18

MasteringPhysics: Assignment Print View
A Siphon at the Bar

Jane goes to a juice bar with her friend Neil. She is thinking of ordering her favorite drink, 7/8 orange juice and 1/8
cranberry juice, but the drink is not on the menu, so she decides to order a glass of orange juice and a glass of
cranberry juice and do the mixing herself. The drinks come in two identical tall glasses; to avoid spilling while mixing
the two juices, Jane shows Neil something she learned that day in class. She drinks about 1/8 of the orange juice,
then takes the straw from the glass containing cranberry juice, sucks up just enough cranberry juice to fill the straw,
and while covering the top of the straw with her thumb, carefully bends the straw and places the end over the orange
juice glass. After she releases her thumb, the cranberry juice flows through the straw into the orange juice glass.
Jane has successfully designed a siphon.
Assume that the glass containing cranberry juice has a very large diameter with respect to the diameter of the straw
and that the cross-sectional area of the straw is the same at all points. Let the atmospheric pressure be and
assume that the cranberry juice has negligible viscosity.
Part A
Consider the end of the straw from which the cranberry juice is flowing into the glass containing orange juice, and
let be the distance below the surface of cranberry juice at which that end of the straw is located: . What is the
initial velocity of the cranberry juice as it flows out of the
straw? Let denote the magnitude of the acceleration due
to gravity.
Hint A.1 How to approach the problem

Hint not displayed
Hint A.2 Apply Bernoulli's principle

Hint not displayed
Express your answer in terms of and .
ANSWER:
=
Correct
The speed of fluid flowing from the outlet of a siphon tube is the same as the speed that a body would acquire
in falling from rest through a distance . This result is valid also for fluid flowing from an opening in a
container at distance below the surface of the fluid.
Part B
http://session.masteringphysics.com/myct/assignmentPrintView?assignmentID=1488671 (1 of 38) [12/13/2010 7:11:42 PM]

Given the information found in Part A, find the time it takes to Jane to transfer enough cranberry juice into the
orange juice glass to make her favorite drink if centimeters. Assume that the flow rate of the liquid is
constant, and that the glasses are cylindrical with a diameter of 7.0 centimeters and are filled to height 14.0
centimeters. Take the diameter of the straw to be 0.4 centimeters.
Hint B.1 How to approach the problem

Hint not displayed
Hint B.2 Find the volume flow rate

Hint not displayed
Express your answer numerically in seconds to two significant figures.
ANSWER:
= 3.8
Correct
A Submerged Ball
A ball of mass and volume is lowered on a string into a fluid of density . Assume that the object would sink
to the bottom if it were not supported by the string.
Part A
What is the tension in the string when the ball is fully submerged but not touching the bottom, as shown in the
figure?
Hint A.1 Equilibrium condition

Hint not displayed
Hint A.2 Find the magnitude of the buoyant force

Hint not displayed
Express your answer in terms of any or all of the given quantities and , the magnitude of the
acceleration due to gravity.
ANSWER:
=
Correct

A Water Tank That Needs Cleaning

A cylindrical open tank needs cleaning. The tank is filled with water to a height meter, so you decide to
empty it by letting the water flow steadily from an opening at the side of the tank, located near the bottom. The cross-
sectional area of the tank is square meters, while that of the opening is square meters.
Part A
How much time does it take to empty half the tank? (Note: A useful antiderivative is .)

Hint not displayed
Hint A.2 Find the discharge rate

Hint not displayed
Hint A.3 Find the outflow speed as a function of the fluid speed at the surface
Hint not displayed
Hint A.4 Rewrite the expression for the outflow speed as a function of the cross-sectional
areas of the tank and the opening
Hint not displayed
Hint A.5 Find the rate of change of the level of water in the tank
Hint not displayed
Hint A.6 How to solve a separable first-order ODE

Hint not displayed
Hint A.7 The limits of integration

Hint not displayed
Express your answer numerically in seconds. Take the free-fall acceleration due to gravity to be
meters per second per second.
ANSWER:
= 51.9
Correct
Breaking a Glass Soda Bottle

A glass soda bottle is emptied of soda and filled to the very top with water. A cork is carefully fitted into the top of the
bottle, leaving no air between the cork and the water. The top of the bottle has a diameter of = 2.00 and the
bottom of the bottle has a diameter of = 6.50 . The
glass breaks when it is exposed to = 70.0 of
pressure.
A student hits the cork sharply with her fist and the bottom of
the bottle breaks. The student's fist has a mass of = 0.480
and moves downward at a speed of = 5.00 . It
collides elastically with the cork and rebounds with the same
speed. The collision lasts for = 1.20×10−4 . In this
problem, the positive direction is upward.
Part A
What is the force that the fist exerts on the top of the bottle?

Hint not displayed
Hint A.2 Find the acceleration of the fist during the collision
Hint not displayed
Hint A.3 Find the force the bottle exerts on the fist
Hint not displayed
Hint A.4 Newton's 3rd law

Hint not displayed
Express your answer in newtons.
ANSWER:
−4.00×104
Correct
Part B

What is the magnitude of the force exerted on the bottom of the bottle?
Hint B.1 How to approach this problem

Hint not displayed
Hint B.2 Find the area of the top of the bottle

Hint not displayed
Hint B.3 Find the change in pressure at the top of the bottle
Hint not displayed
Hint B.4 Find the increase in pressure at the bottom of the bottle
Hint not displayed
Hint B.5 Find the area of the bottom of the bottle

Hint not displayed
Hint B.6 Relationship between pressure and force

Hint not displayed
Express your answer in newtons to four significant figures.
ANSWER:
4.23×105
Correct
Part C
Which of the following explains why the bottle breaks?
Hint C.1 How to solve this problem

