ON

2010-11
SUBMITTED
TO THE PRINCIPAL
NAYAGARH JUNIOR COLLAGE

AIR POLLUTION

SUPERVISOR INVESTIGETER
PROF.G.B.NAYAK SASMITA DAS
ST
DEPART OF EDUCATION +2(1 )ARTS ROLLNO-457
 I heartily thanks my principal (S.C.PRAHARAJ) of
Nayagarh Collage because he is changed me for studded in
Nayagarh College.

I thanks my supervisor [G.B.NAYAKA] of nayararh collage

because he is help me creat in this projet.

My parent give me all are objet for study so i thanks my

lovely parents. and my parents Give me some data for project.
I thank my helping teacher.(R. Ku. Pradan, P.r. Pradhan.)

I thank my Collage stapes. I thank my friend.

I am Sasmita Das student of Nayagarh College.

Sasmita Das
Investigator
This is to certify that the project report entitled “AIR
POLLUTION -“has been prepared under my guidance
and supervision. This project is the partical fulfillment of
syllabus for environmental education implemented by the
council of Higher Secondary Education, Odisha. This
project report embodies the result of his benefited
research work. This project satisfies the awarenss in the
people.

INTRODUCTION
 Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological
materials that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or
damages the natural environment into the atmosphere.

The atmosphere is a complex dynamic natural gaseous system that is essential

to support life on planet Earth. Stratospheric ozone depletion due to air
pollution has long been recognized as a threat to human health as well as to the
Earth's ecosystems.

Indoor air pollution and urban air quality are listed as two of the world's worst
pollution problems in the 2008 Blacksmith Institute World's Worst Polluted
Places report

Pollutant and Greenhouse Gas

Before flue gas desulphurization was installed,
the emissions from this power plant in New
Mexico contained excessive amounts of sulfur
dioxide.

Schematic drawing, causes and effects of air

pollution: (1) greenhouse effect, (2) particulate contamination, (3) increased UV
radiation, (4) acid rain, (5) increased ozone concentration, (6) increased levels
of nitrogen oxides

An air pollutant is known as a substance in the air that can cause harm to
humans and the environment. Pollutants can be in the form of solid particles,
liquid droplets, or gases. In addition, they may be natural or man-made.
Pollutants can be classified as either primary or secondary. Usually, primary
pollutants are substances directly emitted from a process, such as ash from a
volcanic eruption, the carbon monoxide gas from a motor vehicle exhaust or
sulfur dioxide released from factories.
 Secondary pollutants are not emitted directly. Rather, they form in the air when
primary pollutants react or interact. An important example of a secondary
pollutant is ground level ozone — one of the many secondary pollutants that
make up photochemical smog.

Note that some pollutants may be both primary and

secondary: that is, they are both emitted directly and
formed from other primary pollutants.

About 4 percent of deaths in the United States can be

attributed to air pollution, according to the
Environmental Science Engineering Program at the Harvard School of Public
Health.

.In general, there are two types of air quality standards. The first class of

standards (such as the U.S. National Ambient Air Quality Standards) set
maximum atmospheric concentrations for
specific pollutants. Environmental agencies
enact regulations which are intended to result
in attainment of these target levels. The
second class (such as the North American
Air Quality Index) take the form of a scale
with various thresholds, which is used to communicate to the public the relative
risk of outdoor activity. The scale may or may not distinguish between different
pollutants.

WHAT IS AIR POLLUTION?

Air is the ocean we breathe. Air supplies us with oxygen which is
essential for our bodies to live. Air is 99.9% nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor and
 inert gases. Human activities can release substances into the air, some of which
can cause problems for humans, plants, and animals.

There are several main types of pollution and well-known effects of pollution
which are commonly discussed. These include smog, acid rain, the greenhouse
effect, and "holes" in the ozone layer. Each of these problems has serious
implications for our health and well-being as well as for the whole environment.

One type of air pollution is the release of particles into the air from burning
fuel for energy. Diesel smoke is a good example of this particulate matter. The
particles are very small pieces of matter measuring about 2.5 microns or about .
0001 inches. This type of pollution is sometimes referred to as "black carbon"
pollution. The exhaust from burning fuels in automobiles, homes, and industries
is a major source of pollution in the air. Some authorities believe that even the
burning of wood and charcoal in fireplaces and barbeques can release
significant quanitites of soot into the air.

Another type of pollution is the release of noxious gases, such as sulfur

dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and chemical vapors. These can
take part in further chemical reactions once they are in the atmosphere, forming
smog and acid rain.

