Codex Anthroposophical Pharmacy

ANTHROPOSOPHIC PHARMACEUTICAL CODEX
The International Association of

Anthroposophic Pharmacists
IAAP
ANTHROPOSOPHIC
PHARMACEUTICAL CODEX
APC
SECOND EDITION
11.2007
International Association of Anthroposophic Pharmacists

Goetheanum
Medical Section
4143 Dornach
Switzerland
www.iaap.org.uk
APC second edition 11.2007 Page 1 of 156

Copied from the IAAP Website www.iaap.org.uk
Introductory Note
International Association of Anthroposophic Pharmacists, IAAP
The IAAP is the Governing Body for National Anthroposophic Pharmacists Associations. It’s Aims and
Objectives are 1:
• To set standards for National Associations who wish to be recognised as members of the IAAP.
• To represent, at international level, anthroposophic medicine from the professional pharmacists
perspective: Anthroposophic pharmacy being seen as an “extension” of conventional pharmacy;
• To award international accreditation of Anthroposophic Pharmacists training materials and
publications;
• To facilitate colleagueship between anthroposophic pharmacists world-wide by the active building of
community between anthroposophic pharmacists;
• To act as an initiator/co-coordinator for activities which require international action.
It is in respect of this last aim that the Board is pleased to publish the 2nd edition of the Anthroposophic
Pharmaceutical Codex (APC).
The structure of this 2nd edition has substantially been revised amending the information concerning the
systematics of anthroposophic pharmacy and its substances/preparations/products. The lists of starting
materials used have been updated (nomenclature, references to official pharmacopoeias).
In order to recognise this document as an international document it is the intention of the IAAP board in
line with its international status to publish the future edition in several languages.
The APC is reviewed and updated by an anthroposophic pharmaceutical committee responsible to the
IAAP board.
Members of the APC committee
Herwig Judex, chemist, Germany
Judith Klahre Parker, pharmacist, United Kingdom, Chairperson of the the British Association, BAAP,
(British Association of Anthroposophic Pharmacists), Board Member of the IAAP
Deputy: Audrey Jones, regulatory scientist, United Kingdom
Monica Mennet von Eiff, pharmacist, Switzerland, President of the Swiss association VAEPS (Verband
für Anthroposophisch Erweiterte Pharmazie in der Schweiz - Association for Anthroposophically Extended
Pharmacy in Switzerland)
Deputy: Jakob Maier, pharmacist, Switzerland, Board Member of VAEPS
Christiaan Mol, pharmacist, Germany, Chairman of the APC committee, Board Member of the IAAP,
Member of the Committee on Manufacturing Methods of the German Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia
Peter Pedersen, pharmacist, Germany, Member of the Committee on Manufacturing Methods of the
German Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia

The APC is recognised by the following national anthroposophic pharmaceutical associations:
the French Association AFERPA (Association Française d'etude et de recherche sur la

pharmacie anthroposofique - French Association for Studies and Research on Anthroposophic
Pharmacy);
the British Association, BAAP (British Association of Anthroposophic Pharmacists)
and its Associate, New Zealand;
the Belgian/Dutch Association BNVAA (Belgisch-Nederlandse Vereniging van Antroposofisch
georiënteerde Apothekers - Belgian Dutch Association of AnthroposophicPharmacists);
the Brazilian Association Farmantropo (Associação Brasileira de Farmácia Antroposófica -
Brazilian Anthroposophic Pharmacy Association);
the German Association GAPiD (Gesellschaft Anthroposophischer Apotheker in Deutschland -
Society of Anthroposophic Pharmcists in Germany);
the Austrian Association ÖGAPh (Österreichische Gesellschaft anthroposophischer
Pharmazeuten - Austrian Society of Anthroposophic Pharmacists);
the Italian Association SOFAI (Società di farmacisti antroposofi in Italia - Society of
Anthroposophic Pharmacists in Italy);
the Swiss association VAEPS (Verband für Anthroposophisch Erweiterte Pharmazie in der
Schweiz - Association for Anthroposophically Extended Pharmacy in Switzerland).
Dr. Manfred Kohlhase, President IAAP, November 2007
1 For full details of the IAAP Guidelines, see website – www.iaap.org.uk

Acknowledgements for the second edition of the APC
Just as for the first edition of the APC the IVAA and ECPM now strongly welcome this second and
substantially amended second edition of the APC. We are thankful to the IAAP and its APC committee
because they guarantee the constant update of this important pharmaceutical work for the quality as well
as the information on anthroposophic medicinal products.
Helsinki, 15.09.2007
Dr. Peter Zimmermann,

President IVAA
European council of doctors for plurality in medicine Brussels

Europäische Vereinigung der Ärzteverbände der besonderen Therapierichtungen Brüssel
Conseil Européen des médecins pour le pluralisme thérapeutique Bruxelles
Consejo Europeo medicos para la pluralidad médica en Bruselas
Federazione dei medici Europei per il pluralismo in medicina Bruxelles
Europese federatie van artsenverenigingen voor het therapeutisch pluralisme Brussel
Docteur Robert KEMPENICH, Président, 1, rue Goethe, F – 67000 Strasbourg, Tél. 03.88.37.95.96 Fax 03.88.37.00.88
e-mail: dr. kempenich@wanadoo.fr
Strasbourg, le 15 septembre 2007

Dr Robert KEMPENICH
Président de l‘ECPM
ECHAMP, the European Coalition on Homeopathic and Anthroposophic Medicinal Products

wellcomes the second edition of the APC.
Brussels, 15.09.2007
Nand de Herdt
General Secretary ECHAMP

Acknowledgements for the first edition of the APC
The IVAA represents Anthroposophic Medical Associations on an international level and

coordinates their legal and political activities which are of international significance.
The IVAA strongly welcomes the first edition of the Anthroposophic Pharmaceutical Codex,
APC.
After more than 80 years since its beginning, anthroposophic medicine is now practised in more
than 60 countries worldwide.
Today for transparency and also educational purposes it is of paramount importance that
anthroposophic medicines are described in a pharmaceutical codex. Anthroposophic doctors
recognise that this first edition of the APC is a fundamental key work in this sense.
We therefore are grateful to the IAAP, the international umbrella organisation of professional
anthroposophic pharmacists’ associations for the publication of the first edition of the APC.
The substances used in anthroposophic medicine, the wide range of different manufacturing
methods as well as the pharmaceutical quality criteria of the preparations obtained are herewith
documented in a reliable way.
We wish that the APC will soon be recognised by any concerning authority and/or may provide
scientific material to be properly considered for the regulatory framework of all countries, where
anthroposophic medicine is practised.
We also see the chance that the APC may set quality standards for the preparation of
anthroposophic remedies by retail pharmacies.
Milan, 21.5.05
Dr. Giancarlo Buccheri,

President IVAA

ECHAMP, the European Coalition on Homeopathic and Anthroposophic Medicinal Products

presently represents more than 50 companies manufacturing and/or distributing homeopathic
and anthroposophic medicinal products in the European Union.
The Anthroposophic Pharmaceutical Codex (APC) contains extensive information regarding the
quality of anthroposophic medicinal products collected by the International Association of
Anthroposophic Pharmacists (IAAP). In order to provide transparency on anthroposophic
medicinal products and pharmacy, the APC describes quality standards for raw materials and
manufacturing methods. Furthermore it includes a list of substances used in anthroposophic
pharmacy.
With the intention to include relevant industry information, IAAP has consulted the ECHAMP
members concerned during the compilation of the APC.
ECHAMP acknowledges and endorses the APC and its contents.

We shall also continue the dialogue and exchange of know-how with the IAAP.
Brussels, 01.07.2005
Nand de Herdt
General Secretary ECHAMP

European council of doctors for plurality in medicine Brussels

Europäische Vereinigung der Ärzteverbände der besonderen Therapierichtungen Brüssel
Conseil Européen des médecins pour le pluralisme thérapeutique Bruxelles
Consejo Europeo medicos para la pluralidad médica en Bruselas
Federazione dei medici Europei per il pluralismo in medicina Bruxelles
Europese federatie van artsenverenigingen voor het therapeutisch pluralisme Brussel
Docteur Robert KEMPENICH, Président, 1, rue Goethe, F – 67000 Strasbourg, Tél. 03.88.37.95.96 Fax 03.88.37.00.88
e-mail: dr. kempenich@wanadoo.fr
Strasbourg, le 31 mai 2005
L‘ECPM, fondée en 1989, est une Fédération Européenne d‘associations médicales regroupant
plus de 50.000 médecins pratiquant les Médecines Alternatives et Complémentaires (CAM)
répartis à travers tous les Etats Membres de l‘EU. Son but est de promouvoir le pluralisme des
approches médicales tant au niveau européen que dans les différents Etats Membres de l‘EU
La médecine anthroposophique existe depuis plus de 80 années et, est pratiquée dans tous les
pays européens. Les médicaments anthroposophiques sont prescrits régulièrement par un
nombre toujours grandissant de médecins membres de l‘ECPM. C‘est pourquoi nous saluons
tout particulièrement la publication de l‘Anthroposophic Pharmaceutical Codex. Nous félicitons l‘
International Association of Anthroposophic Pharmacists (IAAP), l‘organisation qui regroupe sur
un plan international les pharmaciens d‘orientation anthroposophique.
L‘APC donne des informations claires et fondamentales concernant la qualité des médicaments
anthroposophiques. L‘éventail très large des médicaments utilisés en médecine
anthroposophique et la grande diversité des modes de préparation sont très bien documentés
dans cette publication. L‘APC est donc d‘une importance capitale pour une bonne pratique de la
médecine anthroposophique mais aussi une garantie de sécurité pour les patients, à laquelle
les médecins se sentent obligés.
L‘ECPM souhaite que l‘APC soit pris en compte par les autorités de santé de tous les pays
européens car il contribue à protéger la santé publique en garantissant des médicaments de
très haute qualité.
Dr Robert KEMPENICH
Président de l‘ECPM

Foreword
Pharmacy extended by the principles of anthroposophy began to be developed at the beginning of the
20th century by Rudolf Steiner (founder of anthroposophy, 1861 - 1925) and Oskar Schmiedel (Austrian
chemist, 1887 - 1959), in collaboration with a number of physicians. Their aim was to reinterpret and
complement the results of pharmaceutical and medical research with insights gained from anthroposophic
research of the human being and nature.
The basis of anthroposophic approach to pharmacy consists in the “holistic” knowledge of mankind and
nature, which recognizes the notion that human beings and the kingdoms of nature are related through a
common evolution1.
This perception leads to a comprehensive view of substances in their relationship to health, illness and to
a specific approach to pharmacy.
Therefore anthroposophic pharmacy is using substances from the mineral, plant and animal kingdoms2,3.
Anthroposophic medicinal products have been on the market world-wide and prescribed by qualified
medical practitioners since 1921.
The range of anthroposophic medicinal products is partially determined by the physical characters of
substances, whereby allopathic, phytotherapeutic and homoeopathic criteria are taken into consideration.
Most particularly, anthroposophic medicinal products are characterised by their manufacturing processes
involving specific anthroposophic and typical homoeopathic pharmaceutical procedures. The range of
anthroposophic medicinal products includes potentised medicinal products, manufactured by using the
methods of the official homoeopathic pharmacopoeias, as well as concentrated mineral, herbal or animal
substances or preparations and compounded medicinal products. Considering this diversity,
anthroposophic medicinal products, cannot be defined under a single substance classification.
The Anthroposophic Pharmaceutical Codex APC gives an overview of substances and methods used in
the manufacture of anthroposophic medicinal products as well as of the related quality parameters.
Legal Situation
Today in the European Union Directive 2001/83/EEC gathers the main legislation concerning medicinal
products. The legal status of anthroposophic medicinal products in the EU is closely related to the that of
homoeopathic medicinal products (see below).
Preamble of Directive 2001/83/EEC n° (22) refers to anthroposophic medicinal products as follows:

“Anthroposophic medicinal products, which are described in an official pharmacopoeia and prepared by a
homoeopathic method are to be considered, as regards to registration and marketing authorization, as
homeopathic medicinal products.”
In fact from a regulatory point of view anthroposophic medicinal products can be devided into two
categories:
• anthroposophic medicinal products manufactured according to a homoeopathic manufacturing
method within the meaning of Directive 2001/83/EEC, article 1, 5.:
“Any medicinal product prepared from substances called homeopathic stocks in accordance with
a homeopathic manufacturing procedure described by the European Pharmacopoeia or, in
absence thereof, by the pharmacopoeias currently used officially in the Member States. (...)”
• anthroposophic medicinal products other than those manufactured by a homoeopathic

manufacturing method.

These are equally important and have never been included in any pharmacopoeia.
In many EU countries, and also world-wide, medicinal products used for the anthroposophic therapeutics
are thus partially integrated in legislation.
Anthroposophic medicinal products as a whole are thus facing the need to gain legal recognition in the
EU as well as world-wide, and among other things this requires comprehensive publication of their
pharmaceutical quality.
The publication of the Anthroposophic Pharmaceutical Codex is to provide transparency of

anthroposophic pharmaceutical quality for pharmacists and bodies requiring an appreciation of
anthroposophic medicinal products and pharmacy. Furthermore it provides a basis for the maintenance of
existing and development of new anthroposophic medicinal products.
The relationship of the APC to Pharmacopoeia Europea, to other existing official pharmacopoeias
and non official pharmacopoeias
The APC is published by the IAAP, an independant association of professional pharmacists, within the
context of official existing pharmacopoeias.
It is the intent of the APC to refer where possible to existing pharmacopoeias.
In fact anthroposophic medicinal products are often manufactured and controlled according to existing
specifications and standards.
A part of the reference pharmacopoeias for the APC are published by official Authorities, in particular
The European Pharmacopoeia
The French Pharmacopoeia
The German Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia (which is a part of the German Pharmacopoeia);
Furthermore
The Austrian Pharmacopoeia
The British Pharmacopoeia
The Swiss Pharmacopoiea.
In particular the European Pharmacopoeia today represents and for the future will represent a reference
of paramount importance for the APC.
Therefore in part IV of the APC containing the lists of the various substances used in anthroposophic
pharmacy reference is made where possible to the European Pharmacopoeia and other official
pharmacopoeias.
Particularly important Ph. Eur. monographs are:

Herbal drugs for homoeopathic preparations (2045)
Homoeopathic preparations (1038)
Methods of preparation of homoeopathic stocks and potentisation (2371)
Minimising the risk of transmitting animal spongiform encephalopathy agents via human and veterinary
medicinal products (50208)
Mother tinctures for homoeopathic preparations (2029)
Tinctures (chapter in 0765)
Viral safety (50107)
Other pharmacopoeias are referred to in the APC are not officially recognised. Nevertheless they provide
reliable standards accepted e.g. by Regulatory Authorities, in particular the British Homoeopathic
Pharmacopoeia.

The IAAP understands its task to sustain anthroposophic pharmaceutical activities at any level (e.g.
manufacturing, quality control, regulatory affairs), worldwide, that is, beyond the countries of the
European Pharmacopoeia Convention. Therefore during the evolution of the APC other official (or private
reliable pharmacopoeias) will possibly be refered to, e.g. the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia.
1 Jos Verhulst: "Der Erstgeborene“ (The first-born), publisher Verlag Freies Geistesleben, Stuttgart, D 2001.
2 Rudolf Steiner/Ita Wegman: "Grundlegendes für eine Erweiterung der Heilkunst nach geisteswissenschaftlichen
Erkenntnissen." GA 27, publisher Rudolf Steiner Verlag, Dornach, CH, 1992.
In English: "Extending Practical Medicine - Fundamental Principles based on the Science of the Spirit". Rudolf Steiner
Press, London, GB, 1996
3 Rudolf Steiner: "Geisteswissenschaft und Medizin", 20 Vorträge für Ärzte (1920), Rudolf Steiner Verlag, Dornach,
CH 1985.
In English: "Introducing Anthroposophical Medicine" (previously published as: Spiritual Science and Medicine).
Twenty lectures to doctors. Dornach 21 March - 9 April 1920, GA 312. Anthroposophic Press, Hudson, NY, USA,
1999.

Table of Content
Structure of the Anthroposophic Pharmaceutical Codex, APC 13

List of Abbreviations and Symbols 14
Glossary 15
Part I Definitions 16
1. Definition of an anthroposophic medicinal product 17
2. Starting materials; general information 18

2.1. Minerals, rocks and natural waters 19
2.2. Starting material of botanical origin 20
2.3. Starting material of zoological origin 21
2.4. Starting material that can be described chemically 22
2.5. Starting materials that have undergone special treatment 23
2.6. Compositions 24
3. Vehicles and excipients 25
4. Active substances 26
4.1. Starting materials as active substances 26
4.2. Preparations 26
Part II General monographs and specific production methods 27

(Pharmaceutical processes)
Introduction: Brief description of pharmaceutical processes used in anthroposophic 28

pharmacy
Correlation table of general monographs and related specific production methods 30
1. Special treatment of raw materials 31
1.1. Vegetabilisation methods of substances used for mother tinctures 31
2. Metal preparations 33
2.1. Metal mirrors 34
3. Tinctures and oil extracts 35
3.1. Cold treated mother tinctures and liquid preparations thereof 35

3.2. Tinctures made by maceration with water or ethanol/water 37
3.3. Tinctures made by maceration with glycerol 39
3.4. Liquid preparations made by maceration with oil 41
3.5. Tinctures made by percolations 43
3.6. Buffered aqueous mother tinctures under exclusion of oxidative influence 45
3.7. Fermented tinctures 47
3.8. Tinctures made by digestion (Digestio) 49
3.9. Tinctures made by infusion (Infusum) 51
3.10. Tinctures made by decoction (Decoction) 53
3.11. Oil extracts with heat treatment 55
3.12. Preparations made by distillation 57

3.13. Tinctures obtained by rhythmic application of heat and cold 59
4. Solid starting materials obtained by heat 62
4.1. Toasted preparations (Tosta) 62

4.2. Carbons (Carbo) 63
4.3. Ashes (Cinis) 65
5. Solid preparations from plants (drying onto a vehicle) 67
5.1. Solid preparations from fresh plants 67

5.2. Solid preparations from plant juices or aqueous extracts 69
6. Liquid solutions 71
7. Compositions 73
8. Potentised Preparations 79
9. Mixtures 82
Part III Dosage forms 84
Part IV Appendices 87
I Lists of Starting Materials 87
Reference List for the Appendices to chapters 2.1. to 2.6. 87
Appendix 2.1. List of minerals, rocks and natural waters 89
Appendix 2.2. List of starting materials of botanical origin 92
Appendix 2.3. List of starting materials of zoological origin 117
Appendix 2.4. Starting materials that can be described chemically 128
Appendix 2.5. Starting material that have undergone special treatment 133
Appendix 2.6. Compositions 136
II Other References to the HAB and to the HPUS 143
List of HAB monographs of substances applied in anthroposophic pharmacy 144
Correspondence list between HAB production methods used in anthroposophic 147

pharmacy and HPUS classes/general pharmacy
Index list of terms of parts I, II and III 148

Structure of the Anthroposophic Pharmaceutical Codex, APC
Part I “Definitions” provides definitions and describes quality aspects as well as parameters related to
anthroposophic medicinal products. The different stages incurred in the obtaining of a medicinal product,
from the starting material to the dosage form, lead through this part.
Part II "General Monographs of specific production methods (Pharmaceutical processes)" contains

general monographs concerning the types of preparations/active substances that are prepared by
specified procedures. Beneath the relevant general monograph(s), different specific production methods
by which a particular type of a starting material can be prepared are either quoted from other
pharmacopoeias or a APC production method is set out.
In this way, the relationship between the APC and other pharmacopoeias, as well as the option to define
substances through their production methods are outlined.
Schematically the following order is applied:
General monographs
Definition, Identification, Tests, Assay, Storage, Recommended

Designation
Specific production methods related to the particular general monograph
Ph. Eur. HAB Ph. Fr. B.Hom.P. APC

Methods Methods Methods Methods Methods
1, 2, 3, 4, 5a,
5b, 6, 8a,12
Part III, information about dosage forms in anthroposophic pharmacy as well as production methods of
specific dosage forms for anthroposophic medicinal products.
Part IV "Appendices"
In appendix I starting materials for the preparation of anthroposophic medicinal products are listed (no
excipients and vehicles). The appendices are numbered according to the related chapter in part I: 2.1.,
2.2., 2.3., 2.4., 2.5., 2.6.
In appendix II other links to the HAB as well as to the HPUS are given:
• the HAB monographs of substances used in anthroposophic pharmacy;
• the correspondence between HAB production methods used in anthroposophic pharmacy and
HPUS classes/ general pharmacy.

List of Abbreviations and Symbols
1 CH Symbol for the first centesimal potency, see also

C1 and 1C
1 DH Symbol for the first decimal potency, see also D1
and 1X
1C Symbol for the first centesimal potency, see also 1
CH and C1
1X Symbol for the first decimal potency, see also 1
DH and D1
APC Anthroposophic Pharmaceutical Codex
AS Starting material used as active substance
B.Hom.P. British Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia
B.P. British Pharmacopoeia
Br1 Numbering of the production methods of the
B.Hom.P.
C1 Symbol for the first centesimal potency, see also 1
CH and 1C
CVD Chemical Vapour Decomposition
D1 Symbol for the first decimal potency, see also 1
DH and 1X
DAB Deutsches Arzneibuch
(German Pharmacopoeia)
DAC Deutscher Arzneimittel-Codex
(German Codex of Medicinal Products)
EU European Union
Gl Symbol for mother tinctures prepared by HAB
method 41 using glycerol
H 2.2.6 Analytical Method specified in the HAB
HAB Deutsches Homöopathisches Arzneibuch
(German Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia)
HPUS The Homœopathic Pharmacopœia of the United
States
IAAP International Association of Anthroposophic
Pharmacists
LM Symbol for potencies diluted
by the ratio 1: 50 000
MT Mother tincture
Ph. Eur. European Pharmacopoeia
Ph. Fr. Pharmacopée Française, Xème édition (10th
edition of the French Pharmacopoeia), including
[monographies de souches] pour préparations
homéopathiques (monographs of the stocks for
homoeopathic preparations)
Ph. Helv. Pharmacopoea Helvetica
(Swiss Pharmacopoeia)
Q Symbol for potencies diluted
by the ratio 1: 50 000
Rh Symbol for mother tinctures prepared by HAB
methods 21 and 22 (rhythmic procedure)

Glossary
In this glossary only those terms are referred to, that need extra clarification prior to the definitions given
in part I.
Pharmaceutical process General term for substance transformations at different stages to

obtain starting materials for medicinal products or a medicinal product.
Preparation / active A class of processed starting material specified in the monographs of
substance part II.
Production method A general manufacturing procedure specified in a pharmacopoeia (see
e.g. HAB).
Starting material A substance or a composition that meets a specification and can be
used as active substance or can be further processed.
Raw material Substance which has not undergone any pharmaceutical process and
meets a general quality characterisation, e.g. an optical identification.
Vehicle Vehicles are auxiliary substances which may be used to produce an
active substance. Vehicles may be used in the production of mixtures.
Excipient Excipients are auxiliary substances, which may be used for the
production of pharmaceutical dosage forms. Excipients may be used
in the production of mixtures.
Composition Compositions are starting materials and or preparations with or
without vehicles that are jointly treated with a pharmaceutical process
that will lead to a new active substance that cannot be described as an
addition of its ingredients. The ratio for the composing is the
anthroposophic understanding of man and nature.

ANTHROPOSOPHIC
APC
PART I
Definitions

1. Definition of an anthroposophic medicinal product
DEFINITION
An anthroposophic medicinal product is conceived, developed and produced in accordance with the
anthroposophic knowledge of man, nature, substance and pharmaceutical processing1.
The application within anthroposophic medicine results from that knowledge.
An anthroposophic medicinal product can contain one or more active substances (see also Part I, chapter
4).
An anthroposophic medicinal product can fundamentally be employed in every dosage form, including
external (topical), internal and parenteral dosage forms (see also part I, chapter 5).
PRODUCTION
The active substances or dosage forms of anthroposophic medicinal products are produced:
• in accordance with classical homoeopathic or anthroposophic -homoeopathic manufacturing

methods as described in the Ph. Eur., HAB, Ph. F., B.Hom.P. (Methods 1, 2, 3, 4, 5a, 5b, 6, 8a,
12)
• in accordance with anthroposophic pharmaceutical codex production methods, i.e. "APC

methods"
and/or
• in accordance with anthroposophic manufacturing methods described in the individual

monograph.
An anthroposophic medicinal product complies with the relevant specifications/ monographs set out in
parts I and II.
RECOMMENDED DESIGNATION
Concerning the designation of anthroposophic medicinal products a reference to the APC is
recommended.
Note:
1 See IAAP brochure: "Basic Information on the Working Principles of Anthroposophic Pharmacy", 2005,
see IAAP website www.iaap.org.uk

2. Starting materials, general information
Starting materials for the production of anthroposophic medicinal products are:
2.1. Minerals, rocks, including natural waters
2.2. Starting materials of botanical origin

Dried or fresh plants or parts of plants, including algae, fungi and lichens;
Plant secretions, juices, extracts, oleoresins, essential oils or distillation products.
2.3. Starting materials of zoological origin

Whole animals, organs, parts of organs dried or fresh;
Animal secretions, extracts, blood products, calcareous products.
2.4. Starting materials that can be described chemically
2.5. Starting materials that have undergone special treatment
2.6. Compositions
Starting materials for the production of anthroposophic medicinal products comply with any relevant
monograph in the European Pharmacopoeia or in the absence thereof, with the relevant monographs in
national pharmacopoeias used in the Member States, or in absence thereof with the individual
monograph.
Starting materials can be the active substances themselves or can be processed into preparations (see
also Part I, chapter 4).

2.1. Minerals, rocks, including natural waters
Minerals are solid, crystalline components of natural origin belonging to the earth’s crust and other
celestial bodies. A mineral has a defined crystal system and crystal class. Minerals are chemically and
physically homogeneous to a significant extent. In reality, however, there are always deviations from the
theoretical mineral formula. Many minerals may show differences in their colours. Form and habitus may
be significantly different within the same type.
Rocks are composed of one or more minerals having a geological definition and distribution in their
natural deposit with a certain statistical homogeneity.
Pieces that will be used for production should be big enough to allow mineralogical identification. If a
powdered mineral is used, adequate documentation should ensure the quality and natural origin. In fact
pieces used for production must be free from visible foreign matter. They have not undergone any
unwanted mechanical or chemical treatment: in particular any chemical reaction, colouring, varnishing,
heating and artificial radiation must be excluded. The amount of foreign matter accepted after chemical
analysis is specified in the respective monograph.
Natural waters can come from a natural source (e.g. Levico), from the sea (e.g. aqua maris) or from
mineral cavities (e.g. agate water).
List of minerals, rocks, including natural waters: see part IV, appendix 2.1.

2.2. Starting material of botanical origin
Starting materials of botanical origin are:

Dried or fresh plants or parts of plants, including algae, fungi and lichens;
Plant secretions, juices, extracts, oleoresins, essential oils or distillation products.
Fresh plants should be used shortly after harvest. If this is not possible, the quality is guaranteed by
appropriate measures, e.g. freezing.
If material from cultivated plants is used preference should be made for materials from plants cultivated
by biodynamic cultivation ("Demeter" certified) or by other certified organic cultivation methods in
accordance to the relevant European regulations ruling organic agricultural products (see also Council
Directive (EEC) n° 2092/91).
If wild plants are harvested protection of species according to relevant regulations is granted and special
care is taken of the eco-system concerned.
Plants or parts of plants are, as far as possible, free from impurities such as soil, dust, dirt and other
contaminants such as fungal, insect and other animal contaminations. They are not decayed.
Harvested plants or the mother tinctures made thereof are analysed for content of heavy metals and
pesticides.
The range and frequency of this testing can occur according to a monitoring plan based on risk
assessment.
Unless otherwise stated, the collecting or harvesting times are generally:
Whole plants with underground parts at flowering time

and plants without underground parts
Leaves and shoots when fully developed
Flowers shortly after opening
Bark throughout the year
Underground parts of annual plants at seed ripening time
Underground parts of biennial and perennial in spring
plants
Fruits and seeds at the time of ripening
Fungi when the fruiting bodies are fully developed
Starting materials of botanical origin see part IV, appendix 2.2.

2.3. Starting materials of zoological origin
Starting materials of zoological origin are:

Whole animals, organs, parts of organs dried or fresh;
Animal secretions, extracts, blood products, calcareous products.
Lower animals as well as warm-blooded animals are used.
Animal husbandry and keeping must be adequate for the animal species (see also Council Directive
(EEC) n° 2092/91). In particular in the case of warm-blooded species animals from well-monitored
"Demeter" or biodynamic herds are preferentially used.
The starting materials of zoological origin must meet the requirements of the European and/ or relevant
national pharmacopoeias regarding the preparation of medicinal products from materials of animal origin
and with EU directives and/or national guidelines of the appropriate regulatory authorities.
In particular the Ph. Eur. monographs on TSE safety (Ph.Eur. 50208), viral safety (Ph. Eur. 50107) apply.
Animals must be healthy and in good hygienic condition. The intervals given in legislation for the
administration of drugs to animals must be observed before the animals are used.
Health requirements, animal keeping, protection of species and processing of animals must comply with
the relevant guidelines of responsible national authorities and those of the European Union, where
applicable.
List of starting materials of zoological origin see part IV, appendix 2.3.

2.4. Starting materials that can be described chemically
Starting materials that can be described chemically are inorganic and organic substances.
Organic substances are generally of natural origin, e.g. purified fractions.
Preference should be made for clearly traceable substances, that comply with the quality standards under
2.1, 2.2., 2.3.
List of starting materials that can be described chemically see part IV, appendix 2.4.

2.5. Starting materials that have undergone special treatment
Starting materials that have undergone a special treatment are: e.g. plants, parts of plants cultivated by
special treatment (see part II, chapter 1.1. Vegetabilisation methods of substances used for mother
tinctures).
List of starting materials that have undergone special treatment see part IV appendix 2.5.

2.6. Compositions
Different starting materials described in 2.1., 2.2., 2.3., 2.4., 2.5 undergo one or more pharmaceutical
processes that will lead to a substance that cannot be described as an addition of its ingredients. The
rationale for the synthesis is an anthroposophic formula, in accordance with the anthroposophic
understanding of man and nature2.
List of compositions see part IV, appendix 2.6.
Note:
2 As an example see: "Biodoron/Kephalodoron", in Persephone, Dr. M. Kohlhase editor; publisher Verlag

am Goetheanum, Dornach, CH, 1998.

3. Vehicles and excipients
Vehicles are auxiliary substances, which may be used for the production of active substances (e.g.
ethanol to obtain an extract or lactose monohydrate to obtain a potentised preparation). Vehicles are used
also in the production of mixtures (see part II, chapter 9).
Excipients are auxiliary substances, which may be used for the production of the pharmaceutical dosage
forms (e.g. NaCl to obtain an isotonic solution for parenteral preparations). Excipients are used also in the
production of mixtures (see part II, chapter 9).
Vehicles and excipients used in the manufacture of anthroposophic medicinal products comply with the
relevant requirements of the European Pharmacopoeia or of the national pharmacopoeias used in the EU
Member States.

4. Active substances
Active substances can be starting materials themselves or preparations.
4.1. Starting materials
Starting materials used as active substances are marked with „AS“(active substance) in the starting
material lists (part IV, appendices 2.1., 2.2., 2.3., 2.4., 2.5., 2.6.).
Starting material used directly as active substances may be the final dosage form, e.g. a herbal tea.
4.2. Preparations
Preparations are obtained from one or more starting materials.
Preparations comply with the specifications described in part II or in the individual monograph.
Preparations can be the final dosage form or can be processed further, e.g. to obtain mixtures.