Hint not displayed
Choose the correct explanation.
ANSWER: The pressure that the water exerts on the walls of the glass bottle is
greater than the pressure required to break the glass.
The force that the water exerts on the bottom of the bottle is greater than
the failure pressure of the glass.
The force that the water exerts on the bottom of the bottle is greater than
the force required to break the glass.
When the hand strikes the bottle, it sends a shock wave through the bottle,
causing the water molecules to get very close together. When the mass of
extra water molecules strike the bottom of the bottle, it breaks.
Correct
Force on a Goldfish Vector Drawing

A fishbowl contains a single goldfish and is filled with water to the level indicated.
Part A
At each of the designated points, rotate the given vector to indicate the direction of the force exerted by the water
on either the inside of the fishbowl (for points A and B) or the outside of the goldfish (for points C, D, and E).
Hint A.1 Direction of the force due to the water

Hint not displayed
The orientation of your vectors will be graded.
ANSWER:
View
All attempts used; correct answer
displayed
Pressure in a Centrifuge
A test tube filled with liquid of uniform density , as shown in the figure, is spun in a centrifuge with angular
frequency . The test tube lies perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the centrifuge. The pressure in the fluid at the
distance from the axis of rotation is . You may ignore
the variation in pressure with depth; asume that it is much
smaller than the variation in pressure with radius.
Part A

What is the pressure of the fluid in the test tube at an arbitrary distance from the axis of rotation?

Hint not displayed
Hint A.2 More on how to approach the problem

Hint not displayed
Hint A.3 Centripetal force

Hint not displayed
Hint A.4 Find the change in pressure

Hint not displayed
Hint A.5 Rewrite the change in pressure

Hint not displayed
Hint A.6 Solving differential equations

Hint not displayed
Hint A.7 A helpful integral

Hint not displayed
Express your answer in terms of , , , , and .
ANSWER:
=
Correct
Pressure on a Dam
As the reservoir behind a dam is filled with water, the pressure that the water exerts on the dam increases.
Eventually, the force on the dam becomes substantial, and it could cause the dam to collapse. There are two
significant issues to be considered: First, the base of the dam should be able to withstand the pressure , where
is the density of the water behind the dam, is its depth, and is the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity.
This means that the material of which the dam is made needs to be strong enough so that it doesn't crack
(compressive strength).
The second issue has to do with the strength of the foundation of the dam. The water pressure exerts a clockwise
torque on the dam, as shown in the figure. The foundation of the dam should be strong enough so that the dam does
not topple. The material has to be strong enough that the dam does not snap (shear strength).
To study this phenomenon, consider the simple model of a dam depicted in the diagram. A reservoir of water

(density ) behind the dam is filled to a height . Assume

that the width of the dam (the dimension pointing into the
screen) is .
Part A
Consider a horizontal layer of the dam wall of thickness located a distance above the reservoir floor. What is
the magnitude of the force on this layer due to the water in the reservoir?
Hint A.1 Find the pressure as a function of depth

Hint not displayed
Express your answer in terms of , , the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity , and
any quantities from the problem introduction.
ANSWER:
= All attempts used; correct answer
displayed
Part B
The force of the water produces a torque on the dam. In a simple model, if the torque due to the water were
enough to cause the dam to break free from its foundation, the dam would pivot about its base (point P). What is
the magnitude of the torque about the point P due to the water in the reservoir?

Hint not displayed
Hint B.2 Definition of torque

Hint not displayed
Hint B.3 Find the torque on a horizontal layer of the dam

Hint not displayed
Hint B.4 Some helpful integrals

Hint not displayed
Express your answer in terms of quantities given in the problem introduction and the magnitude
of the acceleration due to gravity .

ANSWER:
=
Answer
Requested
Thus the average moment arm is . Therefore, since the water exerts a greater force at the
bottom of the dam than at the top, the net effect is as if the force were acting at a height of from the bottom.
A Water Tank on Mars

You are assigned the design of a cylindrical, pressurized water tank for a future colony on Mars, where the
acceleration due to gravity is 3.71 meters per second per second. The pressure at the surface of the water will be 105
, and the depth of the water will be 13.8 . The pressure of the air in the building outside the tank will be 95.0
.
Part A
Find the net downward force on the tank's flat bottom, of area 2.10 , exerted by the water and air inside the tank
and the air outside the tank.
Hint A.1 The net force

Hint not displayed
Hint A.2 What is (a Pascal)?

Hint not displayed
Hint A.3 Density of water

Hint not displayed
Hint A.4 Find the force exerted on the tank's bottom by the air outside the tank
Hint not displayed
Hint A.5 Find the force exerted on the tank's bottom by the water
Hint not displayed
Express your answer numerically in Newtons, to three significant figures.
ANSWER: 1.29×105
displayed
Heat Flowing through a Sectioned Rod

A long rod, insulated to prevent heat loss along its sides, is in perfect thermal contact with boiling water (at
atmospheric pressure) at one end and with an ice-water mixture at the other . The rod consists of a 1.00 section
of copper (with one end in the boiling water) joined end-to-
end to a length of steel (with one end in the ice water).
Both sections of the rod have cross-sectional areas of 4.00
. The temperature of the copper-steel junction is 65.0
after a steady state has been reached. Assume that the
thermal conductivities of copper and steel are given by
and .
Part A
How much heat per second flows from the boiling water to the ice-water mixture?

Hint not displayed
Hint A.2 Equation for heat conduction

Hint not displayed
Express your answer in watts.
ANSWER:
= 5.39
Correct
Because the system is assumed to have reached a steady state, the heat flowing out of the boiling water must
be equal to the heat flowing through the copper section of the rod.
Part B
What is the length of the steel section?

Hint not displayed
Express your answer in meters.
ANSWER:
= 0.242
Correct
Extending the analysis from the first part, we see that, since a steady state has been reached, the heat flowing
through the copper section must be equal to the heat flowing through the steel section, which is also equal to
the heat flowing into the ice water.

