Project Synopsis

Generation of Electricity with Speed

Breakers
Based on

Conversion Of Energy
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT
FOR
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

2010-2011
SUBMITTED BY

(Shailendra Singh, Charlie Chakarborty , Dheeraj Sachan

Pankaj Kumar Pathak, Ankush Sharma)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

ISWARCHAND VIDYA SAGAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
AKBARPUR, MATHURA
(AFFILIATED TO U.P. TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW)

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Before we introduce our project synopsis, we would like to add a few
heartfelt words for the people who will be a part of this project in numerous
ways, people who gave unending support right from the stage the idea was
conceived.

In particular, we thank our project guide Mr. Prashant Saraswat

for having faith in the project idea and in our capability of taking over this
project. Hope that his invaluable guidance and encouragement will always
be there as a driving force to explore for something new and give out the
best.

Words fall short in expressing our gratitude towards the Head of the
Department Mr. S. Gaur and faculty members of Mechanical Engineering
whose cooperation will be needed as the project proceeds to success.

In the end, our special thanks and gratitude towards our parents who
have extended their guidance and support whenever we needed and have
made us what we are today. We hope with their showers of blessings we
would easily be able to complete the project.

Shailendra Singh

Charli Chakraborty

Ankush Sharma

Dheeraj Sachan

Pankaj Kumar Pathak

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 CONTENTS

 Introduction 1
 Need for the model 6
 Description about Rack and Pinion 9
 Statics on load and Power generation 10
 Dynamo 11
 Functioning of dynamo 11
 Abstract 13
 Working Principle 14
 Conclusion 16
 Future scope 17
 Advantages & disadvantages 17

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 INTRODUCTION
In the present scenario power becomes the major need for human
life .The availability and its per capita consumptions is regarded as the index
of national standard of living in the present day civilization. Energy is an
important input in all the sectors of any countries economy. Energy crisis is
due to two reasons, firstly the population of the world has been increased
rapidly and secondly standard of living of human beings has increased.

India is the country, which majorly suffers with lack of

sufficient power generation. The capital energy consumption of U.S.A. is
about 8000 K.W.H., whereas per INDIA is only 150 K.W.H. U.S.A. with
7% of world population consumes 32% of total power generation where as
INDIA as developing country with 20% of world population consumes only
1% of total energy consumed in the world. The availability of regular
conventional fossil fuels will be the main sources for power generation, but
there is a fear that they will get exhausted eventually by the next few
decades. Therefore, we have to investigate some approximate, alternative,
new sources for the power generation, which is not depleted by the very few
years. Another major problem, which is becoming the exiting topic for
today is the pollution. It suffers all the living organisms of all kinds as on the
land, in aqua and in air. Power stations and automobiles are the major
pollution producing places. Therefore, we have to investigate other types of
renewable sources, which produce electricity without using any commercial
fossil fuels, which is not producing any harmful products. There are already
existing such systems using renewable energy such as solar wind), OTEC
(ocean thermal energy conversions) etc…for power generation. The latest
technology which is used to generate the power by such renewable energy is
the” POWER HUMP”.

Before starting I have one question to you all who is

really very happy with the current situation of the electricity in India? I
suppose no one. so this is my step to improve the situation of electricity with
a innovative and useful concept i.e. Generating Electricity from a Speed
breaker First of all what is electricity means to us? Electricity is the form of
energy. It is the flow of electrical Power. Electricity is a basic part of nature
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And it is one of our most widely used forms of energy. We get electricity,
which is a secondary energy source, from the conversion of other sources of
energy, like coal, natural gas, oil, nuclear power and other natural sources,
which are called primary sources. Many cities and towns were built
alongside water falls that turned water wheels to perform work. Before
electricity generation began slightly over 100 years ago, houses were lit with
kerosene lamps, food was cooled in iceboxes, and rooms were warmed by
wood-burning or coal-burning stoves. Direct current (DC) electricity had
been used in arc lights for outdoor lighting. In the late-1800s, Nikola Tesla
pioneered the generation, transmission, and use of alternating current (AC)
electricity, which can be transmitted over much greater distances than direct
current. Tesla's inventions used electricity to bring indoor lighting to our
homes and to power industrial machines. How is electricity generated?

