SQL FUNCTIONS:

--------------------------------------------------------
ARE BUILT IN FUNCTIONS., THEY CAN BE CALLED FROM A USER DEFINED TBL OR SYSTEM
DEFINED VIEW(DUAL).

SQL> DESC DUAL -> DESC -> SQL*PLUS COMMAND

1 COL -> DUMMY -> VARCHAR2(1)
SQL> SELECT * FROM DUAL;
X

SYSDATE()
----------------
SELECT SYSDATE FROM DUAL;
02-SEP-08 (DEFAULT DATE FORMAT -> DD-MON-YY)

SELECT SYSDATE FROM EMP;

SELECT DISTINCT SYSDATE FROM EMP;

TYPES:
-----------
NUMBER
CHARACTER
DATE
CONVERSION
MISC

NUMBER:
----------------
ABS()
SQRT()
MOD()
ROUND()
FLOOR()
CEIL()
--
--
--

SELECT ABS(-1),SQRT(9),MOD(3,2),
ROUND(15.432), ROUND(15.432,1),ROUND(15.432,-1),
FLOOR(15,432),CEIL(15.432) FROM DUAL;

CHARACTER
-------------------
LENGTH()
CONCAT()
SUBSTR()
INSTR()
LPAD()
RPAD()
--
--
--
LENGTH()
--------------
SELECT LENGTH('ANIL ANCHAN') FROM DUAL;

SELECT ENAME,LENGTH(ENAME) FROM EMP;

CONCAT()
---------------
SELECT CONCAT(ENAME,JOB) WORKS_AS FROM EMP;
OR
SELECT ENAMEII' WORKS AS 'IIJOBII' HIS HIRDATE IS 'IIHIREDATE AS
EMPLOYEE_DETAILS FROM EMP;

SUBSTR()
--------------
SELECT ENAME,SUBSTR(ENAME,1,3) "START_1_3" FROM EMP;
TRY -VE NUMBERS

SELECT ENAME,SUBSTR(ENAME,3) "START_3" FROM EMP;

INSTR()
-----------
SELECT ENAME,INSTR(ENAME,'A') "POS_A" FROM EMP;

LPAD()
-----------
SELECT LPAD(EMPNO,10,'ORACLE') AS EMPID FROM EMP;
SELECT LPAD(EMPNO,9,'ORACLE') AS EMPID FROM EMP;
SELECT LPAD(EMPNO,11,'ORACLE') AS EMPID FROM EMP;

SELECT LPAD(EMPNO,LENGTH(EMPNO)+6,'ORACLE') AS EMPID FROM EMP;

RPAD()
------------
SELECT RPAD(EMPNO,LENGTH(EMPNO)+6,'ORACLE') AS EMPID FROM EMP;

CONVERSION:
---------------------
TO_CHAR() : DATE TO CHAR FORMAT
TO_DATE() : DATE TO SYSDATE FORMAT
--
--

TO_CHAR(): DATE TO CHAR FORMAT

-----------------

01-SEP-08 -> SYSDATE -> DD-MON-YY

INPUT OUTPUT
--------- -------------
DD 02
DDTH 02ND
YY 08
YYYY 2008
DAY TUESDAY
DY TUE
Dy Tue
day tuesday
MON SEP
MONTH SEPTEMBER
YEAR TWO THOUSAND EIGHT
HH:MI:SS 10:50:07
HH24:MI:SS 14:55:06
HH:MM:SS 10:09:07 -- MM -> 09(SEP)

WRITE A QUERY TO DISPLAY TODAY'S DAY:

------------------------------------------------------------------
SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'DAY') " TODAY IS " FROM DUAL;

WRITE A QUERY TO DISPLAY THE DAY OF OUR INDEPENDENCE:

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------
47-15-08 ---> ???? --> 'YY-DD-MM' -> 15-AUG-47
TO_CHAR('15-AUG-47','DAY')

SELECT TO_CHAR(TO_DATE('47-15-08','YY-DD-MM'),'DAY') "DAY OF INDEPENDENCE" FROM

DUAL;