Hot Rods
Two circular rods, both of length and having the same diameter, are placed end to end between rigid supports with
no initial stress in the rods.
The coefficient of linear expansion and Young's modulus for rod A are and respectively; those for rod B are
and respectively. Both rods are "normal" materials with .
The temperature of the rods is now raised by .
Part A
After the rods have been heated, which of the following statements is true?
Choose the best answer.
ANSWER: The length of each rod is still .

The length of each rod changes but the combined length of the rods is still
.
Correct
The length of the combined rod remains the same, but because the rods have different expansion coefficients,
the lengths of the individual rods change. In other words, even though and
.
Part B
After the rods have been heated, which of the following statements is true?
Choose the best answer.
ANSWER: The stress in each rod remains zero.

A compressive stress arises that is the same for both rods.
A compressive stress arises that is different for the two rods.
A tensile stress arises that is the same for both rods.
A tensile stress arises that is different for the two rods.
A compressive stress arises in one rod and a tensile stress arises in the
other rod.
Correct
Stress is a force per unit area. By Newton's 3rd law, the force on rod A due to rod B is the same as that on rod
B due to rod A. Since the rods have the same diameter, their cross-sectional area is the same. Therefore, the
stress on each rod must be the same.
Part C

What is the stress in the rods after heating?
Hint C.1 How to approach the problem

Hint not displayed
Hint C.2 Change in length for each rod

Hint not displayed
Express the stress in terms of , , , , and .
ANSWER:
=
Correct
Another way of thinking about this is that the combination of rods has a net thermal expansion coefficient
and a net Young's modulus given by
How Much Coolant Do You Need?

In a bizarre experiment devised by a physics teacher and an industrial arts teacher at a local high school, a cast-iron
engine block of mass with coolant of mass is heated to 100 ( ) in a water bath. The engine block is then
quickly submerged in an insulated container holding a mass of 1000 of water, at a temperature of 15 ,
to find the mass of the coolant in the engine.
The final temperature of the water, engine, and coolant is found to be 18 after heat from the engine is
transferred to the water. The engine coolant used is pure ethylene glycol , which has a specific heat of
. (Usually you would use a mix of ethylene glycol and water as coolant.) The mass of the
engine block used is 275 and the specific heat of cast iron is . The specific heat of water
is 4187 .
Assume that this is a closed, isolated system.
Part A
For this experiment, the students were asked to find the mass of the coolant. If pure ethylene glycol is used as the
coolant, what is the mass of coolant used in the experiment?

Hint not displayed
Hint A.2 Find the heat added to the water

Hint not displayed
Hint A.3 Find the heat removed from the engine alone
Hint not displayed

Hint A.4 The equation for the heat removed from the coolant
Hint not displayed
Hint A.5 Find the heat removed from the engine and coolant
Hint not displayed
Find the mass of ethylene glycol in kilograms to three significant digits.
ANSWER:
= 12.3
Correct
Adding Ice to Water

An insulated beaker with negligible mass contains liquid water with a mass of 0.275 and a temperature of 64.0
.
Part A
How much ice at a temperature of -22.7 must be dropped into the water so that the final temperature of the
system will be 40.0 ?

Hint not displayed
Hint A.2 Calculate the heat lost by the water

Hint not displayed
Hint A.3 How to calculate the heat gained by the ice

Hint not displayed
Hint A.4 Heat gained by the ice

Hint not displayed
Take the specific heat of liquid water to be 4190 , the specific heat of ice to be 2100
, and the heat of fusion for water to be 334 .
ANSWER:
= 5.03×10−2
Correct
An Overflowing Flask

A glass flask whose volume is 1000 at a temperature of 0.600 is completely filled with mercury at the same
temperature. When the flask and mercury are warmed together to a temperature of 52.0 , a volume of 8.35 of
mercury overflows the flask.
Part A
If the coefficient of volume expansion of mercury is = 1.80×10−4 , compute , the coefficient of volume
expansion of the glass.

Hint not displayed
Hint A.2 Calculate the change in volume of the mercury

Hint not displayed
Hint A.3 Calculate the change in volume of the flask

Hint not displayed
Express your answer in inverse kelvins.
ANSWER:
= 1.75×10−5
Correct
It is important to remember that when an object with a cavity inside of it is heated, the cavity will expand at the
same rate that the object is expanding owing to the thermal expansion of the object. This is because the linear
dimensions of the object will expand outward at all points equally in the object, whether on the outside surface
or the inside surface of the cavity. Therefore, the volumes of the object and the cavity will expand by the same
factor.
Compression of a Jaguar XK8 Cylinder

A Jaguar XK8 convertible has an eight-cylinder engine. At the beginning of its compression stroke, one of the
cylinders contains 499 of air at atmospheric pressure ( ) and a temperature of 27.0 . At the end
of the stroke, the air has been compressed to a volume of 46.2 and the gauge pressure has increased
to .
Part A
Compute the final temperature .

Hint not displayed
Hint A.2 Mass of air in the cylinder

Hint not displayed
Hint A.3 Relation between the initial and final states

Hint not displayed

Hint A.4 Gauge pressure

Hint not displayed
ANSWER:
= 503
Correct
The increase in gas temperature caused by this compression stroke is one of the reasons why a car engine
gets so hot when it is running.
Volume of Copper
Part A
What is the volume of a sample of 2.40 of copper? The atomic mass of copper (Cu) is 63.5 , and the
density of copper is .

Hint not displayed
Hint A.2 What is the mass of the copper?

