c,ab; nig nIti

kMNt;smal;elIkareRbIR)as;Pasa
fra: rtvisal

>>> nIti nigc,ab; CaerOgBIrepSgKa EdleKminRtUvPnRcLMeLIy. >>>

TMBr 58 nesovePA esckIepImnnItikm<Ca e)aHBum<qaM 2005.

c,ab; nig nIti ?

cMeBaHnisSit b GkRsavRCavmYycMnYn EtgEtmankarcab;GarmN_cMeBaHBakBIrm:at;enH c,ab; nig
nIti. etIehtuGVIcaM)ac;eRbobeFob b EbgEckrvagc,ab; nig nIti ebITaMgc,ab; nig nItisuTEtmaneKaledA
RKb;RKgsgmdUcKa? karbkRsaycMeBaHcml;enHsitRtg;fa karcUlrYmviPaKedIm,IEckrMElkGMBIcMnucmYy
cMnYnEdlenACMuvijRbFanbTenH GacCaCMnYydl;karBRgwgRKwHmYyEpkrbs;RbBnKtiyut enARBHraCaNacRk
km<CaeyIg EdlkMBugTTYlrg\TiBlBIsMNak;RbBnKtiyutbreTsCaeRcIn. GtbTdxImYyenHnwgmin
BayameFVIkarbkRsayRtLb;eRkayrhUtdl;RbFanbTEdlsI GMBIkicsnasgm Edlelak Jean1
Jacques Rousseau )aneroberogeLIgkalBIqaM 1762 enaHeT. GtbTmYyenHnwgRKan;EtepatelIcMnuc
sMxan;mYycMnYn nPaBRsedogKa nig PaBxusEbkBIKarvag c,ab; nig nIti.
c,ab; nig nIti kgbribTPasa
TaMgBakc,ab; nig BaknIti mankarBnl;enAkgvcnanuRkmdl,Il,ajrbs;semcsg CYn Nat
EdlRtUv)ane)aHBum<kalBIqaM 1967. vcnanuRkmenH)anBnl;fa
c,ab; n>
esckIbBati sRmab;eGayGknKrRbtibtitam. viny RkwtRkm k,nRbedAmnusS
eGayRbRBwtl. Ebby:ag tYy:ag KMrU. esckIedIm.
nIti n> )a> sM>
c,ab;/ ])ayCaeRKOgENnaM/ EbbEpn/ TMnwmTMenom/ RbBNI. >>>

elak JeanJacques Rousseau, esovePAeQaH Du contrat social, eday octavo edition, qaM 1762. sadmYy
enHKWCasadTsSnviCaEdlbkRsayGMBI KMnitnkarkekIt nig karerobcMRbBnRKb;RKgsgm b rdmYytamkaryl;eXIBaJpal;
rbs;GkniBn EdlkgenaHmankarkt;smal;eXIjfa mancMnucmYycMnYnbkRsayTak;TineTAnwgcritlkNedImrbs;c,ab;.

c,ab; nig nIti kMNt;smal;elIkareRbIR)as;Pasa

vcnanuRkmExr-ExrenH)anbgaBaJGtnyTUeTA EdlRtUv)anRbCaCneRbIR)as;CaFmtakgCIvPaBCak;
Esg. c,ab;kgny k,nRbedAmnusSeGayRbRBwtl man]TahrN_dUcCa c,ab;Rbus - c,ab;RsI - c,ab;Rkm
EdlmanlkNCakMNaBRBanRbedAGkGaneGayRbRBwtl. ]TahrN_mYyeTotniyayCaTUeTAfa ksar
mYyc,ab; EdlkgkaleTsenH c,ab;mannyfa CasMeNA b KMrU. kgbribTdEdlenH nIti KWCasTisny
rbs;c,ab;. Ca]TahrN_Rsab; sabnEdlbeRgon b bgat;bgaBaJmuxviCaKtiyut RtUv)aneKdak;eQaH b
ehABIrrebobEdlmannydUcKa sklviTa nIti sas >>> mhaviTaly c,ab;>>>. eyIgGacelIk]TahrN_
mYyeTot nItikm mannyfa kartak;Etgc,ab;.
tamrykarsikSasmykalbcb,n muxviCaPasaRtUv)andak;bBalkgkmviFI PaKeRcInCaPasa
Gg;eKs nig manTaMgPasa)araMgxHpg EdlkgenaH c,ab; RtUv)anbkERbPasaGg;eKsfa law Pasa)araMg
fa loi nig nIti RtUv)anbkERbPasaGg;eKsfa law dEdl nigPasa)araMgfa droit2. cMnucmYyenHbgaj
eGayeXIjfa enAkgPasabreTs kmankaryl;eXIjmindUcKaTaMgRsugrvagsBaaNTaMgBIrenHEdr.

