1986 Supplement ASPE Data Book, Vol. 2: Special Plumbing Systems Design Dedicated to the advancement af the profession and its allied industries, Although great care has been taken in the compilation and publication of this volume, no warranties, express or implied, are given in connection herewith, and no responsibility ccan be taken for any claims arising herewith, Comments, criticisms, and suggestions regarding the subject matter are invited. Any errors or omissions in the data should be brought to the attention of the editors. An errata sheet may be issued approximately one year after publication, if required. Notice of any significant error foud, will be published in Plumbing Engineer. Copyright © 1986, American Society of Plumbing Engineers All rights reserved. Reproduction of any part of this book by ‘any means, print, xerographic, or electronic, is expressly forbidden Without the express written consent of the publishers,PREFACE This Special Plumbing Systems Design, 1986 Supplement, (ASPE Data Book, Vol. 2), completely updates this volume, with some twelve chapters being extensively revised, and a new Research Foundation ‘eport added as @ new appendix. This new Supplement represents the collective efforts of many, many members, esp. in the Boston, San Francisco, and Washington DC chapters, as well as three members of the Society's administrative staff Particular recognition must go to the overall 1986 Data Book Chairman, Frank G. Teebagy, CIPE, of Boston. His dedication, enthusiasm, and his organization, all made this revision possible, Following fs a list of everyone directly involved: Chairman: Frank G, Teebagy, CIPE; V.P. Technical: William P. Schaefer, PE, CIPE; Review: Wen-Yung W. Chan, David A. Sealine, CIPE, John Mitsumori, PE, and Edward Saltzberg, PE, CIPE; Chapter 1: Frank G. Teebagy, CIPE; Chapter 3: Joseph Barbera; Chapter 4: Kam Ran M. Nemati, PE; Chapter 6: David A. Sealine, CIPE, and Blizabeth Bunn, CIPE; Chapter 9: Jerry McCLeery, PE, CIPE; Chapter 10: David A. Sealine, CIPE, Franklin ‘Smith, and J, Ballough; Chapter 11: Neil H. Joson, PE, CIPE; Chapter 16: Teddie E, Jacob, PE, CIPE; Chapter 17; R, Magrceau; Chaprer'18: Hyung S. Ryu, PE, CIPE; Chapter 19: Fred E, Jacob, CIPE, _ In addition to these members, note must also be made of the (literally) hundreds of members whose ‘work on previous editions of both volumes of the D; ata Book has also contributed to these chapters. This technical reference book is an on-going, living resource, and its present value is founded on its priot evelopment. Many, many members in addition to those mentioned here volunteered their 3 and efforts, which were ultimately unable to be utilized; to these also we express our gratitude, Special mention should also be made of the A: ‘SPE Research Foundation, whose research report Investigation into Water Quality in Domestic Water Systems" is published herein as an Appendix. Originally intended to be the first of two phases, this report covers water contamination in metalic piping Systems (copper, galvanized steel, and the combination of the two), with exhaustive detail on the relative els of numerous contaminants from a wide range of buildings in which the plumbing system was tested ‘The work on the project was done by the Lennox Research Institute, in Lennox, Massachusetts And lastly, special mention must be made of the administrative support provided by the ASPE administrative staff, esp. administrative assistant Karen L. Chesterman, They produced all of the draft snd final manuscripts, and indeed the final text which appears here. (For the frst time, this volume was entirely typeset in the Society's office, utilizing Apple Macintosh equipment, and MacWrite and PageMaker software.) ‘To all who read and use this volume, we wish all success. If you have any questions regarding this 1986 Supplement, or have any suggestions for the , please contact the ASPE office John 8. Shaw, CAE Publisher & Executive Director September, 1986Chapter 18 CORROSION Corrosion is the degradation of a material by its environment. In the case of metals, corrosion is an electrochemical reaction between a metal and its environment. In-the case of iron piping. For example, the iron reacts with oxygen to form iron oxide (Fe203) , ‘or rust, which is the basic con- stituent of the magnetic iron ore (hematite) from which the iron was refined. The many processes necessary to produce iron or steel pipe from refining through rolling, stamping and fabricating to finished product all impart large amounts of energy 10 the ion. As @ finished pipe, itis in 2 highly energized state and reacts readily with oxygen in the environment to form rust. Corrosion results from a flow of direct current through an electrolyte (soil or water) from one location fon the metal surface to another location on the metal surface. The current flow is caused by a voltage difference between the two locations. ‘This chapter covers the fundamentals of corrosion as they relate to the consumer's premises. In this respect wwe are essentially dealing with piping materials for the conveyance of fluids, both liquid and gas. These pipes are usually installed either underground or aboveground, thus making the extemal environment of the pipe, earth or air, respectively, The internal environment is the fluid conveyed inside the pipe. One can realize, therefore, that many environmental conditions may affect the performance of any given material. FREQUENTLY USED CORROSION TERMS Active. A state in which a metal tends to corrode (opposite of Passive), Active Potential. The potential of a corroding metal. Aeration Cell. An oxygen concentration cell; an electrolytic cell resulting from differences in dissolved oxygen at two points. Amphoteric corrosion. — Amphoteric materials are those materials that are subject to attack from both acid and alkaline environments. Aluminum and lead, commonly used in construction, are subject to amphoteric corrosion in highly alkaline environments. Such corrosion is usually caused by a chemical reaction resulting from a concentration of alkaline products, formed by the electrochemical process. The use of cathodic protection in highly alkaline environment, therefore, intensifies the formation of alkaline products ‘Anaerobic. Free of air or uncombined oxygen. Anion, A negatively charged ion of an electrolyte ‘which migrates toward the anode under the influence of a potential gradient. ‘Anode. (Opposite of cathode) The electrode at which ‘oxidation or corrosion occurs. A common anode reaction is: Zqom Zt + 2 electrons ‘Anodic Protection. An appreciable reduction in by making a metal an anode and maintaining ly polarized condition with very litte current Cathode. (Opposite of anode) The electrode where reduction (and practically no corrosion) occurs. A typical cathode reaction: 4 electrons = 02 + Ha0 ~- 40H” Cathodic Corrosion, An unusual conditon (esp. ‘with Al, Zn, Pb) in which corrosion is accelerated at the cathode because cathodic reaction creates an alkaline condition which is corrosive to certain metas. Cathodie Protection. Reduction or elimination of corrosion by making the metal a cathode by means of an impressed d.c. curent or attachment to a sacrificial anode (usually Mg, Alor Zn). Cathoiyte, The electrolyte of an electrolytic cell adjacent the cathode. Cation. A positively charged ion of an electrolyte Which migrates toward the cathode under the influence of a potential gradient. Caustie Embrittlement. Embrilement of @ metal resulting from contact with an alkaline solution. Cavitation, Formation and sudden collapse of vapor bubbles in’ a Liquid; usually resulting from local iow pressures - as on the trailing edge of propeller; this developes momentary high local pressure which can mechanically destroy a portion of a surface on which the bbubbies collapse. Cavitation-Corrosion. Corrosion damage resulting from cavitation and corrosion; metal corrodes, pressure develops from collapse of cavity and removes corrosion product, exposing bare metal to repeated corrosion