Hint not displayed
Hint A.3 Using the density in calculations

Hint not displayed
Express your answer in cubic centimeters.
ANSWER:
= 17.09
Correct
Pressure Cooker
A pressure cooker is a pot whose lid can be tightly sealed to prevent gas from entering or escaping.
Part A

If an otherwise empty pressure cooker is filled with air of room temperature and then placed on a hot stove, what
would be the magnitude of the net force on the lid when the air inside the cooker had been heated to ?
Assume that the temperature of the air outside the pressure cooker is (room temperature) and that the area
of the pressure cooker lid is . Take atmospheric pressure to be .
Treat the air, both inside and outside the pressure cooker, as an ideal gas obeying .
Hint A.1 Calculate the pressure inside

Hint not displayed
Hint A.2 Relating pressure and force

Hint not displayed
Hint A.3 Determine the role of the outside pressure

Hint not displayed
Express the force in terms of given variables.
ANSWER:
=
Correct
Part B
The pressure relief valve on the lid is now opened, allowing hot air to escape until the pressure inside the cooker
becomes equal to the outside pressure . The pot is then sealed again and removed from the stove. Assume that
when the cooker is removed from the stove, the air inside it is still at .
What is the magnitude of the net force on the lid when the air inside the cooker has cooled back down to ?

Hint not displayed
Hint B.2 What stays constant when the cooker is opened?

Hint not displayed
Hint B.3 Calculate the pressure inside

Hint not displayed
Express the magnitude of the net force in terms of given variables.
ANSWER:
=
Correct
Gas Pressure Given Temperature vs. Volume Graph Ranking Task

The figure shows representations of six thermodynamic states of the same ideal gas sample.
Part A
Rank the states on the basis of the pressure of the gas sample at each state.
Hint A.1 The ideal gas law

Hint not displayed
Hint A.2 Determining pressure

Hint not displayed
Rank pressure from highest to lowest. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them.
ANSWER:
View
Correct
Average Spacing of Gas Molecules

Consider an ideal gas at 27.0 degrees Celsius and 1.00 atmosphere pressure. Imagine the molecules to be uniformly
spaced, with each molecule at the center of a small cube.
Part A
What is the length of an edge of each small cube if adjacent cubes touch but don't overlap?

Hint not displayed
Hint A.2 Calculate the volume per mole

Hint not displayed
Hint A.3 Calculate the volume per molecule

Hint not displayed
Hint A.4 The edge length of a cube

Hint not displayed
Express your answer numerically in meters.
ANSWER:
= 3.45×10−9
Correct
For carbon dioxide gas, the physical volume of a molecule (based on the van der Waals equation constant
) is approximately . This implies that the linear dimension of the molecule
is only about .
Comparing this number to the result of your calculation above, you can see that the size of the molecule is
less than one eighth of the length of the cube edge that surrounds the molecule, which is also the average
distance separating one molecule from the next. A small molecular size, as compared to the distance between
molecules, is a necessary assumption in the kinetic-molecular model of an ideal gas.
An Expanding Monatomic Gas

We start with 5.00 moles of an ideal monatomic gas with an initial temperature of 133 . The gas expands and, in
the process, absorbs an amount of heat equal to 1280 and does an amount of work equal to 2180 .
Part A
What is the final temperature of the gas?
Hint A.1 First law of thermodynamics

Hint not displayed
Hint A.2 Find the change in internal energy

Hint not displayed
Hint A.3 Calculate the change in temperature

Hint not displayed
Use = 8.3145 for the ideal gas constant.
ANSWER: 119
displayed
A Flexible Balloon
A flexible balloon contains 0.380 of an unknown polyatomic gas. Initially the balloon containing the gas has a
volume of 6850 and a temperature of 21.0 . The gas first expands isobarically until the volume doubles. Then
it expands adiabatically until the temperature returns to its initial value. Assume that the gas may be treated as an
ideal gas with and .
Part A
What is the total heat supplied to the gas in the process?
Hint A.1 Which parts of the process have heat flow?

Hint not displayed
Hint A.2 Relation of heat capacity and heat

Hint not displayed
Hint A.3 Find the change in temperature

Hint not displayed
ANSWER: 3720
displayed
Part B
What is the total change in the internal energy of the gas?
Hint B.1 Dependence of internal energy on temperature

Hint not displayed
ANSWER:
=0
Correct
Part C

What is the total work done by the gas?

Hint not displayed
ANSWER:
= 3720
Correct
Part D
What is the final volume ?
Hint D.1 Relation between volume and temperature

Hint not displayed
ANSWER:
= 0.110
Correct
Work from an Adiabatic Expansion

In this problem you are to consider an adiabatic expansion of an ideal diatomic gas, which means that the gas
expands with no addition or subtraction of heat.
This applet shows the adiabatic compression and expansion of an ideal monatomic gas with . It will help you
to see the qualitative behavior of adiabatic expansions, though your actual calculations will use a slightly different .
Assume that the gas is initially at pressure , volume , and temperature . In addition, assume that the
temperature of the gas is such that you can neglect vibrational degrees of freedom. Thus, the ratio of heat capacities
is .
Note that, unless explicitly stated, the variable should not appear in your answers--if needed use the fact that
for an ideal diatomic gas.
Part A
Find an analytic expression for , the pressure as a function of volume, during the adiabatic expansion.
Hint A.1 Find the conserved quantity in an adiabatic process

Hint not displayed
Express the pressure in terms of and any or all of the given initial values , , and .
ANSWER:
=
Answer
Requested
The fact that is a constant derives from the definition of an adiabatic process as one in which no heat
flow into or out of the system occurs. Setting in the first law of thermodynamics ( ) gives

the starting point for this derivation: . See your textbook for more details.
Part B
At the end of the adiabatic expansion, the gas fills a new volume , where . Find , the work done by
the gas on the container during the expansion.