ANTHROPOSOPHIC
APC
PART II
General monographs and

specific production methods
(Pharmaceutical processes)

Introduction: Brief description of the main pharmaceutical processes applied in anthroposophic

pharmacy
Several pharmaceutical processes are described in existing homoeopathic pharmacopoeias as

"production methods". These homoeopathic pharmacopoeial production methods can be seen as
examples of the general anthroposophic pharmaceutical principle described in the general APC
monographs of part II.
In anthroposophic pharmacy the treatment of the raw materials can already be part of the pharmaceutical
processing, e.g. a plant can be cultivated under treatment with a metal or mineral preparation.
Metals can either be used as a concentrated starting material or undergo a pharmaceutical process
depending on the rationale of the anthroposophic therapeutics.
Preparations can be differentiated according to the thermal condition or treatment in the pharmaceutical
process. Hereby follows a scheme concerning the related pharmaceutical processes applied to plant
material and the main sphere of action.
Treatments in liquid phase
Pharmaceutical Heat /cold Starting material Main sphere of therapeutic action 1, 2

process degree
Cold maceration 2-8 °C fresh or dried plants, all System of nerves and senses
parts throughout the whole organism
Maceration ca. 15-20 °C fresh plants, all parts system of nerves and senses
throughout the whole organism
Rhythmic 4 / 37 °C fresh plants, all parts rhythmic system
processing
digestion 37 °C fresh plants, leaves, flowers rhythmic system, circulation
Infusion 60-90 °C dried leaves, flowers metabolic system, any type of gland
Decoction ca 100 °C dried roots, barks, seeds metabolic system, digestive tract
(stomach, intestine)
Destillation steam, fresh or dried plants, all metabolic system, digestion
ca 100 °C parts
Treatments in dry phase
Pharmaceutical Heat degree Starting material Main sphere of therapeutic action 1, 2

process
Toasting 170-250 °C dried plants, all parts, dried metabolic system, digestion (liver)
zoological staring material
Carbonisation above 200 °C dried plants, all parts, metabolic system, kidney organisation
Ash process 500-700 °C dried plants, all parts, region of the lungs (respiration)
A crucially important pharmaceutical process is potentisation:

Potentised preparations are gradually diluted substances, whereby at each diluting step a rhythmic
succussion (liquid potencies) or trituration (solid potencies) has been carried out.
During this process the surface of the vehicle and the substance to be potentised are expanded and the
mixing is thorough. The potentising time differs for solid and liquid potentised preparations. Astronomical
aspects may be considered (e.g. solar or lunar eclipse). Anthroposophic pharmacy mainly uses decimal
attenuations. For co-potentised preparations the ratio between active substances to vehicle may vary,
differing from 1:10 for homoeopathic co-potentising methods (see also part II, "Potentised Preparations").
Notes
1 General scheme for the correlation between spheres of therapeutic action/ degree of potentisation:
Mother tincture - D10 Metabolic system

D11-D20 Rhythmic system
>D20 Sytem of nerves and senses
See also: H. M. Schramm, Heilmittel-Fibel zur anthroposophischen Medizin, 2nd edition, Novalis Verlag,
Schaffhausen, 1997, p.68
2 IAAP brochure: "Basic Information on the Working Principles of Anthroposophic Pharmacy", 2005, see
IAAP website www.iaap.org.uk

Correlation table of general monographs - related specific production methods
Note: anthroposophic medicinal products may also be manufactured in accordance to individual

specifications or monographs, see also Part I, chapter 1.
General monograph Related specific production method

1. Special treatment of raw materials
1.1. Vegetabilisation methods of substances used for B.Hom.P. Br1; APC 1.1.1.; APC 1.1.2.
mother tinctures
2. Metal preparations
2.1. Metal mirrors APC 2.1.1; APC 2.1.2.; APC 2.1.3.; APC 2.1.4.
3. Tinctures and oil extracts
3.1. Cold treated mother tinctures and liquid HAB 38
preparations thereof
3.2. Tinctures made by maceration with water or Ph. Eur.( 2371) 1-4; HAB 1-4; HAB 12b, c, m, n,
ethanol/water o; HAB 49
3.3. Tinctures made by maceration with glycerol HAB 41; HAB 42; Ph. Fr. Glycerol macerations
3.4. Liquid preparations made by maceration with oil APC 3.4.1.
3.5. Tinctures made by percolations Ph. Eur.( 2371) 4; HAB 4; Ph. Fr. MT from
vegetable origin; Ph. Fr. MT from animal origin
3.6. Buffered aqueous mother tinctures under exclusion HAB 32
of oxidative influence
3.7. Fermented tinctures HAB 53; APC 3.7.1.
3.8. Tinctures made by digestion (Digestio) APC 3.8.1.
3.9. Tinctures made by infusion (Infusum) HAB 20; HAB 24a; APC 3.9.1.; APC 3.9.2.
3.10. Tinctures made by decoction (Decoction) HAB 12k, l; HAB 19; HAB 23; APC 3.10.1.
3.11. Oil extracts with heat treatment HAB 12d-g; HAB 57
3.12. Preparations made by distillation HAB 52
3.13. Tinctures obtained with rhythmic application of HAB 21-22; HAB 33-37; HAB 51; APC 3.13.1.;
heat and cold APC 3.13.2.
4. Solid starting materials obtained by heat
4.1. Toasted preparations (Tosta)
4.2. Carbons (Carbo) B.Hom.P. Br4
4.3. Ashes (Cinis) B.Hom.P. Br3
5. Solid preparations from plants (drying onto a vehicle)
5.1. Solid preparations from fresh plants APC 5.1.1.
5.2. Solid preparations from liquid extracts/ plant juices APC 5.2.1.; APC 5.2.2; APC 5.2.3
6. Liquid solutions HAB 5
7. Compositions APC 7.2.1.
8. Potentised Preparations HAB 6-8; HAB 12j; HAB 17; B.Hom.P. Br5-6;
APC 8.1.1.; APC 8.1.2.; APC 8.2.1.; APC 8.2.2
Potentising specifications in:
Ph. Eur. (2371) 1-4;
HAB 5, 11, 15, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 32, 33-
38, 39a, 39b, 40-42, 45, 51, 53;
APC Methods
9. Mixtures HAB 12; HAB 16

1. SPECIAL TREATMENTS OF RAW MATERIALS
In anthroposophic pharmacy the treatment of the raw materials can already be part of the pharmaceutical
processing, e.g. a plant can be cultivated under treatment with a metal or mineral preparation.
1.1. Vegetabilisation methods of substances used for mother tinctures
DEFINITION
Vegetabilisation of substances is a potentising process taking place through nature. The potentising
process is carried out with plants and goes through three vegetation periods. The substance and
appropriate plant are chosen in accordance with the rationale of anthroposophic understanding of man
and nature.
Plants are treated in the first vegetation period with either a diluted metal salt or a mineral. Compost made
from this plant is used to treat plants of the second vegetation period. The plants of the second vegetation
period are used as compost to treat the third vegetation period. Mother tinctures are made from the plant
of the third vegetation period.
IDENTIFICATION, TESTS, ASSAY

According to the relevant tincture (See Part II, chapters under 3.)
The designation states:
- the reference pharmacopoeia/codex
- the fertilised plant,
- the substance used,
- the designation ”cultum”, “culta”.
Example: Tabacum Cupro cultum; Equisetum arvense Silicea cultum.

Specific pharmacopoeia/APC production methods to produce vegetabilised substances used for

mother tinctures
B.Hom.P. Method Br1
APC Method 1.1.1. Vegetabilisation of substances of metallic origin (“vegetabilised metals”)
For the vegetabilisation of substances of metallic origin plants are treated with a diluted metal substance.
The process of treatment goes over three growing seasons:
1st growing season:

The seeds or the young plants are sown or planted in soil, which has been treated with a diluted
preparation of the concerned metal substance. The plants are composted and used to treat the second
generation.
2nd growing season:

The compost of the first generation ist added to soil that is sown with seeds of untreated plants or in
which untreated plants are planted. The second generation is also grown to maturity. Compost is made
from this fully developed generation.
3rd growing season:

The plants of the second generation as compost are added to soil that is sown with seeds of untreated
plants or in which untreated plants are planted. The third generation is also grown to maturity. During the
third growing season, the plants are harvested and then processed further into a mother tincture.
APC Method 1.1.2. Vegetabilisation of silica
For the vegetabilisation of Silicea plants are treated with an appropiate mineral containing silica.
The process of fertilisation goes over three growing seasons:
1st growing season:

The seeds or the young plants are sown or planted in soil, which has been treated with a diluted
preparation of the concerned mineral containing silica. The plants are used to treat the second
generation.
2nd growing season:

The compost of the first generation ist added to soil that is sown with seeds of untreated plants or in
which untreated plants are planted. The second generation is also grown to maturity. Compost is made
from this fully developed generation
3rd growing season:

The plants of the second generation as compost are added to soil that is sown with seeds of untreated
plants or in which untreated plants are planted. The third generation is also grown to maturity. During the
third growing season, the plants are harvested and then processed further into a mother tincture.

2. METAL PREPARATIONS
Metals can either be used as a concentrated starting material or undergo a pharmaceutical process
depending on the rationale of the anthroposophic therapeutics.
2.1. Metal mirrors
DEFINITION
By producing metal mirrors the metal is transformed through different states of aggregation.
The metals or metal salts can be brought through a liquid state (melted or as solution), gas state or
plasmatic state to be obtained again in solid state as the pure metal.
Metal mirrors are deposits of metals in reduced state onto a surface by a specific method of production
The metal can be removed from the surface.
Metal mirrors may be potentised according to HAB methods 6 and 48.
The following analytical tests are done always for metal used to perform the mirror. Only by the reduction
of metal salts the metal mirror obtained is tested itself as follows.
IDENTIFICATION
At least one suitable identification test is carried out.
TESTS
see the individual monograph
ASSAY
Required content according to the individual monograph.
STORAGE
Store in a well-closed container.
- the reference pharmacopoeia/codex,
- the metal used,
- the designation ”metallicum praeparatum” or in the case of metal mirror foil the name of the metal
followed of the word “foil”.
Example: Argentum metallicum praeparatum; Cuprum foil

Specific pharmacopoeial/APC production methods to prepare metal mirrors
B.Hom.P. Method Br2
APC Method 2.1.1. (Metal mirrors obtained by distillation)
Metal mirrors prepared by distillation are obtained from the pure metal.
The pure metal is heated in appropriate equipment under vacuum until it evaporates. The metal vapour
condenses onto the surface of the cooler parts of the distillation equipment, producing a metal mirror. The
metal mirror is removed from the surface.
APC Method 2.1.2. (Metal mirrors obtained by Chemical Vapour Decomposition, CVD)
Metal mirrors prepared by chemical vapour decomposition are obtained from a volatile metal compound.
A volatile metal compound is distilled under vacuum in appropriate equipment. The vapour is further
heated. Under decomposition of the metal compound, the pure metal condenses onto the surface of the
cooler parts of the distillation equipment, producing a metal mirror. The metal mirror is removed from the
surface.
APC Method 2.1.3. (Metal mirrors obtained by reduction)
Metal mirrors prepared by reduction are obtained from an appropiate metal salt.
To a solution of a metal salt an appropriate reducing agent and adjuvants are added. The pure metal
precipitates onto the surface of the reaction vessel producing the metal mirror. The metal mirror is
removed from the surface, filtered from the solution, washed with purified water and ethanol and dried.
APC Method 2.1.4. (Metal mirror foil)
To produce a metal mirror foil a process known as sputtering is used. In this vapour phase technique
there is no melting of the metal. The sputtering process is most commonly used for thin-film deposition of
many different metals. Ions impacting on the target can liberate sputtered neutrals.
A metal target is put under the effect of a magnetrom. A magnetrom is comprised of a cathode (electron
source) an anode (electron collector) and a combined electric and magnetic field. Vacuum conditions are
generated and an inert gas is used as medium. The process begins as a result of a collision and
momentum transfer from an incoming particle which impacts the inert gas molecules. Ions of the inert gas
impact then the surface of the metal and the result is an ejection of metal atoms from the surface. The
electric field leads to an ionisation of the metal which goes into a plasma aggregation state and
condensates as a metal mirror on the substrate, in this case a plastic foil. After this process the metal
mirror foil is stitched to a special cotton tissue directly over the metal mirror.

3. TINCTURES AND OIL EXTRACTS
Tinctures and oil extracts are obtained from starting materials from botanical or zoological origin by
pharmaceutical processes under cold condition (2-8 °C), at ambient temperature (15-25 °C), with heat
treatment at different temperatures, by rhythmic application of heat and cold, by fermentation as well as
by destillation. If applicable, vehicles e.g. water, ethanol, water/ethanol mixtures, glycerol, oils may be
used.
3.1. Cold treated mother tinctures and liquid preparations thereof
DEFINITION
Cold treated mother tinctures are obtained from fresh (frozen) or dried vegetable matter. The maceration
is carried out at a temperature of 2-8 °C using purified water, water for injections or isotonic solution.
If necessary, the matter to be extracted is reduced to pieces of suitable size. The prescribed quantity of
extraction solvent according to the individual monograph is added to the raw material. Mix thoroughly and
allow to stand in a closed container, where applicable protected from light for an appropriate time at least
7 days. Shake or stir occasionally. Express and filter.
IDENTIFICATION
At least one chromatographic identification test is carried out.
TESTS
pH (Ph. Eur. 2.2.3.). Where applicable, the preparation complies with the limits prescribed in the
individual monograph.
Dry residue (Ph. Eur. 2.8.16. or H 2.2.6.). The preparation complies with the limits prescribed in the
Relative density (Ph. Eur. 2.2.5.). Where applicable, the preparation complies with the limits prescribed
in the individual monograph.
Methanol and 2-propanol (Ph. Eur. 2.9.11.). Maximum 0.05 per cent V/V of methanol and maximum
0.05 per cent V/V of 2-propanol, unless otherwise authorised by a national official Pharmacopoeia.
ASSAY
An assay with quantitative limits is performed when starting materials with toxicologically relevant
substances are used.
- the vegetable matter used,
- where applicable, the fresh vegetable matter used,
- where applicable, the ethanol content in the preparation,
- where applicable, the ratio of starting material to extraction liquid or of starting material to preparation.

Specific pharmacopoeial/APC production methods to produce tinctures obtained under cold

conditions (2-8 °C)
HAB Method 38

3.2. Tinctures made by macerations with water or ethanol/water
DEFINITION
Tinctures made by maceration with water or ethanol / water are liquids and are obtained from fresh
(frozen) or dried vegetable or animal matter. The maceration is carried out at a temperature not above 25
°C by using ethanol of a suitable concentration or purified water.
If necessary, the matter to be extracted is reduced to pieces of suitable size; animals are processed
immediately after killing. The prescribed quantity of extraction solvent according to the individual
monograph is added to the raw material. Mix thoroughly and allow to stand in a closed container at the
required temperature, where applicable protected from light for an appropriate time. If necessary shake or
stir occasionally. Express and filter, if necessary.
Adjustment of the constituents. Adjustment of the content of constituents may be carried out, if necessary,
either by adding the extraction solvent of suitable concentration or by adding another macerate of the
vegetable or animal starting material used. Adjustment of content by concentration is carried out using
suitable methods, generally under reduced pressure.
IDENTIFICATION
TESTS
Relative density (Ph. Eur. 2.2.5.). Where applicable, the macerate complies with the limits prescribed in
the individual monograph.
Ethanol content (Ph. Eur. 2.9.10.). Where applicable, the ethanol content complies with that prescribed
ASSAY
STORAGE
Store in a well-closed container, protected from light.
- the vegetable or animal matter used,
- where applicable, the fresh vegetable or animal matter used,
- where applicable, the ethanol content in the preparation,

Specific pharmacopoeial/APC production methods to produce tinctures made by macerations

with water or ethanol/water
Ph. Eur. Methods of preparation of homoeopathic stocks and potentisation (2371)

Methods 1
Methods 2
Methods 3
Methods 4
HAB Methods 1
Methods 2
Methods 3
Methods 4
Methods 12b, c, m, n, o
Method 49
Ph. Fr. Method Mother tinctures from drugs of vegetable origin

Ph. Fr. Method Mother tincture from drugs of animal origin
APC Method 3.2.1. (related to Ph. Eur. 2371, Method 4a)

Prepare mother tinctures according to APC Method 3.2.1. using the maceration methods given in the Ph.
Eur. monograph "Extracts". Use 1 part of dried plant or parts of plants to 20 parts of ethanol in suitable
concentration (see HAB H.5.3), unless otherwise prescribed in the individual monograph.
If adjustment to a given concentration is necessary, calculate the amount of ethanol required to obtain the
concentration specified or used for production from equation (1) of HAB Method 1. Mix the calculated
amount of ethanol with the filtrate. Allow to stand for not less than 5 days at a temperature not exceeding
20 °C, then filter if necessary.
Potentisation
The 2nd decimal dilution (D2) is made from

2 part of the mother tincture and
8 parts of ethanol of the same concentration,
the 3rd decimal dilution (D3) from

1 part of 2nd decimal dilution and
9 parts of ethanol of the same concentration.
Unless a different ethanol concentration is specified, use ethanol 30per cent (m/m) and then 15 per cent
(m/m) for subsequent dilutions from the D4 onwards and proceed accordingly.
APC Method 3.2.2. (related to HAB Method 12a)
Preparations according to APC Method 3.2.2. are tinctures for external use. They are prepared as follows:
maceration of dried plants or parts of plants with ethanol in a ratio of 1:10 (in analogy to Ph. Eur. 2371,
Method 4a and HAB Methods 4a or 19f or 20).
Glycerol may be added up to 10 per cent.

3.3. Tinctures made by maceration with glycerol
DEFINITION
Tinctures made by maceration with glycerol are liquids and are obtained from fresh (frozen) or dried
vegetable or animal matter. The maceration is carried out at the required temperature (not above 25 °C)
by using glycerol of a suitable concentration or a glycerol solution containing sodium chloride.
Lower animals are killed immediately before processing, the parts of warm-blooded animals are
processed immediately after killing. Killing is carried out with respect for the animal suffering.
If necessary, the matter to be extracted is reduced to pieces of suitable size. The prescribed quantity of
extraction solvent according to the individual monograph is added to the raw material. Mix thoroughly and
allow to stand in a closed container at a temperature not above 25 °C, protected from light for the
appropriate time. If necessary shake or stir occasionally. Express and filter, if necessary.
Adjustment of the constituents: Adjustment of the content of constituents may be carried out, if necessary,
vegetable or animal starting material used. Adjustment of content by concentration is carried out using
suitable methods, generally under reduced pressure.
IDENTIFICATION
At least one chromatographic or electrophoretic (animal matter) identification test is carried out.
TESTS
Conductivity (Ph. Eur. 2.2.38.). Where applicable, the macerate complies with the limits prescribed in the
Relative density (Ph. Eur. 2.2.5.). The macerate complies with the limits prescribed in the individual
monograph.
Microbiological examination (Ph. Eur. 2.6.12., 2.6.13.). Where applicable, the macerate complies with
the limits prescribed.
Microbiological quality (Ph. Eur. 5.1.4.). Category 3A or 3B respectively according to the individual
monograph.
ASSAY
STORAGE
- the glycerol content of the solvent used for the preparation,
- where applicable, the ratio of starting material to extraction liquid or of starting material to macerate.

Specific pharmacopoeial/APC production methods to produce tinctures made by maceration with

glycerol
HAB Methods 41
HAB Methods 42
Ph. Fr. Method Glycerol macerations

3.4. Liquid preparations made by maceration with oil
DEFINITION
Liquid preparations made by maceration with oil are of liquid consistency and obtained from fresh (frozen)
or dried vegetable or animal matter. The maceration is carried out at the required temperature (not above
25 °C) mostly by using arachis oil or olive oil.
If necessary, the matter to be extracted is reduced to pieces of suitable size. When animal matter is used,
lower animals are killed immediately before processing, the parts of warm-blooded animals being
processed immediately after killing. Killing is carried out with respect for the animal suffering.The
prescribed quantity of extraction solvent according to the individual monograph is added to the raw
material. Mix thoroughly and allow to stand in a closed container at the required temperature, protected
from light for the appropriate time. If necessary shake or stir occasionally. Express and filter, if necessary.
Adjustment of the constituents: Adjustment of the content of constituents may be carried out, if necessary,
vegetable or animal starting material used.
IDENTIFICATION
TESTS
Relative density (Ph. Eur. 2.2.5.). The oil extract complies with the limits prescribed in the individual
monograph.
Refractive index (Ph. Eur. 2.2.6.). The oil extract complies with the limits prescribed in the individual
monograph.
Peroxide value (Ph. Eur. 2.5.5.). Where applicable, the oil extract complies with the limits prescribed in
ASSAY
STORAGE
- where applicable, the solvent used for the preparation,

Specific pharmacopoeial/APC production methods to produce liquid preparations made by

maceration with oil
APC Method 3.4.1.

Preparations made according to APC Method 3.4.1. are oil extracts for external use prepared from 1 part
of lower animals and 10 parts of arachis oil, refined (Ph. Eur.) as follows:
Transfer animals immediately to the oil for killing, container and oil having been previously weighed
separately. Calculate the weight of theanimals. After filtration mince the animals. Reunify the minced
animals with the filtrate and make up to the required weight withoil. Mix thoroughly and filter again.
Alternatively the animals are killed with CO2. After killing the animals are minced and mixed thoroughly
with 10 parts of arachis oil, refined (Ph. Eur.). Protect the mixture from light. Filter.
In both ways of extraction the extraction time should not exceed 8 hours.

3.5. Tinctures made by percolation
DEFINITION
Tinctures made by percolation are of liquid consistency and prepared from fresh (frozen) or dried
vegetable matter. The percolation is carried out at room temperature using ethanol of suitable
concentration or purified water.
If necessary, reduce the matter to be extracted to pieces of suitable size. Mix thoroughly with a portion of
the prescribed extraction solvent and allow to stand for an appropriate time. Transfer to a percolator and
allow the percolate to flow slowly making sure that the matter to be extracted is always covered with the
remaining extraction solvent. The residue may be pressed out and the expressed liquid combined with the
percolate.
Adjustment of the constituents. Adjustment of the content of constituents may be carried out, if necessary,
either by adding the extraction solvent of suitable concentration or by adding another percolate of the
vegetable matter used for the preparation.
IDENTIFICATION
TESTS
Relative density (Ph. Eur. 2.2.5.). Where applicable, the tincture complies with the limits prescribed in
Dry residue (Ph. Eur. 2.8.16. or H 2.2.6.). The tincture complies with the limits prescribed in the individual
monograph.
ASSAY
STORAGE
- where applicable, the ethanol content in the tincture,
- where applicable, the ratio of starting material to extraction liquid or of starting material to tincture.

Specific pharmacopoeial/APC production methods to produced tinctures made by percolation
Ph. Eur. Methods of preparation of homoeopathic stocks and potentisation (2371), Methods 4
HAB Methods 4
Ph. Fr. Method Mother tinctures from drugs of vegetable origin

Ph. Fr. Method Mother tincture from drugs of animal origin
APC Method 3.5.1. (related to Ph. Eur. 2371, Method 4a)
Prepare mother tinctures according to APC Method 3.5.1. using the percolation methods given in the Ph.
Eur. monograph "Extracts". Use 1 part of dried plant or parts of plants to 20 parts of ethanol in suitable
concentration (see HAB H.5.3), unless otherwise prescribed in the individual monograph.
If adjustment to a given concentration is necessary, calculate the amount of ethanol required to obtain the
concentration specified or used for production from equation (1) of HAB Method 1. Mix the calculated
amount of ethanol with the filtrate. Allow to stand for not less than 5 days at a temperature not exceeding
20 °C, then filter if necessary.
Potentisation

the 3rd decimal dilution (D3) from

1 part of 2nd decimal dilution and
Unless a different ethanol concentration is specified, use ethanol 43 per cent (m/m) for subsequent
dilutions from the D4 onwards and proceed accordingly.

3.6. Buffered aqueous mother tinctures manufactured under exclusion of oxidative influence
DEFINITION
Buffered aqueous mother tinctures manufactured under exclusion of oxidative influence are produced by
exhaustive extraction of fresh (frozen) plants or parts of plants under the exclusion of atmospheric oxygen
with a buffer.
If the fresh plant material is not processed immediately, it must be stored in liquid nitrogen. The loss on
drying (H 2.8.1) must be determined before it is placed in liquid nitrogen.
From 1 part of the plant material 50 parts of mother tincture is generally produced. The mother tincture
corresponds to the 2nd decimal dilution (mother tincture = D2).
At first add a defined amount of ascorbate phosphate buffer solution to the plant material and then finely
reduce this mixture to a slurry. Under further size reduction, add a sufficient quantity of ascorbate
phosphate buffer solution to optimise extraction. Express, filter and adjust to the required volume with
ascorbate phosphate buffer solution.
According to the individual monograph the production of the mother tincture may require the addition of a
second extract from material of the same plant species harvested at a different season. In this case mix
the extracts in an appropriate apparatus to a composition (see Chapter 7) and then dilute in a defined
proportion with ascorbate phosphate buffer solution. This composition is the mother tincture (=D2).
Potentisation is generally carried out according to HAB Method 32.
Buffered aqueous mother tinctures and their liquid dilutions are exclusively intended for parenteral dosage
forms. Before they are processed to finished products, the mother tincture (D2) and the liquid dilution D3
must be stored for at least 6 weeks up to 1 year. Any eventual sediment must be excluded from the
further processing. From the 4th decimal dilution (=D4) onwards, process immediately.
IDENTIFICATION
TESTS
Loss on drying (H 2.8.1.). Loss on drying of the residue after filtration.
Sterility (Ph. Eur. 2.6.1.). If buffered aqueous mother tinctures and their liquid dilutions are stored before
further processing, they must comply with the test "Sterility" of the European Pharmacopoeia.
Proportion of original extracts: Where applicable, the proportion of both extracts in the composition is
tested comparing two different substances in both starting extracts e.g. by HPLC.
ASSAY
STORAGE
Store in a well-closed, airtight container.
- the amount of vegetable matter used and the amount of vegetable matter dissolved.

Specific pharmacopoeial/APC production methods to produce buffered aqueous mother tinctures

manufactured under exclusion of oxidative influence
HAB Method 32

3.7. Fermented tinctures
DEFINITION
Fermented tinctures are aqueous preparations from fresh (frozen) or dried vegetable matter obtained by
fermentation at room temperature.
If necessary, reduce the vegetable matter to pieces of suitable size. Add purified water according to the
individual monograph and mix thoroughly. If stated in the individual monograph add the prescribed
fermenting agent. Allow to stand at room temperature for the time prescribed in the individual monograph
protected from air, from light and, if necessary, from oxidation. Hereafter express.
Adjustment of the constituents. Adjustment of the content of constituents may be carried out with purified
water or add purified water to the residue and express again.
IDENTIFICATION
TESTS
pH (Ph. Eur. 2.2.3.). The tincture complies with the limits prescribed in the individual monograph.
Relative density (Ph. Eur. 2.2.5.). The tincture complies with the limits prescribed in the individual
monograph.
monograph.
Methanol and 2-propanol (Ph. Eur. 2.9.11.). maximum 0.05 per cent V/V of methanol and maximum
ASSAY
STORAGE
- where applicable, the dried vegetable matter used,

Specific pharmacopoeial/APC production methods to produce fermented preparations
HAB Method 53
APC Method 3.7.1. (see also Compositions 7.2.1.)

Mother tinctures according to APC Method 3.7.1. are produced from fresh plants or parts of plants
following the procedure given below.
Finely mince the plants or parts of plants and mix 1 part of the plant mass with 1 part of purified water.
Leave to ferment at 20 to 24°C with the exclusion of air, ending the fermentation when the pH of the
fermentation liquid has fallen to between 4 and 5. Then express and weigh the expressed liquid. The
weight of the expressed liquid is equal to 2 parts and is mixed with 1 part of a mixture of 0.95 parts of
alcohol 94 per cent (m/m) and 0.05 parts of purified water.
This tincture is stored and can together with another tincture of the same plant undergo a special
pharmaceutical process leading to a composition.
This procedure is followed for plants harvested in the summer and for plants of the same species,
harvested in the winter.
The mother tincture is produced by composing equal parts of the two tinctures.
Potentisation
The 1st decimal dilution (D1) is made from

3 parts of the mother tincture and
7 parts of alcohol 30 per cent (m/m),
the 2nd decimal dilution (D2) from
1 part of the 1st decimal dilution and
9 parts of alcohol 15 per cent (m/m).
Subsequent dilutions are produced accordingly.
Recommended designation
Preparations according to APC Method 3.7.1. carry the designation „ferm APC 3.7.1.“.

3.8. Tinctures made by digestion (Digestio)
DEFINITION
Tinctures made by digestion are liquids prepared from fresh (frozen) or dried vegetable matter with an
additional heat treatment usually at 37 °C. The digestion is carried out by using ethanol of a suitable
concentration or purified water.
If necessary, the matter to be extracted is reduced to pieces of suitable size. The quantity of extraction
liquid is added according to the individual monograph. Mix thoroughly and warm to 37 °C. Then keep at
37 °C in a covered container. Allow to stand at this temperature for the time prescribed in the individual
monograph, stirring occasionally. After cooling, allow to stand at room temperature in a well-closed
container, protected from light for the time described in the individual monograph. Add ethanol of
appropriate percentage if prescribed. If necessary shake or stir occasionally. Express and filter, if
necessary.
Adjustment of the constituents. Adjustment of the content of constituents may be carried out by dilution,
either with the same liquid used for the digestion or with another digestion of the same raw material.
Adjustment of content by concentration is carried out carefully and generally under vacuum.
IDENTIFICATION
TESTS
pH (Ph. Eur. 2.2.3.). Where applicable the tincture complies with the limits prescribed in the individual
monograph.
monograph.
monograph.
Methanol and 2-propanol (Ph. Eur. 2.9.11.). maximum 0.05 per cent V/V of methanol and maximum
ASSAY
STORAGE
- where applicable, the ratio of starting material to extraction liquid or of starting material to tincture,
- the designation “Digestio” or "ethanol. Digestio" if ethanol is used.

Specific pharmacopoeial/APC production methods to produce tinctures made by digestion
HAB Methods 18
HAB Method 24b
APC Method 3.8.1.

Preparations according to APC Method 3.8.1. are of liquid consistency and obtained from fresh plants
obtained with purified water as follows:
Reduce the plants or part of plants to a suitable size unless otherwise prescribed in the monograph. The
amount of vegetable matter and purified water are defined by the monograph. Introduce the amount of
purified water into a round-bottomed flask, place in a water bath and heat up to 50 °C. Add the vegetable
matter whereby the flask should be a half to three quarters full, mix thoroughly. Close the flask
hermetically. Keep the mixture at 50 °C for 6 hours. Allow to cool to 37 °C in the course of 24 hours and
maintain this temperature for 72 hours with occasional stirring. Allow to cool. If necessary add the amount
of ethanol 94 per cent (m/m) prescribed in the monograph then express and filter.
Preparations according to APC Method 3.8.1 which are obtained without ethanol, are generally processed
immediately to solid preparations (see monograph “Solid preparations of fresh plants, plant juices and
aqueous extracts”).

3.9. Tinctures made by infusion (Infusum)
DEFINITION
Tinctures made by infusion are of liquid consistency and prepared from adequately prepared dried plant
material by adding boiling purified water. If ethanol (of the prescribed concentration) is used, the
quantities of ethanol and purified water are added separately.
If necessary, the plant material is reduced to pieces of suitable size. Boiling purified water is used for
extraction. If ethanol of suitable concentration is used, the quantity of ethanol is either used prior to
extraction for moistening the dried plant material for the time prescribed or added to the mixture after
cooling. Allow to stand in a well-closed container for the time prescribed. If purified water is used as
solvent, it is also used for moistening and to make up the final mass if prescribed. Express and filter, if
necessary. If purified water is used as solvent the preparation is processed further immediately.
IDENTIFICATION
TESTS
monograph.
monograph.
Sterility (Ph. Eur. 2.6.1.): Applicable only if the Infusion is a stored aqueous mother tincture.
ASSAY
STORAGE
Store in a well-closed container, protected from light, if the tincture contains ethanol.
If aqueous tinctures made by infusion are stored they must meet the requirements of Sterility (Ph Eur.
2.6.1.).
- the designation “Infusum” or "ethanol. Infusum", if ethanol is used.

Specific pharmacopoeial/APC production methods to produce tinctures made by infusion
HAB Method 20
HAB Method 24a
APC Method 3.9.1. (related to HAB Method 20)

Mother tinctures made according to APC Method 3.9.1. are produced from dried plants or parts of plants,
using 1 part of the plant material and 10 parts of ethanol in suitable concentration as follows:
Add the amounts of ethanol and purified water required to obtain the prescribed ethanol concentration
separately.
To the minced plant material add the total amount of boiling purified water, cover and allow to stand until
room temperature for not more than 12 h. Compensate any water loss by evaporation and add the
required amount of ethanol. Allow to stand in a well-closed container for 24 - 36 h, stirring occasionally.
Express and filter.
Potentisation
The mother tincture is identical with the 1st decimal dilution (Ø = D1).
Use the same method to produce further decimal dilutions, progressively reducing the ethanol
concentration in the sequence 94 – 86 – 73 – 62 – 43 – 30 – 15 per cent (m/m) until the 15 per cent level
is reached.

Mother tinctures made according to APC Method 3.9.2. are produced from dried plants or parts of plants,
using 1 part of the plant material and 10 parts of ethanol in suitable concentration as follows:
Add the amounts of ethanol and purified water required to obtain the prescribed ethanol concentration
separately.
To the minced plant material add the total amount of boiling purified water, cover and allow to stand until
cold at 2 - 8 °C for not more than 18 h. Compensate any water loss by evaporation and add the required
amount of ethanol. Allow to stand in a well-closed container for 24 - 36 h, stirring once during this period.
Express and filter.
Potentisation
The mother tincture is identical with the 1st decimal dilution (Ø = D1).
concentration in the sequence 43 - 30 - 15% (m/m) until the 15 per cent level is reached.
Preparations made according to APC Method 3.9.2. carry the designation “ethanol. stab. infusum”. The
same applies to preparations made from them.

