x volume (l)
3. Mass or amount (g) = concentration (g/l) x volume (l)
= concentration (% = g/100ml) x volume
4. Mass (g) = No. of moles x Mr
5. Initial Concentration = Diluted Concentration x concentration
factor(10x)
= Diluted Concentration ÷ dilution factor
(10-x)
= Diluted Concentration x (x-fold)
6. Milli (m) = 10-3
Micro (μ) = 10-6
Nano (n) = 10-9

pH calculation

1. Ka = [A-] [H+] Ka = Ionisation constant

[HA]
2. pKa = -log Ka
3. pH = -log [H+] [H+] = concentration (M or mol/l)
4. pOH = -log[OH-]
5. pH +pOH = 14

Handersson Hasselbalch equation

[A-]
pH = pKa +log10
[HA]

Beer Lambert Law (Absorbance)

1. A = abc A = absorbance
a = absorptivity or Molar extinction
coefficient or Molar Absorptivity
b = pathlength (cm) – usually 1cm
c = concentration (mol/l)
AS = CS
2. Au Cu As = Absorbance of standard
Au = Absorbance of unknown
Cs = Concentration of standard
Cu = Concentration of unknown

SDS page analysis

Rf = Distance by protein
Distance by dye
Plot graph of log Mw (y axis) vs. Rf of
marker (x-axis)
Cross Rf of unknown for log Mw value, shift log (anti-log) for Mw

Fluorescence

Quantum yiled (Q) No. of photons emitted =

No. of photons absorbed
Electrophoresis
1. Felectric =qE Felectric = Force
q = Charge
E = electric field
2. Ffriction = vf Ffriction = Frictional force
v = velocity
f = frictional coefficient
(Newton’s third law = every action there is equal and opposite
reaction)
3. qE = vf
4. = = μ μ = electricphoretic mobility or band quality
q V
f E
(Assuming infinite dilution at non-conducting solvent,
determining factor = charge, size, shape)

HPLC analysis

1. K = C K= Detector Response Factor

A A= Area
C= Concentration
(K is constant for a one-time analysis on the same machine)

2. K = CS = Cu Cs = Concentration of standard
As Au As = Area of standard
Cu = Concentration of unknown
Au = Area of unknown

3. Area = peak width at half height x peak height