Hint not displayed
Hint B.2 Help with the math

Hint not displayed
Express the work in terms of , , and . Your answer should not depend on temperature.
ANSWER:
=
Answer Requested
Part C
Find , the change of internal energy of the gas during the adiabatic expansion from volume to volume .
Hint C.1 Find the initial internal energy

Hint not displayed
Hint C.2 Find the final internal energy

Hint not displayed
Express the change of internal energy in terms of , , and/or .
ANSWER:
=
Answer Requested
If you used the hints to solve this part, they lead you on a long, but instructive, path to calculate . A much
simpler method you might have used is to apply the first law of thermodynamics,
,
together with the fact that for an adiabatic process by definition.
Basically, the molecules transfer some of their energy and thus also momentum to the walls of the container,
causing the expansion. So the temperature decreases, while the volume increases. Of course, some external
force will eventually stop the expansion.
Heating a Room

Imagine you've been walking outside on a cold winter's day. When you arrive home at your studio apartment, you
realize that you left a window open and your room is only slightly warmer than the outside.
You turn on your 1.0- space heater right away and wait impatiently for the room to warm up.
In this problem, make the following assumptions:
● The entire output of the space heater goes into warming the air in the room.
● The air in the room is an ideal gas with five degrees of freedom per particle (three translational degrees of freedom
and two rotational degrees of freedom—about right for nitrogen and oxygen).
● The air in the room is at a constant pressure of 1.00 .
● At room temperature and atmospheric pressure, 1 of air fills a volume of 23 . This is slightly larger than the
volume of air at standard temperature and pressure, because room temperature is hotter than 0 .
Part A
How long will it be before the heater warms the air in the room by 10. ?

Hint not displayed
Hint A.2 Find the energy needed to raise the temperature

Hint not displayed
Express your answer in minutes to two significant figures.
ANSWER:
16
time = Correct
In practice, it would probably take more than an hour to heat the room by 10. because the walls and any
items in the room are in thermal contact with the air and would have to be warmed up also.
PSS 19.1 The First Law of Thermodynamics

Learning Goal: To practice Problem-Solving Strategy 19.1 The First Law of Thermodynamics.
A 1.60 sample of carbon dioxide undergoes a two-step process. First, at a constant volume, the gas behaves
ideally as it is cooled from 43.0 to -78.5 where it reaches a pressure of 1 . Second, at -78.5 and a
constant pressure of 1 the gas undergoes a phase change to dry ice. What is the change in internal energy of
carbon dioxide for this entire process?
The constant volume molar heat capacity of carbon dioxide gas is 28.46 , the heat of sublimation of
carbon dioxide is 6030 , and the density of dry ice is .
Problem Solving Strategy: The first law of thermodynamics

IDENTIFY the relevant concepts:
The first law of thermodynamics is the statement of the law of conservation of energy in its most general form. You
can apply it to any situation in which you are concerned with changes in the internal energy of a system, with heat
flow into or out of a system, and/or with work done by or on a system.
SET UP the problem using the following steps:
1. Carefully define what the thermodynamic system is.
2. For problems with more than one step, identify the initial and final states for each step.
3. Identify the known quantities and the target variables.
4. The first law, can be applied just once to each step in a thermodynamic process, so you will often
need additional equations. These often include

for the work done in a volume change and the equation of state of the material that makes up the thermodynamic
system (for an ideal gas, ).
EXECUTE the solution as follows:
1. Consistent units are essential. If is in and is in , then is in joules. If a heat capacity is given in
terms of calories, usually the simplest procedure is to convert it to joules.
2. The internal energy change in any thermodynamic process or series of processes is independent of the
path, whether the substance is an ideal gas or not. Since is the same for every possible path between the
same two states, you can then relate the various energy quantities for other paths.
3. When a process consists of several distinct steps, it often helps to make a table showing , , and for
each step. Put these quantities for each step on a different line, and arrange them so the ’s, ’s, and ’s
form columns. Then, you can apply the first law to each line; in addition, you can add each column and apply the
first law to the sums.
4. Using steps 1–3, solve for the target variables.
EVALUATE your answer:
Check your results for reasonableness. In particular, make sure that each of your answers has the correct
algebraic sign. Recall that a positive means that heat flows into the system, and a negative means that heat
flows out of the system. A positive means that work is done by the system on its environment, whereas a
negative means that work is done on the system by its environment.
IDENTIFY the relevant concepts

In this problem, carbon dioxide undergoes a two-step process in which work is done and heat flows between the
gas and its environment. The resulting change in internal energy of the gas is governed by the first law of
thermodynamics.
SET UP the problem using the following steps
Part A
Identify the initial and final states of carbon dioxide for each step in the process.
Drag the appropriate items to their respective bins.
ANSWER:
View
Correct
The figure illustrates this two-step process.

Carbon dioxide starts at a known temperature but unknown pressure and volume . As the temperature of
the gas drops to -78.5 , the pressure of the gas also decreases until it reaches . At this point,
the gas changes phase to become a solid, so the volume decreases to while the pressure and temperature
stay the same.
Part B
What equations will you need in the process of solving for the change in internal energy of the carbon dioxide?
is the heat of sublimation, is the heat of fusion, and is the constant volume heat capacity.
Check all that apply.
ANSWER:
Correct
EXECUTE the solution as follows
Part C

What is the change in internal energy of carbon dioxide for this entire process?
Hint C.1 How to approach this problem

This process consists of two steps. During step 1, the carbon dioxide gas cools at a constant volume from an
initial pressure and temperature to a final pressure and temperature. During step 2, the carbon dioxide changes
phase and decreases its volume while at a constant temperature and pressure.
The change of internal energy of a system is given by .
Because this is a two-step process, the overall change in internal energy becomes
.
To simplify the expression, look for terms that are equal to zero. For each step in the process, determine the heat
flow into and work done by the carbon dioxide. Keep in mind that ,
, , and .
Hint C.2 Find the heat transferred during the first step of the process
Hint not displayed
Hint C.3 Find the work done during the first step of the process
Hint not displayed
Hint C.4 Find the heat transferred during the second step of the process
Hint not displayed
Hint C.5 Find the work done during the second step of the process
Hint not displayed
Express your answer in joules.
ANSWER: −4.33×104
= Answer
Requested
EVALUATE your answer
Part D
What are the signs associated with each of the following quantities?
Drag the appropriate items to their respective bins.