3.10. Tinctures made by decoction (Decoction)
DEFINITION
Tinctures made by decoction are of liquid consistency and prepared from fresh or dried vegetable matter
that have been allowed to boil usually with ethanol of a suitable concentration or purified water or glycerol.
If necessary, reduce the vegetable matter to pieces of suitable size, add the prescribed quantity of
extraction solvent according to the individual monograph and mix thoroughly. Heat up until boiling, if
necessary under reflux and allow to boil for the time prescribed, usually 30 min. After cooling allow to
stand in a well-closed container protected from light at room temperature for the time described in the
individual monograph. If necessary, shake or stir occasionally. Express and filter, if necessary.
Adjustment of the constituents. Adjustment of the content of constituents may be carried out by dilution,
either with the same liquid used for the decoction or with another decoction of the same raw material.
Adjustment of content by concentration is carried out carefully and generally under reduced pressure.
IDENTIFICATION
TESTS
monograph.
monograph.
ASSAY
STORAGE
- the designation “Decoctum” or "ethanol. Decoctum", if ethanol is used.

Specific pharmacopoeial/APC production methods to produce tinctures made by decoction
HAB Methods 12k, l

HAB Methods 19
HAB Methods 23
APC Method 3.10.1. (related to HAB Method 19g)

Mother tinctures made according to APC Method 3.10.1. are produced according to maceration as
follows:
Heat the mixture made according to Ph. Eur. 2731, Method 4a, using 1 part of dried plants or parts of
plants to 20 parts of ethanol in suitable concentration and containing the whole amount of ethanol of the
required concentration. Boil under reflux for not less than 30 min. After cooling, allow to stand in a closed
container at room temperature for the time prescribed in the individual monograph. Express and filter.
Adjust to the concentrations required in the individual monograph according to Ph. Eur. 2731, Method 4a.
Potentisation

the 3rd decimal dilution (D3) is made from

1 part of the 2nd decimal dilution and
9 parts of ethanol of a reduced concentration as given below.
concentration in the sequence 94 - 86 - 73 - 62 - 43 - 30 - 15 per cent (m/m) until the 15 per cent level is
reached.

3.11. Oil extracts with heat treatment
DEFINITION
Oil extracts are prepared from fresh or dried vegetable matter using a fatty or mineral oil as extraction
liquid with heat.
If necessary, mince the vegetable matter to pieces of suitable size. Ethanol 94 per cent (m/m) may be
added to moisten the plant material. The prescribed quantity of the extraction liquid (mostly peanut, olive,
sesame, sunflower oil or liquid paraffin) is added and mixed thoroughly with the vegetable matter. The
mixture is heated up at the prescribed temperature and allowed to stand in a closed container for an
appropriate time. Extraction temperature and time are prescribed in the individual monograph. If
necessary, the empty space of the container is filled with a protecting gas and finally expressed and
filtered.
IDENTIFICATION
TESTS
Relative density (Ph. Eur. 2.2.5.). The oil extract complies with the limits prescribed in the individual
monograph.
Refractive index (Ph. Eur. 2.2.6.). The oil extract complies with the limits prescribed in the individual
monograph.
Peroxide value (Ph. Eur. 2.5.5.). Where applicable, the oil extract complies with the limits prescribed in
ASSAY
STORAGE
Store in a well-filled, airtight container, protected from light and heat. If necessary, the empty space in the
container of oil extracts is filled with an inert gas.
- where applicable, the dried vegetable matter used,
- the extraction liquid used,
- where applicable, the ratio of starting material to extraction liquid or of starting material to extract,
- an indication of the extraction temperature.

Specific pharmacopoeial/APC production methods to produce oil extracts with heat treament
HAB Methods 12 d-g

HAB Method 57

3.12. Preparations made by distillation
DEFINITION
To prepare the distillate from fresh plants or parts of plants following follow the procedure given below.
Coarsely chop and crush the plant material. Pour 8 parts of alcohol 86 per cent (m/m) over 100 parts of
plant mass. Leave to stand in a closed container for at least 24 h, then steam distil, ending the steam
distillation when 50 parts of distillate have been collected.
The mother tincture is made from

1 part of distillate and
1 part of alcohol 15 per cent (m/m).
IDENTIFICATION
TESTS
Potentisation

Recommended Designation
Distillates and derived dosage forms carry the designation „destillata“.

Specific pharmacopoeial/APC production methods to produce preparations made by distillation
HAB Method 52

3.13. Tinctures obtained by rhythmic application of heat and cold
DEFINITION
Tinctures obtained with rhythmic application of heat and cold are aqueous preparations from fresh or
dried vegetable matter or saps from fresh vegetable matter obtained by fermentation under cold and heat
application.
If necessary, the vegetable matter is minced to appropriate size. Add purified water. If stated in the
individual monograph add the prescribed fermenting agent.
It is also possible to ferment the expressed plant sap or the finely minced fresh plant without addition of
purified water.
Treat rhythmically with application of heat (generally 37 °C) and cold (generally 4 °C).
Where required, express and filter after the time prescribed in the individual monograph.
Salts, specific plant ashes, metals or minerals may be added according to the individual monograph.
IDENTIFICATION
TESTS
pH (Ph. Eur. 2.2.3.). The preparation complies with the limits prescribed in the individual monograph.
ASSAY
An assay with quantitative limits is performed when raw materials with toxicologically relevant substances
are used.
STORAGE
Store in a well-closed container, protected from light, where applicable below 15 °C.
- where applicable, the name of the salt, metal or mineral added,
- where applicable, the ratio of starting material to extraction liquid or of starting material to preparation,
- the designation „ferm“ (with water and adjuvants) or „Rh“ (fermented plant sap without adjuvants).

Specific pharmacopoeial/APC production methods to produce tinctures obtained with rhythmic

application of heat and cold
HAB Method 21
HAB Method 22
HAB Methods 33
HAB Methods 34
HAB Methods 35
HAB Method 36
HAB Methods 37
HAB Methods 51

Rh mother tinctures made according to APC Method 3.13.1. are produced from fresh plants as follows:
Mince and express the plant material immediately after harvesting. Transfer the expressed liquid to
containers not more than three quarters full and expose to the circadian hot and cold rhythms described
below (‘Rh’) until fermentation is complete.
In the mornings, heat the expressed liquid during a period of not less than 30 min to about 37 °C and
maintain at this temperature. In the evenings, cool down to about 4 °C during a period of not less than 30
min and maintain at this temperature.
During every heating and cooling phase shake the container with the expressed fluid for not less than 10
min. Filter as soon as fermentation ceases.
Potentisation
Aqueous dilutions
1 part of Rh mother tincture and

9 parts of water for injections.
Prepare further dilutions in the same way, using water for injections as the vehicle at every stage.
Ethanolic dilutions

9 parts of ethanol 15 per cent (m/m).
Prepare further dilutions in the same way, using ethanol 15 per cent (m/m) as the vehicle at every stage.
Preparations made according to APC Method 3.13.1. carry the designation “Rh”; the same applies to
preparations made from them. If ethanol 15 per cent (m/m) is used from the 1st decimal dilution onwards,
state this on the label.

Rh mother tinctures made according to APC Method 3.13.2. are produced from fresh plants as follows:
Mince the plant material immediately after harvesting. Expose to the circadian hot and cold rhythms
described under HAB Method 21 (“Rh”) for about 10 days. Express.
Treat the expressed liquid as for HAB Method 21 until fermentation is complete. Filter as soon as this
point is reached.

Potentisation
Aqueous dilutions

9 parts of water for injections.
Prepare further dilutions in the same way, using water for injections as the vehicle at every stage.
Ethanolic dilutions

9 parts of ethanol 15 per cent (m/m).
Prepare further dilutions in the same way, using ethanol 15 per cent (m/m) as the vehicle at every stage.
Preparations made according to APC Method 3.13.2. carry the designation "Rh"; the same applies to
preparations made from them. If ethanol 15 per cent (m/m) is used from the 1st decimal dilution onwards,
state this on the label.

4. SOLID STARTING MATERIALS OBTAINED BY HEAT
Heat treatment can be applied directly to solid staring materials from botanical or zoological origin without
addition of a vehicle. The heat treatment may be performed under presence or reduced presence of
oxygen. Solid starting materials obtained by heat include toasted preparations, carbons (Carbo) and
ashes (Cinis).
4.1. Toasted preparations (Tosta)
DEFINITION
Toasted preparations are obtained from dried plants or parts of plants or solid, dried animal matter by
toasting. Toasted preparations are dry, usually brownish and have an intense and characteristic odour.
The substances to be toasted are crushed, if necessary, and are strongly exposed to a heat source for
the prescribed time. During the process water evaporates and the matter becomes brown or brownish.
This is achieved through the control of the heat supply, usually 170 – 250°C and by tossing the material
during the heat supply.
Particle size of the raw material, temperature and heating time are prescribed in the individual
monograph.
Toasted substances may be potentised according to HAB Method 6.
IDENTIFICATION/TESTS
According to the individual monograph.
STORAGE
- the designation "tostus/a/um/".
Example: Spongia tosta

4.2. Carbons (Carbo)
DEFINITION
Carbons are brittle, generally black substances prepared from dried vegetable or animal matter.
The plant or animal matter is heated to an approximate temperature over 200 °C under reduced presence
of oxygen to produce the carbonised deposit. The carbonised substance is powdered.
Carbons may be potentised according to HAB Method 6.
IDENTIFICATION
The identification is carried out according to the individual monograph.
TESTS
The tests are carried out according to the individual monograph,
where applicable:
- Acidity or Alkalinity,
- Acid-soluble substances,
- Adsorption power,
- Alkali-soluble coloured matter,
- Cyanide,
- Ethanol-soluble substances,
- Fluorescent substances,
- Heavy metals (Ph. Eur. 2.4.8.),
- Loss on drying (Ph. Eur. 2.2.32.),
- Sulphated ash (Ph. Eur. 2.4.14.),
- Sulphide,
- Total ash (Ph. Eur. 2.4.16.),
- Zinc.
STORAGE
- the name of the vegetable or animal matter used,
- the designation ”Carbo”.
Example: Carbo Gentianae

Specific pharmacopoeial/APC production methods to produce carbons
B.Hom.P. Method Br4

4.3. Ashes (Cinis)
DEFINITION
Ashes are generally fine, amorphous, white, grey, beige or brown powders. They are prepared from dried
vegetable or animal matter.
The vegetable or animal matter is incinerated generally at a temperature between 500 and 700 °C.
Cinis may be potentised according to HAB Method 6.
IDENTIFICATION
The identification is carried out according to the individual monograph.
TESTS
The tests are carried out according to the individual monograph,
where applicable:
- Acid insoluble substances,
- Arsenic (Ph.Eur. 2.4.2.),
- Heavy metals (Ph.Eur. 2.4.8.),
- Loss on drying (Ph. Eur. 2.2.32.).
ASSAY
Where applicable the Cinis complies with the individual monograph.
STORAGE
Store in a well-closed container with a desiccant.
- the name of the vegetable or animal substance used,
- the designation ”Cinis”.
Example: Cinis Tabaci

Specific pharmacopoeial/APC production methods to produce ashes
B.Hom.P. Method Br3

5. SOLID PREPARATIONS FROM PLANTS (DRYING ONTO A VEHICLE)
Solid preparations from plants are obtained either by drying fresh plants, plant juices or aqueous extracts
onto a vehicle.
5.1. Solid preparations from fresh plants
DEFINITION
Solid preparations of fresh plants are obtained by drying fresh plant material onto suitable vehicles e.g.
lactose monohydrate.
The fresh plant material, which is reduced to pieces of suitable size, is mixed thoroughly with the vehicle
in order to adsorb its liquid part. The mixture is dried gently and milled if necessary.
IDENTIFICATION
At least one chromatographic test is carried out.
TESTS
Loss on drying (Ph. Eur. 2.2.32.): The solid preparation complies with the limits prescribed in the
Microbiological quality (Ph. Eur. 5.1.4.): Category 3
ASSAY
are used.
STORAGE
- the name of the plant material used,
- the quantity used,
- the vehicle used.

Specific pharmacopoeial/APC production methods to produce solid preparations from fresh

plants
APC Method 5.1.1.

Preparations according to APC Method 5.1.1. are solid preparations of fresh plants obtained by drying
fresh vegetable matter onto lactose monohydrate.
Mince the plants or part of plants. To 1 part of the minced plant material add the required amount of
lactose monohydrate, usually 2,9 parts unless otherwise prescribed in the individual monograph. Mix
thoroughly. Dry the moist mixture gently until it reaches the dryness required. Mill, if necessary, then sieve
as specified in the individual monograph and remix thoroughly.

5.2. Solid preparations from plant juices or aqueous extracts
DEFINITION
Solid preparations of fresh plants are obtained by drying plant juices or aqueous extracts onto suitable
vehicles e.g. lactose monohydrate.
The juice expressed or the aqueous extracts from the fresh plant material is mixed thoroughly with the
vehicle. The mixture is dried gently and milled if necessary.
IDENTIFICATION
At least one chromatographic test is carried out.
TESTS
Loss on drying (Ph. Eur. 2.2.32.). The solid preparation complies with the limits prescribed in the
Microbiological quality (Ph. Eur. 5.1.4.). Category 3
ASSAY
are used.
STORAGE
- the name of the plant material used,
- the quantity used,
- the vehicle used.

Specific pharmacopoeial/APC production methods to produce solid preparations from liquid

extracts/ plant juices
APC Method 5.2.1.

Preparations according to APC Method 5.2.1. are solid preparations from fresh plant juices obtained by
drying the fresh plant juice onto lactose monohydrate or another exipient.
1 part of the expressed plant juice or aqueous extract is added to 1,9 parts of lactose monohydrate or
other exipient unless otherwise prescribed in the individual monograph to obtain a wet granulate. Dry the
wet granulate gently until it reaches the dryness required. Mill, if necessary, then sieve as specified in the
individual monograph and remix thoroughly. For granulation it may be necessary to concentrate the plant
juice under reduced pressure.
APC Method 5.2.2.

Preparations according to APC Method 5.2.2. are solid preparations from fresh plant juices obtained by
drying the fresh plant juice onto lactose monohydrate or another exipient.
The the expressed plant juice of 1 part of the fresh plant is added to 3 parts of lactose monohydrate or
other exipient unless otherwise prescribed in the individual monograph to obtain a wet granulate. Dry the
wet granulate gently until it reaches the dryness required. Mill, if necessary, then sieve as specified in the
individual monograph and remix thoroughly. For granulation it may be necessary to concentrate the plant
juice under reduced pressure.
APC Method 5.2.3.

Preparations according to APC Method 5.2.3. are solid preparations from aqueous extracts obtained by
drying aqueous extracts of fresh plants onto lactose monohydrate or another exipient.
1 part of the comminuted fresh plants is mixed 0.15 parts of purified water. The expressed aqueous
extract is added to 4 parts of lactose monohydrate or other exipient unless otherwise prescribed in the
individual monograph to obtain a wet granulate. Dry the wet granulate gently until it reaches the dryness
required. Mill, if necessary, then sieve as specified in the individual monograph and remix thoroughly. For
granulation it may be necessary to concentrate the aqueous extract under reduced pressure.

6. LIQUID SOLUTIONS
DEFINITION
Liquid solutions are liquid preparations obtained by dissolving one or more starting materials in an
appropriate vehicle. The liquid obtained may be directly potentised.
The starting material is dissolved in the appropriate vehicle. Dissolution may require heating or stirring.
The separation of a residue may be necessary.
Where necessary, immediately after the dissolution the first potentisation step is carried out in accordance
with the individual monograph.
IDENTIFICATION
Liquid solutions are identified using a suitable method.
TESTS
Appearance (Ph. Eur. 2.2.1., 2.2.2.). Where applicable, the liquid complies with the limits described in the
pH (Ph. Eur. 2.2.3.). Where applicable, the liquid solution complies with the limits prescribed in the
Dry residue (Ph. Eur. 2.8.16. or H 2.2.6.). Where applicable, the liquid solution complies with the limits
prescribed in the individual monograph.
Relative density (Ph. Eur. 2.2.5.). The liquid solution complies with the limits prescribed in the individual
monograph.
ASSAY
Where applicable, liquid solutions of chemically defined starting materials are assayed.
STORAGE
- the name of the substance dissolved,
- the quantity dissolved,
- where applicable, the degree of potentisation.

Specific pharmacopoeial/APC production methods to produce liquid solutions
HAB Methods 5

7. COMPOSITIONS
Compositions are made from two or more starting materials and /or preparations with or without vehicles,
by jointly treating them with a pharmaceutical process that will lead to a new substance. The rationale for
composing is the anthroposophic understanding of man, nature, substance and processing. Compositions
may be potentised.
7.1. Compositions made by treating two or more starting materials by one or more pharmaceutical
processes.
They are obtained by combining starting materials in a defined ratio according to the individual
monograph using a specified process (e.g. specified mixing, heat treatment, a chemical process).
According to the nature of the composition. The components of the composition comply with the
requirements of the relevant monographs.
RECOMMENDED LABELLING
The label states:
-the name of the composition,
-the composition of the product (quantity of the ingredients),
-reference pharmacopoeia/codex.

Specific APC production methods to produce compositions according to 7.1.
Examples (see appendix 2.6.): Anis-Pyrit, Ferrum-Quartz, Hepar-Magnesium, Hepar sulfuris, Kalium
aceticum comp., Plumbum mellitum, Solutio Sacchari comp. (mineral compositions according to the
model of a plant).

7.2. Compositions made by treating two or more mother tinctures with one or more mother
tinctures or dilutions by one or more pharmaceutical processes.
The concerning compositions are obtained from extracts (mother tinctures) of the same plant species
harvested at different seasons, i.e. at different stages of development.
According to the individual monograph the extracts are combined in a defined ratio by a specific
pharmaceutical process eventually using specific equipment. Adjustment of concentration by diluting, pH
adjustment, and adjustment of osmolality may be carried out.
The label states:

Specific pharmacopoeial/APC production methods to produce compositions according to 7.2.
HAB Method 32
HAB Method 38
See appendix 2.6., for example Viscum album compositions.
APC Method 7.2.1. (see also APC Method 3.7.1.)

Compositions according to APC Method 7.2.1. are produced from fresh plants or parts of plants by the
following procedure:
Finely mince the plants or parts of plants and mix 1 part of the plant mass with1 part of purified water.
Leave to ferment at 20 to 24°C with the exclusion of air, ending the fermentation when the pH of the
fermentation liquid has fallen to between 4 and 5. Then express and weigh the expressed liquid. The
weight of the expressed liquid is equal to 2 parts and is mixed with 1 part of a mixture of 0.95 parts of
alcohol 94 per cent (m/m) and 0.05 parts of purified water. This tincture is stored until such time as it will
undergo another pharmaceutical process with a second tincture of the same plant.
This procedure is followed for plants harvested in the summer and for plants of the same species,
harvested in the winter.
The mother tincture is produced by unifying equal parts of the two tinctures.
The composition can be potentised as follows:

7 parts of alcohol 30 per cent (m/m),
the 2nd decimal dilution (D2) from
1 part of the 1st decimal dilution and
Preparations according to APC Method 7.2.1. carry the designation „ferm APC 7.2.1.“.

7.3. Compositions made by treating two or more starting materials with one or more mother
tinctures which undergo one or more pharmaceutical processes together.
They are obtained by combining one or more starting materials with one or more stocks in a defined ratio
according to the individual monograph.
The label states:

Specific pharmacopoeial/APC production methods to produce compositions according to 7.3.
Examples (see appendix 2.6.): Cinis e fructibus Avenae sativae cum Magnesio phosphorico, Cissus-
Ossa.

8. POTENTISED PREPARATIONS
DEFINITION
Potentised preparations are gradually diluted substances, whereby at each diluting step a rhythmic
succussion (liquid potencies) or trituration (solid potencies) has been carried out for a defined time. The
potentising time differs for solid and liquid potentised preparations. Astronomical aspects may be
considered (e.g. solar or lunar eclipse).The preparations are defined by the number of liquid potentising or
trituration steps respectively and by the ratio between the vehicle (diluting agent) and the substance to be
potentised.
The potentising ratio is usually:

1 part of substance
9 parts of vehicle.
or
The potentising ratio for co-potentised preparations is usually:

1 part of a mixture of equal parts of active substances
9 parts of vehicle.
Liquid potencies:
The substance or mixture to be potentised is dissolved in the vehicle in the chosen ratio. Usual vehicles
for liquid potencies are water (purified or water for injections), ethanol of various concentration, glycerol,
vegetable oils. Excipients might be necessary, for example to emulsify an aqueous substance into oil.
After dissolution, rhythmic succussion is carried out. For the next potentising step one part of the first
potency and the prescribed amount of vehicle are brought together and succussed. Further potentising is
carried out in likewise manner.
Solid potencies (triturations):

Potencies of solid substances are prepared by trituration of the substance to be potentised usually with
lactose monohydrate in the prescribed ratio in a mortar with a pestle or in an adequate triturator.
Solid potencies can be further potentised in liquid phase, if they are soluble in a vehicle.
IDENTIFICATION, TESTS, ASSAY

are carried out according to the individual monograph.
STORAGE
- the name of the potentised substance(s),
- where applicable, the ethanol content,
- the potentising vehicle used if other than lactose monohydrate,
- the potentising ratio; decimal potencies may be designated as D or DH or X,
- the potency degree.
Example: D3 or 3 DH or 3X.

Specific pharmacopoeial/APC production methods to produce potentised preparations
HAB Method 6
HAB Method 7
HAB Methods 8
HAB Method 12j
HAB Method 17
B.Hom.P. Method Br5
B.Hom.P. Method Br6
The potentising specifications in Ph.Eur. Monograph 2731 of Methods 1, 2, 3, 4.
The potentising specifications in HAB methods

5, 11, 15, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39a, 39b, 40, 41, 42, 45, 51, 53.
The potentising specifications in APC Methods.
8.1. Co-potentised preparations
Co-potentised preparations are liquid dilutions potentised with a suitable vehicle. The parts of active
substances can be variable (n) and consequently the vehicle is then 10 minus n parts.
APC Method 8.1.1. (related to HAB Method 40a)

Co-potentised compositions according to APC Method 8.1.1. may be prepared from starting materials
(used as active substances, see also part I, chapter 4) in combination with solutions, potentised
preparations and mother tinctures whose method of production is specified by a ratio of 1 part of starting
material and 10 parts of extraction solvent.
Potentisation
For the first co-potentisation stage combine and succuss 1 part of each of the n preparations with 10
minus n parts of ethanol of the appropriate concentration specified under HAB H 5.3. For each further co-
potentisation stage the ratio is 1 part of the given composed potency and 9 parts of vehicle.
Co-potentised compositions may be used to produce all types of dosage forms. Co-potentisation of
mixtures according to APC Method 8.1.1. to produce parenteral preparations or eye drops is carried out
with water for injections or an isotonic solution as diluting agent.
The designation of co-potentised compositions and derived dosage forms states how many potentising
stages were carried out on the mixture as a whole adding the expressions “rhythmically diluted”.

Preparations according to APC Method 8.1.2. are triturations of solid substances with lactose
monohydrate as potentising vehicle unless otherwise specified in a ratio of 1:10.
Triturate using a machine that ensures even trituration. Suitable machines include mixers with rhythmic,
pulsating spatial inversion (e.g. "Turbula"), in combination with a sealable mixing vessel and appropriate
grinding balls as well as other machines with rotating movements such as the ball mill.
Triturate the whole amount of vehicle with the substance to be potentised.
The trituration time depends on the machine and the chosen parameters. Trituration must be between 15
and 60 minutes. It has to be ensured, that the trituration is homogeneous and that particle size reduction
is achieved.

8.2. Potentising in an ointment base
Liquid and solid starting materials can be potentised within an ointment base.
APC-Method 8.2.1. (Ointments containing powdered solid starting materials, related to HAB
Method 48)
Ointments containing powdered solid starting materials are produced with 1 part of a powdered metal,
powdered mineral or a composition containing minerals and 9 parts of an ointment base leading to a
homogeneous ointment. This potentising step in an ointment base results in the first decimal dilution (D1).
The particle size of the powdered solid starting material must be smaller than 100 µm.
Ointments according to APC Method 8.2.1. must meet the requirements of the Ph. Eur. monograph
"Semi-solid preparations for cutaneous application".
Ointments according to APC Method 8.2.1. can be used further to produce ointments according to HAB
Method 13.
Ointments according to APC Method 8.2.1. carry the desigation “APC M” and the resulting decimal
dilution “D1”.
APC-Method 8.2.2. (Ointments containing solid or liquid dilutions)

Ointments containing solid or liquid dilutions are produced with 1 part of a decimal solid or liquid dilution
(Dn) and 9 parts of an ointment base leading to a homogeneous ointment. The resulting decimal dilution
degree is (Dn+1).
Ointments according to APC Method 8.2.2. must meet the requirements of the Ph. Eur. monograph
"Semi-solid preparations for cutaneous application".
Ointments according to APC Method 8.2.2 carry the designation of the resulting degree of decimal
dilution.

9. MIXTURES
DEFINITION
Mixtures are produced from one or more active substances. Vehicles and/or excipients may be added.
Mixtures contain the sum of the active substances mixed together. A special manufacturing method is not
needed (cf.compositions). Mixtures are used to facilitate the administration of more than one active
substance in one single finished product. The mixture itself may be the final dosage form.
Mixtures can be classified into four categories:
9.1.Mixtures of preparatons with a vehicle

9.1a. Liquid preparations produced according to HAB or APC methods in which the vehicle is
added in a ratio other than 1 to 10 or 1 to 100.
9.1b. Solid preparations produced according to HAB or APC methods in which the vehicle is
added in a ratio other than 1 to 10 or 1 to 100.
9.1c. Liquid and solid preparations, produced according to HAB or APC methods, resulting in a
liquid preparation, in which the vehicle is added in a ratio other than 1 to 10 or 1 to 100.
9.2.Mixtures of preparations without a vehicle

9.2a. Mixtures of liquid preparations produced according to HAB or APC methods.
9.2b. Mixtures of solid preparations produced according to HAB or APC methods.
9.2c. Liquid and solid preparations, produced according to HAB or APC methods, resulting in a
liquid preparation.
9.3. Mixtures of preparations with excipients and vehicles.

9.3a. Liquid preparations produced according to HAB or APC methods with an
excipient(s).Vehicles may be added.
9.3b. Liquid and solid preparations, produced according to HAB or APC methods, resulting in a
liquid preparation with an excipient(s). Vehicles may be added.
9.4. Mixtures of starting materials used as active substances and mother tinctures or preparations with or
without vehicles and/or excipients.
-the ingredients mixed and their quantity,

Specific pharmacopoeial/APC production methods to produce mixtures
HAB Method 12
HAB Method 16

Part III Dosage forms

Dosage forms
Principally an anthroposophic medicinal product can be administered in every dosage form, including
external (topical), internal and parenteral dosage forms, with or without excipients.
A dosage form of an anthroposophic medicinal product complies with any relevant dosage form
monograph and any relevant test for that dosage form as described in the European Pharmacopoeia or in
pharmacopoeias currently used officially in the EU Member States.
Main dosage forms for anthroposophic medicinal products and concerning references to official
pharmacopoeias:
Main dosage forms for internal use Relevant pharmacopoeial specifications in:
Capsule Ph. Eur.
Dilution Ph. Eur., HAB
Globuli velati Ph. Eur., HAB
Granules Ph. Eur.
Mother tincture Ph. Eur., HAB
Oral powder, Trituration Ph. Eur., HAB
Oral drops Ph. Eur.
Pillule Ph. Eur., HAB, Ph. Fr.
Syrup Ph. Eur.
Tablet Ph. Eur., HAB
Main dosage forms for external/ topical use Relevant pharmacopoeial specifications in:
Creams Ph. Eur.
Cutaneous powder Ph. Eur.
Ear drops, solution, dilution Ph. Eur., HAB
Eye drops, solution, dilution Ph. Eur., HAB
Gel Ph. Eur., HAB
Lotion B.P.
Nasal drops, solution Ph. Eur., HAB
Nasal spray, solution Ph. Eur.
Oil HAB
Ointment Ph. Eur., HAB
Oromucosal gel, solution, spray Ph. Eur., HAB
Liquid preparations for cutaneous application Ph. Eur., HAB
Vaginalia Ph. Eur., HAB
Suppositories Ph. Eur., HAB
Main dosage forms for parenteral use Relevant pharmacopoeial specifications in:
Liquid dilution for injection Ph. Eur., HAB
Solution for injection Ph. Eur.

Dosage forms of anthroposophic medicinal products comply with pharmacopoeial standards, e.g. the
relevant monographs of the Ph.Eur. and the concerning manufacturing specifications of the HAB.
Specific pharmacopoeial/APC production methods to produce dosage forms
Dosage forms according to Ph. Eur. Monograph 1038
HAB Method 11, Parenteral preparations, Liquid dilutions for injection

HAB Method 15, Eye drops
HAB Methods 39, Globuli velati
HAB Method 48, Ointments containing powdered metal
APC-Method 8.2.1.
APC Pillules containing Lactose (related to HAB Method 10 and Ph. Fr.)
APC Pillules containing lactose are pillules made by applying one or more potentised liquid preparations
to saccharose pillules, which may contain up to 5 per cent of lactose. The potentising ratio usually is
1:100 (v/m or m/m). The ethanol concentration of the potentised liquid preparation(s) is at least 60 per
cent (m/m). If this is not the case and interactions are excluded, the last potentisation step for decimal
potentised preparations must be carried out with ethanol of at least 62 per cent (m/m). In case
incompatibilities are expected, use ethanol of lower concentration.
Preformed pillule sizes Ph. Eur. 3 and 6.:
Ph. Eur. size 3: 110 to 130 pillules weigh 1 g
Ph. Eur. size 6: 20 to 28 pillules weigh 1 g.
Dry the pillules after impregnation in air.
the designation states:
the amount of potentised preparation(s),
the potency degree,
the potentising ratio in case other than 1:100.
ANTHROPOSOPHIC

APC
PART IV
Appendices
(Starting materials)

I Lists of Starting Materials

Reference List for the Appendices to chapters 2.1. to 2.6.
Appendix 2.1. List of minerals, rocks and natural waters
Appendix 2.2. List of starting materials of botanical origin
Appendix 2.3. List of starting materials of zoological origin
Appendix 2.4. List of starting materials that can be described chemically
Appendix 2.5. List of starting materials that have undergone special treatment
Appendix 2.6. List of compositions
II Other Links to the HAB and to the HPUS

List HAB monographs of substances used in anthroposophic pharmacy
Correspondence list between HAB production methods used in anthroposophic pharmacy and HPUS
classes/general pharmacy
Reference List for the Appendices 2.1. to 2.6.

Bertsch, K.: Flora von Südwest-Deutschland. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH Stuttgart 1962
Chmelar, J. u. Meusel, W.: Die Weiden Europas. Ziemsen-Verlag, Wittenberg Lutherstadt 1986
Erhardt, W., Götz, E., Bödeker, N. u. Seybold, S.: Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen. Eugen
Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000
HagerROM 2006, Hagers Handbuch der Drogen und Arzneistoffe. Springer Medizin Verlag, Heidelberg
2006
Harms, H.: Die Mistel und ihre Verbreitung in Ostwestfalen. Mitt. Dt. Dendrologischen Gesellschaft 1973
Hartmann, Th.: Anatomische und morphologische Untersuchungen zum Wechselverhältnis von

Mistelpflanzen und ihren Wirtsgehölzen am Beispiel der Tannenmistel und der Kiefermistel. Dissert.
Technische Universität Berlin 1994
Moberg, R. u. Holmasen, I.: Flechten von Nord- und Mitteleuropa. Ein Bestimmungsbuch. Gustav Fischer,
Stuttgart 1992
Roberts, W.L., Rapp, G.R., Jr., u. Weber, J.: Encyclopaedia of Minerals. Van Nostrand, New York 1974
Rothmaler, W., Jäger, E.J. u. Werner, K. in: Rothmaler, W.: Exkursionsflora von Deutschland. Spektrum
Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg 2000
Schindler, H. u. Helma, F.: Tiere in der Pharmazie und Medizin. Hippokrates-Verlag, Stuttgart 1961
Schmeil, O. u. Fitschen, J. : Flora von Deutschland und angrenzender Länder. Quelle & Meyer Verlag,
Heidelberg 1988
Schweingruber, F.H.: Anatomie europäischer Hölzer. Haupt, Bern/Stuttgart 1990
Sitte, P., Ziegler, H., Ehrendorfer, F. u. Bresinsky, A.: Strasburger: Lehrbuch der Botanik. Gustav Fischer,
Stuttgart 1991

Teuscher, E.: Biogene Arzneimittel. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH Stuttgart 1997

Appendix 2.1.:
Minerals, rocks and natural waters
Note: Starting Materials marked with "AS" are also used as active substances.