               Electricity generation was first developed in the 1800's using

Faradays dynamo generator. Almost 200 years later we are still using the
same basic principles to generate electricity, only on a much larger scale.

                 The rotor (rotating shaft) is directly connected to the prime mover
and rotates as the prime mover turns. The rotor contains a magnet that, when
turned, produces a moving or rotating magnetic field. The rotor is
surrounded by a stationary casing called the stator, which contains the
wound copper coils or windings. When the moving magnetic field passes by
these windings, electricity is produced in them. By controlling the speed at

which the rotor is turned, a steady flow of electricity is produced in the

windings. These windings are connected to the electricity network via
transmission lines.

Now I m throwing some light on the very new and

innovative concept ie GENERATING ELECTRICITY FROM A SPEED
BREAKER . Producing electricity from a speed breaker is a new concept
that is under going research. The number of vehicles on road is increasing
rapidly and if we convert some of the kinetic energy of these vehicle into the
rotational motion of roller then we can produce considerable amount of
electricity, this is the main concept of this project. In this project, a roller is
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fitted in between a speed breaker and some kind of a grip is provided on the
speed breaker so that when a vehicle passes over speed breaker it rotates the
roller. This movement of roller is used to rotate the shaft of D.C. generator
by the help of chain drive which is there to provide 1:5 speed ratio. As the
shaft of D.C. generator rotates, it produces electricity.

This electricity is stored in a battery. Then the output of

the battery is used to lighten the street lamps on the road. Now during
daytime we don’t need electricity for lightening the street lamps so we are
using a control switch which is manually operated .The control switch is
connected by wire to the output of the battery. The control switch has
ON/OFF mechanism which allows the current to flow when needed.      

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 NEED FOR THE MODEL
An energy crisis is any great bottleneck (or price rise) in the
supply of energy resources to an economy. It usually refers to the shortage
of oil and additionally to electricity or other natural resources. An energy
crisis may be referred to as an oil crisis, petroleum crisis, energy shortage,
electricity shortage electricity crisis. While not entering a full crisis, political
riots that occurred during the 2007 Burmese anti-government protests were
initially sparked by rising energy prices. Likewise the Russia-Ukraine gas
dispute and the Russia-Belarus energy dispute have been mostly resolved
before entering a prolonged crisis stage. Market failure is possible when
monopoly manipulation of markets occurs. A crisis can develop due to
industrial actions like union organized strikes and government embargoes.
The cause may be ageing over-consumption, infrastructure and sometimes
bottlenecks at oil refineries and port facilities restrict fuel supply. An
emergency may emerge during unusually cold winters. EMERGING
SHORTAGES Crisis that currently exist include; •

Oil price increases since 2003 - Cause: increasing

demand from the U.S and China, the falling state of the U.S. dollar, and
stagnation of production due to the U.S. occupation of Iraq. Iraq is #3 in the
world (besides Saudi Arabia and Iran) for its oil reserves. However some
observers have stated the global oil production peak occurred in December
2005. If this is correct it is also to blame. • 2008 Central Asia energy crisis,
caused by abnormally cold temperatures and low water levels in an area
dependent on hydroelectric power • South African electrical crisis Solution
for Energy Crisis NEXT time on the roads, don’t scoff at the speed-breakers.
They could actually light up small villages off the highway. This project is
about GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY with the SPEED BREAKERS.

Generally when vehicle is in motion it produces various

forms of energy like, due to friction between vehicle’s wheel and road i.e.
rough surface HEAT Energy is produced, also when vehicle traveling at
high speed strikes the wind then also heat energy is produced which is
always lost in environment and of which we can’t make use of….OR
directly we can say that all this energy that we can’t make use of is just the

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WASTAGE OF ENERGY that is abundantly available around us. In this
project we are just trying to make use of such energy in order to generate an
ELECTRICAL ENERGY. This project will work on the principle of
“POTENTIAL ENERGY TO ELECTRICAL ENERGY

CONVERSION” Potential energy can be thought of as

energy stored within a physical system. This energy can be released or
converted into other forms of energy, including kinetic energy. It is called
potential energy because it has the potential to change the states of objects in
the system when the energy is released If h is the height above an arbitrarily
assigned reference point, then Kinetic energy of an object is the extra energy
which it possesses due to its motion. It is defined as the work needed to
accelerate a body of a given mass from rest to its current velocity. Having
gained this energy during its acceleration, the body maintains this kinetic
energy unless its speed changes.