ANSWER:
View
displayed
The change in internal energy of a system only depends upon the heat flow into or out of the system and the
work done by the system, . Getting the signs correct in this equation is essential. Both heat flow
into and work done by the system are positive quantities.
PSS 20.1 Heat Engines

Learning Goal: To practice Problem-Solving Strategy 20.1 Heat Engines.
Steam at a temperature = 345 and = 1.00 enters a heat engine at an unknown flow rate. After passing
through the heat engine, it is released at a temperature = 100 and = 1.00 . The measured power output
of the engine is 490 , and the exiting steam has a heat transfer rate of = 3000 . Find the efficiency of
the engine and the molar flow rate of steam through the engine. The constant pressure molar heat capacity
for steam is 37.47 .
Problem Solving Strategy: Heat engines

IDENTIFY the relevant concepts:
A heat engine is any device that converts heat partially to work.
SET UP the problem using the following steps:
1. Carefully define what the thermodynamic system is.
2. For multi-step processes with more than one step, identify the initial and final states for each step.
3. Identify the known quantities and the target variables.
4. The first law, , can be applied just once to each step in a thermodynamic process, so you will
often need additional equations. The equation
is useful in situations for which the thermal efficiency of the engine is relevant. It's helpful to sketch an energy-flow
diagram.
EXECUTE the solution as follows:
1. Be very careful with the sign conventions for and the various 's. is positive when the system expands
and does work; is negative when the system is compressed. Each is positive if it represents heat entering
the system and is negative if it represents heat leaving the system.
2. Power is work per unit time ( ), and heat current is heat transfer per unit time ( ).
3. Keeping steps 1 and 2 in mind, solve for the target variables.
EVALUATE your answer:
Use the first law of thermodynamics to check your results, paying particular attention to algebraic signs.
IDENTIFY the relevant concepts

This heat engine partially converts heat from the incoming steam into work, so the problem solving strategy for heat
engines is applicable.
SET UP the problem using the following steps

Part A
Which of the following quantities are known?
ANSWER: The temperature of steam as it leaves the engine,

✔
✔ The power output of the engine,

The molar flow rate of steam,
✔ The constant pressure molar heat capacity of steam,
The efficiency of the engine,
✔ The heat transfer rate for steam leaving the engine,
The heat transfer rate for steam entering the engine,
The temperature of the steam as it enters the engine,

✔
Correct
The efficiency and the molar flow rate of steam through the engine are both target variables in this problem.
Even though the heat transfer rate of the steam entering the heat engine is not given in the problem
statement, it is not a target variable.
The energy-flow diagram for this system is shown. Heat flows into the engine at a rate of as steam at a
temperature . Work leaves the engine at a rate . The remaining heat leaves the engine at a rate of
as steam at temperature .
EXECUTE the solution as follows
Part B

What is the efficiency of the heat engine?

You are asked to find the efficiency of the heat engine.
To find the efficiency of the heat engine, first find the heat transfer rate of the incoming steam from the
relationships between work and power and between heat and heat transfer rate. Once you know the incoming
heat transfer rate, you can then calculate the efficiency of the heat engine using the power delivered by the
engine.
Hint B.2 Find the heat transfer rate of the incoming steam
What is the heat transfer rate of the incoming steam ?
Hint B.2.1 Find an expression for the heat transfer rate of the incoming steam
Hint not displayed
Express your answer numerically in joules per second.
ANSWER:
= Answer not displayed
Hint B.3 Find an expression for the efficiency of the heat engine
Find an expression for the efficiency of the heat engine .
Start with the expression
and replace and with expressions involving the power generated by the engine, the heat transfer rate
of the steam entering the engine , and time . Refer to EXECUTE step 2 if you need help recalling the
relationships between these variables.
Hint B.3.1 How to put the efficiency equation into terms of power and heat transfer rates
Hint not displayed
Express in terms of and .
ANSWER: = Answer not displayed
Express the efficiency numerically to three significant figures.
ANSWER: 0.140
= Answer
Requested
An efficiency of 0.140 indicates that 14.0 of the heat from the incoming steam is converted to work. The
remaining 86.0 is expelled from the heat engine as heat in the outlet steam.
Part C

What is the molar flow rate of steam into the engine?

The molar flow rate of steam can be calculated by relating the temperature change and molar heat capacity
to the power ( ) delivered by the steam engine.
From the first law of thermodynamics, you know that . That is, the energy of the heat engine is conserved
and the net heat flowing into the engine equals the net work done by the engine. You can use the fact that the
steam is a gas held at a constant pressure to find an expression for involving .
Hint C.2 The net heat flowing into the heat engine
The heat required for the temperature change of moles of steam can be expressed in terms of the difference in
temperatures of the entering and exciting steam as
.
The heat lost by the steam is equal to the heat gained by the steam engine, so the net heat flowing into the steam
engine can be expressed as
.
Hint C.3 Find an expression for the molar flow rate of steam through the heat engine
Express the molar flow rate of steam through the heat engine as a function of the generated power , the
constant pressure molar heat capacity , and the change in temperature . Keep in mind that is related to
, and since the energy of the heat engine is conserved, .
Express the molar flow rate in terms of , , and .
ANSWER:
=
Answer
Requested
Express the molar flow rate in moles per second to three significant figures.
ANSWER:
= 5.34×10−2
Correct
Knowing the flow rate of steam through the heat engine is important for a few reasons. In the design stage, an
estimate of the flow rate is used the size the heat engine. During the operation of the heat engine, enough
steam must flow through the heat engine to produce the required amount of power.
EVALUATE your answer
Part D

Which of the following changes, if made individually, would cause an increase in the amount of power produced by
the heat engine?
ANSWER: higher molar flow rate,