Name of the raw material Abbreviated Definition AS Reference to

Standard
Amethyst The natural mineral Amethyst AS
Antimonit The natural mineral Antimonite AS HAB
Apatit The natural mineral Apatite HAB
Aqua agatae Water existing inside an undamaged Agate
geode
Aqua maris Oceanic water
Aragonit The natural mineral Aragonite
Arandisit The natural mineral Arandisite
Argentit The natural mineral Argentite HAB
Argentum naturale Naturally occurring Silver
Aurum naturale Naturally occurring Gold
Basalt The naturally occurring Basalt rock
Berthierit The natural mineral Berthierite
Bolus alba see Kaolinum ponderosum Ph.Eur.
Calcit The natural mineral Calcite
Calx jurassica The natural Jura Limestone
Carneol The natural mineral Carnelian
Cerit The natural mineral Cerite
Cerussit The natural mineral Cerussite HAB
Chalcedon The natural mineral Chalcedony
Chalkopyrit The natural mineral Chalcopyrite
Chalkosin The natural mineral Chalcocite HAB
Chlorargyrit The natural mineral Cerargyrite
Chrysolith The natural mineral Chrysolite HAB
Chrysopras The natural mineral Chrysoprase
Cuprit The natural mineral Cuprite HAB
Diaspor The natural mineral Diaspore
Dioptas The natural mineral Dioptase HAB
Dyskrasit The natural mineral Dyscrasite HAB
Ferrum sidereum Iron meteorite = meteoric iron HAB
Ferrum silicicum naturale see Nontronit
Fluorit The natural mineral Fluorite AS HAB
Galenit The natural mineral Galena HAB
Glacies Mariae Clear,colourless, variety of the natural mineral
Gypsum (Selenite)
Granat The natural mineral Garnet (Almandine or
other varieties)
Granit The natural rock Granite
Graphites The natural mineral Graphite HAB
Halit The natural mineral Halite HAB
Haematit The natural mineral Haematite HAB
Heliotrop The natural mineral Heliotrope
Hyazinth The natural mineral Hyacinth
Hydrargyrum metallicum Naturally occurring Mercury
naturale
Jaspis The natural mineral red Jasper
Kaolinum ponderosum Kaolin, heavy AS Ph. Eur.
Kassiterit The natural mineral Kassiterite
Katoptrit The natural mineral Katoptrite

Name of the raw material Abbreviated Definition AS Reference to

Standard
Kieserit The natural mineral Kieserite HAB
Lapis albus The natural rock Lapis albus
Lapis sectilis The natural rock Lapis sectilis
Lava The natural rock Lava
Levico Mineral water from the source Levico, Italy
Magnesit The natural mineral Magnesite AS HAB
Malachit The natural mineral Malachite HAB
Marmor The natural rock marble
Mercurius vivus naturalis see Hydrargyrum metallicum naturale
Nontronit The natural mineral Nontronite HAB
Olivenit The natural mineral Olivenite HAB
Onyx The natural mineral Onyx HAB
Opal The natural mineral Opale
Orthoklas The natural mineral Orthoclase
Pallasit Stone-Iron- Meteorite
Pharmakolith The natural mineral Pharmacolite HAB
Phosphorochalcit The natural mineral Phosphorocalcite
Platinum naturale Naturally occurring Platinum
Pyrargyrit The natural mineral Pyrargyrite
Pyrit The natural mineral Pyrites HAB
Pyromorphit The natural mineral Pyromorphite HAB
Quarz The natural mineral rock crystal Quartz AS HAB
Quarz rosae The natural mineral Rose Quartz
Realgar The natural mineral Realgar
Rubellit The natural mineral Rubellite (pink to red
Tourmaline)
Rubin The natural mineral Ruby
Sal maris Seasalt
Saphir The natural mineral Sapphire
Siderit The natural mineral Siderite HAB
Silex The natural mineral Flint AS
Skorodit The natural mineral Scorodite HAB
Succinum Fossil resin amber HAB
Sylvin The natural mineral Sylvine
Terra medicinalis Dried, finely-divided, naturally occurring clay AS
and silt with a varied composition of aluminium
oxide, silica, iron oxide and limestone
Terra rubra The natural red clay AS
Thenardit The natural mineral Thenardite
Topas The natural mineral Topaz
Trona The natural mineral Trona
Vivianit The natural mineral Vivianite HAB
Witherit The natural mineral Witherite HAB
Zinnober The natural mineral Cinnabar HAB

Appendix 2.2.:
Starting materials of botanical origin

Name of the original Abbreviated definition of the part used AS Reference to

plant Standards
Abies alba Mill. Fresh tops of Abies alba. Mill.
Abies pectinata (Lam.) Young, fresh, leafy branches of Abies pectinata Ph. Fr.
DC. (Lam.) DC
Abrotanum See Artemisia abrotanum L.
Absinthium See Artemisia absinthium L.
Acetum Vini See Vitis vinifera L.
Acetum Vini destillatum See Vitis vinifera L.
Achillea millefolium L. Fresh, whole flowering plant of Achillea millefolium Ph. Fr.
L.
Achillea millefolium L. Fresh, leaves of Achillea millefolium L., collected in
Spring
Achillea millefolium L. Fresh aerial parts of Achillea millefolium L., collected HAB
at flowering time
Achillea millefolium L. Whole or cut, dried flowering tops of Achillea AS Ph. Eur.
millefolium L. (Yarrow).
Achillea millefolium L. Dried flowers of Achillea millefolium L.
Aconitum napellus L. Fresh, whole plants of Aconitum napellus L. Ph. Fr.
Aconitum napellus L. Fresh whole plants of Aconitum napellus L., HAB
collected at the start of flowering
Aconitum napellus L. Dried tubers of Aconitum napellus L.
Aconitum napellus L. Fresh underground parts of Aconitum napellus L.
Acorus calamus L. Volatile oil from the underground parts of Acorus
calamus L.
Acorus calamus L. Peeled, dried rhizome of Acorus calamus L., with HAB
roots and leaf residues removed.
Acorus calamus L. Fresh underground parts of Acorus calamus L.
Actaea racemosa see Cimicifuga racemosa (L.) Nutt.
Actaea spicata L. Fresh, underground parts of Actaea spicata L. HAB
Adonis vernalis L. Fresh aerial parts of Adonis vernalis L. HAB
Aesculus hippocastanum Fresh bark from young branches of Aesculus
L. hippocastanum L.
Aesculus hippocastanum Fresh buds of Aesculus hippocastanum L.
L.
Aesculus hippocastanum Freshly peeled seeds of Aesculus hippocastanum L. HAB
L.
Aesculus hippocastanum Fresh unpeeled seeds of Aesculus hippocastanum Ph. Fr.
L. L.
Aesculus hippocastanum Dried bark from branches of Aesculus HAB
L. hippocastanum L.
Aesculus hippocastanum Dried seeds of Aesculus hippocastanum L. DAB / USP
L.
Aethusa cynapium L. Fresh whole plant of Aethusa cynapium L. at the Ph. Fr.
end of flowering
Agaricus bulbosus see Amanita phalloides (Fr.) Link.
Agaricus muscarius see Amanita muscaria (L.) Pers.
Agnus castus see Vitex agnus-castus L.


plant Standards
Agropyron repens (L.) P. Whole or cut, washed and dried rhizome of Ph. Eur.
Beauv. Agropyron repens (L.) P. Beauv. (Elymus repens [L.]
Gould); the adventitious roots are removed (Couch
Grass Rhizome)
Agropyron repens (L.) P. Fresh underground parts of Agropyron repens (L.) HAB
Beauv. P. Beauv.
Ailanthus glandulosa Fresh, young flowering and leafy branches of HAB
Desf. Ailanthus glandulosa Desf.
Ajuga reptans L. Fresh whole plants of Ajuga reptans L. at flowering Ph. Fr.
time
Alcea rosea L. Dried, fully developed flowers with calices of Alcea
rosea L.
Alchemilla xanthochlora Fresh aerial parts of Alchemilla xanthochlora Rothm.
Rothm. at flowering
Alfalfa see Medicago sativa L.
Allium cepa L. Fresh bulbs of Allium cepa L. HAB / Ph. Fr.
Allium sativum L. Fresh bulbs of Allium sativum L. HAB / Ph. Eur.
/ USP
Allium ursinum L. Fresh whole plants of Allium ursinum L. at the start HAB
of flowering
Aloe ferox Mill. and other Concentrated, dried juice of the leaves of various Ph. Fr., HAB
Aloe species Aloe species, particularly Aloe ferox Mill., sold
commercially as Cape aloe. Barbados aloe
(Curacao aloe), obtained from Aloe barbadensis
Mill., is not used.
Althaea officinalis L. Peeled or unpeeled, whole or cut, dried root of Ph. Eur.
Althaea officinalis L. (Marshmallow Root)
Amanita muscaria (L.) Fresh fruiting bodies of Amanita muscaria (L.) Pers.
Pers.
Amanita phalloides (Fr.) Fresh fruiting bodies of Amanita phalloides (Fr.) HAB
Link. Link.
Amaryllis bella-donna L. Fresh, whole plant of Amaryllis bella-donna L. at
flowering
Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam. Dried ripe fruits of Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam. HAB / DAB
1998
Amygdala amara see Prunus dulcis var. amara (DC.) Buchheim
Anacardium see Semecarpus anacardium L.f.
Anagallis arvensis L. Fresh whole plant of Anagallis arvensis L. at Ph. Fr.
flowering
Anagallis arvensis L. Fresh aerial parts of Anagallis arvensis L., collected
at flowering
Anagallis arvensis L. Dried aerial parts of Anagallis arvensis L., having
been collected at flowering
Anamirta cocculus Wight Ripe, dried fruits of Anamirta cocculus Wight et Arn. HAB / Ph. Fr.
et Arn.
Ananas comosus (L.) Freshly pressed juice of fruit of Ananas comosus
Merr. (L.) Merr.
Ananas comosus (L.) Fresh fruit of Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.
Merr.
Angelica archangelica L. Fermented juice from roots of Angelica archangelica
L. obtained by fresh pressing


plant Standards
Angelica archangelica L. Fresh roots of Angelica archangelica L. HAB
Angelica archangelica L. Whole or cut, carefully dried rhizome and root of AS Ph.Eur.
Angelica archangelica L.
Anhalonium see Lophophora williamsii Coult.
Anisum see Pimpinella anisum L.
Anthyllis vulneraria L. Fresh aerial parts of Anthyllis vulneraria L. at
flowering
Apocynum cannabinum L. Fresh underground parts of Apocynum cannabinum HAB
L.
Aralia racemosa L. Fresh underground parts of Aralia racemosa L. HAB
Arctium lappa L. Dried whole or cut roots of Arctium lappa L., A. DAC
minus (Hill) Bernh. and A. tomentosum Mill. also
related species or hybrids (Asteraceae), collected in
autumn of the first year or spring of the second year
Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Fresh underground parts of Arisaemia triphyllum (L.) HAB
Torr. Torr., collected before the leaves develop. (Arum
triphyllum)
Armoracia rusticana Ph. Fresh leaves of Armoracia rusticana Ph. Gaertn., B.
Gärtn., B. Mey. et Scherb. Mey. et Scherb.
Armoracia rusticana Ph. Fresh underground parts of Armoracia rusticana Ph. Ph. Fr.
Gärtn., B. Mey. et Scherb. Gaertn., B. Mey et Scherb.
Arnica montana L. Volatile oil from the underground parts of Arnica
montana L.
Arnica montana L. Fresh flower heads of Arnica montana L.
Arnica montana L. Whole fresh flowering plants of Arnica montana L. HAB / Ph. Fr.
Arnica montana L. Fresh underground parts of Arnica montana L.
Arnica montana L. Dried whole or partly disintegrated flower heads of HAB / Ph. Eur.
Arnica montana L.
Arnica montana L. Dried underground parts of Arnica montana L. HAB
Artemisia abrotanum L. Fresh young shoots and leaves of Artemesia HAB / Ph. Fr.
abrotanum L.
Artemisia absinthium L. Fresh upper shoots with attached leaves and HAB
flowers and basal leaves of Artemesia absinthium L.
separately or as a mixture.
Artemisia absinthium L. Whole or cut, dried basal leaves or dried upper HAB / Ph. Eur.
shoots and leaves, collected at flowering, or a
mixture of these plant parts of Artemesia absinthium
L.
Arum maculatum L. Fresh underground parts of Arum maculatum L., HAB
collected before the leaves develop.
Arum triphyllum see Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Torr.
Arundo donax L. Fresh underground parts of Arundo donax L. Ph. Fr.
Asa foetida see Ferula assa-foetida L.
Asarum europaeum L. Fresh underground parts of Asarum europaeum L. HAB
Aspidium filix-mas see Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott.
Aspidosperma Dried crust of Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco DAC
quebracho-blanco Schlechtend.
Schlechtend.
Astragalus exscapus L. Fresh flowering and in fruit rosettes of Astragalus
exscapus L.


plant Standards
Atropa bella-donna L. Whole or cut, dried roots and rhizome from 3- to 4- DAC
year old plants of Atropa bella-donna L., collected at
flowering and with fruit
Atropa bella-donna L. Fresh fruits of Atropa bella-donna L.
Atropa bella-donna L. Whole fresh plants of Atropa bella-donna L., without HAB
woody lower stem sections, collected at the end of
flowering
Atropa bella-donna L. Fresh whole flowering plants of Atropa bella-donna Ph. Fr.
L.
Atropa bella-donna L. Fresh aerial parts of Atropa bella-donna L. without
woody lower stem sections, collected at end of
flowering
Atropa bella-donna L. Fresh underground parts of Atropa bella-donna L.
Avena sativa L. Whole fresh flowering plants of Avena sativa L., HAB
collected when the grain has ripened to the milky
stage
Avena sativa L. Fresh aerial parts of Avena sativa L., collected when
the grain has ripened to the milky stage
Avena sativa L. Fresh aerial parts of Avena sativa L., collected at HAB / Ph. Fr.
flowering time
Avena sativa L. Dried fruits of Avena sativa L. at the stage of
germination
Avena sativa L. Dried milled fruits of Avena sativa L. AS
Ballota nigra L. Fresh whole plant of Ballota nigra L. at flowering Ph. Fr.
Balsamum peruvianum see Myroxylon balsamum (L.) Harms
Bambusa see Phyllostachys viridiglaucescens (Carr.) A. et C.
Riv.
Bambusa arundinacea Fresh shoot joints of Bambusa arundinacea (Retz.)
(Retz.) Willd, Bambusa Willd and/or Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. ex J. C.
vulgaris Schrad. ex J. C. Wendl
Wendl.
Belladonna see Atropa bella-donna L.
Bellis perennis L. Whole fresh flowering plants of Bellis perennis L. HAB / Ph. Fr.
Bellis perennis L. Fresh aerial parts of Bellis perennis L. at flowering
Benzoe see Styrax tonkinensis (Pierre) Craib ex Hartwich
Berberis aquifolium see Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt.
Berberis vulgaris L. Fresh berries of Berberis vulgaris L.
Berberis vulgaris L. Fresh aerial parts of Berberis vulgaris L. at flowering
Berberis vulgaris L. Fresh underground parts of Berberis vulgaris L..
Berberis vulgaris L. Whole, fully ripened berries of Berberis vulgaris L. HAB
stripped off the fruit stalks
Berberis vulgaris L. Fresh whole plant including berries of Berberis
vulgaris L.
Berberis vulgaris L. Fresh whole plant of Berberis vulgaris L.
Berberis vulgaris L. Dried bark of aerial and underground parts of HAB
Berberis vulgaris L.
Berberis vulgaris L. Dried bark of underground parts of Berberis vulgaris Ph. Fr.
L.
Berberis vulgaris L. Dried underground parts of Berberis vulgaris L.
Beta vulgaris L. Saccharum Betae (crude beet sugar)
Betonica see Stachys officinalis (L.) Trev.


plant Standards
Betula pendula Roth Sap obtained from holes drilled in the trunks of
Betula pendula Roth
Betula pendula Roth Fresh young leaves of Betula pendula Roth HAB
Betula pendula Roth Dried white parts only of bark from trunk and HAB
branches of Betula pendula Roth
Betula pendula Roth, Tar extracted by dry distillation of the bark and
Betula pubescens Ehrhart branches of Betula pendula Roth and /or Betula
pubescens Ehrh.
Betula pendula Roth, Whole or fragmented dry leaves of Betula pendula Ph. Eur.
Betula pubescens Ehrhart Roth and /or Betula pubescens Ehrh., as well as
hybrids of both species. (Birch leaf)
Betula pendula Roth, Final carbon remaining from burning Birch wood AS HAB
Betula pubescens Ehrhart
Boldo see Peumus boldus Mol.
Borago officinalis L. Fresh leaves of Borago officinalis L.
Borago officinalis L. Fresh aerial parts of Borago officinalis L. at flowering
Boswellia species, Solidified gum-resin obtained from incisions in the AS (DAC, Ph. Eur.,
particularly Boswellia trees of members of the genus Boswellia, B. serrata)
sacra Flueckiger particularly Boswellia sacra Flueckiger
Boswellia species, see Boswellia species, particularly Boswellia sacra
particularly Boswellia Flueckiger
carteri Birdwood
Botrychium lunaria L. Fresh aerial parts of Botrychium lunaria L.
Brassica nigra (L.) W.D.J. Dried ripe dried seeds of Brassica nigra (L.) W.D.J. DAC
Koch Koch
Bryonia cretica L. ssp. Fresh root of Bryonia cretica L. ssp. dioica (Jacq.) HAB
dioica (Jacq.) Tutin Tutin or Bryonia alba L., harvested before the plant
comes into flower
Bryonia cretica L. ssp. Fresh root of Bryonia cretica L. ssp. dioica (Jacq.) HAB
dioica (Jacq.) Tutin Tutin, harvested before shoots are produced
Bryonia cretica L. ssp. Fresh underground parts of Bryonia cretica L. ssp. Ph. Fr.
dioica (Jacq.) Tutin dioica (Jacq.) Tutin
Bryonia cretica L. ssp. Ether extracted dry root of Bryonia cretica L. ssp.
dioica (Jacq.) Tutin dioica (Jacq.) Tutin or Bronia alba L., harvested
before the plant comes into flower
Bryophyllum see Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers.
Buxus sempervirens L. Fresh, young leafy branches of Buxus sempervirens Ph. Fr.
L.
Cactus grandiflorus See Selenicereus grandiflorus (L.) Britt. et Rose
Cajeputi aetheroleum See Melaleuca leucadendra (L.) L.
Calamus See Acorus calamus L.
Calendula officinalis L. Fresh flower heads of Calendula officinalis L.
Calendula officinalis L. Fresh aerial parts of Calendula officinalis L., HAB
collected at flowering time
Calendula officinalis L. Dried flower heads of Calendula officinalis L. Ph. Eur.
Calendula officinalis L. Dried aerial parts of Calendula officinalis L.,
Capsella bursa-pastoris Dried aerial parts of Capsella bursa-pastoris L. HAB
(L.) Med. (Med.), collected at flowering time
Capsicum annuum L. Dried ripe fruits of Capsicum annuum L. HAB / Ph. Fr.
Carduus benedictus See Cnicus benedictus L.


plant Standards
Carduus marianus See Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.
Carex arenaria L. Dried rhizome of Carex arenaria L., collected in
spring
Carum carvi L. Essential oil obtained by steam distillation from the AS Ph. Eur.
ripe fruits of Carum carvi L.
Carum carvi L. Dried ripe fruits of Carum carvi L. (Caraway) AS HAB / Ph. Eur.
Caryophyllus see Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. et L. M. Perry
Cassia angustifolia Vahl., Dried leaflets of Cassia senna L. or Cassia Ph. Fr.
Cassia senna L. angustifolia Vahl.
Cassia angustifolia Vahl., Dried leaflets of Cassia senna L. (C. acutifolia AS Ph. Eur.
Cassia senna L. Delile), known as Alexandrian or Khartoum senna,
or Cassia angustifolia Vahl., known as Tinnevelly
senna, or a mixture of the two species. (Senna leaf)
Caulophyllum Fresh underground parts of Caulophyllum HAB
thalictroides (L.) Michx. thalictroides (L.) Michx., harvested in late summer
Caulophyllum Dried underground parts of Caulophyllum Ph. Fr.
thalictroides (L.) Michx. thalictroides (L.) Michx.
Ceanothus americanus L. Dried leaves of Ceanothus americanus L. Ph. Fr. / HAB
Centaurium erythraea Fresh whole plants of Centaurium erythraea Rafn.,
Rafn. collected at flowering time
Centaurium erythraea Fresh aerial parts of Centaurium erythraea Rafn.
Rafn.
Centaurium erythraea Whole or fragmented dried flowering aerial parts of AS Ph. Eur.
Rafn. Centaurium erythraea Rafn s.l. including C. majus
(H. et L.) Zeltner and C. suffruticosum (Griseb.)
Ronn. (syn.: Erythraea centaurium Pers.;
C. umbellatum Gilib.; C. minus Gars.)
Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. Dried whole plants of Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. Ph. Fr.
Cepa see Allium cepa L.
Cephaelis ipecacuanha Fragmented and dried underground organs of HAB / Ph. Eur.
(Brot.) A. Rich. Cephaelis ipecacuanha (Brot.) A. Rich., known as
Matto Grosso ipecacuanha
Cephaelis ipecacuanha Fragmented and dried underground organs of Ph. Fr. / Ph.
(Brot.) A. Rich., Cephaelis ipecacuanha (Brot.) A. Rich., known as Eur.
Cephaelis acuminata Matto Grosso ipecacuanha, or of Cephaelis
Karsten acuminata Karsten, known as Costa Rica
ipecacuanha, or of a mixture of both species.
(Ipecacuanhae root)
Cetraria islandica (L.) Whole or cut dried thallus of Cetraria islandica (L.) AS HAB / Ph. Eur.
Ach. Acharius s.l. (Iceland moss)
Chamaelirium luteum (L.) Dried underground parts of Chamaelirium luteum
A. Gray (L.) A. Gray
Chamomilla recutita (L.) Fresh flower heads of Chamomilla recutita (L.)
Rauschert Rauschert
Chamomilla recutita (L.) Whole fresh flowering plants of Chamomilla recutita HAB / Ph. Fr.
Rauschert (L.) Rauschert
Chamomilla recutita (L.) Fresh underground parts of Chamomilla recutita (L.)
Rauschert Rauschert
Chamomilla recutita (L.) Dried capitula of Matricaria recutita L. (Chamomilla Ph. Eur. / USP
Rauschert recutita (L.) Rauschert) (Matricaria flower)


plant Standards
Chamomilla recutita (L.) Dried root of Chamomilla recutita (L) Rauschert
Rauschert
Cheiranthus cheiri L. Fresh whole flowering plant of Cheiranthus cheiri L.
Chelidonium majus L. Fresh rhizome and adherent roots of Chelidonium HAB
majus L., collected during late autumn or on the
appearance of the first shoots
Chelidonium majus L. Fresh flowers of Chelidonium majus L. HAB
Chelidonium majus L. Fresh aerial parts of Chelidonium majus L.
Chelidonium majus L. Fresh whole plants of Chelidonium majus L., Ph. Fr.
Chimaphila umbellata (L.) Dried aerial parts of Chimaphila umbellata (L.) Ph. Fr.
Barton Barton
China see Cinchona pubescens Vahl
Chlorophyceae Fresh green algae from the Chlorophycea species.
Chondodendron Dried roots of Chondodendron tomentosum Ruiz et Ph. Fr.
tomentosum Ruiz et Pav. Pav.
Chrysanthemum vulgare Fresh aerial parts of Chrysanthemum vulgare (L.) HAB
(L.) Bernh. Bernh., collected at flowering time, without stems
Chrysosplenium Whole fresh plants of Chrysosplenium alternifolium
alternifolium L. L.
Cichorium intybus L. Whole fresh flowering plants of Cichorium intybus L. HAB
Cichorium intybus L. Dried whole plants of Cichorium intybus L. var. HAB
intybus and Cichorium intybus L. var. sativum DC,
collected at flowering time. The tough middle stem
sections are not used.
Cichorium intybus L. Dried root of Cichorium intybus L. ssp. intybus and
Cichorium intybus L. ssp. sativum (DC) Janchen,
Cimicifuga racemosa (L.) Fresh rhizome and adherent roots of Cimifuga HAB
Nutt. racemosa (L.) Nutt.
Cinchona pubescens Vahl Whole or cut dried bark of Cinchona pubescens HAB / Ph. Eur.
Vahl (Cinchona succirubra Pavon), of C. calisaya
(Weddell), of C. ledgeriana (Moens ex Trimen) or of
its varieties or hybrids. (Cinchona bark)
Cineraria maritima see Senecio bicolor (Willd.) Tod.
Cinnamomum verum J. S. Dried bark, freed from the outer cork and the HAB / Ph. Eur.
Presl underlying parenchyma, of the shoots grown on cut
stock of Cinnamomum zeylanicum Nees. (syn.:
Cinnamomum verum J. S. Presl) (Cinnamon)
Cissus gongylodes (Bak.) Fresh aerial roots of Cissus gongylodes (Bak.)
Burch. Burch.
Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Dried pulp of Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. Ph. Fr.
Schrad.
Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Fresh peeled unripe fruit of Citrullus colocynthis (L.)
Schrad. Schrad. without seeds
Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Dried peeled fruit of Citullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. HAB
Schrad. without seeds
Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f. Essential oil obtained by suitable mechanical AS Ph. Eur.
means, without the aid of heat, from the fresh peel
of Citrus limon (L.) Burman. fil. (Lemon oil)


plant Standards
Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f. Fresh pressed juice from the fruit of Citrus limon (L.) AS
Burm. fil.
Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f. Fresh fruit of Citrus limon (L.) Burm.fil.
Citrus medica ssp. Fresh fruit of Citrus medica ssp. limonum (Risso)
limonum (Risso) Wight et Wight et Arnott
Arnott
Cladina rangiferina (L.) Died thallus of Cladina rangiferina (L.) Nyl.
Nyl.
Claviceps purpurea (Fr.) Dried Sclerotum of Claviceps purpurea (Fries) HAB

Tul. Tulasne which has grown on Rye (Secale cereale
L.)
Clematis recta L. Fresh, young leafy branches of Clematis recta L., Ph. Fr.
Cnicus benedictus L. Fresh aerial parts of Cnicus benedictus L., collected HAB
at flowering time
Cocculus see Anamirta cocculus Wight et Arn.
Cochlearia armoracia see Armoracia rusticana Ph. Gärtn., B. Mey. et
Scherb.
Cochlearia officinalis L. Fresh aerial parts of Cochlearia officinalis L., HAB
collected at the start of flowering time
Cochlearia officinalis L. Dried aerial parts of Cochlearia officinalis L., AS
collected at the start of flowering time
Coffea arabica L. Dried roasted seeds of Coffea arabica L.
Coffea arabica L. Dried green seeds of Coffea arabica L.
Coffea arabica L. Ripe, dried, unroasted seeds of Coffea arabica L. AS HAB
with the seed coat (silver skin) largely removed
Colchicum autumnale L. Fresh corms of Colchicum autumnale L. Ph. Fr.
Colchicum autumnale L. Fresh corms of Colchicum autumnale L., collected at HAB
flowering time and free from fibrous roots
Colchicum autumnale L. Fresh whole plant of Colchicum autumnale L. at
flowering time
Collinsonia canadensis L. Dried rhizome of Collinsonia canadensis L. Ph. Fr.
Colocynthis see Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad.
Commiphora Jacq. Gum-resin, hardened in air, obtained by incision or AS Ph. Eur.
Species produced by spontaneous exudation from the stem
and branches of Commiphora molmol Engler and/or
other species of Commiphora (Myrrh)
Conium maculatum L. Fresh flowerheads of Conium maculatum L. Ph. Fr.
Conium maculatum L. Fresh, aerial parts of the flowering, but not yet HAB
fruiting specimens of Conium maculatum L.
Convallaria majalis L. Fresh aerial parts of Convallaria majalis L., collected HAB
at flowering time
Convallaria majalis L. Fresh whole plants of Convallaria majalis L.,
Coriandrum sativum L. Dried cremocarp of Coriandrium sativum L. Ph. Eur.
Corydalis cava (L.) Clairv. Fresh undergroung parts of Corydalis cava (L.)
Clairv.
Corylus avellana L. Pressed seeds of Corylus avellana L. AS


plant Standards
Crataegus laevigata Fresh leaves and ripe fruit of Crataegus laevigata
(Poir.) DC. and (Poir.) DC. and Crataegus monogyna Jacq. emend.
Crataegus monogyna Lindman
Jacq. emend. Lindman
Crataegus laevigata Fresh ripe fruits of Crataegus laevigata (Poir) DC., HAB
(Poir.) DC., Crataegus Crataegus monogyna Jacq. emend. Lindm., their
monogyna Jacq. emend. hybrids and mixtures thereof
Lindm.
Crataegus laevigata Dried leaves of Crataegus monogyna Jacq. emend. Ph. Eur.
(Poir.) DC., Crataegus Lindm. or Crataegus laevigata (Poir.) DC. or other (Crataegi
monogyna Jacq. emend. European Crataegus species folium cum
Lindm. flore)
Crocus sativus L. Dried stigmas of Crocus sativa L., usually held HAB / Ph. Eur.
together by a short section of the style. (Saffron for
Homoeopathic preparations)
Croton tiglium L. Dried seeds of Croton tiglium L. Ph. Fr.
Cucurbita pepo L. Fresh flowers of Cucurbita pepo L.
Cucurbita pepo L. Pulp of fresh pumkins of Cucurbita pepo L.,
harvested in autumn
Cupressus sempervirens Fresh leafy branches of Cupressus sempervirens L. Ph. Fr.
L with cones
Curcuma xanthorrhiza Dried rhizome, cut in slices, of Cucurma AS Ph. Eur.
Roxb. xanthorrhiza Roxb. (C. xanthorrhiza D. Dietrich).
(Turmeric Javanese)
Cyclamen purpurascens Fresh underground parts of Cyclamen purpurascens HAB
Mill. Mill., collected during autumn.
Cydonia oblonga Mill. Fresh ripe fruits of Cydonia oblonga Mill.
Cymbopogon winterianus Oil obtained by steam distillation from the fresh or Ph.Eur.
Jowitt and other partially dried aerial parts of Cymbopogon
Cymbopogon species winterianus Jowitt (Citronella oil)
Cynara scolymus L. Fresh leaves of Cynara scolymus L. Ph. Fr.
Cypripedium pubescens Dried rhizome of Cypripedium pubescens Willd. Ph. Fr.
Willd.
Cytisus scoparius (L.) Fresh young tips of shoots of Cytisus scoparius (L.) Ph. Fr.
Link. Link. with flowers and leaves
Cytisus scoparius (L.) Freshly stripped flowers of Cytisus scoparius (L.) HAB
Link. Link., plus leaves and young tips of shoots
accumulated during harvesting
Cytisus scoparius (L.) Fresh aerial parts of Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link at
Link. flowering time
Daphne mezereum L. Fresh bark from the branches of Daphne mezereum
L.
Daphne mezereum L. Fresh bark from the branches of Daphne mezereum HAB
L., collected prior to flowering
Datura stramonium L. Fresh aerial parts of Datura stramonium L., collected HAB / Ph. Fr.
at flowering time
Delphinium staphisagria Dried ripe seeds of Delphinium staphisagria L. HAB / Ph. Fr.
L.
Digitalis purpurea L. Fresh leaves from one or two-year-old specimens of HAB
Digitalis purpurea L., collected at the start of
flowering


plant Standards
Dolichos pruriens see Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC.
Drosera rotundifolia L., Whole fresh plants of Drosera rotundifolia L., HAB
Drosera intermedia Drosera intermedia Hayne and Drosera anglica
Hayne, Drosera anglica Huds., single species or mixed, collected at the start
Huds. of flowering
Drosera rotundifolia L., Whole fresh plants of Drosera rotundifolia L.,
Drosera intermedia Drosera intermedia Hayne and Drosera anglica
Hayne, Drosera anglica Huds.
Huds.
Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Fresh rhizome of Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott,
Schott. with roots
Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Fresh aerial parts of Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott.
Schott.
Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Ripe spores of Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott.
Schott.
Dulcamara see Solanum dulcamara L.
Echinacea angustifolia Whole fresh flowering plants of Echinacea HAB
DC., Echinacea pallida angustifolia DC. and Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt.,
(Nutt.) Nutt. single species or mixed
Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Fresh flowering plants of Echinacea pallida (Nutt.)
Nutt. Nutt.
Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Fresh aerial parts of Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt.,
Nutt. collected at flowering time
Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Fresh underground parts of Echinacea pallida (Nutt.)
Nutt. Nutt.
Echinacea purpurea (L.) Whole fresh flowering plants of Echinacea purpurea HAB
Moench (L.) Moench
Echinacea purpurea (L.) Fresh aerial parts of Echinacea purpurea (L.) HAB
Moench Moench, collected at flowering time
Equisetum arvense L. Fresh green sterile aerial parts of Equisetum Ph. Fr.
arvense L.
Equisetum arvense L. Whole or cut, dried sterile aerial parts of Equisetum Ph.Eur.
arvense L. (Equisetum stem)
Equisetum hiemale L. Fresh aerial parts of Equisetum hiemale L. Ph. Fr.
Erythraea centaurium see Centaurium erythraea Rafn.
Eschscholzia californica Whole fresh flowering plants of Eschscholzia Ph. Fr.
Cham. californica Cham.
Eucalyptus globulus Oil obtained by steam distillation and rectification AS Ph. Eur.
Labill. from the fresh leaves or the fresh terminal
branchlets of various species of Eucalyptus rich in
1,8-cineole. The species mainly used are
Eucalyptus globulus Labill., Eucalyptus polybractea
R.T.Baker and Eucalyptus smithii R.T.Baker
Eucalyptus globulus Fresh leaves of Eucalyptus globulus Labill.
Labill.
Eucalyptus globulus Whole or cut dried leaves of older branches of HAB / Ph. Eur.
Labill. Eucalyptus globulus Labill. (Eucalyptus leaf)
Eugenia caryophyllata see Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. et L. M. Perry
Eupatorium cannabinum Fresh flowering aerial parts of Eupatorium
L. cannabinum L.