bTdanKtiyut CuMvijBakfa c,ab; nig nIti

bTdanKtiyut CacMnucbnab;EdleyIgKYreFVIkarkt;smal;. c,ab; nig nIti begIt)anCaviFan
sRmab;RKb;RKgsgm edayviFanTaMgenaHmanGtiPaBeRkamrUbPaBCa bTdanKtiyut mannyfaCabNMviFan
EdleKykeFVICaeKalsRmab;Gnuvt.
etIbTdanKtiyutTaMgenH sMedAeTAelIGVIxH?
sasacar George P. Fletcher )anbkRsay elITMBrdMbUg kgGtbTy:agKYreGaycab;GarmN_
rbs;xnfa manRkumBakBIrRbePT enAbNaRbeTsGuWr:ubmYycMnYn sRmab;sMedAeTAelIBakfa law
kgPasaGg;eKs3. law EdlKat;cab;epImsresr enAXaTImYynGtbTrbs;Kat; BuMTan;RtUv)anKat;bk
RsayGMBIniymnyenAeLIy ehIyvaGacbkERb)anfaCa c,ab; b nIti. edIm,ICYyeGaykarbkRsaykan;Et
Bisar eyIgnwgBayamykBak bTdanKtiyut PasaExr mkCMnYsBak law PasaGg;eKs kg
kzaxNmYyenH. ehIyRkumBakBIrRbePT EdlsMedAelI law enaHKW

KWCaBaksMedAdl;nItivtvisypg nig dl;nItiGtvisypg. Cajwkjab;cMeBaHnItiGtvisy eKGaceRbICaBhuvcneday

bEnm s BIeRkay ehIykrNIenH droits CaPasa)araMg esInwg rights CaPasaGg;eKs.
3
elak Prof.GeorgeP.Fletcher, GtbTeQaH INHONOUROFIUSETLEX, eday IusetLexFoundation, naf 01
Exmifuna qaM2001.
Droit

TMBr 2 n 5

c,ab; nig nIti kMNt;smal;elIkareRbIR)as;Pasa

1>

bTdanKtiyut EdlRtUv)aneKGnumt law-as-enacted-law b bTdanKtiyut-GMNac law-as4

power Gesetz, loi, zakon
kgGtbTrbs;Kat; bTdanKtiyutEdlRtUv)aneKGnumt ehIymanlkNCaGMNacRKb;RKgsgm
KWRbhak;RbEhleTAnwgBak c,ab; kgPasaExreyIg. mnusSkgsgm GnuvtbTdanKtiyutNaEdlRtUv
)anGnumt y:agenHehIyeTIbeKbkRsayfac,ab;manlkNCaGMNac. ehIykgkrNIEdlmankarrMelaP
bMBanbBatic,ab;Rtg;RbkarNamYy enaHnwgmankardak;TNkm tamrykarEcgGMBIeTasbBati nigkar
Gnuvtn_eTasbBatienaH.
2>

