AP Physics Chapter 12

Equilibrium and
Elasticity

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 AP Physics

z Turn in H11, W11 & L11

z Take Quiz 12
z Lecture: Equilibrium and Elasticity
z Q&A

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 Equilibrium: Continues its motion

Two conditions:
a) P = constant ⇒ ∑ Fext = 0
b) L = constant, about any point ⇒ ∑ τ ext = 0

Static Equilibrium
Normally choose
a) P = constant
a) The physical pivot point
b) L = constant
b) A point on which many
c) P = 0 forces are acting
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 If 3D, then

⎧ ∑F =0
⎪⎪ x

∑ Fext = 0 ⇒ ⎨ ∑ Fy = 0
⎪
⎪⎩ ∑ Fz = 0
and
⎧ ∑τ = 0
⎪⎪ x

∑ τ ext = 0 ⇒ ⎨ ∑τ y = 0 But we normally deal with

torque in one direction only
⎪
⎪⎩ ∑ τ z = 0
(like, out of page.)
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 Example: Pg327-57

To crack a certain nut in a nutcracker, forces with

magnitudes of at least 40 N must act on its shell from
both sides. For the nutcracker of Fig. 12-64, with
distances L = 12 cm and d = 2.6 cm, what are the
force components F⊥(perpendicular to the handles)
corresponding to that 40 N?
F⊥
L

F⊥
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 Solution: Pg327-57

Fo = 40 N , d = 2.6cm, L = 12cm,
Fo
F⊥ = ? d
F⊥ L
o
Torque about point o:
S
∑τ = 0 ⇒ τ F⊥ − τ Fo + τ S = 0
⇒ F⊥ L − Fo d = 0

Fo d 40 N × 2.6cm
⇒ F⊥ = = = 8.7 N
L 12cm
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 Practice: Pg322-12

A uniform cubical crate is

0.750 m on each side and
weighs 500 N. It rests on
the floor with one edge
F
against a very small, fixed
obstruction. At what least h
height above the floor must •o
a horizontal force of
magnitude 350 N be applied
to tip it?
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 τ = rF sin φ = rF⊥ = r⊥ F

Solution: Pg322-12

L = 0.750m,W = 500 N , F = 350 N

F S
h=?
h
L
∑τ = 0 2 o

⇒ τW − τ F + τ S = 0 W

⎛ L⎞
⇒ W ⎜ ⎟ − Fh = 0
⎝2⎠
WL 500 N × 0.750m
⇒h= = = 0.536m
2F 2 × 350 N
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 Practice: Pg321-9

A meter stick balances horizontally on a knife-

edge at the 50.0 cm mark. With two 5.00-g
coins stacked over the 12.0 cm mark, the stick
is found to balance at the 45.5 cm mark. What
is the mass of the meter stick?
N
F

10 W
 Solution: Pg321-9
⎛ 1kg ⎞ m N
F = 2 × 5g × ⎜ ⎟ × 9.8 rF rW
⎝ 1000 g ⎠ s2 o
= 0.098 N , F W
rF = 45.5cm − 12.0cm = 33.5cm,
rW = 50.0cm − 45.5cm = 4.5cm,
W = mg
m=?
∑τ = 0 ⇒ τ F − τ W + τ N = 0 ⇒ FrF − WrW = 0 ⇒ FrF − mgrW = 0
FrF 0.098 N × 33.5cm
⇒m= = = 0.0744kg = 74.4 g
grW 9.8m / s × 4.5cm
2
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 Practice: Pg328-66

A uniform beam is 5.0 m

long and has a mass of N
53 kg. In Fig. 12-69, T
the beam is supported
in a horizontal position θ

by a hinge and a cable,

with angle θ = 60o. In
unit-vector notation,
what is the force on the
y
beam from the hinge? W x
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 Solution: Pg328-66 o

L = 5.0m, m = 53kg , θ = 60o , N x = ?, N y = ?

