Thermal Power Plant ENERGY SYSTEMS

BY SHAILESH B. PATEL -090760111025

THERMAL POWER

PLANT

CONTENTS:-

0!J BLOCK DIAGRAM & IT'S COMPONANTS. 0!J WORKING CYCLES.

0!J DETAILED PROCESS OF POWER GENERATION. 0!J TYPES OF THERMAL POWER PLANTS.

0!J ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES.

0!J KEY FACTS ABOUT THERMAL POWER PLANTS. 0!J STATUS OF THERMAL POWER PLANT IN INDIA. 0!J CONCLUSION.

0!J REFERANCE.

THERMAL POWER PLANT ENERGY SYSTEMS SANKDASARIYA SHAILESH B. ENRL NO-090760 111025 SSASIT (E.C. DEPARTMENT)

SSASIT

I BY SHAILESH B. PATEL(E.C. DEPARTMENT)

Thermal Power Plant ENERGY SYSTEMS

BY SHAILESH B. PATEL -090760111025

THERMAL POWER PLANT

~AIM:- TO STUDY ABOUT THERMAL POWER PLANT.

This experiment explains the basics of the working of a coal fired thermal power plant. More than half of the electricity generated in the world is by using coal as the primary fuel.The function of the coal fired thermal power plant is to convert the energy available in the coal to Electricity.Coal power plants work by using several steps to convert stored energy in coal to usable electricity that we find in our home that powers our lights, computers, and sometimes, back into heat for our homes.

~BLOCK DIAGRAM:-

Components of a coal"flroo thermal plant

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In thermal generating plants, fuel is converted into thermal energy to heat water, making steam. The steam turns an engine (turbine), creating mechanical energy to run a generator. Magnets turn inside the generator, producing electric energy.Coal, oil and gas are used to make thermal electricity. They all work basically the same way (with a few exceptions: for example, in an oil- or gas-fired plant, fuel is piped to the boiler).

SSASIT

I BY SHAILESH B. PATEL(E.C. DEPARTMENT)

Thermal Power Plant ENERGY SYSTEMS

BY SHAILESH B. PATEL -090760111025

1-COAL SUPPLY - After haulers drop offthe coal, a set of crushers and conveyors prepare and deliver the coal to the power plant. When the plant needs coal, coal "hoppers" crush coal to a few inches in size and conveyor belts bring the coal inside.

2-COAL PULVERIZER - The belts dump coal into a huge bin (pulverizer), which reduces the coal to a fine powder. Hot air from nearby fans blows the powdered coal into huge furnaces (boilers).

3-BOILER - The boiler walls are lined with many kilometres of pipe filled with water. As soon as the coal enters the boiler, it instantly catches fire and burns with high intensity (the temperatures inside the furnace may climb to 1,300° C). This heat quickly boils the water inside the pipes, changing it into steam.

4-PRECIPITATORS AND STACK - As the coal burns, it produces emissions (carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides) and ash.The gases, together with the lighter ash (fly ash), are vented from the boiler up the stack. Huge air filters called electrostatic precipitators remove nearly all the fly ash before it is released into the atmosphere. The heavier ash (bottom ash) collects in the bottom ofthe boilers and is removed.

5-TURBINE AND GENERATOR - Meanwhile, steam moves at high speed to the turbines, massive drums with hundreds of blades turned at an angle, like the blades of a fan.As jets of high-pressure steam emerge from the pipes, they propel the blades, causing the turbine to spin rapidly. A metal shaft connects the turbine to a generator. As the turbine turns, it causes an electro-magnet to turn inside coils of wire in the generator. The spinning magnet puts electrons in motion inside the wires, creating electricity.

6-CONDENSERS AND COOLING WATER SYSTEM - Next, the steam exits the turbines and passes over cool tubes in the condenser. The condensers capture the used steam and transform it back to water. The cooled water is then pumped back to the boiler to repeat the heating process. At the same time, water is piped from a reservoir or river to keep the condensers constantly cool. This cooling water, now warm from the heat exchange in the condensers, is released from the plant.

7-WATER PURIFICATION - To reduce corrosion, plants purify water for use in the boiler tubes. Wastewater is also treated and pumped out to holding ponds.

8-ASH SYSTEMS - Ash is removed from the plant and hauled to disposal sites or ash lagoons. Ash is also sold for use in manufacturing cement.

9-TRANSFORMER AND TRANSMISSION LINES - transformers increase the voltage ofthe electricity generated. transmission lines then carry the electricity at high voltages from the plant to substations in cities and towns.