bTdanKtiyut EdlmanlkNCaeKalkarN_ law-as-principles b bTdanKtiyut-mUlehtu

law-as-reason Recht, droit, pravo5
bEnmBIelIsBaaNnbTdanKtiyut-GMNac sasacar George P. Fletcher k)anviPaKlmitpg
EdrGMBIsBaaN bTdanKtiyut-mUlehtu. bTdanKtiyut-mUlehtu b bTdanKtiyutEdlmanlkNCa
eKalkarN_ manlkNRbhak;RbEhleTAnwgBakfa nIti kgPasaExreyIg. sBaaNmYyenHcg;man
nyfa eKalkarN_Edlsmehtusmpl KWCaviFanEdleKeKarB-Gnuvttam ehIyeKeKarB-GnuvttamEbb
enH edayyl;eXIjfa nIti KWCasBaaNnyutiFm_.

c,ab; nig nIti kgbribTKtiyut

etImanGVIEdlCacMnucsMxan;KYreGayBicarNaTak;TinnwgkarEbgEckBakBIrm:at;enH?
karBicarNaGMBIsBaaNTaMgBIrenAkgbribTKtiyut kdUcCaenAkgbribTsgm nwgCYyeGayGk
GanRCYtRCabCagmun GMBIGtny GMBItRmUvkarcaM)ac;nc,ab; nig nItienAkgsgm nig GMBIcritlkNrbs;
sBaaNTaMgBIrenAkgRbBnKtiyutExr nigRbBnKtiyutGnrCati. enAkgsgmmYy sBaaNnc,ab;Gacman
GtiPaBeRkamrUbPaBCa viFanTUeTAecjBIGMNacnItibBati nigmanlkNcab;bgM nysmar b
c,ab;Calixitnanarbs;rd EdlmanRbPBecjBIGgkarnItibBati ehIykarbegItlixitenHRtUveKarBnUvnItiviFI
Biess nyTRmg; . edIm,IeGaymanPaBgayRsYlkg karsmal;GMBIc,ab; manniymnymYyRtUv)anelIk
eLIgfa c,ab; CaviFansresr EdlmanlkNTUeTA nigGciny_ ehIyCaviFanEdlRtUv)anGnumt eday
sPatamesckIesIc,ab;rbs;sPa btamesckIRBagc,ab;rbs;raCrdaPi)al nigEdlRtUvRbkaseGayeRbI

CaPasaGalWm:g; loiCaPasa)araMg nigzakonCaPasab:ULj.

Recht CaPasaGalWm:g; droit CaPasa)araMg nigpravoCaPasab:ULj.
Gesetz

TMBr 3 n 5

c,ab; nig nIti kMNt;smal;elIkareRbIR)as;Pasa

edayRBHmhakSRt. cuHGVIeTACanIti? nItisMedAdl; bNaviFanTaMgLayNa EdlRKb;RKgTMnak;TMngsgm