SELECT TO_CHAR(TO_DATE('1947-15-08','YYYY-DD-MM'),'DAY') "DAY OF INDEPENDENCE"

FROM DUAL;

SELECT TO_CHAR(TO_DATE('15-AUG-1947','DD-MON-YYYY'),'DAY') "DAY OF INDEPENDENCE"

FROM DUAL; --> CHECK

SELECT TO_CHAR(TO_DATE('15-AUG-47'),'DAY') "DAY OF INDEPENDENCE" FROM DUAL;

--> CHECK

DATE FUNCTIONS: INPUT OUTPUT

-----------------------------
ADD_MONTHS() : SYSDATE,3 -> 02-DEC-08
MONTHS_BETWEEN() : 'D1' - 'D2' -> MONTHS
NEXT_DAY() : SYSDATE,'FRI' -> 05-SEP-08
LAST_DAY() : SYSDATE -> 30-SEP-08

SELECT ADD_MONTHS(SYSDATE,3) FROM DUAL;

02-DEC-08
SELECT ROUND(MONTHS_BETWEEN(SYSDATE,'15-AUG-1947')/12) FROM DUAL;
61
SELECT NEXT_DAY(SYSDATE,'FRI') FROM DUAL;
05-SEP-08

SELECT LAST_DAY(SYSDATE) FROM DUAL;

30-SEP-08
NOTE:
----------
SELECT LAST_DAY(SYSDATE)+65 FROM DUAL;
04-DEC-08

SELECT LAST_DAY(SYSDATE+65) FROM DUAL;

30-NOV-08

MISC:
---------
NVL() : NO VALUE FN
NVL2()
DECODE()
--
--
--

SELECT SAL,COMM,SAL+COMM AS GROSS_SAL FROM EMP;

NVL() : NVL(COLNAME,VALUE)
NVL(COMM,0)

SELECT SAL,COMM,SAL+NVL(COMM,0) AS GROSS_SAL FROM EMP;

NVL2()
----------
SELECT SAL,COMM,NVL2(COMM,SAL+COMM,SAL)
AS GROSS_SAL FROM EMP;

DECODE() IF .. THEN .. [ELSE] ..

---------------
SELECT JOB,SAL,
DECODE(JOB,'MANAGER',SAL+SAL*.10,
'CLERK', SAL+SAL *.05,
SAL) AS RAISE_SAL FROM EMP;
OR
SELECT JOB,SAL,
DECODE(JOB,'MANAGER',SAL+SAL*.10,
'CLERK', SAL+SAL *.05) AS RAISE_SAL
FROM EMP;
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------
ROWID:
------------
IS A UNIQUE ID GENERATED FOR EVERY RECORD STORED IN THE DB.

ROWNUM:
---------------
IS SEQUENCE OF NOS FOR THE RECORDS.

SELECT ROWNUM,ROWID FROM EMP;

CLASS ASSIGNMENT:
--------------------------------
1> WRITE A QUERY TO DISPLAY THE ALTERNATE RECORDS
FROM EMP TABLE:
HINT : USE MOD(),DECODE(),ROWNUM
---> SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE ROWID IN
(SELECT DECODE(MOD(ROWNUM,2),1,ROWID) FROM EMP)

2> WRITE A QUERY TO GET THE NTH RECORD

FROM EMP TABLE WHEN N IS THE INPUT:
HINT : USE ROWID,DECODE
SELECT * FROM EMP
WHERE ROWID IN(SELECT DECODE(ROWNUM,&N,ROWID)
FROM EMP)

3> WRITE A QUERY TO DISPLAY THE LAST FIVE RECORDS

FROM EMP TABLE:
HINT : USE ORDER BY,ROWNUM
---> SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM EMP ORDER BY ROWID DESC) WHERE ROWNUM < 6;
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------
SQL COMMANDS
-------------------------
DDL : DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE -> PERMANENT
------- CANNOT BE ROLLED BACK.
CREATE AUTO COMMIT FOLLOWS.
ALTER
DROP
TRUNCATE
RENAME