SSASIT

I BY SHAILESH B. PATEL(E.C. DEPARTMENT)

Thermal Power Plant ENERGY SYSTEMS

BY SHAILESH B. PATEL -090760111025

~WORKING CYCLES:- There are four main circuits in any thermal power plant and these are as given below:

1-COAl & ASH CYClE 2-AIR & GAS CYClE

3-FEED WATER & STEAM CYClE 4-COOLING WATER CYClE

l-COAL & ASH CYCLE -this circuit deals mainly with feeding the boiler with coal for combustion purposes and taking care ofthe ash that is generated during the combustion process and includes equipment and paraphernalia that is used to handle the transfer and storage of coal and ash.

2-AIR & GAS CYCLE - we know that a ir is one of the ma in components of the fire triangle and hence necessary for combustion. Since lots of coal is burnt inside the boiler it needs a sufficient quantity of air which is supplied using either forced draught or induced draught fans. The exhaust gases from the combustion are in turn used to heat the ingoing air through a heat exchanger before being let off in the atmosphere. The equipment which handles all these processes fall under this circuit.

3-FEED WATER & STEAM CYCLE - this section deals with supplying of steam generated from the boiler to the turbines and to handle the outgoing steam from the turbine by cooling it to form water in the condenser so that it can be reused in the boiler plus making good any losses due to evaporation etc.

4-COOLING WATER CYCLE -this part ofthe thermal power plant deals with handling ofthe cooling water required in the system. Since the amount of water required to cool the outgoing steam from the boiler is substantial, it is either taken from a nearby water source such as a river, or it is done through evaporation if the quantity of cooling water available is limited.

~DETAILED PROCESS OF POWER GENERATION IN A THERMAL POWER PLANT:

Boiler

Feed\'Vater heater

Feed pump 2

Feed pump 1

SSASIT

I BY SHAllESH B. PATEl(E.C. DEPARTMENT)

Thermal Power Plant ENERGY SYSTEMS

BY SHAILESH B. PATEL -090760111025

The conversion from coal to electricity takes place in three stages. STAGE 1:

The first conversion of energy takes place in the boiler. Coal is burnt in the boiler furnace to produce heat. Carbon in the coal and Oxygen in the air combine to produce Carbon Dioxide and heat.

STAGE 2:

The second stage is the thermodynamic process.

J-The heat from combustion ofthe coal boils water in the boiler to produce steam. In modern power plant, boilers produce steam at a high pressure and temperature.

2-The steam is then piped to a turbine.

3-The high pressure steam impinges and expands across a number of sets of blades in the turbine. 4-The impulse and the thrust created rotates the turbine.

S-The steam is then condensed and pumped back into the boiler to repeat the cycle.

STAGE 3:

In the third stage, rotation ofthe turbine rotates the generator rotor to produce electricity based of Faraday's Principle of electromagnetic induction.

~TYPES OF THERMAL POWER PLANTS .

Thermal power plants are classified by the type offuel and the type of prime mover installed.

~BY TYPES OF FUEL

l.NUClEAR POWER PLANTS 2.FOSSIL FUElLED POWER PLANTS 3.GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANTS

4.RENEWABLE ENERGY PLANTS OR BIOMASS-FUElLED POWER PLANTS 5. INTEGRATED STEEl MILLS

6.S0LAR THERMAL ElECTRIC PLANTS

l.Nuciear power plants use a nuclear reactor's heat to operate a steam turbine generator. About 20% of electric generation in the USA is produced by nuclear power plants.

2.Fossil fuelled power plants may also use a steam turbine generator or in the case of natural gas fired plants may use a combustion turbine. A coal-fired power station produces electricity by burning coal to generate steam, and has the side-effect of producing a large amount of carbon dioxide, which is released from burning coal and contributes to global warming. About 50% of electric generation in the USA is produced by coal fired power plants.

3.Geothermal power plants use steam extracted from hot underground rocks.

SSASIT

I BY SHAILESH B. PATEL(E.C. DEPARTMENT)

Thermal Power Plant ENERGY SYSTEMS

BY SHAILESH B. PATEL -090760111025

4.Renewable energy plants or biomass-fuelled power plants may be fuelled by waste from sugar cane, municipal solid waste, landfill methane, or other forms of biomass.

5.1n integrated steel mills, blast furnace exhaust gas is a low-cost, although low-energy-density, fuel. Waste heat from industrial processes is occasionally concentrated enough to use for power generation, usually in a steam boiler and turbine.

6.Solar thermal electric plants use sunlight to boil water, which turns the generator.

~BY TYPES OF PRIME MOVERS

1.Steam turbine plants 2.Gas turbine plants 3.Combined cycle plants

4.1nternal combustion reciprocating engines a re used to provide power for isolated commun ities and are frequently used for small cogeneration plants.

5.Microturbines, Stirling engine and internal combustion reciprocating engines are low-cost solutions for using opportunity fuels, such as landfill gas, digester gas from water treatment plants and waste gas from oil production.

~ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF THERMAL POWER PLANTS:

~ADVANTAGES:

1. They can be located very conviniently near the load centres.

2. Does not require shielding like required in nuclear power plants.

3.Unlike nuclear power plants whose power production method is difficult, for thermal power plants it is easy if compared.

4. Transmission costs are reduced as they can be set up near the industry.

5. The portion of steam generated can be used as process steam in different industries.

6. Steam engines and turbines can work under 25% of overload capacity.

7. Able to respond changing loads without difficulty.

~DISADVANTAGES:

1. Large amounts of water are required.

2. Great difficulties experienced in coal handling and disposal of ash.

3. Takes long time to be erected and put into action.

4. Maintenance and operating costs are high.

5. With increase in pressure and temperature, the cost of plant increases.

6. Troubles from smoke and heat from the plant.

SSASIT

I BY SHAILESH B. PATEL(E.C. DEPARTMENT)

Thermal Power Plant ENERGY SYSTEMS

BY SHAILESH B. PATEL -090760111025

~KEY FACTS ABOUT COAL-FIRED ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION IN THERMAL POWER PLANTS

In practice to effect these three stages of conversion, many systems and sub systems have to be in service. Also involved are different technologies, like combustion, aerodynamics, heat transfer, thermodynamics, pollution control, and logistics.

As an example consider these facts for typical coal fired power plant of capacity 500 MW. Around 2 million tons of coal will be required each year to produce the continuous power.

Coal combustion in the boiler requires air. Around 1.6 million cubic meter of air in an hour is delivered by air fans into the furnace.

• The ash produced from this combustion is around 200,000 tons per year.

• Electrostatic precipitators capture almost all ofthis ash without dispersing this to the atmosphere. Pollutants from coal power plants like carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, and nitrogen oxide can also affect the environment. Thermal power plants are the biggest producers of Carbon Dioxide.

• The boiler for typical 500 MW units produces around 1600 tons per hour of steam at a temperature of 540 to 600 degrees Centigrade. The steam pressures is in the range of 200 bar. The boiler materials are designed to withstand these conditions with special consideration for operational safety.

• Heat transfer from the hot combustion gases to the water in the boiler takes place due to Radiation and convection.

• The Electrical generators carry very large electric currents that produce heat and are be cooled by Hydrogen and water.

• The steam leaving the turbine is condensed and the water is pumped back for reuse in the boiler. To condense all the steam it will require around 50,000 cubic meter per hour of cooling water to be circulated from lakes, rivers or the sea. The water is returned to the source with only an increase of 3 to 4 degrees centigrade to prevent any effect to the environment.

• Apart from the cooling water the power plant also requires around 400 cubic metere per day of fresh water for making up the losses in the water steam cycle.

SSASIT I BY SHAILESH B. PATEL(E.C. DEPARTMENT)

Thermal Power Plant ENERGY SYSTEMS

BY SHAILESH B. PATEL -090760111025

~STATUS OF THERMAL POWER PLANT IN INDIA:

11 UTIARPRADESH

NAME OF POWER STATION CAPACITY (MW)
Kothagndam 240
Gauhati 40
Barauni 150
Bokaro 225
Patratu 400
Rajghat 200
Indraprashstha 350
Badarpur 300
Dhuvaran 530
Ukai 240
Faridabad 200
Panipat 220
Kobra 420
Satpura 300
Nagpur (koradi) 480
Nashik 280
Paras 90
Talcher 254
Neyvelli 600
Eunose 450
Harduaganj 540
Obra 550
Samtaldih 480
Chandrapur 420
Durgapur 290 STATE

1. ANDHRA PRADESH 2 ASSAM

3 BIHAR

4 DELHI

5 GUJARAT

6 HARAYANA

7 MADHYA PRADESH

8 MAHARASH RTRA

9 ORISSA

10 TAMILNADU

12 WEST BENGAL

~CONCLUSION:

Though thermal power energy has so many advantages, the main disadvantage is thermal pollution. Water mainly gets polluted using thermal energy. The automobile industry, textile industry, thermal power plant, nuclear power plant release hot water to the water bodies.

Thermal power plant are goods that produce electricity.Morever,these plants are important to customers and are presumed to have a service life of greater than twenty years.Accordigly,thereliability of a power plant is considered most important,followed by after-sales service and then economic efficiency.

As demand for electrical power increases throught the world,varios plants intends to continue to strive to supply power plants that provide reliability,high performance and low price in accordance with the need of customers.

~REFERANCE :

WWW.CENTREOFENERGY.COM WWW. EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG WWW.BRIGHTHUB.COM

SSASIT

I BY SHAILESH B. PATEL(E.C. DEPARTMENT)