Pollution also needs to be considered inside our homes, offices, and schools.
Some of these pollutants can be created by indoor activities such as smoking
and cooking. In the United States, we spend about 80-90% of our time inside
buildings, and so our exposure to harmful indoor pollutants can be serious. It is
therefore important to consider both indoor and outdoor air pollution.

How can air pollution hurt my health?

• Air pollution can affect our health in many ways with both short-term
and long-term effects. Different groups of individuals are affected by air
Apollution in different ways. Some individuals are much more sensitive
 to pollutants than are others. Young children and elderly people often
suffer more from the effects of air pollution. People with health problems
such as asthma, heart and lung disease may also suffer more when the air
is polluted. The extent to which an individual is harmed by air pollution
usually depends on the total exposure to the damaging chemicals, i.e.,
the duration of exposure and the concentration of the chemicals must be
taken into account.
• Examples of short-term effects include irritation to the eyes, nose and
throat, and upper respiratory infections such as bronchitis and
pneumonia. Other symptoms can include headaches, nausea, and allergic
reactions. Short-term air pollution can aggravate the medical conditions
of individuals with asthma and emphysema. In the great "Smog Disaster"
in London in 1952, four thousand people died in a few days due to the
high concentrations of pollution.
• Long-term health effects can include chronic respiratory disease, lung
cancer, heart disease, and even damage to the brain, nerves, liver, or
kidneys. Continual exposure to air pollution affects the lungs of growing
children and may aggravate or complicate medical conditions in the
elderly. It is estimated that half a million people die prematurely every
year in the United States as a result of smoking cigarettes.
• Research into the health effects of air pollution is ongoing. Medical
conditions arising from air pollution can be very expensive. Healthcare
costs, lost productivity in the workplace, and human welfare impacts cost
billions of dollars each year.

Additional information on the health effects of air pollution is available from

the Natural Resources Defense Council. A short article on the health effects of
ozone (a major component of smog) is available from the B.A.A.Q.M.D.

How can we prevent

the damaging effects of air pollution?
 In many countries in the world, steps are being taken to stop the damage
to our environment from air pollution. Scientific groups study the damaging
effects on plant, animal and human life. Legislative bodies write laws to
control emissions. Educators in schools and universities teach students,
beginning at very young ages, about the effects of air pollution.

The first step to solving air pollution is assessment. Researchers have

investigated outdoor air pollution and have developed standards for measuring
the type and amount of some serious air pollutants.

Scientists must then determine how much exposure to

pollutants is harmful.

Once exposure levels have been set, steps can be undertaken to reduce
exposure to air pollution. These can be accomplished by regulation of man-
made pollution through legislation. Many countries have set controls on
pollution emissions for transportation vehicles and industry. This is usually
done to through a variety of coordinating agencies which monitor the air and
the environment. At the United Nations, the Atmosphere Management Program
carries out world wide environmental projects. In the United States, the primary
federal agency is the Environmental Protection Agency. Many state and local
organizations also participate in monitoring and controlling the environment.
These include the San Francisco Bay Area's Air Quality Management District
(B.A.A.Q.M.D.), the Air Quality Management District in southern California,
the Environmental Protection Agency of California, SmogBusters of southern
California, and the Galveston-Houston Association for Smog Prevention
(GHASP).

Prevention is another key to controlling air pollution. The regulatory agencies

mentioned above play an essential role in reducing and preventing air pollution
in the environment.
In addition, it is possible to prevent many types of air pollution that are not
regulated through personal, careful attention to our interactions with the
environment. In the United States, most household products come with
instructions about safe use. Additional information about product chemical
safety are available in an article and a fact sheet from Enviro$en$e, and in
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS).

Building materials should be reviewed for potential harmful effects.

Information on building materials can be found in LBNL's Center for Building
Science newsletter. Additional information is available from EcoTech.

Adequate ventilation is also a key to controlling exposure to indoor air

pollution. Home and work environments should be monitored for adequate air
flow and proper exhaust systems installed. Additional information is available
in a book titled Understanding Ventilation .

One of the most dangerous air pollutants is cigarette smoke. Restricting

smoking is an important key to a healthier environment. Legislation to control
smoking is in effect in

some locations, but personal exposure should be monitored and limited

wherever possible. Additional information about the effects of "secondhand"
cigarette smoke is available from the American Association for Respiratory
Care (AARC) and Medicine On-line.

Only through the efforts of scientists, business leaders, legislators, and

individuals can we reduce the amount of air pollution on the planet. This
challenge must be met by all of us in order to assure that a healthy environment
will exist for ourselves and our children. Find out "What you can do to reduce
air pollution".