DML : DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE -> TEMPORARY

-------- CAN BE ROLLED BACK
INSERT
UPDATE
DELETE

TCL : TRANSACTION CONTROL LANGUAGE

--------
COMMIT
ROLLBACK
SAVEPOINT

DCL : DATA CONTROL LANGUAGE

---------
GRANT
REVOKE

NOTE:
---------
SELECT : IS A COMMAND WHICH CAN BE USED
--------------
1> QUERYING THE DB
2> WITH CREATE COMMAND
3> WITH DML COMMANDS

DATATYPES: 10g
------------------- -----
NUMBER : 38
CHAR (FIXED) : 4000
VARCHAR / VARCHAR2 (VARIABLE) : 4000
DATE : 9 BYTES : DDMONYY
DDMONYYYY
DD-MON-YY
DD-MON-YYYY
LONG (CHAR) : 2000
LONG RAW (BINARY) : 2000
TIMESTAMP : DATE+TIME DD-MON-YY HH:MI:SS
--
--
EX:
CHAR(10) : 'AN9L' -> 10
VARCHAR2(10) : 'AN9L' -> 4

LOB : LargeOBjects DATATYPES

-------------- ---------------
BLOB : BINARY LOB : 4 GB : MOVIES,VIDEOS,PICS
CLOB : CHARACTER LOB : 4 GB : HUGE CHAR DATA
NCLOB : NATIONAL CLOB : : FOREIGN LANG
BFILE : BINARY EXT LOB : SYSTEM DEPENDENT

SQL> ALTER SESSION SET NLS_LANGUAGE = 'FRENCH';

CREATE:
--------------
CREATE TABLE <TNAME>
(COL1 <DATATYPE(SIZE)>,
COL2 <DATATYPE(SIZE)>,
---,
---,
COLN <DATATYPE(SIZE)
);

SQL> CREATE TABLE EMPLOY

(EMPNO NUMBER(4),
ENAME CHAR(10),
SALARY NUMBER(10),
DOJ DATE,
PROGRAM VARCHAR2(20),
REMARKS VARCHAR2(20)
);

SQL> /
SQL> ED -> CHANGE THE TBL NAME
SQL> /

SQL> DESC EMPLOY

INSERT: CREATING A NEW RECORD

------------- ----------
I CANNOT SKIP ANY COLUMNS
--
INSERT INTO <TNAME> VALUES
(COL1VAL,'COL2VAL','COL3VAL',.....'COLNVAL');

BEGIN
INSERT INTO EMPLOY VALUES
(1001,'ANIL',99999,'01-SEP-08','ORACLE','TRAINING');
INSERT INTO EMPLOY VALUES
(1002,'ANCHAN',NULL,NULL,'','YET TO JOIN');
INSERT INTO EMPLOY VALUES
(NULL,'',NULL,NULL,'','');
END;
/

II USED TO INSERT INTO REQD COLS

--- ----------------
INSERT INTO <TNAME>(COL1,COL5)
VALUES(COL1VAL,COL5VAL);
INSERT INTO EMPLOY(EMPNO,REMARKS)
VALUES(1004,'YET TO JOIN');

III
----
& METHOD
----------------
INSERT INTO <TNAME> VALUES
(&COL1NAME,'&COL2NAME',....'&COLNNAME');

ENTER THE VALUE FOR COL1NAME:

:
SQL> INSERT INTO EMPLOY VALUES
(&AAA,'&ENAME',&SALARY,'&DOJ','&PROGRAM',&A);

SQL> SET ESCAPE #

UPDATE: MODIFY AN EXISTING RECORD

-------------- -----------
UPDATE <TNAME> SET COLNAME = <NEW_VAL>; ALL RECORD

UPDATE <TNAME> SET COLNAME = <NEW_VAL>

WHERE <COLNAME> = <UNQ_VAL>; 1 RECORD

UPDATE EMPLOY SET SALARY = 7777 WHERE EMPNO = 1002;

UPDATE EMPLOY SET ENAME = 'RAJ',

SALARY = 98989,
PROGRAM = 'JAVA'
WHERE EMPNO = 1001;
CLASS ASSIGNMENT:
--------------------------------
WRITE A QUERY TO DISPLAY THE N NO OF RECORDS AT RANDOM FROM EMP TABLE WHERE N IS
INPUT FROM USER.