plant Standards
Eupatorium perfoliatum L. Fresh aerial parts of Eupatorium perfoliatum L., HAB / Ph. Fr.
collected at start of flowering
Euphorbia milii Des Moul. Fresh leaves of Euphorbia milii Des Moul.
Euphorbia resinifera O.C. Hardened latex from Euphorbia resinifera Berger HAB
Berg.
Euphrasia rostkoviana Whole fresh plants of Euphrasia stricta D. Wolff ex HAB / Ph. Fr.
Hayne F.J. Lehm. and Euphrasia rostkoviana Hayne, their
hybrids and mixtures thereof, collected at flowering
time
Fagus silvatica L. Branch and trunk wood of Fagus silvatica L.
Ferula assa-foetida L. Dried gum resin from Ferula species such as Ferula HAB
assa-foetida L. and Ferula foetida (Bunge) Regel.
(Asa foetida)
Fewerfew see Chrysanthemum vulgare (L.) Bernh.
Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Fresh underground parts of Filipendula ulmaria (L.) HAB
Maxim. Maxim.
Filix-mas see Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott.
Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Essential oil from the ripe fruits of Foeniculum AS Ph. Eur.
vulgare Miller ssp. vulgare var. vulgare
Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Dried cremocarps and mericarps of Foeniculum AS HAB / Ph. Eur.
vulgare Miller ssp. vulgare var. dulce (Miller)
(Fennel, sweet)
Fragaria vesca L. Fresh, ripe false-fruits of Fragaria vesca L
Fragaria vesca L. Dried, whole or cut leaves, collected at flowering AS DAC
time of Fragaria vesca L., Fragaria moschata West,
Fragaria viridis West., Fragaria x ananassa (Duch.)
Guedes (Rosaceae), their hybrids as well as hybrids
with other Fragaria species or mixtures of them
Frangula see Rhamnus frangula L.
Fraxinus americana L. Dried bark from branches of Fraxinus americana L. Ph. Fr.
Fucus vesiculosus L. Whole fresh thallus of Fucus vesiculosus L. Ph. Fr.
Fucus vesiculosus L. Fragmented dried thallus of Fucus vesiculosus L., or Ph. Eur.
F. serratus L., or Ascophyllum nodosum Le Jolis.
(Kelp)
Fumaria officinalis L. Fresh aerial parts of Fumaria officinalis L., collected HAB
at flowering time
Galanthus nivalis L. Fresh whole flowering plant of Galanthus nivalis L.
Gallae turcicae Oak apples produced on young shoots of Quercus HAB
infectoria Olivier by the sting of the dyer’s gall wasp
Andricus gallae tinctoriae Olivier
Gallae turcicae Oak apples produced on young shoots of Quercus
infectoria Olivier by the sting of the dyer’s gall wasp
Andricus gallae tinctoriae Olivier including gall
wasps or larvae contained inside
Gelsemium sempervirens Fresh underground parts of Gelsemium HAB
(L.) Jaume St. - Hil. sempervirens (L.) Jaume St.-Hil.
Gelsemium sempervirens Dried underground parts of Gelsemium Ph. Fr.
(L.) Jaume St. - Hil. sempervirens (L.) Jaume St.-Hil.
Genista scoparia see Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link.
Gentiana acaulis L.s.str. Fresh whole plants of Gentiana acaulis L.s.str.
Gentiana lutea L. Fresh underground parts of Gentiana lutea L. HAB / Ph. Fr.


plant Standards
Gentiana lutea L. Dried, fragmented underground organs of Gentiana AS Ph. Eur.
lutea L. (Gentian root)
Geraniaceae see Pelargonium species
Geranium robertianum L. Fresh whole flowering plants of Geranium
robertianum L.
Geranium robertianum L. Dried aerial parts of Geranium robertianum L. Ph. Fr.
Geum urbanum L. Fresh underground parts of Geum urbanum L. HAB
Ginkgo biloba L. Fresh leaves of Ginkgo biloba L. HAB / Ph. Fr.
Ginseng see Panax pseudoginseng Wall.
Glechoma hederacea L. Fresh whole flowering plant of Glechoma hederacea Ph. Fr.
L.
Glechoma hederacea L. Dried whole plants of Glechoma hederacea L.,
collected at flowering time.
Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Dried unpeeled or peeled, whole or cut root and AS Ph. Eur. / USP
stolons of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (Liquorice root)
Gnaphalium see Leontopodium alpinum Cass.
Gramineae Dried inflorescence of several Gramineae species
obtained from hey (hey flowers, hey blossoms)
Grindelia squarrosa Fresh flowering, aerial parts of Grindelia squarrosa Ph. Fr.
(Pursh.) Dun. (Pursh.) Dun.
Hamamelis virginiana L. Fresh bark and leaves of Hamamelis virginiana L.
Hamamelis virginiana L. Fresh bark of Hamamelis virginiana L.
Hamamelis virginiana L. Fresh leaves of Hamamelis virginiana L. HAB
Hamamelis virginiana L. Fresh flowering branches of Hamamelis virginiana HAB 1934
L., collected in late autumn. (Hamamelis extract)
Hamamelis virginiana L. Dried bark from the stems and branches of HAB
Hamamelis virginiana L.
Hamamelis virginiana L. Dried leaves and dried bark from the stems and
branches of Hamamelis virginiana L.
Hamamelis virginiana L. Whole or cut dried leaf of Hamamelis virginiana L. Ph. Eur.
(Hamamelis leaf)
Harpagophytum The bulbous secondary storage root of Ph. Fr.
procumbens (Burch.) DC Harpagophytum procumbens (Burch.) DC
Hedera helix L. Fresh young leafy branches of Hedera helix L., Ph. Fr. / Ph.
collected at beginning of flowering time Eur.
Helianthus tuberosus L. Fresh tubers of Helianthus tuberosus L., collected in HAB
late autumn
Helleborus foetidus L. Whole fresh leaves and fresh roots without woody
parts collected in summer and fresh flowers shoots
collected in winter of Helleborus foetidus L.
Helleborus niger L. Fresh whole flowering plants of Helleborus niger L.
Helleborus niger L. Fresh whole plants of Helleborus niger L.
Helleborus niger L. Whole fresh plant collected in summer and fresh
flowering shoots collected in winter of Helleborus
niger L.
Helonias dioica see Chamaelirium luteum (L.) A. Gray
Heracleum Whole fresh plant of Heracleum mantegazzianum
mantegazzianum Sommier & Levier
Sommier & Levier


plant Standards
Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Whole or cut dried calyces and epicalyces of AS Ph.Eur.
Hibiscus sabdariffa L., collected during fruiting.
(Roselle)
Hippophaë rhamnoides L. Fresh branches of Hippophaë rhamnoides L. with
fruit
Hippophaë rhamnoides L. Fresh fruits of Hippophaë rhamnoides L.
Hippophaë rhamnoides L. Fatty oil obtained from the seads and/or fruit of
Hippophaë rhamnoides L.
Hordeum vulgare L. Extract obtained from dried germinated fruits of AS
Hordeum vulgare L.
Hordeum vulgare L. Dried, germinated fruits of Hordeum vulgare L. AS
without primary roots
Hoya carnosa (L.f.) R. Br. Nectar of the flowers of Hoya carnosa (L.f.) R. Br.
Humulus lupulus L. Fresh creepers with leaves and fruits of Humulus
lupulus L.
Humulus lupulus L. Fresh female inflorescences of Humulus lupulus L., HAB
collected before the seeds have ripened and
containing as few seeds as possible
Humulus lupulus L. Dried, generally whole, female inflorescences of Ph. Eur.
Humulus lupulus L. (Hop strobile)
Hydrastis canadensis L. Dried underground parts of Hydrastis canadensis L. HAB / USP /
Ph. Fr.
Hydrocotyle asiatica see Centella asiatica (L.) Urb.
Hyoscyamus niger L. Fresh flowering aerial parts of Hyoscyamus niger L.
Hyoscyamus niger L. Whole fresh flowering plants of Hyoscyamus niger L. HAB / Ph. Eur.
Hypericum perforatum L. Fresh flowers of Hypericum perforatum L.
Hypericum perforatum L. Fresh aerial parts of Hypericum perforatum L., HAB
Hypericum perforatum L. Fresh aerial parts of Hypericum perforatum L.,
collected at flowering time and extracted in oil while
exposed to the sun
Hypogymnia physodes Dried thallus of Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl.
(L.) Nyl. (Parmelia physodes (L.) Ach.)
Ignatia See Strychnos ignatii Bergius
Imperatoria ostruthium See Peucedanum ostruthium (L.) W. D. J. Koch
Ipecacuanha See Cephaelis ipecacuanha (Brot.) A. Rich.
Iris germanica L. Fresh rhizome of Iris germanica L.
Iris germanica L. Dried peeled rhizome of Iris germanica L., Iris
germanica var. florentina L. and Iris pallida Lamarck
Iris versicolor L. Fresh rhizome including roots of Iris versicolor L. Ph. Fr.
Iris versicolor L. Fresh underground parts of Iris versicolor L. HAB
Juglans regia L. Fresh outer membrane from the seed of Juglans
regia L.
Juglans regia L. Dried leaves of Juglans regia L. DAC
Juniperus communis L. Essential oil obtained by steam distillation from the AS Ph.Eur.
ripe, non-fermented berry cones of Juniperus
communis L (Juniper oil)
Juniperus communis L. Fresh ripe cone berry of Juniperus communis L.
Juniperus communis L. Dried tips of shoots of Juniperus communis L.
Juniperus communis L. Dried ripe cone berry of Juniperus communis L. AS HAB / Ph.Eur.


plant Standards
Juniperus sabina L. Fresh, still unlignified, growing tips of twigs of HAB
Juniperus sabina L., with adherent leaves
Kalanchoe Fresh leaves of Kalanchoe daigremontiana Hamet HAB
daigremontiana Hamet et et Perr. de la Bâthie and Kalachoe pinnata (Lam.)
Perr. de la Bâthie and Pers., harvested in the first year of growth
Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.)
Pers.
Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Fresh pressed juice from leaves of Kalanchoe
Pers. pinnata (Lam.) Pers.
Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Fresh leaves of Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers.
Pers.
Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Fresh leaves of Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers., HAB
Pers. harvested in the first year of growth
Kalmia latifolia L. Fresh leaves of Kalmia latifolia L. HAB / Ph. Fr.
Krameria triandra Ruiz et Dried, usually fragmented underground organs of HAB / Ph. Eur.
Pav. Krameria triandra Ruiz and Pavon. (Rhatany root)
Kreosotum see Fagus silvatica L.
Lamium album L. Whole fresh flowering plant of Lamium album L. Ph. Fr.
Lappa major see Arctium lappa L.
Larix decidua Mill. Balsam obtained from holes drilled in the trunks of AS HAB
Larix decidua Mill. (Terebinthina laricina )
Laurus nobilis L. Fresh leaves of Laurus nobilis L.
Lavandula angustifolia Essential oil obtained by steam distillation from the AS Ph. Eur.
Mill. flowering tops of Lavandula angustifolia Miller
(Lavandula officinalis Chaix) (Lavender oil)
Lavandula angustifolia Fresh flowers of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. HAB / (Ph. Fr.)
Mill.
Lavandula angustifolia Dried flower of Lavandula angustifolia P. Mill. (L. HAB / Ph.Eur.
Mill. officinalis Chaix) (Lavender flower)
Ledum palustre L. Dried tips of twigs of Ledum palustre L. HAB
Leontopodium alpinum Whole fresh plants of Leontopodium alpinum Cass.
Cass.
Leontopodium alpinum Whole dried flowering plants of Leontopodium
Cass. alpinum Cass.
Leonurus cardiaca L. Fresh aerial parts of Leonurus cardiaca L., collected HAB
at flowering time
Leptandra virginica (L.) Dried underground parts of Leptandra virginica (L.)
Nutt. Nutt.
Levisticum officinale W. Whole or cut dried rhizome and root of Levisticum AS Ph. Eur.
D. J. Koch officinale Koch. (Lovage root)
Levisticum officinale W. Whole fresh plant of Levisticum officinale W. D. J.
D. J. Koch Koch
Levisticum officinale W. Fresh underground parts of Levisticum officinale W.
D. J. Koch D. J. Koch
Lilium lancifolium Thunb. Whole fresh flowering plants of Lilium lancifolium Ph. Fr.
Thunb.
Lilium lancifolium Thunb. Fresh aerial parts of Lilium lancifolium Thunb.,
collected at flowering time and including bulbules
Lilium tigrinum See Lilium lancifolium Thunb.
Linum usitatissimum L. Fatty oil from the seeds of Linum usitatissimum L. AS Ph. Eur.
Linum usitatissimum L. Dried ripe seeds of Linum usitatissimum L. (Linseed) Ph. Eur.


plant Standards
Litsea cubeba Pers. Essential oil obtained by steam distillation from the AS
fruit of Litsea cubeba Pers.
Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Dried thallus of Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm. HAB / Ph. Fr.
Hoffm.
Lobelia inflata L. Fresh flowering aerial parts of Lobelia inflata L.
Lobelia inflata L. Whole fresh flowering plants of Lobelia inflata L. HAB
Lophophora williamsii Whole fresh plants of Lophophora williamsii Coult.
Coult.
Lycopersicon Fresh aerial parts of Lycopersicon lycopersicum (L.) HAB 34
lycopersicum (L.) Karst. Karst. ex Farw., collected at flowering time with
ex Farw. unripe fruit
Lycopodium clavatum L. Whole spore-bearing plant of Lycopodium clavatum
L.
Lycopodium clavatum L. Dried ripe spores of Lycopodium clavatum L. HAB / Ph. Fr.
Lycopus virginicus L. Fresh aerial parts of Lycopus virginicus L., collected HAB / Ph. Fr.
at flowering time
Lycopus virginicus L. Whole fresh flowering plant of Lycopus virginicus L.
Lysimachia nummularia L. Fresh flowering aerial parts of Lysimachia
nummularia L.
Mahonia aquifolium Dried bark from branches and twigs and dried tips of HAB
(Pursh) Nutt. twogs of Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt.
Majorana see Origanum majorana L.
Maltum see Hordeum vulgare L.
Malus sylvestris Mill. Core from fresh fruit of Malus sylvestris Mill. without
kernel
Malus sylvestris Mill. Fresh unripe fruit of Malus sylvestris Mill.
Malva sylvestris L. Whole fresh flowering plant of Malva sylvestris L. Ph. Fr.
Malva sylvestris L. Whole or fragmented dried flower of Malva HAB / Ph.Eur.
sylvestris L. or its cultivated varieties. (Mallow
flower)
Mandragora officinarum Fresh root of Mandragora officinarum L.
L.
Mandragora officinarum Dried roots of Mandragora officinarum L. and HAB
L. Mandragora autumnalis Bertol.
Marrubium vulgare L. Dried aerial parts of Marrubium vulgare L., collected
at flowering time
Marum verum see Teucrium marum L.
Medicago sativa L. Whole fresh plants of Medicago sativa L., collected Ph. Fr.
at flowering time
Melaleuca leucadendra Rectified essential oil obtained from fresh leaves AS
(L.) L. and branches of different Melaleuca subspecies
Melilotus officinalis (L.) Fresh aerial parts of Melilotus officinalis (L.) Pall. HAB / Ph. Fr.
Pall. collected at flowering time
Melissa indicum see Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt and other
Cymbopogon sp.
Melissa officinalis L. Fresh leaves of Melissa officinalis L.
Melissa officinalis L. Fresh aerial parts of Melissa officinalis L., before Ph. Fr.
flowering time
Melissa officinalis L. Fresh aerial parts of Melissa officinalis L.
Melissa officinalis L. Dried leaf of Melissa officinalis L. (Melissa leaf) Ph. Eur.
Melissa officinalis L. Dried aerial parts of Melissa officinalis L.


plant Standards
Mentha piperita L. Essential oil obtained by steam distillation from the AS Ph. Eur.
fresh aerial parts of the flowering plant of Mentha x
piperita L. (Peppermint oil)
Mentha piperita L. Whole fresh flowering plant of Mentha x piperita L.
Menyanthes trifoliata L. Whole fresh flowering plant of Menyanthes trifoliata Ph. Fr.
L.
Mercurialis perennis L. Fresh aerial parts of Mercurialis perennis L., HAB
Mercurialis perennis L. Whole fresh flowering plant of Mercurialis perennis
L.
Mercurialis perennis L. Whole dried flowering plant of Mercurialis perennis
L.
Mezereum See Daphne mezereum L.
Millefolium See Achillea millefolium L.
Momordica balsamina L. Fresh fruit of Momordica balsamina L.
Monotropa uniflora L. Whole dried plant of Monotropa uniflora L.
Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC Dried hairs from the fruits of Mucuna pruriens (L.) HAB / Ph. Fr.
DC
Myristica fragrans Van Dried seed kernel of Myristica fragrans Van Houtte Ph. Fr.
Houtte
Myristica fragrans Van Dried, usually lime-treated seeds of Myristica HAB
Houtte fragrans Van Houtte, with aril and testa removed
Myristica sebifera see Virola sebifera Aubl.
Myroxylon balsamum (L.) Balsam obtained from the scorched and wounded AS Ph. Eur.
Harms trunk of Myroxylon balsamum (L.) Harms var.
pereirae (Royle) Harms. (Peru Balsam)
Myrrha see Commiphora Jacq. species
Nasturtium officinale R. Whole fresh plant of Nasturtium officinale R. Br.
Br.
Nasturtium officinale R.Fresh aerial parts of Nasturtium officinale R. Br., HAB
Br. collected at flowering time
Nicotiana tabacum L. Fresh leaves of Nicotiana tabacum L. HAB
Nicotiana tabacum L. Dried fermented leaves of Nicotiana tabacum L.
Nicotiana tabacum L. Dried unfermented leaves of Nicotiana tabacum L. HAB
Nux moschata see Myristica fragrans Van Houtte
Nux vomica see Strychnos nux-vomica L.
Ocimum basilicum L. Fresh aerial parts of Ocimum basilicum L., collected HAB
prior to flowering
Ocimum basilicum L. Dried flowering aerial parts of Ocimum basilicum L. AS
Olibanum see Boswellia species
Onopordum acanthium L. Fresh leaves of Onopordum acanthium L.
Onopordum acanthium L. Fresh flowerhead of Onopordum acanthium L.
Orchis see Tribus ophrydeae
Origanum majorana L. Fresh aerial parts of Origanum majorana L., HAB
Origanum majorana L. Dried flowering aerial parts of Origanum majorana L.
Origanum majorana L. Ripe fruit of Origanum majorana L.
Ornithogalum umbellatum Whole fresh plant of Ornithogalum umbellatum L.
L.
Oxalis acetosella L. Fresh leaves of Oxalis acetosella L. HAB
Oxalis acetosella L. Whole fresh flowering plant of Oxalis acetosella L.


plant Standards
Oxalis acetosella L. Dried flowering plant of Oxalis acetosella L AS
Paeonia officinalis L. Fresh underground parts of Paeonia officinalis L. HAB
emend. Willd. emend. Willd., collected during spring
Panax ginseng C.A. Whole or cut dried root of Panax ginseng C.A. Ph.Eur. / USP
Meyer Meyer. (Ginseng)
Papaver rhoeas L. Fresh flowers of Papaver rhoeas L. HAB
Papaver somniferum L. Fresh latex obtained from incisions in unripe fruit of
Papaver somniferum L.
Papaver somniferum L. Fresh unripe fruit of Papaver somniferum L.
Paris quadrifolia L. Whole fresh plants of Paris quadrifolia L., collected HAB
when the fruits have ripened
Parmelia see Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl.
Passiflora caerulea L. Fresh flowering aerial parts of Passiflora caerulea L.
Passiflora incarnata L. Fresh flowering aerial parts of Passiflora incarnata Ph. Fr.
L.
Passiflora incarnata L. Fresh aerial parts of Passiflora incarnata L. HAB
Peat Fresh moist peat from moorland
Pelargonium species Essential oil from suitable subspecies of AS
(Geraniaceae), e.g. Pelargonium e.g. Pelargonium graveolens Ait.
Pelargonium graveolens
Ait.
Petasites hybridus (L.) Fresh rhizome of Petasites hybridus (L.) Ph.
Ph. Gaertn., B. Mey. et Gaertn., B. Mey. et Scherb. with attached roots
Scherb
Petasites hybridus (L.) Whole fresh flowering plant of Petasites hybridus
Ph. Gaertn., B. Mey. et (L.) Ph. Gaertn. B. Mey. et Scherb.
Scherb.
Petroselinum crispum Whole fresh flowering plants of Petroselinum HAB
(Mill.) Nym. ex A. W. Hill crispum (Mill.) Nym. ex A. W. Hill ssp. crispum,
collected at the start of flowering
Petroselinum crispum Dried roots of Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nym. ex AS
(Mill.) Nym. ex A. W. Hill A. W. Hill ssp. tuberosum (Bernh. ex Rchb.)
Peucedanum ostruthium Fresh rhizome of Peucedanum ostruthium (L.)
(L.) W. D. J. Koch W.D.J. Koch
Peumus boldus Mol. Whole or fragmented dry leaf of Peumus boldus AS HAB / Ph. Eur.
Molina. (Boldo leaf) /Ph. Fr.
Phyllanthus niruri hort. Dried underground parts of Phyllanthus niruri hort.
non L. non L.
Phyllitis scolopendrium Fresh aerial parts of Phyllitis scolopendrium (L.)
(L.) Newm. Newm.
Phyllostachys Nodes from the stem of Phyllostachys
viridiglaucescens (Carr.) viridiglaucescens (Carr.) A. et C. Riv., collected in
A. et C. Riv. summer
Phytolacca americana L. Fresh roots of Phytolacca americana L., collected HAB
during autumn
Phytolacca americana L. Fresh ripe fruits of Phytolacca americana L. HAB
Picea abies (L.) Karst. Essential oil obtained by steam distillation of AS DAB
needles and tips of branches or branches of Picea
abies (L.) Karsten and of Abies sibirica Ledebour or
other subspecies of Abies and Picea
Picea abies (L.) Karst. Fresh young tips of shoots of Picea abies (L.) Karst.


plant Standards
Picea nigra (L.) Link Dried resin from Picea nigra (L.) Link
Pimpinella anisum L. Essential oil obtained by steam distillation of the dry AS Ph. Eur.
ripe fruits of Pimpinella anisum L. (Anise oil)
Pimpinella anisum L. Whole dry cremocarp of Pimpinella anisum L. AS HAB / Ph. Eur.
(Aniseed)
Pinus mugo Turra Essential oil obtained by steam distillation of the AS Ph. Helv. / DAC
fresh needles and tips of branches of Pinus mugo / Ph. Eur.
Turra
Pinus sylvestris L. Essential oil obtained by steam distillation of the AS DAB / Ph. Eur.
fresh needles and tips of branches or fresh
branches with needles and tips of Pinus sylvestris L.
or other species of the genus Pinus
Pinus species Essential oil obtained by steam distillation of the AS DAC / Ph.Eur.
oleoresin of Pinus species, in particular Pinus
palustris Miller and Pinus pinaster Aiton. (Purified
turpentine)
Piper nigrum L. Dried fruit of Piper nigrum L.
Piper nigrum L. Fruit of Piper nigrum L., collected and dried before
ripening
Pix betulina Birch tar see Betula pendula Roth, Betula
pubescens Ehrhart
Plantago lanceolata L. Whole or cut dried herb of Plantago lanceolata L. AS DAB 1999
Plantago lanceolata L. Fresh leaves of Plantago lanceolata L.
Plantago lanceolata L. Dried leaf of Plantago lanceolata L. Ph. Helv. / Ph.
Eur.
Podophyllum peltatum L. Dried underground parts of Podophyllum peltatum L. Ph. Fr.
Pollens Flower pollen
Polygala amara L. Fresh whole flowering plant of Polygala amara L.
Polygonatum odoratum Fresh rhizome of Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.)
(Mill.) Druce Druce with roots
Polypodium vulgare L. Fresh leaves of Polypodium vulgare L.
Polypodium vulgare L. Fresh underground parts of Polypodium vulgare L.
Populus tremula L. Fresh bark and leaves of Populus tremula L.
Potentilla erecta (L.) Whole or cut, dried rhizome, freed from the roots, of Ph. Eur.
Raeusch. Potentilla erecta (L.) Raeusch. (P. tormentilla
Stokes). (Tormentil)
Potentilla erecta (L.) Fresh underground parts of Potentilla erecta (L.) HAB
Raeusch. Raeusch., collected during spring
Poterium see Sacropoterium spinosum (L.) Spach.
Primula veris L. Fresh flowers of Primula veris L.
Primula veris L. Dried flowers of Primula veris L. Ph. Fr.
Prunus dulcis (Miller) D. Fatty oil otained by cold expression from the ripe AS Ph. Eur.
A. Webb var. dulcis seeds of Prunus dulcis (Miller) D.A. Webb var.
and/or Prunus dulcis dulcis or Prunus dulcis (Miller) D.A. Webb var.
(Miller) D. A. Webb var. amara (D.C.) Buchheim or a mixture of both
amara (D. C.) Buchheim varieties. (Almond oil, virgin)
Prunus dulcis (Mill.) Dried, ripe seeds of Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A.Webb, HAB
D.A.Webb var. amara var. amara (DC.) Buchheim
(DC.) Buchheim
Prunus laurocerasus L. Fresh leaves of Prunus laurocerasus L. HAB / Ph. Fr.
Prunus spinosa L. Juice from the fresh fruit of Prunus spinosa L. AS


plant Standards
Prunus spinosa L. Fresh flowers and young tips of shoots of Prunus
spinosa L.
Prunus spinosa L. Fresh flowers of Prunus spinosa L., collected before HAB
the petals drop off
Prunus spinosa L. Fresh fruit of Prunus spinosa L.
Prunus spinosa L. Fresh young tips of shoots of Prunus spinosa L., HAB
collected some weeks after flowering
Prunus spinosa L. Fully opened dried flowers of Prunus spinosa L. DAC
Ptelea trifoliata L. Fresh bark from young branches of Ptelea trifoliata Ph. Fr.
L.
Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Fresh aerial parts of Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn
Kuhn
Pulmonaria officinalis L. Fresh aerial parts of Pulmonaria officinalis L., HAB
Pulsatilla vulgaris Mill. Whole fresh flowering plants of Pulsatilla vulgaris HAB / Ph. Fr.
Mill.
Pulsatilla vulgaris Mill. Fresh flowers of Pulsatilla vulgaris Mill. with apical
leaf husk.
Pyrus malus See Malus sylvestris Mill.
Quebracho See Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco Schlechtend.
Quercus robur L. Fresh oakapples of Quercus robur L. including the
gall wasp or larva
Quercus robur L. and Fresh bark from young branches and shoots from
Quercus petraea (Matt.) stumps of Quercus robur L. and Quercus petraea
Liebl. (Matt.) Liebl.
Quercus robur L. und Cut and dried bark from the fresh young branches of HAB / Ph.Eur.
Quercus petraea (Matt.) Quercus robur L., Q. petraea (Matt.) Liebl. and Q.
Liebl. pubescens Willd. (Oak bark)
Ranunculus bulbosus L. Whole fresh flowering plants of Ranunculus HAB / Ph. Fr.
bulbosus L.
Raphanus sativus L. Fresh underground parts of Raphanus sativus L. HAB
var. niger (Mill.) S. Kerner.
Raphanus sativus L. Dried root of Raphanus sativus L. var. niger (Mill.) S. Ph. Fr.
Kerner
Ratanhia see Krameria triandra Ruiz. et Pav.
Rauwolfia serpentina (L.) Dried roots of Rauwolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. HAB / DAB
Benth.
Resina Laricis see Larix decidua Mill.
Rhamnus frangula L. Fresh bark of the stems and branches of Rhamnus HAB
frangula L.
Rhamnus frangula L. Dried, whole or fragmented bark of the stems and AS Ph. Eur.
branches of Rhamnus frangula L. (Frangula bark)
Rhamnus purshianus Dried, whole or fragmented bark of Rhamnus AS Ph. Eur.
D.C. purshianus D.C. (Frangula purshiana (D.C.) A. Gray
ex J.C. Cooper) (Cascara)
Rheum officinale Baill. Dried underground parts of Rheum officinale Baill. Ph. Fr.


plant Standards
Rheum officinale Baill., Whole or cut, dried underground parts of Rheum AS Ph. Eur.
Rheum palmatum L. palmatum L. or Rheum officinale Baillon or of
hybrids of these two species or of a mixture. The
underground parts are often divided; the stem and
most of the bark with the rootlets are removed.
(Rhubarb)
Rheum rhaponticum L. Whole or cut, dried underground parts of Rheum
rhaponticum L.
Rhododendron Dried leafy twigs of Rhododendron campylocarpum HAB
chrysanthum Pall. Hook. f. or Rhododendron chrysanthum Pall., their
hybrids, or mixtures thereof
Rhododendron Fresh leafy twigs of Rhododendron ferrugineum L. Ph. Fr.
ferrugineum L.
Rhododendron Fresh flowering leafy twigs of Rhododendron
ferrugineum L. ferrugineum L.
Rhus toxicodendron L. see Toxicodendron quercifolium (Michx.) Greene
Ribes nigrum L. Fresh leaves of Ribes nigrum L. Ph. Fr.
Ricinus communis L. Fatty oil obtained by cold expression from the seeds AS Ph. Eur.
of Ricinus communis L. (Castor oil, virgin)
Ricinus communis L. Dried seeds of Ricinus communis L. Ph. Fr.
Robinia pseudoacacia L. Fresh bark from young branches of Robinia HAB / Ph. Fr.
pseudoacacia L.
Robinia pseudoacacia L. Fresh bark of Robinia pseudoacacia L.
Rosa canina L. Rose hips made up by the receptacle and the AS Ph.Eur.
remains of the dried sepals of Rosa canina L., R.
pendulina L. and other Rosa species, with the
anchenes removed (Dog rose)
Rosa centifolia L. Fresh petals of Rosa centifolia L.
Rosa L. Essential oil from fresh flowers of suitable species of AS
the genus Rosa, particularly Rosa gallica L., Rosa
damascena Mill. and Rosa centifolia L.
Rosa L. Substance obtained by stepwise extraction with AS
petrolether and alcohol from fresh flowers of Rosa
damascena L. and Rosa centifolia L.
Rosa L. Fresh flowers of suitable species of the genus Rosa
L., particularly dark red tea hybrids
Rosa L. Dried buds and sepals of suitable species of the
genus Rosa L., particularly Rosa gallica L., Rosa
centifolia L., Rosa damascena Mill. as well as dark
red tea hybrids
Rosmarinus officinalis L. Essential oil obtained by steam distillation from the AS Ph.Eur.
flowering aerial parts of Rosmarinus officinalis L.
(Rosemary oil)
Rosmarinus officinalis L. Fresh leaves of Rosmarinus officinalis L. HAB
Rosmarinus officinalis L. Fresh flowering twigs of Rosmarinus officinalis L. Ph. Fr.
Rosmarinus officinalis L. Whole dried leaf of Rosmarinus officinalis L. HAB / Ph.Eur.
(Rosemary leaf)
Rumex crispus L. Fresh underground parts of Rumex crispus L. HAB
Ruta graveolens L. Fresh aerial parts of Ruta graveolens L., collected at HAB
the start of flowering


plant Standards
Ruta graveolens L. Fresh, aerial, unlignified parts of Ruta graveolens L. Ph. Fr.
before flowering
Sabadilla see Schoenocaulon officinale (Cham. et
Schlechtend.) A. Gray
Sabal serrulatum see Serenoa repens (Bartr.) Small.
Sabina see Juniperus sabina L.
Saccharum officinarum L. Caramel obtained through the roasting of
Saccharum officinarum L.
Salix alba ssp. vitellina Fresh bark and leaves of Salix alba ssp. vitellina (L.)
(L.) Arcang. Archang.
Salix alba, ssp. alba L., Fresh leaves of Salix alba, ssp. alba L. and/or ssp.
ssp. vitellina (L.) Arcang., vitellina (L.) Arcang. and/or Salix purpurea L. and/or
Salix purpurea L., Salix Salix viminalis L.
viminalis L.
Salix purpurea L. Fresh bark and leaves of Salix purpurea L.
Salix species Whole or fragmented dried bark of young branches Ph.Eur.
or whole dried pieces of current year twigs of
various species of genus Salix including S. purpurea
L., S. daphnoides Vill. and S. fragilis L. (Willow bark)
Salix viminalis L. Fresh bark and leaves of Salix viminalis L.
Salvia officinalis L. Thujone-rich essential oil obtained by steam AS DAC
distillation from the aerial parts of Salvia officinalis L.
Salvia officinalis L. Fresh leaves of Salvia officinalis L. HAB
Salvia officinalis L. Whole or cut dried leaves of Salvia officinalis L. AS Ph. Eur.
(Sage leaf)
Sambucus nigra L. Fresh pith from branches of Sambucus nigra L.
Sambucus nigra L. Dried pith from branches of Sambusus nigra L.
Sambucus nigra L. Fresh inflorescence of Sambucus nigra L. Ph. Fr.
Sambucus nigra L. Fresh cyme with flowers of Sambucus nigra L.
Sambucus nigra L. Dried flowers of Sambucus nigra L. (Elder flower) Ph. Eur.
Sambucus nigra L. Dried inflorescence of Sambucus nigra L.
Sambucus nigra L. Equal parts of fresh leaves and inflorescences of HAB
Sambucus nigra L.
Sanguinaria canadensis Dried underground parts of Sanguinaria canadensis HAB
L. L., collected in autumn
Sanicula europaea L. Fresh whole flowering plant of Sanicula europaea L. HAB / Ph. Fr.
Saponaria officinalis L. Fresh whole flowering plant of Saponaria officinalis Ph. Fr.
L.
Sarcopoterium spinosum Dried bark from the roots of Sarcopoterium
(L.) Spach. spinosum (L.) Spach.
Sarothamnus scoparius see Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link.
Sarsaparilla see Smilax regelii Kill. et C. V. Morton, Smilax
medica Schlechtend. et Cham. etc.
Schoenocaulon officinale Dried ripe seeds of Schoenocaulon officinale HAB / Ph. Fr.
(Cham. et Schlechtend.) (Cham. et Schlechtend.) A. Gray.
A. Gray
Scilla see Urginea maritima (L.) Bak. s.l.
Scolopendrium see Phyllitis scolopendrium (L.) Newm.
Scrophularia nodosa L. Fresh whole flowering plant of Scrophularia nodosa Ph. Fr.
L.