✔
lower molar flow rate,

✔ smaller value of
larger value of
smaller value of
✔ larger value of

displayed
A heat engine can produce more power either by improving its efficiency or by increasing its throughput. If
either the entering heat transfer rate increases or the exiting heat transfer rate decreases, the power
generated by the engine will increase. Dividing both sides of by time makes the relationship
between power and heat transfer rates clearer:
.
By either increasing the entering heat transfer rate or decreasing the exiting heat transfer rate, the efficiency of
the heat engine is increased. If the molar flow rate increases, the amount of heat that the engine converts into
work per unit time increases, but the engine is not necessarily more efficient.
A Three-Step Gas Cycle

A monatomic ideal gas has pressure and temperature . It is contained in a cylinder of volume with a
movable piston, so that it can do work on the outside world.
Consider the following three-step transformation of the gas:
1. The gas is heated at constant volume until the pressure reaches (where ).
2. The gas is then expanded at constant temperature until the pressure returns to .
3. The gas is then cooled at constant pressure until the volume has returned to .
It may be helpful to sketch this process on the pV plane.
Part A
How much heat is added to the gas during step 1 of the process?
Hint A.1 First law of thermodynamics

Hint not displayed
Hint A.2 Think about

Hint not displayed
Hint A.3 How to find

Hint not displayed

Hint A.4 How to find

Hint not displayed
Express the heat added in terms of , , and .
ANSWER:
=
Answer
Requested
Part B
How much work is done by the gas during step 2?
Hint B.1 How to approach this problem

Hint not displayed
Hint B.2 Find
Hint not displayed
Hint B.3 Find the initial and final volumes

Hint not displayed
Express the work done in terms of , , and .
ANSWER:
= Answer
Requested
Part C
How much work is done by the gas during step 3?
If you've drawn a graph of the process, you won't need to calculate an integral to answer this question.
Hint C.1 The easy way to solve this problem

Hint not displayed
Hint C.2 Find the formula for work done

Hint not displayed
Express the work done in terms of , , and .
ANSWER:
= Answer
Requested

Entropy Change in a Free Expansion: A Microscopic View

A thin partition divides a thermally insulated vessel into a lower compartment of volume and an upper
compartment of volume . The lower compartment contains moles of an ideal gas; the upper part is evacuated.
Part A
When the partition is removed, the gas expands and fills both compartments. How many moles of gas were
initially contained in the lower compartment if the entropy change of the gas in this free-expansion process is 17.28
?

Hint not displayed
Hint A.2 Find the number of possible microscopic states of a gas after a free expansion
Hint not displayed
Hint A.3 Find the microscopic expression for the change in entropy of a gas
Hint not displayed
Hint A.4 Relating to the gas constant

Hint not displayed
Express your answer to three significant figures.
ANSWER:
= 1.89
Correct
From Hot to Cool: A Change in Entropy

In a well-insulated calorimeter, 1.0 of water at 20 is mixed with 1.0 of ice at 0 .
Part A
What is the net change in entropy of the system from the time of mixing until the moment the ice completely
melts? The heat of fusion of ice is .
Note that since the amount of ice is relatively small, the temperature of the water remains nearly constant
throughout the process. Note also that the ice starts out at the melting point, and you are asked about the change
in entropy by the time it just melts. In other words, you can assume that the temperature of the "ice water" remains
constant as well.

Hint not displayed
Hint A.2 Description of entropy

Hint not displayed

Hint A.3 Heat needed to melt the ice

Hint not displayed
Express your answer numerically in joules per kelvin. Use two significant figures in your answer.
ANSWER:
= 8.35×10−2
Correct
As you would expect, in this spontaneous process the net change in entropy is positive: The entropy
increases. This is evident not just from the calculation but also from the fact that a crystal becomes liquid and
hence the degree of disorder increases.
Refrigerator Light
The inside of an ideal refrigerator is at a temperature , while the heating coils on the back of the refrigerator are at
a temperature . Owing to a malfunctioning switch, the light bulb within the refrigerator remains on when the the
door is closed. The power of the light bulb is ; assume that all of the energy generated by the light bulb goes into
heating the inside of the refrigerator.
For all parts of this problem, you must assume that the refrigerator operates as an ideal Carnot engine in reverse
between the respective temperatures.
Part A
If the temperatures inside and outside of the refrigerator do not change, how much extra power does the
refrigerator consume as a result of the malfunction of the switch?
Hint A.1 Find the coefficient of performance

Hint not displayed
Hint A.2 How much heat is absorbed from the cold reservoir for the properly working
refrigerator?
Hint not displayed
Hint A.3 How much work is done by the malfunctioning refrigerator?

Hint not displayed
Hint A.4 Convert heat into power

Hint not displayed
Hint A.5 How much power was consumed by the properly working refrigerator?
Hint not displayed
Hint A.6 Putting it all together

Hint not displayed
Express the extra power in terms of , , and .

ANSWER:
=
Answer
Requested
You'll note that for typical household refrigerators, this result suggests that for a given value of , the extra
power needed to run the refrigerator with the light on is much smaller than . The next part of this problem
shows this for a specific case.
Part B
Suppose the refrigerator has a 25-W light bulb, the temperature inside the refrigerator is , and the temperature
of the heat dissipation coils on the back of the refrigerator is . Find the extra power consumed by the
refrigerator. Keep in mind that you will need to use absolute units of temperature (i.e., kelvins).
Express your answer numerically in watts to three significant figures.
ANSWER: 3.20
= Answer
Requested
Refrigerator Prototypes Ranking Task

Six new refrigerator prototypes are tested in the laboratory. For each refrigerator, the electrical power needed for it
to operate and the maximum heat energy that can be removed per second from its interior are given.
Part A
Rank these refrigerators on the basis of their performance coefficient.