DELETE:
-------------
DELETE [FROM] <TNAME>; -> ALL RECORDS
DELETE [FROM] <TNAME> WHERE COLNAME = <UNQ_VAL>;
-> 1 RECORD

ROLLBACK;

TCL:
--------------
COMMIT : MAKES DML PERMANENT
UPTO PREV COMMIT
UPTO PREV DDL
UPTO NORMAL DISCONNECT -> SQL> DISC
OR SQL> EXIT

ROLLBACK : UPTO PREV COMMIT

UPTO PREV DDL
UPTO UBNORMAL DISC-> POWER FAILURE,CLOSE SQL*PLUS

SAVEPOINT : BENCH MARK TO ROLLBACK TO THE SAVEPOINT IF SPECIFIED.

I SELECT
10:00 LOGIN EMP 14
10:30 INSERT 4 18
11:00 UPDATE 2 18
12:00 DELETE 3 15
01:00 ROLL; 14
II SELECT
10:00 LOGIN EMP 14
10:30 INSERT 4 18
10:45 COMMIT;
11:00 UPDATE 2 18
12:00 DELETE 3 15
12:30 COMMIT;
01:00 ROLL; 15

III SELECT
10:00 LOGIN EMP 14
10:30 INSERT 4 18
10:40 SAVEPOINT A;
11:00 UPDATE 2 18
11:30 SAVEPOINT B;
12:00 DELETE 3 15
01:00 ROLL; 14

IV SELECT
10:00 LOGIN EMP 14
10:30 INSERT 4 18
10:40 SAVEPOINT A;
11:00 DELETE 2 16
11:30 SAVEPOINT B;
12:00 DELETE 3 13
01:00 ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT B; 18

V SELECT
10:00 LOGIN EMP 14
10:30 INSERT 4 18
10:40 SAVEPOINT A;
11:00 DELETE 2 16
11:15 DROP TABLE T;
11:30 SAVEPOINT B;
12:00 DELETE 3 13
01:00 ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT A; 18

SUCH SAVEPOINT NEVER ESTABLISHED.

DCL:
----------
GRANT
REVOKE

USER1 USER2 USER3

----------- GRANT ----------- GRANT -------------
T1 -----------> USER1.T1 ---------> USER1.T1
ALL(I,U,D,S)
WITH GRANT OPTION

GRANT ALL ON <TNAME> TO <USRNAME> [WITH GRANT OPTION];

GRANT CONNECT,RESOURCE TO <USRNAME>;

USER1
----------
T1 -> 5 RECORDS
USER2> SELECT * FROM USER1.T1; -> 5 RECORDS
USER3> SELECT * FROM USER1.T1; -> 5 RECORDS
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------

USER2> DELETE USER1.T1 WHERE EMPNO IN(1001,1002);

--> 2 ROWS DELETED.
USER2> SELECT * FROM USER1.T1; -> 3 RECORDS
USER3> SELECT * FROM USER1.T1; -> 5 RECORDS
USER1> SELECT * FROM T1; -> 5 RECORDS
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------
USER3> UPDATE USER1.T1 SET SAL = 9999 WHERE EMPNO = 1001; <WAIT> -->
RESOURCE BUSY -> IMPLICIT LOCK

USER1> DELETE T1 WHERE EMPNO = 1001;

<WAIT> --> RESOURCE BUSY -> IMPLICIT LOCK
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------

REVOKE:
--------------
REVOKE ALL ON <TNAME> FROM <USERNAME>;

1> USER1 <------------------ USER2

<------------------------------------------------------------ USER3

2> USER3 <---------------------------- USER3

3> USER1 <------------------------------------------------------------ USER3

NOT POSSIBLE