plant Standards
Scutellaria laterifolia L. Dried whole flowering plant of Scutellaria laterifolia
L.
Secale cornutum see Claviceps purpurea (Fr.) Tul.
Sedum acre L. Fresh flowering aerial parts of Sedum acre L. HAB
Sedum acre L. Fresh aerial parts of Sedum acre L.
Sedum telephium L. Fresh herb Sedum telephium L. (Sedum purpureum
L.)
Selenicereus grandiflorus Fresh young stem and flowers of Selenicereus HAB
(L.) Britt. et Rose grandiflorus (L.) Britt. et Rose. (Cactus)
Semecarpus anacardium Dried ripe fruits of Semecarpus anarcardium L. f. HAB / Ph. Eur.
L. f.
Senecio bicolor (Willd.) Fresh aerial parts of Senecio bicolor (Willd.) Tod.,
Tod. collected before flowering
Senecio jacobaea L. Fresh flowering aerial parts of Senecio jacobaea L.
Senecio vulgaris L. Fresh whole flowering plant of Senecio vulgaris L.
Senega see Polygala senega L.
Senna see Cassia angustifolia Vahl.
Serenoa repens (Bartr.) Dried ripe fruit of Serenoa repens (Bartr.) Small. USP / Ph. Fr.
Small
Serenoa repens (Bartr.) Fresh ripe fruits of Serenoa repens (Bartr.) Small. HAB
Small (Sabal serrulatum)
Silybum marianum (L.) Dried ripe fruits of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn., HAB / Ph. Eur.
Gaertn. with the pappus removed. (Carduus marianus) / Ph. Fr. / USP
Smilax regelii Kill. et C. V. Dried underground parts of Smilax regelii Kill. et C. HAB 34 / Ph.
Morton, Smilax medica V. Morton, Smilax medica Schlechtend. et Cham. Fr.
Schlechtend. et Cham. and other Smilax species
etc.
Solanum dulcamara L. Fresh flowers of Solanum dulcamara L.
Solanum dulcamara L. Fresh shoots of Solanum dulcamara L., collected HAB
prior to flowering
Solanum dulcamara L. Fresh young leafy branches of Solanum dulcamara
L.
Solanum dulcamara L. Dried, lignified stems of Solanum dulcamara L.
Solanum lycopersicum See Lycopersicon lycopersicum (L.) Karst. ex Farw.
Solidago virgaurea L. Fresh inflorescence of Solidago virgaurea L. Ph. Fr.
Solidago virgaurea L. Fresh flowering aerial parts of Solidago virgaurea L.
Spartium scoparium See Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link.
Spigelia anthelmia L. Dried, whole flowering plant of Spigelia anthelmia L. Ph. Fr.
Spigelia anthelmia L. Dried aerial parts of Spigelia anthelmia L. HAB
Spinacia oleracea L. Fresh underground parts of Spinacia oleracea L.
Spiraea see Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim.
Spirito ex vino See Vitis vinifera L.
Stachys officinalis (L.) Fresh whole flowering plant of Stachys officinalis (L.)
Trev. Trev.
Stachys officinalis (L.) Fresh aerial parts of Stachys officinalis (L.) Trev., HAB
Trev. collected at flowering time
Staphisagria see Delphinium staphisagria L.
Stellaria media (L.) Fresh whole plant of Stellaria media (L.)
Sticta see Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm.
Stramonium see Datura stramonium L.


plant Standards
Strophanthus kombe Oliv. Fatty oil from the seeds of Strophanthus kombe Oliv.
Strophanthus kombe Oliv. Seeds of Strophanthus kombe Oliv.
Strychnos ignatii Bergius Dried ripe seeds of Strychnos ignatii Bergius. HAB / Ph. Fr.
Strychnos nux-vomica L. Dried ripe seeds of Strychnos nux-vomica L. HAB / Ph. Fr.
Styrax tonkinensis Balsam obtained through incisions made into the AS DAC
(Pierre) Craib ex Hartwichtrunk of Styrax tonkinensis (Pierre) Craib ex
Hartwich (Styracaceae)
Symphytum officinale L. Fresh root of Symphytum officinale L. Ph. Fr.
Symphytum officinale L. Fresh flowering aerial parts of Symphytum officinale
L.
Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Essential oil obtained by steam distillation from the AS Ph. Eur.
Merr. et L. M. Perry dried flower buds of Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merill
et L. M. Perry (Eugenia caryophyllus [Spreng.] Bull.
et Harr.). (Clove oil)
Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Whole flower buds of Syzygium aromaticum (L.) AS Ph. Eur.
Merr. et L. M. Perry Merill et L.M. Perry (Eugenia caryophyllus [Spreng.]
Bull. et Harr.) dried until they become reddish-
brown. (Clove)
Syzygium jambos (L.) Dried seeds of Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston
Alston
Tabacum See Nicotiana tabacum L.
Taraxacum officinale agg. Whole fresh flowering plants of Taraxacum officinale HAB / Ph. Fr.
F.H. Wigg. agg. F.H. Wigg.
Taraxacum officinale agg. Fresh underground parts of Taraxacum officinale
F.H. Wigg. agg. F.H. Wigg. in autumn (autumnale) or spring
(vernale)
Tartarus crudus See Vitis vinifera L.
Teucrium marum L. Fresh flowering, aerial parts of Teucrium marum L.
Teucrium marum L. Fresh aerial parts of Teucrium marum L., without HAB
lignified sections of twig
Teucrium scordium L. Fresh flowering, aerial parts of Teucrium scordium
L.
Teucrium scorodonia L. Fresh aerial parts of flowering plants of Teucrium HAB / Ph. Fr.
scorodonia L.
Teucrium scorodonia L. Dried aerial parts of flowering plants of Teucrium
scorodonia L.
Thuja occidentalis L. Fresh leafy branches of Thuja occidentalis L. Ph. Fr.
Thuja occidentalis L. Fresh, leafy, one-year-old twigs of Thuja HAB
occidentalis L.
Thymus serpyllum L. Dried, whole or cut, flowering aerial shoots of DAB
emend. Mill. Thymus serpyllum L. sensu latiore
Thymus vulgaris L. Essential oil obtained by steam distillation from the AS Ph. Eur.
fresh flowering aerial parts of Thymus vulgaris L., T.
zygis Loefl. ex L. or a mixture of both species.
(Thyme oil)
Thymus vulgaris L. Fresh aerial parts of Thymus vulgaris L., collected at HAB
flowering time
Thymus vulgaris L. Whole leaves and flowers separated from the Ph. Eur.
previously dried stems of Thymus vulgaris L. or
Thymus zygis Loefl. ex L. or a mixture of both
species. (Thyme)


plant Standards
Tilia cordata Miller, Tilia Fresh inflorescence of Tilia cordata Miller and Tilia
platyphyllos Scopoli platyphyllos Scopoli
Tilia cordata Miller, Tilia Whole, dried inflorescence of Tilia cordata Miller, of Ph. Eur.
platyphyllos Scopoli Tilia platyphyllos Scop., of Tilia x vulgaris Heyne or
a mixture of these
Tormentilla see Potentilla erecta (L.) Raeusch.
Toxicodendron see Toxicodendron quercifolium (Michx.) Greene
Toxicodendron Fresh leaves of Toxicodendron quercifolium (Michx.) (Ph. Fr.)
quercifolium (Michx.) Greene
Greene
Toxicodendron Fresh, young, not yet lignified shoots of HAB
quercifolium (Michx.) Toxicodendron quercifolium (Michx.) Greene, with
Greene leaves (Toxicodendron quercifolium)
Tribus ophrydeae Filial tubers of different species of Orchids of Tribus
ophrydeae, collected at flowering time, which have
been blanched in boiling water and dried
Triticum aestivum L. Fatty oil obtained from the germ of the grain of AS Ph. Eur.
emend. Fiori et Paol. Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori et Paol., by cold
expression or by other suitable mechanical means.
(Wheat-germ oil)
Triticum aestivum L. Fresh flowers of Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori et
emend. Fiori et Paol. Paol.
Triticum aestivum L. Fresh germinated fruit of Triticum aestivum L. Ph. Fr.
emend. Fiori et Paol. emend. Fiori et Paol.
Triticum aestivum L. Fresh parts projecting out of the infloresence
emend. Fiori et Paol. spikelet of Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori et Paol.
Triticum aestivum L. Dried seed of Triticum aestivum L. emend Fiori et AS
emend. Fiori et Paol. Paol.
Triticum aestivum L. Wheat gluten
emend. Fiori et Paol.
Triticum repens see Agropyron repens (L.) P. Beauv.
Tropaeolum majus L. Fresh, flowering aerial parts of Tropaeolum majus L.
Tulipa silvestris L. Fresh whole flowering plant of Tulipa silvestris L.
Urginea maritima (L.) Fresh, fleshy scale leaves of the red-scaled HAB
Bak. subspecies of Urginea maritima (L.) Bak. sensu
latiore (e.g. Urginea numidica [Jord. et Fourr.] Grey)
with a clearly detectable scilliroside fraction. (Scilla)
Urginea maritima var. Fresh bulb of Urginea maritima var. rubra (L.) Baker
rubra (L.) Baker
Urtica dioica L. Fresh leaves of Urtica dioica L.
Urtica dioica L. Whole fresh flowering plants of Urtica dioica L. HAB / Ph. Eur.
Urtica dioica L. Fresh aerial parts of Urtica dioica L.
Urtica dioica L. Dried, whole or cut leaves of Urtica dioica L., Urtica AS Ph. Eur.
urens L., their hybrids or a mixture of these
Urtica dioica L. Dried leaves of Urtica dioica L.
Urtica dioica L. Dried, aerial parts with maximum 3 mm thick stems AS
of Urtica dioica L., collected shortly before flowering
Urtica urens L. Fresh, whole flowering plant of Urtica urens L. Ph. Fr.
Urtica urens L. Fresh, whole plant of Urtica urens L.
Urtica urens L. Fresh, flowering aerial parts of Urtica urens L.
Urtica urens L. Dried, aerial parts of Urtica urens L.


plant Standards
Usnea P. Br. ex Adans. Dried thallus from Usnea P. Br. ex Adans. species,
species especially Usnea barbata (L.) Wigg., Usnea
subfloridana Stirton and Usnea filipendula Stirton
Vaccinium myrtillus L. Dried ripe fruit of Vaccinium myrtillus L. Ph.Eur.
Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. Leafy twigs with fresh fruits of Vaccinium vitis-idaea
L.
Valeriana officinalis L. Fresh flowers of Valeriana officinalis L.
Valeriana officinalis L. Fresh, underground parts of Valeriana officinalis L. Ph. Fr.
Valeriana officinalis L. Fresh underground parts of Valeriana officinalis L.
sensu latiore
Valeriana officinalis L. Dried, whole or fragmented underground parts of AS Ph. Eur. / USP
Valeriana officinalis L. s.l., including the rhizome
surrounded by the roots and stolons. (Valerian root)
Vaucheria DC species Fresh, whole organism of Vaucheria sessilis DC and
Vaucheria aversa (kuetz.) Hasall.
Veratrum album L. Carefully dried rhizome with attached roots of
Veratrum album L.
Veratrum album L. Fresh, underground parts of Veratrum album L. Ph. Fr.
Verbascum densiflorum Fresh, unripe fruits of Verbascum densiflorum
Bertol. Bertol. and Verbascum phlomoides L.
Verbascum thapsiforme Fresh, flowering aerial parts of Verbascum
Schrad. thapsiforme Schrad.
Verbascum thapsiforme Dried fruit of Verbascum thapsiforme Schrad.
Schrad.
Veronica officinalis L. Dried aerial parts of Veronica officinalis L., collected HAB
at flowering time
Vinca minor L. Fresh, whole flowering plant of Vinca minor L. Ph. Fr.
Vinum see Vitis vinifera L.
Viola tricolor L. Fresh, whole flowering plant of Viola tricolor L. Ph. Fr.
Viola tricolor L. Fresh aerial parts of Viola tricolor L., collected at HAB
flowering time
Viola tricolor L. Dried, whole or fragmented, flowering aerial parts of AS Ph. Eur.
Viola tricolor L.
Virola sebifera Aubl. Fresh sap from the bark of Virola sebifera Aubl. HAB
preserved with ethanol (96 per cent)
Viscum album L. Fresh plant including fruit and haustorium of Viscum
album L. ssp. abietis (Wiesb.) Abromeit (Host tree:
Abies species)
Viscum album L. Fresh plant excluding haustorium of Viscum album
ssp. abietis Beck (Host tree: Abies alba Mill. (Abies
pectinata (Lam.) DC); fir)
alba L. ssp. album (Host trees: Malus species,
Populus species, Tilia species)
album L. ssp. austriacum (Wiesb.) Vollmann (Host
tree: Pinus species)
ssp. album L. (Host tree: Malus domestica Boekh.;
Apple tree)


plant Standards
ssp. austriacum (Wiesb.) Vollmann (Host tree: Pinus
sylvestris L.; Pine)
ssp. album L. (Host tree: Quercus robur L., Quercus
petraea (Matt.) Liebl.; Oak)
ssp. album L. (Host tree: Ulmus caprinifolia Gled.
[Ulmus campestris L.], Ulmus glabra Huds.; Elm)
Viscum album L. Fresh leafy shoots and fruits of Viscum album L. HAB
Viscum album L. Fresh haustorium of Viscum album L ssp. album
(Host tree: Malus species)
Viscum album L. Fresh shoots collected in summer and flowers
collected in winter of Viscum album L. ssp. album
(Host tree: Salix alba)
Viscum album L. Fresh aerial parts including fruit of Viscum album L.
(Host trees: Apple, Birch, Fir, Pine, Lime)
Viscum album L. Dried plant including fruit of Viscum album L. ssp.
album (Host trees: Oak species) without haustorium.
Viscum album L. Dried plant including fruit and haustorium of Viscum
album L. ssp. album (Host trees: Crataegus species)
Viscum album L. Dried plant including fruit and haustorium of Viscum
album L. ssp. album (Host trees: Salix species)
Viscum album L. Dried branches with leaves, flowers and fruit of
Viscum album L. ssp. album (Host trees: Malus
species)
Vitex agnus-castus L. Dried ripe fruits of Vitex agnus-castus L. HAB / Ph. Eur.
/ USP / Ph. Fr.
Vitis vinifera L. Distilled red wine vinegar
Vitis vinifera L. Red wine vinegar
Vitis vinifera L. Dried leaves of Vitis vinifera L.
Vitis vinifera L. Distillate of wine
Vitis vinifera L. Cream of tartar
Vitis vinifera L. White wine
Zea mays L. Fresh stigma and style of Zea mays L. Ph. Fr.
Zingiber officinale Rosc. Dried, whole or cut rhizome of Zingiber officinale HAB / Ph.Eur. /
Roscoe, with the cork removed, either completely or USP
from the wide flat surfaces only. (Ginger)

Appendix 2.3.:
Starting materials of zoological origin
Note: Starting Materials marked with "AS" are also directly used as active substances.

Animal substance Scientific name Specification AS Reference

of the animal to standard
Acidum Formicae Several species of Aqueous solution of the secretion of wood ants of
(Acidum formicicum e the Formica rufa the Formica group-group, containing not less
formica) group (e.g. than 1,2% m/m of formic acid.
Formica lugubris
Zett., F. polyctena
Först., F.
paralugubris
Seifert or F. rufa
L.
Ambra grisea Physeter catodon Substance from the intestine of Physeter Ph. Fr.
L. macrocephalus L.
Amnion Bos taurus L. Amnion from bovine foetus
Anus Bos taurus L. Anus from the calf
Aorta Bos taurus L. Aorta (tota), parts from the different tracts of the
calf aorta
Aorta Oryctolagus Aorta from the rabbit
cuniculus L.
Apis mellifica Apis mellifica L. Living honey bees HAB / Ph. Fr.
/ Ph. Eur.
Apis regina Apis mellifica L. Whole cells with larvae and nourishing sap
Apisinum Apis mellifica L. Carefully dried poison from Apis mellifica L. HAB / Ph. Fr.
Appendix vermiformis Oryctolagus Vermiform process of the blindgut from the rabbit
cuniculus L.
Aranea avicularis Avicularia Whole living Avicularia avicularia L.
avicularia L.
Aranea diadema Araneus Living spiders of Araneus diadematus Clerk.
diadematus Clerk
Arteria basilaris Bos taurus L. Arteria basilaris from the calf
Arteria brachialis Bos taurus L. Arteria brachialis from the calf
Arteria carotis Bos taurus L. Parts from the Arteria carotis communis dextra
communis et sinus and sinistra and parts from the Sinus caroticus
caroticus from the calf
Arteria cerebri media Bos taurus L. Parts from the Arteria carotis cerebralis and its
ramifications from the calf
Arteria coeliaca see Truncus
coeliacus
Arteria coronaria Bos taurus L. Arteria coronaria from the calf
Arteria femoralis Bos taurus L. Arteria femoralis from the calf
Arteria ophthalmica Bos taurus L. Parts of the Arteria ophthalmica externa from the
calf
Arteria poplitea Bos taurus L. Arteria poplitea from the calf
Arteria pulmonalis Bos taurus L. Arteria pulmonalis from the calf
Arteria renalis Bos taurus L. Arteria renalis from the calf
Arteriae Bos taurus L. Parts of the Arteria basilaris, brachialis,
coronaria, femoralis, mesenterica, pulmonalis
and renalis from the calf


Articulatio coxae Bos taurus L. Equal parts of the hip joint from the calf:
-bone material of the acetabulum and caput
femoris
-joint cartilage
-Ligamentum teres femoris
Articulatio cubiti Bos taurus L. Parts of the bones that form the joint, cartilage,
parts of the joint capsule, synovia and parts of
ligaments from the calf
Articulatio genus Bos taurus L. Parts of the bones forming the knee joint, parts of
the meniscus, of the joint capsule and ligaments
as well as cartilage from the calf
Articulatio humeri Bos taurus L. Parts of the bones that form the joint, cartilage,
parts of the joint capsule and of the Bursa
intertuberkularis from the calf
Articulatio Bos taurus L. Parts of the bones, of the cartilage,of the
radiocarpea ligaments and of the joint capsule the form the
proximal carpal joint from the calf
Articulatio sacroiliaca Bos taurus L. Parts of the ilium and of the sacrum from the joint
area, as well as parts of the joint capsule and
ligaments from the calf
Articulatio subtalaris Bos taurus L. Parts of the cartilage, of the joint capsule, as well
as synovia of the part distal to the Os
centroquartale of the joint like union between
Talus and Calcaneus from the calf
Articulatio talocruralis Bos taurus L. Parts of the bones forming the joint, Tibia and
Talus, of the joint capsule, ligaments as well as
synovia of the ankle joint from the calf
Articulatio Bos taurus L. Parts of: the Os mandibulare and of the Os
temporomandibularis temporale in the joint area, of the joint capsule, of
the ligaments, of cartilage, as well as synovia
from the calf
Articulationes Bos taurus L. Parts of the bones forming the joint, of the
intercarpeae cartilage like surface of the articulation, as well
as synovia from the calf
Articulationes Bos taurus L. Parts of the bone processus that participate to
intervertebrales the intervertebral joints, cartilage and joint
cervicales capsules, as well as synovia from the calf
Articulationes Bos taurus L. Parts of the bone processus that participate to
intervertebrales the intervertebral joints, cartilage and joint
lumbales capsules, as well as synovia from the calf
Asterias rubens Asterias rubens L. The whole starfish
Atlas Bos taurus L. A part of the Corpus (ventral side), of the Arcus
and of the Ala (corresponding the the Processus
transversus) of the Atlas from the calf
Axis Bos taurus L. One part of each: Corpus, Arcus, Processus
spinosus, Processus transversus and Dens axis
of the Axis from the calf.
Blatta orientalis Blatta orientalis L. The whole fresh or dried animal
Bothrops jaracara see Lachesis
lanceolatus
Bronchi Bos taurus L. Bronchi from the calf


Bufo rana Bufo bufo L. Skin of the back from the toad
Bulbus olfactorius Bos taurus L. Bulbus olfactorius of both hemispheres of the
cerebrum from the calf
Bursae articulationis Bos taurus L. Bursae articulationis humeri-Komplex, Bursa
humeri-Komplex musculi infra spinam and Bursa intertubercularis
humeri from the calf
Calcarea carbonica see Conchae
ostrearum
Calcium carbonicum see Conchae
Hahnemanni
Cantharis Lytta vesicatoria As far as possible intact specimens, killed and HAB
L. dried at a temperature not exceeding 40°C
Cardia Sus scrofa var. Cardia, parts of the wall of the stomach in the
domesticus region of the entrance into the stomach from the
pig
Cartilago articularis Bos taurus L. Cartilage of the hip, knee and shoulder joints
from the calf
Cartilago articularis Bos taurus L. Cartilage of the hip joint from the calf
coxae
Cartilago articularis Bos taurus L. Cartilage of the knee joint from the calf
genus
Cavum tympani Bos taurus L. Parts of the wall of the cavum tympani, as well as
auditory bones from the calf
Cera flava Apis mellifica L. Bees wax obtained by melting the empty combs, AS Ph. Eur.
washing and elimination of foreign matter
Cerebellum Bos taurus L. Cerebellum from the calf
Cerebrum Bos taurus L. Cerebrum from the calf
Cerebrum, regio Bos taurus L. Nervous grey of the Gyrus praecentralis
motorica belonging to the Lobus frontalis of both
hemispheres from the calf
Cervix uteri Bos taurus L. Parts of the neck of the womb from the cow
Circulus arteriosus Bos taurus L. Circulus arteriosus cerebri from the calf
cerebri
Coccus cacti Dactylopius The fertilized, dried female species of HAB / Ph. Fr.
coccus Costa Dactylopius coccus Costa
Cochlea Bos taurus L. Parts of the Cochlea from the skeletous as well
as dermal parts of the inner ear from the calf
Cod liver oil (type B) See Jecoris oleum
Colon Sus scrofa var. Colon from the pig
domesticus
Colon sigmoideum Sus scrofa var. Colon sigmoideum, parts of the final tract of the
domesticus Colon descendens from the pig
Columna anterior Bos taurus L. Parts of the clumna anterior of the spinal chord
from the calf
Columna posterior Bos taurus L. Parts of the Columna posterior of different parts
of the spinal chord from the calf
Conchae Ostrea edulis L. The inner parts of the shells of Ostrea edulis L. AS HAB / Ph. Fr.
Conjunctiva Bos taurus L. Conjunctiva from the calf
Connective tissue Bos taurus L. Subcutaneous and intermuscular connective
tissue, fascia, ligaments, tendons, as well as
mesenterium from the calf


Cor Bos taurus L. Cor from the calf
Cor Bos taurus L. Parts of the epicardium, myocardium,
endocardium of the heart from the calf
Corallium rubrum Corallium rubrum Fragmented parts of the chalk skeleton from HAB
L. Corallium rubrum, containing at least 82 per cent
CaCO3 (Mr 100,1)
Cornea Bos taurus L. Cornea from the calf
Cornu Caprae ibecis Capra ibex Horn from the ibex
Cornu Cervi Cervus elaphus Antlers from the deer
Corpora Bos taurus L. Parts of the Lamina tecti with the Corpora
quadrigemina quadrigemina from the calf
Corpus Bos taurus L. Brain matter of the region of the Corpus
amygdaloideum amygdaloideum from the calf
Corpus luteum Bos taurus L. Corpus luteum from the calf
Corpus striatum Bos taurus L. Corpus striatum from the calf
Corpus vitreum Bos taurus L. Corpus vitreum from the calf
Corpus vitreum Oryctolagus Corpus vitreum from the rabbit
cuniculus L.
Crotalus horridus Crotalus horridus Freeze dried poison from Crotalus horridus L. HAB
L.
Crotalus terrificus Crotalus durissus Freeze dried poison from Crotalus durissus ssp.
ssp. terrificus terrificus Laurenti
Laurenti
Cutis (feti femini) Bos taurus L. The external skin of a ca. 5 months old female
bovine foetus
Cutis (feti) Bos taurus L. The external skin of a ca. 5 months old bovine
foetus
Dactylopius coccus see Coccus cacti
Dens Bos taurus L. Teeth from the calf
Diaphragma Bos taurus L. Muscular and tendinous parts of the diaphragma
from the calf
Diaphragma pelvis Bos taurus L. Parts of the muscle and fascies closing the
pelvis, including connective tissue from the calf
Diencephalon Bos taurus L. Diencephalon from the calf
Disci intervertebrales Bos taurus L. Fibrocartilage and jelly of intervertebral disks of
(cervicales) cervical spine from the calf
Disci intervertebrales Bos taurus L. Parts of intervertebral disks of cervical, thoracic
(cervicales, thoracici and lumbar spine from the calf
et lumbales)
Disci intervertebrales Bos taurus L. Intervertebral disks of different regions of the
(feti ) spine from a ca. 5 months old bovine foetus
Disci intervertebrales Bos taurus L. Intervertebral disks of lumbar spine from the calf
(lumbales)
Ductus choledochus Sus scrofa var. Ductus choledochus from the pig
domesticus
Ductus deferens Bos taurus L. Ductus deferens from the calf
Ductus thoracicus Bos taurus L. Ductus thoracicus from the calf
Duodenum Sus scrofa var. Duodenum from the pig
domesticus
Dura mater encephali Bos taurus L. Dura mater encephali from the calf
Endocardium Bos taurus L. Endocardium from the calf


Endometrium Bos taurus L. Endometrium from the cow
Epididymis Bos taurus L. Epididymis from the bull
Epiphysis Bos taurus L. Epiphysis from the calf
Erytrocytes Equus przewalskii Erythrocytes from the blood of the horse
f. caballus
Fasciculus Bos taurus L. Parts of the conduction system of the heart, His’s
atrioventricularis bundle, Purkinje’s fiber from the calf
Fasciculus opticus Bos taurus L. Fasciculus opticus from the calf
Favus Apis mellifica L. Honey combs with pollen AS
Fel tauri Bos taurus L. Fresh Bile from gall bladder from the calf
Femur Bos taurus L. Parts of the diaphysis of Os femoris from the calf
Folliculi lymphatici Sus scrofa var. Parts of Peyers’s patch of the small intestine
aggregati domesticus from the pig
Formica Formica rufa L., Living worker ants., Formica rufa L., Formica HAB / Ph. Fr.
Formica polyctena F.
polyctena F.
Formica parva Lasius niger ssp. Living worker ants., Lasius niger ssp.
Funiculus umbilicalis Bos taurus L. Funiculus umbilicalis from a bovine foetus
between the third and nineth month of pregnancy
Galea aponeurotica Bos taurus L. Parts of the superficial fascia of the forehead
from the calf
Gingiva Bos taurus L. Gingiva from the calf
Glandula lacrimalis Bos taurus L. Glandula lacrimalis from the calf
Glandula parotis Bos taurus L. Glandular tissue of the body of the parotid gland
from the calf
Glandula suprarenalis Bos taurus L. Glandula suprarenalis from the calf
Glandula suprarenalis Bos taurus L. Glandula suprarenalis (Cortex) from the calf
(Cortex)
Glandula suprarenalis Bos taurus L. Parts of the Medulla Glandulae suprarenalis of
(Medulla) both adrenal glands
Glandula suprarenalis Bos taurus L. Glandula suprarenalis dextra from the calf
dextra
Glandula suprarenalis Bos taurus L. Glandula suprarenalis sinistra from the calf
sinistra
Glandula Thymus see Thymus
(Glandula)
Glandula thyreoidea Bos taurus L. Glandula thyreoidea from the calf
Glandulae Bos taurus L. Glandulae parathyreoideae from the calf
parathyreoideae
Glandulae Bos taurus L. Glandulae suprarenales from the calf
suprarenales
Glucogenum Oryctolagus Glycogen from the rabbit liver
cuniculus L.
Gyrus cinguli Bos taurus L. Gyrus cinguli from the calf
Hepar Bos taurus L. Pars intermedia of the liver from the calf
Hepar Oryctolagus Liver from rabbit
cuniculus L.
Hippocampus Bos taurus L. Hippocampus from the calf
Hirudo ex animale Hirudo Leech immediately after sacrifice
medicinalis L.
Hypophysis Bos taurus L. Hypophysis from the calf


Hypothalamus Bos taurus L. Hypothalamus from the calf
Ileum Sus scrofa var. Ileum from the pig
domesticus
Iris Bos taurus L. Iris from the calf
Jecoris oleum Gadidae Cod liver oil (type B) AS Ph. Eur.
Purified fatty oil obtained from the fresh livers of (Type B)
Gadus morhua L. and other species of Gadidae,
solid substances being removed by cooling and
filtering
Jejunum Sus scrofa var. Jejunum from the pig
domesticus
Keratinum Equi Equus przewalskii Hoof from the horse
f. caballus
Lachesis Lachesis mutus L. Carefully dried poison from Lachesis mutus L. HAB
Lachesis lanceolatus Bothrops jararaca Poison from Bothrops jararaca Wied.
WIED.
Lac vaccae Bos taurus L. Fresh cow’s milk
Lapis cancri Astacus astacus The gastrolithes from the body cavity from
L. Astacus astacus L. or other crayfish
Larynx Bos taurus L. Parts of the larynx from the calf: cartilage,
ligaments, muscles and mucous membrane
Lens cristallina Bos taurus L. Lens cristallina from the calf
Lien Bos taurus L. Lien from the calf
Ligamentum Bos taurus L. Ligamentum longitudinale anterius of thoracic
longitudinale anterius and lumbar regions of the spine from the calf
Ligamentum Bos taurus L. Parts form Ligamentum longitudinale dorsale
longitudinale from the calf
posterius
Ligamentum vocale Bos taurus L. Ligamentum vocale from the calf
Lingua Bos taurus L. Parts of the tongue from the calf: muscles,
mucous membrane, papillae
Liquor Bos taurus L. Liquor cerebrospinalis from the calf
cerebrospinalis
Lobus frontalis Bos taurus L. Parts of Lobus frontalis of cerebrum from the calf
Lobus occipitalis Bos taurus L. Parts of Lobus occipitalis of cerebrum from the
calf
Lobus parietalis Bos taurus L. Parts of Lobus pareitalis of the cerebrum from
the calf
Lobus temporalis Bos taurus L. Parts of Lobus temporalis from the calf
Mamma Bos taurus L. Glandular tissue from bovine udder
Mamma (dextra) Bos taurus L. Glandular tissue from right part of bovine udder
Mamma (sinistra) Bos taurus L. Glandular tissue from left part of bovine udder
Mandibula (feti) Bos taurus L. Parts of lower jaw bone from a bovine foetus
between 4 and 9 months
Marmot fat Marmota species Fat from brown adipous tissue from different AS
species of marmota, e.g. Marmota marmota
marmota L., Marmota bobak sibirica Radde,
Marmota camtschatica Pallas
Maxilla (feti) Bos taurus L. Parts of upper jaw bone from a bovine foetus
between 4 and 9 months
Medulla oblongata Bos taurus L. Medulla oblongata from the calf