nig CaviFanEdlmancritlkNTUeTA GrUbIdac;xat nigmanTNkmEdlFanaedayGMNacsaFarN.
edayBuMcaM)ac;eFVIkarbkRsaysuICMerAeBkenaH6 cMNucEdleyIgKYrkt;sMKal;manbYn
1> c,ab;CaviFansresr kgnyTRmg;mYyenH c,ab; minGacCasTisnyrbs; nIti )aneT BIeRBaH
c,ab;RtUvEtCabNasMNuMviFan sresr rInItiCabNasMNuMviFan minsresr bmanlkNGrUbI.
2> c,ab;GnumtedaysPa Rtg;cMnucenHKWbBaak;fa ksarEdlecj b GnumtedaysabnepSg
]TahrN_ edayrdaPi)al b edaysabn bGaCJaFrmansmtkiceRkambgab;rbs;rdaPi)al
minRtUv)aneGayeQaHfaCac,ab;enaHeLIy. c,ab;manedImkMeNItBIkarGnumteday GgkarnIti
bBati b:uEneyIgKYrkt;smal;pgEdrfa lixitbTdanepSgeRkABIGtbTc,ab;TaMgenaH kGacCa
RbPBnnIti)anEdr. ]TahrN_ GnuRkwt EdlcuHhtelxaedaynaykrdmnI minEmnCac,ab;
b:uEn GnuRkwtkCaRbPBnnItiEdr.
3> c,ab;manlkNTUeTA c,ab; nig nItimancMnucrYmmYyRtg;cMnucfa TaMgc,ab; nig nIti
KWmanlkNTUeTA mincMeBaH. buKlTaMgGs;kgRbeTsmYy b kgrdmYyCak;lak;RtUveKarB nig
GnuvttamviFannc,ab; nig nIti rbs;RbeTsenaH. karGnuvtn_enHminRtUvmankarerIseGIg
rvagRbFannnItienaHeLIy.
4> c,ab;manlkNcab;bgM c,ab; manlkNcab;bgMeGayGnuvt EdlkarGnuvtedaybgM
enHRtUv)anFanaedayGMNacsaFarN edaymanEcgBIeTasbBatienAkgGtbTc,ab; b enAkg
lixitbTdanKtiyutepSgeTotEdlBak;Bn. nItimanlkNTUeTA EdlviFanTaMgLayrbs;va
maneRcInRbPB mkBIc,ab;pg mkBIsnisBaaEdlCabTdanmanlkNCaGnrCatipg mkBI
yutisaspg7 nigmkBIRbPBminpal;mYycMnYneTotpg dUcCaRTWsI b eKalkarN_TUeTACaedIm.
Rtg;enHmancMNucmYyKYreGaycab;GarmN_ KWfa minEmnral;RbPBnimYynnIti suTEtman

cMeBaHkarbkRsaysuICMerACagenH sUmGanTMBr 58 nig TMBr 65 rbs;esovePA esckIepImnnItikm<Ca Edle)aHBum<naqaM 2005

eroberogedayRkumsasacar nsklviTalyPUminnItisas nigviTasasesdkic.
7
esovePA esckIepImnnItikm<Ca bBaak;fa yutisas enAkgnItiExr mantYnaTItictYcbMput ehIyGacrhUtdl;KanEtmg.

TMBr 4 n 5

c,ab; nig nIti kMNt;smal;elIkareRbIR)as;Pasa

lkNcab;bgMTaMgGs;enaHeLIy. ]TahrN_ eKalkarN_TUeTACaRbPBminpal;mYynnIti

b:uEneKalkarN_TUeTAminmanEcgGMBIeTasbBatisMrab;GkminGnuvttamenaHeLIy.

c,ab; nig nIti cMnucmYyEdlminKYremIlrMlg

niymnysuICeRmAnsBaaNTaMgBIrenH minGacRtUv)anbkRsaykgGtbTmYydxI)aneLIy. man
TsSnEdlsmehtuplCaeRcIn yl;eXIjepSgBIkarbkRsayxagelI. mUlehtuenHeFVIeGayeyIgTTYl
sal;fa BuMmankarEbgEckdac;RsLHrvagBakTaMgBIrenHeLIy. EteTaHCay:agenHkeday munnwgbBab;
GtbTxImYyenH mancMNucmYyEdlGkTaMgGs;KaKYrBicarNa. enaHKW kmvtnkarsikSa. sisS nisiSt
GksikSa GkRsavRCav GkGnuvtc,ab; EdlmanbMNgcab;epIm b bnRsavRCavGMBInItisaRs KYrBicarNafa
c,ab; nig nIti CasBaaNBIr EdlmanlkNCab;Tak;TinnwgKasitrmYt b:uEnminEmnCasBaaN
EdldUcKaTaMgRsugenaHeT.
xJM)aTeCOCak;fa karviPaKelIsBaaNTaMgBIrenH nwgGacCaCMnYydl;karcab;epImsikSasBaaNepSg
eTotenAkgvisyKtiyut kdUcCavisynanaEdlBak;Bn kgRBHraCaNacRkkm<CaeyIg.

TMBr 5 n 5