Negative work of the same magnitude would be

required to return the body to a state of rest from that velocity. The kinetic
energy can be calculated using the formula: In this project a mechanism to
generate power by converting the potential energy generated by a vehicle
going up on a speed breaker into kinetic energy. When the vehicle moves
over the inclined plates, it gains height resulting in increase in potential
energy, which is wasted in a conventional rumble strip When the breaker
come down, they crank a lever fitted to a ratchet-wheel type mechanism (a
angular motion converter). This in turn rotates a geared shaft loaded with
recoil springs. The output of this shaft is coupled to a dynamo to convert
kinetic energy into electricity. A vehicle weighing 1,000 kg going up a
height of 10 cm on such a rumble strip produces approximately 0.98
kilowatt power. So one such speed-breaker on a busy highway, where about
100 vehicles pass every minute, about one kilo watt of electricity can be
produced every single minute.

At present we are facing shortage of electricity. Electricity can

be generated using speed breakers, strange, isn't it? The benefits from this
idea will be to generate electricity for the streetlights, hoardings and then for
other use. The functioning will be as follows: 1.The speed breaker on a busy

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road will be lifted from one side and fixed on other side (on one way road)
2. There will be a crankshaft mechanism below the speed breaker. The shaft
of the generator will be attached to the disc and the rod connected to the disc
from the speed breaker.

This arrangement will make 1 rotation as soon as the

vehicle moves over the speed breaker.(rotations can be increased using
gears) 4. There will be electricity storing unit to store the generated
electricity during the day and will be used during the night. the
manufacturing cost is low. But the installation might be bit expensive but
still affordable. Research: the prototype made using a simple dc motor gave
an unbelievable output of 12 volts. And the cost of the prototype was just
400 rs. This proves the feasibility of this project. The idea can be applied on
heavy traffic roa it works on the principle that when a moving vehicle passes
through this set up ,the kinetic energy of vehicle will cause roller to rotate
which will further rotate transmission shaft and hence the generator armature
(i.e. acting as prime mover to run generator).

When the vehicle moves over the inclined plates, it gains height resulting
in increase in potential energy, which is wasted in a conventional rumble
strip when the plates come down, they crank a lever fitted to a ratchet-wheel
type mechanism. This in turn rotates a geared shaft loaded with recoil
springs. The output of this shaft is coupled to a dynamo to convert kinetic
into electricityA vehicle weighing 1,000 kg going up a height of 10 cm on
such a rumble strip produces approximately 0.98 kilowatt power. So one
such speed-breaker on a busy highway, where about 100 vehicles pass every
minute, about one kilo watt of electricity can be produced every single
minute.

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 RACK AND PINION

Pitch A rack and pinion is a type of linear actuator that

comprises a pair of gears which convert rotational motion into linear motion.
The circular pinion engages teeth on a linear "gear" bar – the rack.
Rotational motion applied to the pinion will cause the rack to move to the
side, up to the limit of its travel. For example, in a rack railway, the rotation
of a pinion mounted on a locomotive or a railcar engages a rack between the
rails and pulls a train along a steep slope.

The rack and pinion arrangement is commonly found in the steering

mechanism of cars or other wheeled, steered vehicles. This arrangement
provides a lesser mechanical advantage than other mechanisms such as
recalculating ball, but much less backlash and greater feedback, or steering
"feel". The use of a variable rack (still using a normal pinion) was invented
by Arthur E Bishop, so as to improve vehicle response and steering "feel"
especially at high speeds, and that has been fitted to many new vehicles,
after he created a specialized version of a net-shape warm press forging
process to manufacture the racks to their final form, thus eliminating any
subsequent need to machine the gear teeth.

Enclosed steering rack in an automobile For every pair of conjugate

involutes profile, there is a basic rack. This basic rack is the profile of the
conjugate gear of infinite radius. A generating rack is a rack outline used to
indicate tooth details and dimensions for the design of a generating tool,
such as a hob or a gear shaper cutter.