Medulla ossium Bos taurus L. Red bone marrow from the epiphysis of tubular
(rubra) bones from the calf
Mel Apis mellifica L. Honey AS DAB
Membrana sinus Bos taurus L. Membrana sinus frontalis from the calf
frontalis
Membrana sinus Bos taurus L. Membrana sinus maxillaris from the calf
maxillaris
Membrana sinus Bos taurus L. Membrana sinus sphenoidalis from the calf
sphenoidalis
Membrana sinuum Bos taurus L. Membrana sinuum paranasalium from the calf
paranasalium
Membrana synovialis Bos taurus L. Inner layer of the joint capsule of different joints
from the calf
Meniscus genus Bos taurus L. Meniscus from the calf
Mephitis putorius Mephitis mephitis Liquid secretion of anal glands from Mephitis
Schreb. mephitis Schreb.
Mesencephalon Bos taurus L. Mesencephalon from the calf
Mesenchyma Bos taurus L. Embryonal connective tissue and tissue parts of
the adult animal. Foetal tissues developped from
mesenchyma with a high mesenchimal function:
uterus of the adult animal;
foetal slack connective tissue (e.g. from axilla),
thyme, heart tissue (without valves), red bone
marrow with reticular connective tissue and
spongious bones, nucleus pulposus
intervertebralis, mesenterium
Moschus Moschus Secretion of bursa from male Moschus Ph. Fr.
moschiferus L. moschiferus L.
Musculi glutaei Bos taurus L. Musculi glutaei, Musculus glutaeobiceps from the
calf
Musculus deltoideus- Bos taurus L. Musculus deltoideus-Komplex, Musculus supra
Komplex spinam, Musculus infra spinam, Musculus
deltoideus, Musculus biceps brachii and
Musculus triceps brachii from the calf
Musculus rectus Bos taurus L. Musculus rectus abdominis from the calf
abdominis
Musculus soleus- Bos taurus L. Musculus soleus-Komplex, Musculus soleus,
Komplex Musculus fibularis (peronaeus) longus, Musculus
gastrocnemius from the calf
Naja tripudians Naja naja L. Carefully dried poison from Naja naja L. HAB
Nervi intercostales Bos taurus L. Nervi intercostales from the calf
Nervus abducens Bos taurus L. Nervus abducens from the calf
Nervus accessorius Bos taurus L. Nervus accessorius from the calf
Nervus facialis Bos taurus L. Nervus facialis from the calf
Nervus femoralis Bos taurus L. Nervus femoralis from the calf
Nervus Bos taurus L. Nervus glossopharyngeus from the calf
glossopharyngeus
Nervus hypoglossus Bos taurus L. Nervus hypoglossus from the calf
Nervus ischiadicus Bos taurus L. Nervus ischiadicus from the calf
Nervus laryngeus Bos taurus L. Nervus laryngeus recurrens from the calf
recurrens


Nervus medianus Bos taurus L. Nervus medianus from the calf
Nervus oculomotorius Bos taurus L. Nervus oculomotorius from the calf
Nervus ophtalmicus Bos taurus L. Nervus ophtalmicus from the calf
Nervus opticus Bos taurus L. Nervus opticus from the calf
Nervus peronaeus Bos taurus L. Nervus peronaeus (fibularis) from the calf
Nervus phrenicus Bos taurus L. Nervus phrenicus from the calf
Nervus pudendus Bos taurus L. Nervus pudendus from the calf
Nervus radialis Bos taurus L. Nervus radialis from the calf
Nervus Bos taurus L. Nervus statoacusticus from the calf
statoacusticus
Nervus tibialis Bos taurus L. Nervus tibialis from the calf
Nervus trigeminus Bos taurus L. Nervus trigeminus from the calf
Nervus trochlearis Bos taurus L. Nervus trochlearis from the calf
Nervus ulnaris Bos taurus L. Nervus ulnaris from the calf
Nervus vagus Bos taurus L. Nervus vagus from the calf
Nodi lymphatici Bos taurus L. Parts of lymph node tissue from different parts of
the body from the calf
Oesophagus Sus scrofa var. Oesophagus from the pig
domesticus
Ossa Sus scrofa var. Bones from the pig
domesticus
Ossa Aves variae, e.g. Cleaned and milled bones from birds, e.g.
Phasianus Phasianus colchicus L.
colchicus L.
Ossa longa Bos taurus L. Ossa longa from the calf
Ossicula auditus Bos taurus L. Auditory bones from the calf
Ovarium Bos taurus L. Ovarium from the cow
Pancreas Bos taurus L. Pancreas from the calf
Pancreas Sus scrofa var. Pancreas from the pig
domesticus
Papillae duodeni Sus scrofa var. Region of the Papilla duodeni of the small
domesticus intestine from the pig
Parametrium Bos taurus L. Parts of tissue from the Ligamentum
parametrium of the uterus from the cow
Parametrium dextrum Bos taurus L. Parts of tissue from the right Ligamentum
parametrium of the uterus from the cow
Pars fetalis Bos taurus L. Allantochorion from the bovine foetus
Patella Bos taurus L. Patella from the calf
Pelvis renalis (et Bos taurus L. Pelvis renalis and Ureter from the calf
Ureter)
Penis Bos taurus L. Penis from the bull
Pericardium Bos taurus L. Pericardium from the calf
Periodontium Bos taurus L. Parts of the alveolar and dentals regions from the
calf
Periosteum Bos taurus L. Periosteum from the calf
Peritonaeum Bos taurus L. Peritonaeum from the calf
Pharynx Bos taurus L. Parts from the Pharynx digestorium and
Trachynx, Pharynx respiratorius from the calf
Physeter catodon see Ambra grisea


Physeter see Ambra grisea
macrocephalus
Pia mater encephali Bos taurus L. Pia mater encephali from the calf
Placenta Bos taurus L. Placentomas from the pregnant cow
Pleura Bos taurus L. Pleura parietalis from the calf
Plexus brachialis Bos taurus L. Plexus brachialis from the calf
Plexus cardiacus Bos taurus L. Plexus cardiacus from the calf
Plexus coelacus Bos taurus L. Plexus coeliacus from the calf
Plexus gastricus Bos taurus L. Plexus gastricus from the calf
Plexus Bos taurus L. Venous network in the region of the rectum from
haemorrhoidalis the calf
Plexus lumbalis Bos taurus L. Plexus lumbalis from the calf
Plexus pelvinus Bos taurus L. Plexus pelvinus and Truncus sympathicus from
the region of the pelvis from the calf
Plexus pulmonalis Bos taurus L. Plexus pulmonalis from the calf
(Nervus vagus)
Plexus sacralis Bos taurus L. Plexus sacralis from the calf
Pons Bos taurus L. Pons from the calf
Portio vaginalis Bos taurus L. Portio vaginalis from the cow
Propolis Apis mellifica L. Propolis Ph. Fr.
Prostata Bos taurus L. Prostata from the bull
Pudendum feminium Bos taurus L. Labia vulvae, Klitoris and Glandula vestibularis
major from the cow
Pulmo Bos taurus L. Pulmo from the calf
Pulpa dentis Bos taurus L. Pulpa dentis from the calf
Pylorus Sus scrofa var. Pylorus from the pig
domesticus
Rectum Sus scrofa var. Rectum from the pig
domesticus
Renes Bos taurus L. Renes from the calf
Renes, regio Bos taurus L. Parts of tissue from the Pelvis renalis and
pyelorenalis Medulla renalis from the calf
Reticuloendothelial Bos taurus L. Parts from the thymus gland, lymh nodes, bone
System marrow, liver and spleen from the calf
Retina (et Bos taurus L. Retina et Chorioidea from the calf
Chorioidea)
Sclera Bos taurus L. Sclera from the calf
Sepia Sepia officinalis L. Fresh secretion from ink gland from Sepia
officinalis L.
Sepia gruneris Sepia officinalis L. Dried secretion from ink gland from Sepia HAB
officinalis L.
Sepia officinalis Sepia officinalis L. Dried ink bag Ph. Fr.
Sinus cavernosus- Bos taurus L. Sinus cavernosus-Komplex, Sinus cavernosus,
Komplex Nervus opticus, Nervus oculomotorius, Nervus
trochlearis, Nervus trigeminus and Nervus
abducens from the calf
Spongia tosta Euspongia Toasted Euspongia officinalis L. HAB / Ph. Fr.
officinalis L.
Sympathicus Bos taurus L. Truncus sympathicus from the calf
Tendo Bos taurus L. Tendo from the calf


Testa ovi Gallus Shell of hen’s eggs
domesticus
Testes Bos taurus L. Testes from the bull
Thalamus Bos taurus L. Thalamus from the calf
Thrombocytes Equus przewalskii Thrombocytes from the blood of the horse
f. caballus
Thymus (Glandula) Bos taurus L. Thymus (Glandula) from the calf
Tonsilla pharyngea Bos taurus L. Tonsilla pharyngea from the calf
Tonsillae palatinae Bos taurus L. Tonsillae palatinae from the calf
Trabeculum Bos taurus L. Trabeculum from the calf
Trachea Bos taurus L. Trachea from the calf
Trigonum vesicae et Bos taurus L. Tissue of the vesica from the region of the
Musculus sphincter Trigonum vesicae and muscular tissue from the
sphincter of the Vesica from the calf
Truncus coeliacus Bos taurus L. Arteria coeliaca (Truncus coeliacus) from the calf
Truncus encephali Bos taurus L. Brain stem from the calf
Truncus encephali Bos taurus L. Hypothalamus, Thalamus, Corpora
quadrigemina, Pons, Medulla oblongata from the
calf
Tuba auditiva Bos taurus L. Tuba auditiva from the calf
Tuba uterina Bos taurus L. Tuba uterina from the cow
Tunica mucosa Sus scrofa var. Mucosa from the different regions of the small
intestini tenuis domesticus intestine from the pig
Tunica mucosa nasi Bos taurus L. Tunica mucosa nasi from the calf
Tunica mucosa recti Sus scrofa var. Tunica mucosa recti from the pig
domesticus
Tunica mucosa Sus scrofa var. Mucosa from the different regions of the stomach
ventriculi domesticus from the pig.
Ureter Bos taurus L. Ureter from the calf
Urethra feminina Bos taurus L. Urethra feminina from the calf
Urethra masculina Bos taurus L. Urethra masculina from the calf
Uterus Bos taurus L. Uterus from the cow
Uvea Bos taurus L. Uvea from the calf
Vagina Bos taurus L. Vagina from the cow
Vaginae synoviales Bos taurus L. Tendon sheaths from the regions of the forefoot
tendinum and hind foot from the calf
Valva trunci Bos taurus L. Semilunar valves of the Arteria pulmonalis from
pulmonalis the calf
Valvula aortae Bos taurus L. Semilunar valves of the Aorta from the calf
Valvula mitralis Bos taurus L. Valvula mitralis from the calf
Valvula tricuspidalis Bos taurus L. Valvula tricuspidalis from the calf
Vena cava Bos taurus L. Vena cava, Vena cava cranialis and caudalis
from the calf
Vena femoralis Bos taurus L. Vena femoralis from the calf
Vena portae Bos taurus L. Vena portae from the calf
Vena saphena Bos taurus L. Vena saphena magna from the calf
magna
Vena tibialis Bos taurus L. Vena tibialis from the calf
Ventriculus Sus scrofa var. Ventriculus from the pig
domesticus


Vertebra cervicalis Bos taurus L. Vertebra cervicalis from the calf
Vertebra coccygea Bos taurus L. Vertebra coccygea from the calf
Vertebra lumbalis Bos taurus L. Vertebra lumbalis from the calf
Vesica fellea Bos taurus L. Vesica fellea from the calf
Vesica urinaria Bos taurus L. Vesica urinaria from the calf
Vespa crabro Vespa crabro L. The whole Vespa crabro L. Ph. Fr.
Vespa vulgaris Vespa vulgaris, Living workers of wasps living in buildings, e.g. Ph. Fr.
e.g. Dolichovespula saxonia
Dolichovespula
saxonia
Vipera berus Vipera berus L. Freeze dried venom of Vipera berus L.

Appendix 2.4.:
Starting materials that can be described

chemically

Name of the substance Abbreviated definition AS Reference to

standard
Acidum arsenicosum Arsenious trioxide Ph. Eur.
Acidum benzoicum Benzoic acid AS Ph. Eur.
Acidum citricum monohydricum Citric acid monohydrate Ph. Eur.
Acidum hexachloroplatinicum Hexachloroplatinic acid HAB
Acidum hydrochloricum Dilute hydrochloric acid (Hydrochloric acid 10 HAB / Ph. Eur.
per cent)
Acidum lacticum Lactic acid AS Ph. Eur.
Acidum nitricum Nitric acid Ph. Eur.
Acidum phosphoricum Dilute phosphoric acid Ph. Eur.
Acidum phosphoricum Concentrated phosphoric acid Ph. Eur.
concentratum
Acidum silicicum Precipitated silicon dioxide DAB
Acidum sulphuricum Sulphuric acid Ph. Eur.
Acidum tartaricum Tartaric acid Ph. Eur.
Aesculinum Aesculin DAB / HAB
Aethiops antimonialis see Hydrargyrum stibiato-sulphuratum
Alumen see Aluminium-kalium-sulphuricum
Alumen chromicum Potassium chromium(III) sulphate
Aluminium-kalium-sulphuricum Alum (Aluminium potassium sulphate) Ph. Eur.
Ammoniae solutio concentrata Concentrated ammonia solution Ph. Eur.
Ammonium carbonicum Mixture of ammonium hydrogen carbonate and HAB
ammonium carbamate of varying proportions
Antimonium tartaricum see Kalium stibyltartaricum
Argenti carbonas (Argentum Silver carbonate
carbonicum)
Argentum metallicum Metallic silver HAB
Argentum nitricum Silver nitrate Ph. Eur.
Arsenicum album see Acidum arsenicosum
Aurum chloratum Hydrogen tetrachloroaurate(III) HAB
Aurum chloratum natronatum see Natrium tetrachloroauratum
Aurum metallicum Metallic gold HAB
Aurum metallicum foliatum Gold leaf
Aurum muriaticum natronatum see Natrium tetrachloroauratum
Aurum sulphuratum Mixture of gold(I)- and gold(III) sulphide
Barium citricum Barium citrate
Barium jodatum Barium iodide monohydrate HAB
Bismutum metallicum Metallic bismuth HAB
Bismutum subnitricum Bismuth subnitrate Ph.Eur.
Borax see Natrium tetraboracium
Calcarea formicica (Calcium Calcium formate, obtained from Conchae and
formicicum) Acidum Formicae (see Appendix 2.3.)
Calcii hydroxidum Calcium hydroxide Ph. Eur.
Calcii oxidum Freshly burnt lime or marble
Calcium carbonicum Calcium carbonate Ph. Eur.
Calcium phosphoricum Calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate Ph. Eur.
Calcium sulphuricum Calcium sulphate dihydrate Ph. Eur.
Camphora D-Camphor AS Ph. Eur.
Cerussa see Plumbum subcarbonicum
Chininum sulphuricum Quinine sulphate Ph. Eur.


standard
Chlorophyllum Water-soluble purified copper complex of an
extract from grass which by sodium base
hydrolysis is water-soluble. Main constituents
are sodium salts of chlorophylline a and b
Cholesterinum Cholesterol (Ovis aries L.) AS HAB / Ph. Eur.
Cinnabaris see Hydrargyrum sulphuratum rubrum
Cobaltum metallicum Metallic cobalt HAB
Creosotum Mixture of guaiacol, creosol and cresols HAB
obtained by distillation of beech tar. (Fagus
silvatica L.)
Cupric tetrammine sulphate [Tetramminecopper(II) sulphate monohydrate]
monohydrate
Cupro-Stibium Alloy of 1 part of Copper and 1 part of
antimony
Cuprum aceticum Copper(II) acetate HAB
Cuprum citricum Copper(II) citrate
Cuprum metallicum Metallic copper AS Ph. Eur.
Cuprum oxydulatum rubrum Copper(I) oxide AS
Cuprum sulphuricum Copper(II) sulphate pentathydrate Ph. Eur.
Ferrosi sulphas see Ferrum sulphuricum
Ferrum citricum Iron(III) citrate, containing not less than 18.0
and not more than 20.0 per cent of Fe (Ar
55.85)
Ferrum gluconicum Iron(II) gluconate (Ferrous gluconate)
Ferrum metallicum Iron obtained by reduction or sublimation Ph.Eur.
Ferrum metallicum reductum Iron obtained by reduction of the mineral HAB
Siderite
Ferrum phosphoricum Hydrated iron(III) phosphate HAB
Ferrum sesquichloratum Aqueous solution of iron(III) chloride HAB
hexahydrate
Ferrum sulphuricum Ferrous sulphate heptahydrate Ph. Eur.
Ferrum ustum Iron(II, III) oxide - obtained by glowing and
forging metallic iron - containing not less than
71.0 and not more than 75.0 per cent of Fe (Ar
55.85)
Ferrum(III)-kalium-tartaricum Iron(III) potassium tartrate (Ferric potassium
tartrate)
Glonoinum Solution of glycerol trinitrate (1 per cent) in HAB
Ethanol 96 per cent
Hydrargyri sulphas Mercury(II) sulphate AS
Hydrargyrum bichloratum Mercury(II) chloride HAB
Hydrargyrum bicyanatum Mercury(II) cyanide HAB
Hydrargyrum biiodatum Mercury(II) iodide HAB
Hydrargyrum chloratum Mercury(I) chloride HAB
Hydrargyrum metallicum Metallic mercury HAB
Hydrargyrum nitricum Mercury(I) nitrate dihydrate HAB
oxydulatum
Hydrargyrum stibiato- Trituration of equal parts of Stibium HAB
sulphuratum sulphuratum nigrum and Hydrargyrum
sulphurartum nigrum


standard
Hydrargyrum sulphuratum Mixture of mainly mercury(II) sulphide and HAB
nigrum Sulphur
Hydrargyrum sulphuratum Red mercury(II)-sulphide HAB
rubrum
Jodum Iodine Ph. Eur.
Kalii hydrogenosulphas Potassium hydrogen sulphate R Ph. Eur.
Kalium arsenicosum Potassium arsenite Ph. Fr.
Kalium bichromicum Potassium dichromate HAB
Kalium bisulphuricum see Kalium hydrogenosulphas
Kalium carbonicum Potassium carbonate Ph. Eur.
Kalium chloratum Potassium chloride Ph. Eur.
Kalium iodatum Potassium iodide Ph. Eur.
Kalium nitricum Potassium nitrate Ph. Eur.
Kalium phosphoricum Potassium dihydrogen phosphate Ph. Eur.
Kalium stibyltartaricum Potassium di µ tartratobis[antimonate(III)] HAB
trihydrate
Kalium sulphuratum Crude sulphurated potash, containing a
mixture of mainly potassium trisulphide and
potassium metabisulphite (dipotassium
pyrosulphite)
Kalium sulphuricum Potassium sulphate Ph. Eur.
Liquor natrii silicici Sodium silicate solution (water glass, soluble DAB 6
glass) containing 35 per cent of changing
amounts of sodium trisilicate and sodium
tetrasilicate
Lithium carbonicum Lithium carbonate Ph. Eur
Magnesium chloratum Magnesium chloride hexahydrate Ph. Eur.
Magnesium hydroxydatum Magnesium hydroxide Ph. Eur.
Magnesium metallicum Metallic magnesium AS HAB
Magnesium phosphoricum Magnesium hydrogen phosphate trihydrate Ph. Eur.
Magnesium phosphoricum Aqueous solution of magnesium dihydrogen
acidum 20% phosphate (20 per cent m/m)
Magnesium sulphuricum Magnesium sulphate heptahydrate Ph. Eur.
Mercurius auratus Gold-mercury alloy, containing at least 32.0
and not more than 35.0 per cent Au (Ar
196,97) and at least 65.0 and not more than
68.0 per cent Hg (Ar 200,59)
Mercurius bijodatus see Hydrargyrum biiodatum
Mercurius cyanatus see Hydrargyrum bicyanatum
Mercurius dulcis see Hydrargyrum chloratum
Mercurius solubilis Mixture of mainly mercury(II) amidonitrate and HAB
Hahnemanni metallic mercury
Mercurius sublimatus see Hydrargyrum bichloratum
corrosivus
Mercurius vivus see Hydrargyrum metallicum
Minium Minium [red lead, lead(II,IV) oxide] HAB
Natrii carbonas decahydricus Sodium carbonate decahydrate Ph. Eur.
Natrium carbonicum Sodium carbonate monohydrate AS Ph. Eur.
Natrium chloratum Sodium chloride Ph. Eur.
Natrium phosphoricum Disodium phosphate dodecahydrate Ph. Eur.


standard
Natrium sulphuricum Anhydrous sodium sulphate Ph. Eur.
Natrium tetraboracium Borax Ph. Eur.
Natrium tetrachloroauratum Sodium tetrachloroaurate(III) dihydrate HAB
Petroleum rectificatum Petroleum spirit boiling between 180 and 220 AS HAB
°C obtained by rectification of crude oil
Phosphorus Yellow phosphorus AS HAB
Phosphorus ruber Red amorphous phosphorus
Phosphorus metallicus (niger) Black metallic phosphorus
Platinum chloratum see Acidum hexachloroplatinicum
Platinum metallicum Metallic platin AS HAB
Plumbum aceticum Lead(II) acetate HAB
Plumbum jodatum Lead(II) iodide
Plumbum metallicum Metallic lead HAB
Plumbum silicicum Lead(II) meta silicate, obtained by smelting
Cerussit and Quartz.
Plumbum subcarbonicum Basic lead(II) carbonate
Saccharum Lactis Lactose-Monohydrate (Bos taurus L.) Ph. Eur.
Saccharum Sacchari Sucrose obtained from the stems of Ph. Eur.
Saccharum officinarum L.
Silicea see Acidum silicicum
Silicea colloidalis Colloidal silica, directly obtained in the AS
manufacture of the finished product by reaction
of adjusted amounts of aqueous solutions of
sodium silicate and citric acid monohydrate.
Stannosi chloridum dihydricum Stannous chloride dihydrate Ph. Eur.
Stannum hydroxydatum Tin(II) hydroxide
Stannum metallicum Metallic tin AS HAB
Stannum silicicum Mixture or melt from silica hydroxide and
Tin(II,IV) hydroxide, with a content of at least
47.0 per cent am not more than 57 per cent Sn
(Ar 118,71).
Stibium arsenicosum Mixture of equal parts of antimony(V) oxide HAB
and arsenic(III) oxide
Stibium metallicum Metallic antimony HAB
Stibium sulphuratum Mixture of antimony(V) sulphide and Sulphur HAB
aurantiacum
Stibium sulphuratum nigrum Antimony(III) sulphide HAB

Sulphur Sublimed Sulphur AS HAB
Sulphur iodatum Cooled melt of Sulphur and iodine HAB
Sulphur iodatum Mixture of 4 parts of iodine and 1 part of Ph. Fr.
Sulphur carefully smelted together
Sulphur selenosum Mixture obtained by smelting 1 part of Selen
together with 99 parts of Sulphur.
Tartarus depuratus Potassium hydrogen tartrate from purified Ph.Eur.
tartar
Tartarus stibiatus see Kalium stibyltartaricum
Zincum isovalerianicum Zinc isovalerate dihydrate HAB
Zincum metallicum Metallic zinc AS HAB
Zincum valerianicum see Zincum isovalerianicum

Appendix 2.5.:
Starting materials that have undergone

special treatment


standard (for the
plant)
Aconitum napellus L. Plumbo Whole fresh plants of Aconitum napellus L., (HAB)
cultum collected at the start of flowering (pre-treated
with a lead containing fertilizer).
Atropa bella-donna L. Cupro Whole fresh plants of Atropa bella-donna L.,
culta without woody lower stem sections, collected at
the end of flowering (pre-treated with a copper
containing fertilizer).
Chamomilla recutita (L.) Fresh underground parts of Chamomilla
Rauschert cupro culta recutita (L.) Rauschert (pre-treated with a
copper containing fertilizer).
Chelidonium majus L. Ferro Fresh rhizome and adherent roots of (HAB)
cultum Chelidonium majus L., collected during late
autumn or on the appearance of the first shoots
(pre-treated with a iron containing fertilizer).
Cichorium intybus L. Plumbo Whole fresh flowering plants of Cichorium (HAB)
cultum intybus L. (pre-treated with a lead containing
fertilizer).
Cichorium intybus L. Stanno Whole fresh flowering plants of Cichorium (HAB)
cultum intybus L. (pre-treated with a tin containing
fertilizer).
Cichorium intybus L. Stanno Fresh root of Cichorium intybus L. ssp. intybus
cultum, Radix and Cichorium intybus L. ssp. sativum (DC)
Janchen, collected at flowering time (pre-
treated with a tin containing fertilizer).
Equisetum arvense L. Silicea Fresh green sterile aerial parts of Equisetum
cultum arvense L. (pre-treated with a silicate
Hypericum perforatum L. Auro Fresh aerial parts of Hypericum perforatum L., (HAB)
cultum collected at flowering time (pre-treated with a
gold containing fertilizer).
Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Fresh leaves of Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) (HAB)
Pers. Argento culta Pers., harvested in the first year of growth (pre-
treated with a silver containing fertilizer).
Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Fresh leaves of Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) (HAB)
Pers. Mercurio culta Pers., harvested in the first year of growth (pre-
treated with a mercury containing fertilizer).
Melissa officinalis L. Cupro Fresh aerial parts of Melissa officinalis L. (pre- (HAB)
culta treated with a copper containing fertilizer).
Nasturtium officinale R. Br. Fresh aerial parts of Nasturtium officinale R. (HAB)
Mercurio cultum Br., collected at flowering time (pre-treated with
a mercury containing fertilizer).
Nicotiana tabacum L. Cupro Fresh leaves of Nicotiana tabacum L. (pre- (HAB)
culta treated with a copper containing fertilizer).
Primula veris L. Auro culta Fresh flowers of Primula veris L. (pre-treated
with a gold containing fertilizer).
Taraxacum officinale agg. F.H. Whole fresh flowering plants of Taraxacum (HAB)
Wigg. stanno cultum officinale agg. F.H. Wigg. (pre-treated with a tin


standard (for the
plant)
Thuja occidentalis L. Argento Fresh, leafy, one-year-old twigs of Thuja (HAB)
culta occidentalis L. (pre-treated with a silver
Urtica dioica L. Ferro culta Fresh aerial parts of Urtica dioica L, collected
at flowering time (pre-treated with an iron
Urtica dioica L. Ferro culta Fresh underground parts of Urtica dioica L.,
collected at flowering time (pre-treated with an
iron containing fertilizer).
Urtica dioica L. Ferro culta Dried aerial parts of Urtica dioica L., collected
at flowering time (pre-treated with an iron

Appendix 2.6.:
Compositions
Note: Substances marked with "AS" are also used as active substances.

Name of the AS Scientific name of Preparation method

substance ingredients
Alkali comp. Commiphora Jacq. Alkali comp. is made from: Potassium carbonate / Trona /
species (Myrrh)/ Quartz and Myrrh. Potassium carbonate, Trona and Quartz are
Kalium carbonicum / intensively triturated and mixed with an organic binder (Myrrh).
Quarz / Trona
Anis-Pyrit Pimpinella anisum L. 1 g Anis-Pyrit contains: Pimpinella anisum, Fructus tostus 0.33 g
/ Pyrite / Saccharum / Pyrit 0.33 g / Saccharum tostum 0.33 g.
officinarum L. Warmed Pyrite powder and melted Cane sugar are thoroughly
mixed, the powdered Anisseed added, with final thorough
mixing.
Apis cum Apis mellifica L. / 1 g Apis cum Levistico Ø (= D1) is made from 0.1 g Apis
Levistico Levisticum officinale mellifica / 0.1 g aqueous extract of Levisticum, Radix (Drug to
W. D. J. Koch extract = 4:1). The bees are killed, comminuted and mixed with
(Radix) a freshly prepared aqueous extract of Levisticum, Radix (Drug to
extract = 4:1) and Glycerol 85%. The liquid is further processed
immediately.
Argentum-Corpus Argentum Fresh eye ball (Corpus vitreum) is cleaned and mixed with a
vitreum metallicum / Corpus solution made of Silver nitrate, concentrated ammonia solution
vitreum (Bos taurus and purified water and mixed. After addition of a solution of
L. or Oryctolagus Glucose monohydrate in purified water the mixture is gently
cunniculus L.) warmed so that the Silver is reduced to the metal. After filtering,
the residue is dried with Lactose Monohydrate, being adjusted to
give a final Silver content of 1%.
Arnica-Cerebrum Arnica montana L. / 1 g Arnica-Cerebrum D1 contains: Arnica, Planta tota, pressed
Cerebrum, juice 0.05 g/ Cerebrum 0.05 g (Cerebrum = Cerebrum,
Cerebellum, Brain Cerebellum, Brain stem = 2+1+1). The cleaned ingredients of
stem (Bos taurus L. Cerebrum are mixed with the fresh pressed plant juice of Arnica
or Oryctolagus montana and intensively triturated. Water for injection is added
cuniculus L.) and the mixture potentised to make the D1 potency.
The D1 potency is further processed immediately.
Calcium silicicum Arnica montana L. / Calcium silicicum comp. is manufactured from: Silicate melt
comp. Calcii oxidum / (obtained from Quartz / Potassium carbonate / Calcium oxide) /
Camphora / Kalium Arnica latex / Dried Extract of Oak bark / Camphor / Essential oil
carbonicum / Quarz / from Arnica montana root / fresh wheat gluten. The Silicate melt
Quercus robur L. is triturated with a mixture of the Arnica latex and dried extract of
and Quercus Oak bark. Finally the Camphor and essential oil of Arnica is
petraea (Matt.) Liebl. added. The whole is further triturated well, fresh wheat gluten
/ Triticum aestivum added and the whole kneaded to make a paste. This is then
L. emend Fiori et dried and powdered.
Paol.
Carbo Betulae Betula pendula Roth Carbo Betulae (Charcoal from the Birch) saturated with Methane
cum Methano / Methane is used: Powdered Carbo Betulae is heated under a vacuum.
After heating and during cooling Carbo Betulae is saturated with
Methane.
Causticum Calcium hydroxide / HAB
Hahnemanni Kalii
hydrogenosulphas
Causticum Calcii oxidum / Kalii Ph. Fr.

hydrogenosulphas


Chinetum Cinchona Arsenic acid - bound alkaloid complex obtained from the bark of
arsenicosum pubescens Vahl Cinchona pubescens Vahl
Cinis e fructibus AS Avena sativa L. / 1. Cinis e fructibus Avenae sativae (Ash of the fruit of Avena
Avenae sativae Magnesium sativa, oats): Oats are moistened with water to start germination,
cum Magnesio phosphoricum dried and ashed.
phosphorico 2. Ash of oats with Magnesium hydrogen phosphate: Equal
parts of ash of oats and Magnesium hydrogen phosphate are
mixed together.
Cinis Capsellae AS Artemisia absinthium Cinis Capsellae comp. is made from: water soluble salts of-ash
comp. L. / Capsella bursa- from Absinthii herba, Capsellae bursae-pastoris herba;
pastoris (L.) Med. / Plantaginis lanceolatae herba / Potassium carbonate / Halite /
Cuprum sulphuricum Ferrous sulphate/ Copper sulphate/ Basic lead (II) carbonate
/ Ferrum (Cerussa). The plants are ashed. The water soluble ash salts,
sulphuricum / Halite / Potassium carbonate, Halite, Copper sulphate and Ferrous
Kalium carbonicum / sulphate are mixed together. Wine vinegar, in which fresh Rose
Plantago lanceolata petals have been soaked, is added. After the reaction is
L. / Plumbum completed, Cerussa is added. After completion of the reaction
subcarbonicum / the substance is dried in a desiccator and powdered.
Rosa centifolia L. /
Vitis vinifera L.
Cissus - Ossa Aves variae, e.g. 1 g Cissus-Ossa contains: Ethanolic extract from: Cissus
Phasianus colchicus gongylodes, aerial root 0.5 g/ Ossa 0.5 g. The bones of
Linnaeus (Ossae) / Partridge or Pheasant are cleaned, boiled, powdered and mixed
Cissus gongylodes with equal parts of Lactose Monohydrate. To this mixture add
(Bak.) Burch. the mother tincture of Cissus gongylodes, aerial roots dried
(HAB, Method 3c).
Corpus vitreum / Corpus vitreum (Bos 1 g Corpus vitreum-Stannum D1 contains: Corpus vitreum 0.08
Stannum taurus L. or g / Stannum hydroxydatum 0.02 g. A solution of Tin (II) chloride
Oryctolagus in purified water is mixed with a solution of Sodium carbonate in
cuniculus L.) / purified water. The resulting precipitate (Stannum hydroxatum)
Stannum is added to fresh, minced Corpus vitreum and thoroughly mixed.
hydroxatum The mixture is diluted in the proportion 1:10 with water for
injection to make the D1 potency. The D1 potency is further
processed immediately.
Cuprum-Ren Glandula 1 g Cuprum-Ren (= D1) contains: Glandula suprarenalis 0.023 g
suprarenalis / Renes / Ren 0.060 g / Tetrammine copper(II) sulphate 0.017 g. The
(Bos taurus L. or fresh, cleaned animal ingredient is mixed with a small amount of
Oryctolagus water for injection and Tetrammine copper (II) sulphate, and
cuniculus L.) / triturated together. Afterwards the rest of the water for injection
Tetrammine is added to make the D1 potency, and the solution is potentised.
copper(II) sulphate The D1 potency is further processed immediately.
Equisetum cum Equisetum arvense Equisetum cum Sulphure tostum is made from Equisetum
Sulphure tostum L. / Sulphur arvense, Herba tosta / Sulphur. Equisetum arvense Herba is
mixed with the Sulphur and roasted.
Ferrum Ferrum metallicum Ferrum hydroxydatum is manufactured from Ferrum metallicum
hydroxydatum reductum/ Vitis reductum and wine vinegar.
vinifera L. Iron that previously has been obtained from Siderite by
reduction, is covered with a Wine vinegar solution and lightly
warmed for several days. Then the solution is filtered, and the
residue washed and left to react with air. The oxidised Iron is
reduced to powder.