The largest of these orders, placed by a major domestic power producer,

represent nitrogen oxide (NOx) reduction projects on two coal-fired boilers.
 These projects will utilize Fuel Tech's HERT(TM) High Energy Reagent
Technology(TM) and NOxOUT(R) Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction (SNCR)
injection technologies. Equipment deliveries are scheduled for the third quarter
of 2011. These orders are part of a larger alliance agreement which calls for the
potential supply of SNCR systems and related services for multiple coal-fired
generating units.

Additionally, an order was received for an ULTRA system on a gas-fired unit

from a domestic municipal power plant. Equipment delivery is scheduled for
the first quarter of 2011. Fuel Tech's ULTRA process provides for the safe and
cost-effective on-site conversion of urea to ammonia for use as a reagent in the
selective catalytic reduction of NOx, eliminating the hazards associated with the
transport, storage and handling of anhydrous or aqueous ammonia.

Douglas G. Bailey, Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer,

commented, "The order from our domestic alliance partner represents the eighth
and ninth SNCR systems to be received since the alliance agreement was signed
in March. We are pleased to be working with this valued client to meet its
compliance plans."

About Fuel Tech

Fuel Tech is a leading technology company engaged in the worldwide

development, commercialization and application of state-of-the-art proprietary
technologies for air pollution control, process optimization, and advanced
engineering services. These technologies enable customers to produce both
energy and processed materials in a cost-effective and environmentally
sustainable manner.
The Company's nitrogen oxide (NOx) reduction technologies include advanced
combustion modification techniques - such as Low NOx Burners and Over-Fire
Air systems - and post-combustion NOx control approaches, including
NOxOUT(R) and HERT(TM) SNCR systems as well as systems that
incorporate ASCR(TM) (Advanced Selective Catalytic Reduction),
CASCADE(TM), ULTRA(TM) and NOxOUT-SCR(R) processes. These
technologies have established Fuel Tech as a leader in NOx reduction, with
installations on over 600 units

Worldwide, where coal, fuel oil, natural gas, municipal waste, biomass, and
other fuels are utilized.

The Company's FUEL CHEM(R) technology revolves around the unique

application of chemicals to improve the efficiency, reliability, fuel flexibility
and environmental status of combustion units by controlling slagging, fouling,
corrosion, opacity and operational issues associated with sulfur trioxide,
ammonium bisulfate, particulate matter (PM2.5), carbon dioxide and NOx. This
technology, in the form of a customizable FUEL CHEM program, is installed
on over 90 combustion units burning a wide variety of fuels including coal,
heavy oil, biomass, and municipal waste.

Fuel Tech also provides a range of combustion optimization services, including

airflow testing, coal flow testing and boiler tuning, as well as services to help
optimize selective catalytic reduction system performance, including catalyst
management services and ammonia injection grid tuning. In addition, flow
corrective devices and physical and computational modeling services are
available to optimize flue gas distribution and mixing in both power plant and
industrial applications.

Many of Fuel Tech's products and services rely heavily on the Company's
exceptional Computational Fluid Dynamics modeling capabilities, which are
enhanced by internally developed, high-end visualization software. These
 capabilities, coupled with the Company's innovative technologies and multi-
disciplined team approach, enable Fuel Tech to provide practical solutions to
some of our customers' most challenging problems. For more information, visit
Fuel Tech's web site at www.ftek.com.

This press release may contain statements of a forward-looking nature

regarding future events. These statements are only predictions and actual events
may differ materially. Please refer to documents that Fuel Tech files from time
to time with the Securities and Exchange Commission for a discussion of
certain factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those
contained in the forward-looking statements.

Conclusion on Air Pollution

Air Pollution gives rise to serious health hazards and responsible for various types of
life threatening diseases. Hence it is utmost important that proper attention should
be given in controlling and minimizing those activities which causes this pollution
and also appropriate restriction should be put in place in using those means which
contributes towards it.

There should be adequate control norms of emissions and effluents into air which
should be observed religiously. Today one of the major problems of earth is ‘Global
warming’ which is caused by pollution.
The continuous rise in the temperature of our atmosphere is causing water level of
sea to increase as a result of large scale melting of glaciers. This has seriously
increased the risk of several big coastal cities around the world to run with the fear of
drowning.

Due to pollution, the temperature of the earth is going up and also the green house
gases are going up. This has resulted into remarkable weather imbalances, high
amount of uncertainty in getting rain and thus has quite adversely affected our crop
production as well.

The whole world is severely affected with the ill effect of this problem in one or the
other way. So, it should be one of our most important priorities that we all should
make effort together to fight this problem and help reducing air pollution.

This is also desirable so that our future generation don't get severly affected by
uncontrolled magnitude of this.

REFERENCE
• www.environment.nationalgeographic.com
• www.google.com
• www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/airpollution