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 STATISTICS ON LOAD AND POWER
GENERATION

“When the vehicle moves over the inclined plates, it gains height
             
resulting in increase in potential energy, which is wasted in a conventional
rumble strip,” We say. “When the plates come down, they crank a lever
fitted to a ratchet-wheel type mechanism. This in turn rotates a geared shaft
loaded with recoil springs. The output of this shaft is coupled to a dynamo to
convert kinetic energy into electricity,” 

             “A vehicle weighing 1,000 kg going up a height of 10 cm on such a

rumble strip produces approximately 0.98 kilowatt power. So one such
speed-breaker on a busy highway, where about 100 vehicles pass every
minute, about one kilo watt of electricity can be produced every single
minute. The figure will be huge at the end of the day,” A.K.Das (IIT
Professor) said per mega watt from speed-breakers will be nearly Rs 1 crore
as opposed to about Rs 8 crore in thermal or hydro power stations.

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 Dynamo
A dynamo, originally another name for an electrical
generator, now means a generator that produces direct current with the use
of a commutator. Dynamos were the first electrical generators capable of
delivering power for industry, and the foundation upon which many other
later electric-power conversion devices were based, including the electric
motor, the alternating-current alternator, and the rotary converter. They are
rarely used for power generation now because of the dominance of
alternating current, the disadvantages of the commutator, and the ease of
converting alternating to direct current using solid state methods.

The word still has some regional usage as a replacement for

the word generator. A small electrical generator built into the hub of a
bicycle wheel to power lights is called a Hub dynamo, although these are
invariably AC devices.

Description

The dynamo uses rotating coils of wire and magnetic fields to

convert mechanical rotation into a pulsing direct electric current through
Faraday's law. A dynamo machine consists of a stationary structure, called
the stator, which provides a constant magnetic field, and a set of rotating
windings called the armature which turn within that field. The motion of the
wire within the magnetic field causes the field to push on the electrons in the
metal, creating an electric current in the wire. On small machines the
constant magnetic field may be provided by one or more permanent
magnets; larger machines have the constant magnetic field provided by one
or more electromagnets, which are usually called field coils.

The commutator was needed to produce direct current.

When a loop of wire rotates in a magnetic field, the potential induced in it
reverses with each half turn, generating an alternating current. However, in
the early days of electric experimentation, alternating current generally had
no known use. The few uses for electricity, such as electroplating, used
direct current provided by messy liquid batteries. Dynamos were invented as
a replacement for batteries. The commutator is a essentially a rotary switch
capable of an extremely large number of make and break operations. It
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consists of a set of contacts mounted on the machine's shaft, combined with
graphite-block stationary contacts, called "brushes", because the earliest
such fixed contacts were metal brushes. The commutator reverses the
connection of the windings to the external circuit when the potential
reverses, so instead of alternating current, a pulsing direct current is
produced.

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 ABSTRACT
In the present scenario power becomes major need for human
life. Due to day-to-day increase in population and lessen of the conventional
sources, it becomes necessary that we must depend on non-conventional
sources for power generation. While moving, the vehicles posses some
kinetic energy and it is being wasted. This kinetic energy can be utilized to
produce power by using a special arrangement called “POWER HUMP”.

The Kinetic energy of moving vehicles can be converted

into mechanical energy of the shaft through rack and pinion mechanism.
This shaft is connected to the electric dynamo and it produces electrical
energy proportional to traffic density. This generated power can be regulated
by using zenor diode for continuous supply .All this mechanism can be
housed under the dome like speed breaker, which is called hump. The
generated power can be used for general purpose like streetlights, traffic
signals. The electrical output can be improved by arranging these power
humps in series this generated power can be amplified and stored by using
different electric devices. The maintenance cost of hump is almost nullified.
By adopting this arrangement, we can satisfy the future demands to some
extent.

KEY WORDS:

Non-conventional sources, Kinetic energy, Electro-mechanical unit, Speed

breaker, magnetic field .

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WORKING PRINCIPLE:-

While moving, the vehicles possess some kinetic

energy and it is being wasted. This kinetic energy can be utilized to produce
power by using a special arrangement called POWER HUMP. It is an
Electro-Mechanical unit. It utilizes both mechanical technologies and
electrical techniques for the power generation and its storage. POWER
HUMP is a dome like device likely to be speed breaker.