Torque about point o:
L
∑ τ = τ T − τ W = 0 ⇒ TL sin θ − mg =0
2
m
53kg × 9.8
mg s 2 = 300 N
⇒T = =
2 sin θ 2 sin 60 o

∑ Fx = 0 ⇒ T cos θ − N x = 0 ⇒ N x = T cos θ = 300 N ⋅ cos 60 = 150 N

o

∑ Fy = 0 ⇒ T sin θ + N y − W = 0
m
⇒ N y = mg − T sin θ = 53kg × 9.8 2
− 300 N ⋅ sin 60 o
= 260 N
s
JJG
⇒ N = ( −150 N ) iˆ + ( 260 N ) ˆj
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 What if I chose a different
rotational axis? o

Torque about point o:

L
∑ τ = τ W − τ N = 0 ⇒ mg − N y L = 0
2
m
53kg × 9.8
mg s 2 = 260 N
⇒ Ny = =
2 2
∑ Fx = 0 ⇒ T cos θ − N x = 0 ⇒ N x = T cos θ = 300 N ⋅ cos 60o = 150 N
∑ Fy = 0 ⇒ T sin θ + N y − W = 0
m
W − Ny mg − N y 53kg × 9.8 2
− 260 N
⇒T = = = s = 300 N
sin θ sin θ sin 60 o

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 Practice: Pg323-24
In Fig. 12-38, a 55 kg rock climber is in a lie-back climb
along a fissure, with hands pulling on one side of the
fissure and feet pressed against the opposite side.
The fissure has width w = 0.20 m, and the center of
mass of the climber is a horizontal distance d = 0.40 m
from the fissure. The coefficient of static friction
between hands and rock is μ1 = 0.40, and between
boots and rock it is μ2 = 1.2.
a) What is the least horizontal pull by the hands and push
by the feet that will keep the climber stable?
b) For the horizontal pull of a), what must be the vertical
distance h between hands and feet?
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 f1
N1

f2
Solution: Pg323-24
N2 o

M = 55kg , w = 0.20m, d = 0.40m, μ1 = 0.40, μ2 = 1.2, N1 = N 2 W

a)ΣFy = 0 ⇒ f1 + f 2 − W = 0
⇒ μ1 N + μ2 N − Mg = 0 ⇒ ( μ1 + μ2 ) N = Mg
m
55kg × 9.8
Mg s 2
⇒N= = = 337 N
μ1 + μ2 0.40 + 1.2
b)Torque about foot:
Στ = τ W − τ N1 − τ f 1 = 0 ⇒ Mg ( d + w ) − N ( h ) − ( μ1 N ) w = 0

Mg ( d + w ) − ( μ1 N ) w
h=
N
m
55kg × 9.8 2 × ( 0.20m + 0.40m ) − ( 0.40 × 337 N ) × 0.20m
= s = 0.88m
16 337 N
 Example: Pg327-55

In Fig. 12-63, block A

(mass 10 kg) is in
θ
equilibrium, but it would
slip if block B (mass 5.0 A

kg) were any heavier.

For angle θ = 30o, what
B
is the coefficient of
static friction between
block A and the surface
below it?
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 y

T
θ
TA=f P x

Solution: Pg327-55
TB=WB

Consider forces on Point P.

ΣFy = 0 ⇒ T cosθ − WB = 0
m
5.0kg × 9.8 2
WB mB g s = 56.6 N
⇒T = = =
cos θ cos θ cos 30 o

ΣFx = 0 ⇒ T sin θ − f = 0 ⇒ f = T sin θ = 56.6 N ⋅ sin 30 o

= 28.3 N
Also from force on A:
f 28.3 N
f = μ N = μ mA g ⇒ μ = = = 0.29
mA g m
10kg × 9.8 2
s

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 Practice: Pg322-14

The system in Fig. 12-28 is in equilibrium, with the string

in the center exactly horizontal. Block A weighs 40
N, block B weighs 50 N, and angles φ is 35o. Find
a) tension T1, b) tension T2, c) tension T3, and d)
angle θ.
T3
φ θ
T1 T2 T2
1 3
P• 2 • Q