Hint not displayed
Hint A.2 Definition of the performance coefficient

Hint not displayed
Rank from largest to smallest. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them.
ANSWER:
View
Correct

Part B
The six refrigerators are placed in six identical sealed rooms. Rank the refrigerators on the basis of the rate at
which they raise the temperature of the room.
Hint B.1 Temperature and Conservation of energy

Hint not displayed
ANSWER:
View
displayed
Six Carnot Engines with Varying Reservoirs Ranking Task

Six Carnot engines operating between different hot and cold reservoirs are described below. The heat energy
transferred to the gas during the isothermal expansion phase of each cycle is indicated.
Part A
Rank these engines on the basis of the change in entropy of the gas during the isothermal expansion phase of the
cycle.
Hint A.1 Change in entropy

Hint not displayed
ANSWER:
View
displayed
Part B

Rank these engines on the basis of the change in entropy of the gas during one complete cycle.
Hint B.1 Change in entropy for a complete cycle

Hint not displayed
Hint B.2 Does the second law of thermodynamics apply?

Hint not displayed
ANSWER:
View
displayed
Entropy Change of an Expanding Gas

Two moles of an ideal gas undergo a reversible isothermal expansion from 1.93×10−2 to 4.89×10−2 at a
temperature of 26.8 .
Part A
What is the change in entropy of the gas?

Hint not displayed
Hint A.2 Calculate the work done by the gas

Hint not displayed
Hint A.3 Calculating the change in entropy

Hint not displayed
Express your answer numerically in joules per kelvin.
ANSWER:
= 15.5
Correct
As the gas expands, the greater volume allows the molecules of the gas to explore a greater range of
positions, so the disorder of the gas (the molecules of which can have an increased randomness of position in
an increased volume) will therefore be increased as well.

Melting Ice with a Carnot Engine

A Carnot heat engine uses a hot reservoir consisting of a large amount of boiling water and a cold reservoir
consisting of a large tub of ice and water. In 5 minutes of operation of the engine, the heat rejected by the engine
melts a mass of ice equal to 2.35×10−2 .
Throughout this problem use for the heat of fusion for water.
Part A
During this time, how much work is performed by the engine?

Hint not displayed
Hint A.2 Temperature conversion

Hint not displayed
Hint A.3 Calculate the heat rejected

Hint not displayed
Hint A.4 Calculate the heat absorbed

Hint not displayed
Hint A.5 Using the first law of thermodynamics

Hint not displayed
ANSWER:
= 2870
Correct
As you can see from this problem, it is very important to keep in mind the signs of the heats exchanged in an
engine. When the Carnot engine absorbs heat from a reservoir, the heat will be a positive quantity since the
heat is being added to the engine, before it does any work. Similarly, when the Carnot engine rejects heat to a
reservoir, the heat will be a negative quantity since the heat is lost from the engine. The work done by the
engine, by the first law of thermodynamics, is therefore the sum of all heat changes in the engine.
The Carnot Icemaker

An ice-making machine inside a refrigerator operates in a Carnot cycle. It takes heat from liquid water at 0.0 and
rejects heat to a room at a temperature of 24.2 . Suppose that liquid water with a mass of 79.6 at 0.0 is
converted to ice at the same temperature.
Take the heat of fusion for water to be = 3.34×105 .
Part A

How much heat is rejected to the room?

Hint not displayed
Hint A.2 Calculate the heat absorbed

Hint not displayed
Hint A.3 Equation for heat transfer in a Carnot engine

Hint not displayed
Express your answer in joules to four significant figures.
ANSWER:
= 2.894×107
Correct
Part B
How much energy must be supplied to the device?

Hint not displayed
Express your answer in joules.
ANSWER:
= 2.36×106
Correct
Just as a Carnot engine can be used to absorb heat from a hot room and reject it to a cold room after work is
done by the engine, the process can also be reversed: The heat can be absorbed from a cold room and
rejected to a hot room. However, to do this, energy (work) must instead be supplied to the device to keep it
operating.

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MasteringPhysics: Assignment Print View

A Siphon at the Bar

Hint A.1 How to approach the problem

Hint A.2 Apply Bernoulli's principle

Express your answer in terms of and .

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Hint B.1 How to approach the problem

Hint B.2 Find the volume flow rate

Express your answer numerically in seconds to two significant figures.

Hint A.1 Equilibrium condition

Hint A.2 Find the magnitude of the buoyant force

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Hint A.1 How to approach the problem

Hint A.2 Find the discharge rate

Hint A.6 How to solve a separable first-order ODE

Hint A.7 The limits of integration

Breaking a Glass Soda Bottle

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Hint A.1 How to approach the problem

Hint A.4 Newton's 3rd law

Express your answer in newtons.

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Hint B.1 How to approach this problem

Hint B.2 Find the area of the top of the bottle

Hint B.5 Find the area of the bottom of the bottle

Hint B.6 Relationship between pressure and force

Express your answer in newtons to four significant figures.

Hint C.1 How to solve this problem

Choose the correct explanation.

Force on a Goldfish Vector Drawing

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Hint A.1 Direction of the force due to the water

The orientation of your vectors will be graded.

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Hint A.1 How to approach the problem

Hint A.2 More on how to approach the problem

Hint A.3 Centripetal force

Hint A.4 Find the change in pressure

Hint A.5 Rewrite the change in pressure

Hint A.6 Solving differential equations

Hint A.7 A helpful integral

Express your answer in terms of , , , , and .

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(density ) behind the dam is filled to a height . Assume

Hint A.1 Find the pressure as a function of depth

Hint B.1 How to approach the problem

Hint B.2 Definition of torque

Hint B.3 Find the torque on a horizontal layer of the dam

Hint B.4 Some helpful integrals

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A Water Tank on Mars

Hint A.1 The net force

Hint A.2 What is (a Pascal)?

Hint A.3 Density of water

Express your answer numerically in Newtons, to three significant figures.

Heat Flowing through a Sectioned Rod

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Hint A.1 How to approach the problem

Hint A.2 Equation for heat conduction

Express your answer in watts.

Hint B.1 How to approach the problem

Express your answer in meters.