When ever the vehicle is allowed to pass over the

dome it gets pressed downwards then the springs are attached to the dome
are compressed and the rack which is attached to the bottom of the dome
moves downward in reciprocating motion. Since the rack has teeth
connected to gears, there exists conversion of reciprocating motion of rack
into rotary motion of gears but the two gears rotate in opposite direction. A
flywheel is mounted on the shaft whose function is to regulate the
fluctuation in the energy and to make the energy uniform. So that the shafts
will rotate with certain R.P.M. these shafts are connected through a belt
drive to the dynamos, which converts the mechanical energy into electrical
energy. The conversion will be proportional to traffic density.

Whenever an armature rotates between the magnetic

fields of south and north poles, an E.M.F (electro motive force) is induced in
it. So, for inducing the E.M.F. armature coil has to rotate, for rotating this
armature it is connected to a long shaft. By rotating same e.m.f, is induced,
for this rotation kinetic energy of moving vehicles is utilized. The power is
generated in both the directions; to convert this power into one way a
special component is used called zenor diode for continuous supply. All this
mechanism can be housed under the dome, like speed breaker, which is
called HUMP. The electrical output can be improved by arranging these
POWER HUMPS in series. This generated power can be amplified and
stored by using different electrical devices.

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CONSTRUCTION DETAILS:-

 The various machine elements used in the construction of power

hump are

 RACK
 PINION
 WHEEL
 CAST IRON
 SHAFT
 SPRINGS

ELECTRIC DYNAMO:-

A dome is mounted on four springs and in the bottom, a rack is

clamped. The rack consists contact teeth on both the faces. It is connected to
two gear wheels to rotate the gear wheels only in one direction. We have
inserted a free wheel in each gear. The free wheel and the gear assembly are
mounted centrally. The flywheel is also mounted on the same shaft and the
shaft is simply supported at the both ends by means of ball bearings. Now a

dynamo is connected to each shaft by belt drive. The output

terminal of dynamo is connected to an electrical storing device. The total
assembly is arranged in concrete pit.

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CONCLUSION:-

Energy is an important input to sustain industrial growth and

standard of living of a country and can be directly related to per-capita
energy consumption. The conventional sources energy like coal, oil,
uranium etc… are depleting very fast and by the turn of the century man will
have to depend upon non conventional sources of energy for power
generation. The various types of non-conventional sources of energy are
solar energy, wind energy, biogas etc… now by developing “POWER
HUMP” we can generate power without utilizing any external sources
mentioned earlier.

Now, vehicular traffic in big cities is more, causing a problem

to human being. But this vehicular traffic can also be utilized for power
generation by means of new technique called “POWER HUMP”. If it is
placed in heavy traffic roads, the weight and kinetic energy of the vehicles
can be used to produce mechanical power in shafts and this mechanical
power is once again converted into electrical energy. As it does not utilize
any external source, and traffic will never be reduced, these power humps
are more reliable, and have more life than any other power source. It is also
feasible from the customer point of view as follows. The total installation
cost of the hump is 6000 rupees. Total cost = 6000 rupees Say with
improvements in design it can glow 5 streetlights of 40-watt capacity, which
will consume 2.7 K.W.H. per day.

For t years electricity bill will be 2986.5*t T=2years i.e.

the consumer will be repaid his investment with in 2 years period. From this
onwards, there will be no investment and free of cost. The life of POWER
HUMP is estimated to be 6 years. So the customer will get free power
generation for 4 years period. But the major drawback of this POWER
HUMP is design of springs. When we have less traffic and there is difficulty
in design of springs also the generation of power is intermittent, we have to
smooth out this variations. With proper improvements in design and

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installation, we can produce 240v/230v with 5-10A power smoothly and can
be used for public use like streetlights or traffic signals.

FUTURE SCOPE:-
            In this world where there is shortage of electrical power supply, this
project will be helpful to solve some of the problems. This project has some
advantages which are:-

1. The project is economical and easy to install.

2. This project is non polluting.
3. Maintenance cost is low.
4. Installation cost is low.
5. Will solve some of the electricity problems of the world.
6. The electricity produced by this system can be used to drive an electric
motor, or for any other purpose.
7. This project can be implemented on road and can be used to lighten the
street lamps.

Advantage:-

1. We can generate more amount of electricity.

2. We can lighten our street lamps.
3. Extra electricity can be send to villages also.

Disadvantage:-

1. We have to check mechanism from time to time .

2. It can get rusted in rainy season.
3. It will not work with light weight vehicle

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