WA
A B WB
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 Solution: Pg322-14
WA = 40 N ,WB = 50 N T1 T3

a )T1 = ? φ θ
T2 T2
∑ FPy = 0 ⇒ T1 cos35o − WA = 0 P • • Q
WA 40 N
⇒ T1 = o
= o
= 49 N
cos35 cos35
WA
b)T2 = ? WB
y
∑ FPx = 0 ⇒ T2 − T1 sin 35o = 0
x
⇒ T2 = T1 sin 35 = 49 N × sin 35 = 28 N
o o

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 Solution: Pg322-14 (cont.)
c)T3 = ?
∑ FQx = 0 ⇒ T3 x − T2 = 0 ⇒ T3 x = T2 = 28 N
∑ FQy = 0 ⇒ T3 y − WB = 0 ⇒ T3 y = WB = 50 N

T3 = T3 x 2 + T3 y 2 = ( 28 N ) + ( 50 N ) = 57 N
2 2

d )θ = ?
T3 x −1 28 N
θ = tan −1
= tan = 29o
T3 y 50 N

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 Elasticity
F
z Stress: deforming force per unit area,
A
z Strain: unit deformation, ΔL or ΔV
L V

Tensile
stress

Shearing
stress Bulk/Hydraulic
stress
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 Stress vs Strain
Stress (F/A)
Rupture
Ultimate
strength

Yield
strength
Range of Permanent Deformation

Linear (Elastic) Range

Strain (ΔL/L)
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 Modulus Table on Pg 317

z Experiments show that the stress is

proportional to the strain within the elastic range.
The proportionality is called the modulus.
F ΔL
z Young’s modulus, E =E
A L
F Δx
z Shear modulus, G =G
A L

ΔV
z Bulk modulus, B P=B
24 V
 Example: Pg328-68
After a fall, a 95 kg rock climber finds himself dangling from
the end of a rope that had been 15 m long and 9.6 mm in
diameter but has stretched by 2.8 cm. For the rope, calculate
a) the strain, b) the stress, and c) the Young’s modulus.

m = 95kg , L = 15m, D = 9.6 × 10 −3 m, ΔL = 2.8cm = 0.028m

ΔL
a) =? c) E = ?
L
ΔL 0.028m ΔL
= = 1.9 × 10−3 F
=E
L 15m A L

F
=? ⎛F⎞
b) ⎜ ⎟
E= ⎝ ⎠
A A
F = mg ⎛ ΔL ⎞
⎛ 9.6 × 10−3 m ⎞
2 2
⎜ ⎟
⎛D⎞ ⎝ L ⎠
A=πr =π ⎜ ⎟ =π ⎜
2 −5
⎟ = 7.24 × 10 m
2

⎝2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ N
1.3 × 107
9 N
2
F mg 95kg × 9.8m / s 2 7 N = m = 6.8 × 10
= = = 1.3 × 10 1.9 × 10−3 m2
25 A A 7.24 × 10−5 m 2 m2
 Practice:
A solid copper cube has an edge length of 85.5 cm. How
much pressure must be applied to the cube to reduce the
edge length to 85.0 cm? The bulk modulus of copper is
1.54 × 1011 N/m2.

Li = 85.5cm, L f = 85.0cm, B = 1.54 × 1011 N / m 2 ,

P=?

Vi = Li 3 = ( 85.5cm ) = 6.25 × 105 cm3

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V f = L f 3 = ( 85.0cm ) = 6.14 × 105 cm3

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ΔV = V f − Vi = 6.25 × 105 cm3 − 6.14 × 105 cm3 = 1.1 × 104 cm3

ΔV N 1.1 × 10 4
cm 3

P=B = 1.54 × 1011 2 × = 2.7 × 10 9

Pa
Vi m 6.25 × 10 cm 5 3

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