Ferrum pomatum AS Ferrum metallicum / 1 g of the D1 contains: Fe 5 mg. Unripe apples are pressed; the
Malus sylvestris Mill. juice is mixed with Ferrum metallicum. The mixture is left for
several days and then warmed to about 50 °C. Afterwards the
solution is filtered and mixed with Ethanol 96%.
Ferrum-Quartz Ferrum sulphuricum, A mixture of Ferrous sulphate, Honey, White wine, and
Mel, Quartz, Vinum calcinated Quartz is made. This mixture is heated and dried
(Vitis vinifera L.) under vacuum.
Ferrum rosatum Ferrum sidereum / Ferrum rosatum is a tincture manufactured from Rosa centifolia
Rosa centifolia L. fresh flowers to which Ferrum sidereum D1 is added in a
concentration of 1% with respect to the fresh plant.
Hepar-Magnesium Hepar (Bos taurus L. 1 g Hepar-Magnesium D1 contains: Hepar 0.06 g / Magnesium
or Oryctolagus hydroxydatum 0.04 g. A solution of Magnesium chloride in
cuniculus L.) / purified water is mixed with a solution of Sodium hydroxide in
Magnesium purified water. The resulting precipitate (Magnesium
hydroxydatum hydroxyatum) is mixed with chopped pieces of liver and then
together with honey, it is finely triturated. The mixture is mixed
with water for injection (HAB, Method 5b) or Glycerol 85% (HAB,
Method 42), and potentised to make the D1 potency. This D1
potency is used immediately.
Hepar-Stannum Hepar (Bos taurus L. 1 g Hepar-Stannum contains: Hepar 0.08 g / Stannum
or Oryctolagus hydroxydatum 0.02 g. A solution of Tin (II) chloride in purified
cuniculus L.) / water is mixed with a solution of Sodium carbonate in purified
Stannum water. The resulting precipitate (Stannum hydroxyatum) is mixed
hydroxydatum with chopped pieces of liver and then with honey thoroughly
triturated. The mixture is mixed with water for injection (HAB,
Method 5b) or Glycerol 85% (HAB, Method 42), and potentised
to make the D1 potency. This D1 potency is used immediately.
Hepar sulphuris Ostrea edulis L. / HAB
Sulphur
Kalium aceticum Antimonite / Kalium aceticum comp. is manufactured from:
comp. Corallium rubrum L. / Potassium carbonate / Distilled wine vinegar / Antimonite /
Crocus sativus L. / Crocus sativus tincture / Spiritus e Vino / Corallium rubrum.
Kalium carbonicum /
Acetum Vini Potassium carbonate / Distilled wine vinegar / Antimonite /
destillatum (Vitis Crocus sativus tincture / Corallium rubrum and Spiritus e Vino
vinifera L.) / Spiritus are stepwise combined and repeatedly distilled. The resultant
e Vino (Vitis vinifera dried residue is used.
L.)
Kalium AS Fagus silvatica L. Beechwood is ashed. One part of ash and 2.5 parts of distilled
carbonicum e water are mixed and repeatedly stirred. The mixture is filtered,
cinere Fagi and the insoluble residue discarded. The filtrate is evaporated to
silvaticae dryness. The dry residue is subjected to this process two more
times.
Lapis Cancri Astacus astacus L. / Lapis Cancri praeparatus is prepared through treating a mixture
praeparatus Flint / Vitis vinifera L. of equal parts of powdered Flint and Lapis Cancri with distilled
Wine vinegar.
Lapis Cancri / Astacus astacus L. / 1 g Lapis Cancri / /Flint contains: Lapis Cancri 0.5 g / Flint 0.5 g:
Flint Flint Finely powdered Lapis Cancri and Flint are thoroughly mixed
with Spirito e Vino and the slurry treated with water. The
resultant dry residue is the substance.


Myrrha comp. Aurum metallicum 1 g Myrrha comp. D1 is made from: Myrrha 0.1 g / Aurum
foliatum / Boswellia metallicum foliatum (gold leaf) 0.001 g and Olibanum. Myrrha
species / and gold leaf are bound together with the aid of heat, incense
Commiphora Jacq. smoke (from Olibanum) is passed through the mixture. This
species composition is stirred into molten Lactose monohydrate. After
cooling it is triturated for one hour by hand.
Onopordum Onopordum Digestio prepared from 1 part of the fresh flowerheads of
acanthium, Flos acanthium L. / Onopordum acanthium L. and 3.1 parts of ethanol of suitable
rec., with 0.1-1% Hyoscyamus niger L. concentration or water for injections and the addition of 0.004 to
Hyoscyamus 0.04 parts (corresponding to 0.1 to 1%) of Hyoscyamus niger L.,
niger, Herba rec. Herba, Mother tincture (HAB, method 2a).
Ø (plant to
extraction fluid =
1:3.1)
Plantago Plantago lanceolata Digestio prepared from 1 part of the fresh leaves of Plantago
lanceolata, Folium L. / Hyoscyamus lanceolata L. and 3.1 parts of ethanol of suitable concentration
rec., with 1-2% niger L. or water for injections and the addition of 0.04 to 0.08 parts
Hyoscyamus (corresponding to 1 to 2%) of Hyoscyamus niger L., Herba,
niger, Herba rec. Mother tincture (HAB, method 2a).
Ø (plant to
extraction fluid =
1:3.1)
Plumbum mellitum Plumbum metallicum Plumbum mellitum is prepared from Lead, Honey and Cane
/ Mel / Saccharum sugar. A depression is introduced into a sheet of lead, this is
officinarum L. filled with honey, and the whole covered with liquid lead. After
cooling it is cut into small pieces, made molten again and then
laid out as a sheet with depressions once more. These are filled
this time with Cane sugar and covered with molten lead. After
cooling it is finely grated and the D1 prepared by trituration with
Lactose monohydrate.
Primula veris, Flos Primula veris L. / Digestio prepared from 1 part of the fresh flowers of Primula
rec., with 0.1-1% Hyoscyamus niger L. veris L. and 3.1 parts of ethanol of suitable concentration or
Hyoscyamus water for injections and the addition of 0.004 to 0.04 parts
niger, Herba rec. (corresponding to 0.1 to 1%) of Hyoscyamus niger L., Herba,
Ø (plant to Mother tincture (HAB, method 2a).
extraction fluid =
1:3.1)
Primula veris, Flos Primula veris L. / Prepared by temperature steered digestio from 1 part of the
rec., with 0.6% Hyoscyamus niger L. fresh flowers of Primula veris L. and 12.35 parts of ethanol of
Hyoscyamus suitable concentration and the addition of 0.08 parts
niger, Herba rec. (corresponding to 0.6%) of Hyoscyamus niger L., Herba, Mother
Ø (plant to tincture (HAB, method 2a).
extraction fluid =
1:12.35)


Quartz cum Ferro Ferrosi sulphas / 5 parts of Quartz are incinerated to red heat at 800°C and
sulphurico Quartz afterwards cut into small pieces. The Quartz is triturated with
9.15 parts of Ferrous sulphate. 20 parts of white wine are
heated to boiling, and after cooling to 35 °C, made into a paste
with the Quartz and Ferrous sulphate mixture. 10 parts of Honey
and 20 parts of Lactose are added and they are mixed well
together. The mixture is placed under vacuum and dried at a
suitable minimum temperature. While still warm, the tough brittle
substance is triturated with enough Lactose to make 100 parts
(Mother substance=D1).
Quercus Quercus robur L., 1. Oak bark ash: Oak bark is cut into pieces and reduced to ash.
robur/petrae e Quercus petraea The ash is spread out for a week in the air, in a thin layer and
cortice cum Calcio (Matt.) Liebl. turned daily. It is then made into a slurry with Carbon dioxide
carbonico saturated water.
2. Saturated solution of Oak bark ash: 0.1 part of cleaned Oak

bark ash is mixed with 6100 parts of purified water (when
solutions for injections are being prepared, water for injections is
used) and boiled under reflux for 5 minutes. The cooled solution
is filtered (for solutions for injections it is decanted). The result is
a saturated aqueous solution of Calcium carbonicum e cinerere
Quercus (= Calcium carbonicum Solutum).
3. Quercus robur/petrae e cortice cum Calcio carbonico Solution

= D6: Boiled Oak bark according to HAB Method 23a (Ø=D1) is
Oak bark ash potentised to D6 with Calcium carbonicum
Solutum.
Silex – Lapis Silex (Flint) / Kalium Calcium silicate is precipitated by adding an aqueous solution of
cancri solutus nitricum / Lapis Potassium silicate (made from Flint and Potassium nitrate) to an
cancri / Acetum Vini aqueous solution of Calcium acetate (made from Lapis Cancri
dest. (Vitis vinifera and distilled Wine vinegar in several steps) and dissolved in
L.) distilled Wine vinegar to give a clear solution.
Solutio alkalina Composted Leafy An aqueous solution made from the ash of a special compost.
plants / Cream of Compost production proceeds with green parts of plants, soil
Tartar and a preparation from Tartar.
Solutio Ferri Kalium carbonicum / Solutio Ferri comp. is prepared from: Potassium carbonate /
comp. Ferrum(III)-Kalium- Ferric potassium tartrate / Sulphur / Trona / Acidum tartaricum.
tartaricum / Sulphur / Potassium carbonate, Trona and Sulphur are melted together.
Trona / Acidum The resulting melt is dissolved in distilled water and alternately
tartaricum heated and subjected to an intensive air-stream . After this
procedure Ferric potassium tartrate and Acidum tartaricum are
added. The resulting substance is exposed to the light.
Solutio Sacchari Acidum sulphuricum Solutio Sacchari comp. is made from: Carbo Betulae /
comp. / Betula pendula Potassium carbonate / Ferric potassium tartrate / Honey /
Roth / Kalium Quartz / Trona. Potassium carbonate, Quartz and Carbo Betulae
carbonicum/ are melted together. The melt is dissolved in water to produce a
Ferrum(III)-Kalium- clear solution, to which diluted Sulphuric acid, Honey and Ferric
tartaricum / Mel / potassium tartrate are added.
Quartz / Trona


Solutio Siliceae Kalium carbonicum / Solutio Siliceae comp. is prepared from:Potassium carbonate /
comp. Marmor / Quartz / Marmor / Quartz / Trona and Sulphur.
Sulphur / Trona Quartz, Potassium carbonate and Trona are melted together
and subsequently a clear aqueous solution is produced. In a
further step Marble is added and vapour from burning Sulphur is
passed through the mixture followed by air.
Stannum mellitum Stannum metallicum Stannum mellitum is manufactured from Tin with Honey and
/ Mel / Saccharum Cane sugar.
officinarum L. A depression is introduced into a sheet of tin, this is filled with
liquid honey, and the whole covered with molten tin. After
cooling it is cut into small pieces, spread out into a new sheet
with a depression worked into it. The depressions are filled with
sugar this time and covered with molten tin. After cooling it is
finely grated and triturated with Lactose monohydrate to produce
the D1.
Trabeculum Acidum Formicae / 1 g of Trabeculum comp. (=D1) is prepared from: 0.1 g
comp. Ammoniae solutio Trabeculum / 0.1 g Acidum Formicae (5%) / 0.005 g Cuprum
concentrata 25% / sulphuricum / 0.007 g Ammoniae solutio concentrata / 0.03 g
Cuprum sulphuricum Hydrargyrum biiodatum / 0.0225 g Kalium iodatum.
/ Hydrargyrum Trabeculum is treated with an aqueous solution of Acidum
biiodatum / Kalium Formicae to make a pulp with a smooth consistency and then
iodatum / mixed with an Ammoniacal solution of Copper sulphate. Then a
Trabeculum (Bos solution of Mercury (II) iodide and Potassium iodide and finally
taurus L.) Lactose monohydrate is added. After drying, the whole mixture
is rubbed to a uniform powder.
Uvea comp. Acidum Formicae / 1 g Uvea comp. contains: Uvea bovis 1.00 g / Magnesium
Acidum ascorbicum / phosphoricum acidum 0.10 g / Acidum ascorbicum 0.10 g /
Liquor natrii silicici / Ferrum sulphuricum 0.33 g / Liquor natrii silicici 1.00 g /
Ferrosi sulphas / Hyoscyamus niger, Planta tota Rh Ø (HAB, Method 21) 1.00 g.
Hyoscyamus niger L. Uvea is treated with an aqueous solution of Acidum Formicae to
/ Magnesium make a pulp with a smooth consistency and then mixed with a
phosphoricum solution of Magnesium phosphate dihydrate and Sodium silicate.
acidum / Uvea (Bos Then an aqueous solution of Ferrous sulphate and Ascorbic acid
taurus L.) are added, and finally Hyoscyamus Planta tota Rh Ø is added.
After drying, the substance is powdered.
Viscum Mali cum Viscum album L. / Fermented aqueous extract prepared from the fresh plant
Argento Argentum excluding haustorium of Viscum album ssp. album L. (Host tree:
carbonicum Malus domestica Boekh.; Apple tree) with addition of silver
carbonate (10-8 mg per 100 mg fresh plant).
Cupro Cuprum carbonicum excluding haustorium of Viscum album ssp. album L. (Host tree:
(Malachite) Malus domestica Boekh.; Apple tree) with addition of copper
carbonate (Malachite) (10-8 mg per 100 mg fresh plant).
Hydrargyro Hydrargyrum excluding haustorium of Viscum album ssp. album L. (Host tree:
sulphuricum Malus domestica Boekh.; Apple tree) with addition of mercury
sulphate (10-8 mg per 100 mg fresh plant).
Viscum Pini cum Viscum album L. / Fermented aqueous extract prepared from the fresh plant
Hydrargyro Hydrargyrum excluding haustorium of Viscum album ssp. austriacum (Wiesb.)
sulphuricum Vollmann (Host tree: Pinus sylvestris L.; Pine) with addition of
mercury sulphate (10-8 mg per 100 mg fresh plant).


Viscum Quercus Viscum album L. / Fermented aqueous extract prepared from the fresh plant
cum Argento Argentum excluding haustorium of Viscum album ssp. album L. (Host tree:
carbonicum Quercus robur L., Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.; Oak) with
addition of silver carbonate (10-8 mg per 100 mg fresh plant).
cum Cupro Cuprum carbonicum excluding haustorium of Viscum album ssp. album L. (Host tree:
(Malachite) Quercus robur L., Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.; Oak) with
addition of copper carbonate (Malachite) (10-8 mg per 100 mg
fresh plant).
cum Hydrargyro Hydrargyrum excluding haustorium of Viscum album ssp. album L. (Host tree:
sulphuricum Quercus robur L., Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.; Oak) with
addition of mercury sulphate (10-8 mg per 100 mg fresh plant).
Viscum Ulmi cum Viscum album L. / Fermented aqueous extract prepared from the fresh plant
Hydrargyro Hydrargyrum excluding haustorium of Viscum album ssp. album L. (Host tree:
sulphuricum Ulmus caprinifolia Gled. [Ulmus campestris L.], Ulmus glabra
Huds.; Elm) with addition of mercury sulphate (10-8 mg per 100
mg fresh plant).

Other Links to the HAB and to the HPUS

HAB Monographs of substances used in anthroposophic pharmacy
Achillea millefolium Barium iodatum

Achillea ferm 33d Bellis perennis
Acidum arsenicosum Berberis vulgaris e fructibus
Acidum hydrochloricum Berberis vulgaris e fructibus Rh
Acidum lacticum Betula pendula e foliis
Acidum nitricum Betula pendula ex cortice, ethanol. Decoctum
Acidum phosphoricum Betula pendula ferm 34e
Acidum silicicum Bismutum metallicum
Acidum sulphuricum Bryonia
Aconitum napellus Bryonia cretica ferm 33b
Aconitum napellus Rh Calcium carbonicum Hahnemanni
Adonis vernalis ethanol.Digestio Calendula
Adonis vernalis ferm 33d Calendula officinalis 2a
Aesculinum Camphora
Aesculus hippocastanum Capsella bursa-pastoris, ethanol. Infusum
Aesculus hippocastanum ex cortice, ethanol. Capsicum annuum
Decoctum Carbo vegetabilis
Agropyron repens Carum carvi, ethanol. Decoctum
Allium cepa Caulophyllum thalictroides
Allium cepa ferm 34a Cephaelis ipecacuanha, ethanol.Decoctum
Allium sativum Cerussit
Aluminium-kalium-sulphuricum Chalkosin
Amanita phalloides Chamomilla recutita
Ammi visnaga Chamomilla recutita Rh
Ammonium carbonicum Chelidonium majus
Anamirta cocculus Chelidonium majus Rh
Angelica archangelica, ethanol. Decoctum Chelidonium majus e floribus, ethanol. Digestio
Antimonit Cholesterolum
Apatit Chrysanthemum vulgare
Apis mellifica Chrysolith
Apisinum Cichorium intybus, ethanol. Decoctum
Aralia racemosa Cichorium intybus Rh
Argentit Cimicifuga racemosa, ethanol.Decoctum
Argentum colloidale Cinchona succirubra, ethanol. Decoctum
Argentum metallicum Citrullus colocynthis
Argentum nitricum Cnicus benedictus, ethanol. Decoctum
Arisaema triphyllum Cobaltum metallicum
Aristolochia clematitis Cochlearia officinalis
Arnica montana Colchicum autumnale, ethanol.Digestio
Arnica montana e flore H 10% Colchicum autumnale Rh
Arnica montana ex planta tota Conium maculatum
Arnica montana ex planta tota Rh Convallaria majalis
Artemisia abrotanum Convallaria majalis, ethanol.Digestio
Artemisia absinthium Corallium rubrum
Asa foetida Crataegus, ethanolische Digestio 18d
Asarum europaeum Cuprit
Atropa bella-donna Cuprum aceticum
Atropa bella-donna Rh Cuprum metallicum
Aurum chloratum Cuprum sulphuricum
Aurum metallicum Cyclamen purpurascens
Avena sativa 2b Cytisus scoparius
Avena sativa tota ferm 33c Dactylopius coccus

Daphne mezereum Kalium bichromicum

Datura stramonium Kalium carbonicum
Delphinium staphisagria Kalium iodatum
Dioptas Kalium phosphoricum
Drosera Kalium stibyltartaricum
Dyskrasit Kalium sulphuricum
Echinacea Kalmia latifolia
Echinacea purpurea ex planta tota Kieserit
Ephedra distachya Krameria triandra
Equisetum arvense, ethanol.Decoctum Kreosotum
Equisetum arvense Rh Lachesis mutus
Eucalyptus globulus Lavandula angustifolia
Eupatorium perfoliatum Lavandula angustifolia e floribus siccatis
Euphorbium Ledum palustre
Euphrasia 3c Leonurus cardiaca 3b
Euphrasia ferm 33c Levisticum officinale, ethanol. Decoctum
Euspongia officinalis Levisticum officinale Rh
Ferrum metallicum Lilium lancifolium
Ferrum phosphoricum Lobaria pulmonaria
Ferrum sesquichloratum solutum Lobelia inflata
Ferrum sidereum Lycopodium clavatum
Filipendula ulmaria ferm 34c Lycopus virginicus
Fluorit Lytta vesicatoria
Formica rufa Magnesit
Galenit Magnesium metallicum
Gallae turcicae Magnesium phosphoricum
Gelsemium sempervirens, ethanol. Decoctum Malachit
Gentiana lutea, ethanol.Decoctum Malva sylvestris, ethanol. Infusum
Gentiana lutea Rh Mandragora, ethanol. Decoctum
Geum urbanum e rhizomate recente, ethanol. Melilotus officinalis
Decoctum Mercurialis perennis 2b
Ginkgo biloba Mercurialis perennis ferm 34c
Graphites Mercurius solubilis Hahnemanni
Hämatit Minium
Halit Mucuna pruriens
Hamamelis virginiana e foliis Myristica fragrans
Hamamelis virginiana, ethanol. Decoctum Myrrha
Hedera helix Naja naja
Helianthus tuberosus Nasturtium officinale
Humulus lupulus Natrium carbonicum
Hydrargyrum bichloratum Natrium phosphoricum
Hydrargyrum bicyanatum Nicotiana tabacum
Hydrargyrum biiodatum Nicotiana tabacum Rh
Hydrargyrum chloratum Nitroglycerinum
Hydrargyrum metallicum Nontronit
Hydrargyrum stibiato-sulphuratum Olivenit
Hyoscyamus niger Onyx
Hypericum perforatum ex herba Origanum majorana
Hypericum perforatum Rh Oxalis acetosella e foliis
Iodum Oxalis acetosella e foliis Rh
Iris versicolor Paeonia officinalis, ethanol.Decoctum
Juniperus sabina Papaver rhoeas
Kalanchoe Paris quadrifolia
Kalanchoe Rh Passiflora incarnata

Petroleum rectificatum Selenium

Petroselinum crispum convar. crispum Semecarpus anacardium
Peumus boldus Serenoa repens
Pharmakolith Siderit
Phosphorus Silybium marianum, ethanol. Decoctum
Phytolacca americana Skorodit
Plumbum aceticum Solanum dulcamara
Plumbum metallicum Solidago virgaurea
Potentilla erecta, ethanol. Decoctum Spigelia anthelmia
Prunus laurocerasus Stachys officinalis
Prunus spinosa e summitatibus Stannum metallicum
Prunus spinosa e summitatibus Rh Stibium arsenicosum
Pulmonaria officinalis Stibium metallicum
Pulsatilla vulgaris Stibium sulphuratum aurantiacum
Pyrit Strychnos ignatii
Pyromorphit Strychnos nux-vomica
Quarz Succinum
Quercus, ethanol. Decoctum Sulphur
Ranunculus bulbosus Taraxacum officinale
Raphanus sativus var. Niger Taraxacum officinale Rh
Rauwolfia serpentina, ethanol.Decoctum Terebinthina laricina
Rhododendron Teucrium marum
Rhus toxicodendron Teucrium scorodonia
Rosmarinus officinalis e foliis recentibus Thuja occidentalis
Robinia pseudacacia Thuja occidentalis Rh
Rumex crispus Urginea maritima, ethanol. Digestio
Ruta graveolens Veronica officinalis, ethanol. Decoctum
Salvia officinalis Viola tricolor
Salvia officinalis e foliis siccatis, ethanol.Infusum Viscum album
Sambucus nigra Vitex agnus-castus
Sanicula europaea Vivianit
Sanguinaria canadensis, ethanol.Decoctum Witherit
Schoenocaulon officinale Zincum metallicum
Secale cornutum Zingiber officinale
Selenicereus grandiflorus, ethanol.Digestio Zinnober

Correspondence list between HAB production methods used in anthroposophic

pharmacy and HPUS classes/general pharmacy
HAB method used in corresponding HPUS class/general pharmacy

anthroposophic pharmacy
Method 1 Class O
Methods 2 Class M
Methods 3 Class N
Method 4a Class C
Method 4b Class E
Methods 5 (1:10) Class A
Methods 5 (1:100) Class B
Method 6 Class F
Method 7 General Pharmacy section, "Medication: Medicated Powders"
Methods 8 Class H
Method 9 General Pharmacy section, "Medication: Tablets"
Method 10 General Pharmacy section, "Medication: Globules"
Method 11 General Pharmacy section, "Forms of vehicles for dispensing"
Method 12a General Pharmacy section, "Forms of vehicles for dispensing"
Method 12b Class M
Method 15 General Pharmacy section, "Forms of vehicles for dispensing: Ophthalmic
Solutions"
Method 16 "Introduction to the Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia of the United States:
Statement regarding combinations of homoeopathic drugs"
Method 17 General pharmacy section, "Attenuations: Fifty Millesimal Scale of Attenuation
Method 18a-b Class M,
General Pharmacy section, "Tinctures of botanical substances: Incubation"
Methods 18c-e Class N,
Methods 18f Class C,
Methods 19a-b Class M,
General Pharmacy section, "Tinctures of botanical substances: Decoction"
Methods 19c-e Class N,
Method 19f Class C,
Method 20 Class C,
General Pharmacy section, "Tinctures of botanical substances: Infusion"
Method 21 Class O, fermented
Method 22 Class P
Method 23a Class C,
Method 23b Class N,
Method 24a Class C,
General Pharmacy section, "Tinctures of botanical substances: Infusion"
Methods 33 Class P
Methods 34 Class P
Methods 35 Class P
Methods 36 Class P
Method 42 Class L, Method II
Method 45 General Pharmacy section, "Forms of vehicles for dispensing: Nasal
Solutions"
Method 51 Class P


Index
Term page(s)
abbreviations 14
acknowledgements 4, 5, 6, 7
active substance 15, 26
algae 20
anthroposophic medicinal product, definition 17
anthroposophic medicinal products 8
anthroposophic pharmaceutical associations 3
anthroposophic pharmacy 8, 28
anthroposophy 8
APC committee 2
ash process 28
ashes 65
Austrian Pharmacopoeia 9
biodynamic 20, 21
blood products 21
botanical origin, starting material of 20, 92
British Pharmacopoeia 9
buffered aqueous mother tinctures manufactured under 45
exclusion of oxidative influence
calcareous products 21
carbonisation 28
carbons 63
Chemical Vapour Decomposition 34
chemically, starting materials that can be described 22, 128
cinis 65
cold maceration 28
cold treated mother tinctures and liquid preparations 35
thereof
compositions 15, 24, 73, 136
co-potentised preparations 80
crystal class 19
decoction 28, 53
definitions 16
Demeter 20, 21
destillation 28
digestion 28, 49
Directive 2001/83/EEC 8
Directive 2029/91/EEC 20, 21
distillation 34, 57
distillation products 20
dosage forms 85
essential oils 20
ethanol/water, tinctures made by macerations with water or 37
European Pharmacopoeia 9
excipient 15, 25
fermented tinctures 47
French Pharmacopoeia 9
fungi 20
German Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia 9

Term page(s)
glossary 15
glycerol, tinctures made by maceration with 39
Goetheanum 1
HAB 14, 143
Herbal drugs for homoeopathic preparations (2045) 9
Homoeopathic preparations (1038) 9
HPUS 14, 143
infusion 28, 51
inorganic 22
internal use, main dosage forms for 85
International Association of Anthroposophic Pharmacists, 2
IAAP
lactose monohydrate 79
legal Situation 8
lichens 20
liquid phase, treatments in 28
liquid potencies 79
liquid solutions 71
maceration 28
Medical Section 1
metabolic system 28, 29
metal 28, 31
metal mirror foil 34
metal mirrors 33, 34
metal preparations 33
Methods of preparation of homoeopathic stocks and 9
potentisation (2371)
mineral preparation 31
minerals 19, 89
Minimising the risk of transmitting animal spongiform 9
encephalopathy agents via human and veterinary medicinal
products (50208)
mixtures 82
Mother tinctures for homoeopathic preparations (2029) 9
natural waters 19, 89
nerves and senses, system of 28, 29
oil extracts with heat treatment 55
oil, liquid preparations made by maceration with 41
oleoresins 20
organic 22
organs 21
parenteral, main dosage forms for 85
percolation, tinctures made by 43
pharmaceutical process 15
pharmaceutical processes, brief description of the main 28
pharmacy extended by the principles of anthroposophy 8
pillules 86
potentisation 28
potentised preparations 79
potentising in an ointment base 81
preparation 15, 26

Term page(s)
raw material 15
raw materials, special treatments of 31
reduction 34
rhythmic application of heat and cold, tinctures obtained by 59
rhythmic processing 28
rhythmic system 28, 29
rocks 19, 89
Schmiedel, Oskar 8
solid phase, treatments in 28
solid potencies 79
solid preparations from fresh plants 67
solid preparations from plant juices or aqueous extracts 69
solid preparations from plants 67
solid starting materials obtained by heat 62
special treatment, starting materials that have undergone 23, 133
specific production methods, correlation table with general 30
monographs
starting material 15, 18, 26
Steiner, Rudolf 8
structure of the Anthroposophic Pharmaceutical Codex 13
succussion 79
Swiss Pharmacopoiea 9
symbols 14
synthesis 24
table of content 11
Tinctures (chapter in 0765) 9
tinctures and oil extracts 35
toasted preparations 62
toasting 28
topical, main dosage forms for 85
trituration 79
TSE safety (Ph.Eur. 50208) 21
vegetabilisation methods 31, 32
vegetabilised metals 32
vegetabilised silica 32
vehicle 15, 25, 79
Viral safety (50107) 9, 21
zoological origin, starting material of 21, 117


Codex Anthroposophical Pharmacy

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ANTHROPOSOPHIC PHARMACEUTICAL CODEX

The International Association of

International Association of Anthroposophic Pharmacists

APC second edition 11.2007 Page 1 of 156

International Association of Anthroposophic Pharmacists, IAAP

Members of the APC committee

Herwig Judex, chemist, Germany

APC second edition 11.2007 Page 2 of 156

The APC is recognised by the following national anthroposophic pharmaceutical associations:

the French Association AFERPA (Association Française d'etude et de recherche sur la

Dr. Manfred Kohlhase, President IAAP, November 2007

1 For full details of the IAAP Guidelines, see website – www.iaap.org.uk

APC second edition 11.2007 Page 3 of 156

Acknowledgements for the second edition of the APC

Dr. Peter Zimmermann,

European council of doctors for plurality in medicine Brussels

Strasbourg, le 15 septembre 2007

ECHAMP, the European Coalition on Homeopathic and Anthroposophic Medicinal Products

APC second edition 11.2007 Page 4 of 156

Acknowledgements for the first edition of the APC

The IVAA represents Anthroposophic Medical Associations on an international level and

Dr. Giancarlo Buccheri,

APC second edition 11.2007 Page 5 of 156

Acknowledgements for the first edition of the APC

ECHAMP, the European Coalition on Homeopathic and Anthroposophic Medicinal Products

ECHAMP acknowledges and endorses the APC and its contents.

APC second edition 11.2007 Page 6 of 156

Acknowledgements for the first edition of the APC

European council of doctors for plurality in medicine Brussels

Strasbourg, le 31 mai 2005

APC second edition 11.2007 Page 7 of 156

Preamble of Directive 2001/83/EEC n° (22) refers to anthroposophic medicinal products as follows:

• anthroposophic medicinal products other than those manufactured by a homoeopathic

APC second edition 11.2007 Page 8 of 156

The publication of the Anthroposophic Pharmaceutical Codex is to provide transparency of

Particularly important Ph. Eur. monographs are:

APC second edition 11.2007 Page 9 of 156

APC second edition 11.2007 Page 10 of 156

Structure of the Anthroposophic Pharmaceutical Codex, APC 13

2. Starting materials; general information 18

3. Vehicles and excipients 25

Part II General monographs and specific production methods 27

Introduction: Brief description of pharmaceutical processes used in anthroposophic 28

Correlation table of general monographs and related specific production methods 30

1. Special treatment of raw materials 31

1.1. Vegetabilisation methods of substances used for mother tinctures 31

2.1. Metal mirrors 34

3. Tinctures and oil extracts 35

3.1. Cold treated mother tinctures and liquid preparations thereof 35

APC second edition 11.2007 Page 11 of 156

3.13. Tinctures obtained by rhythmic application of heat and cold 59

4. Solid starting materials obtained by heat 62

4.1. Toasted preparations (Tosta) 62

5. Solid preparations from plants (drying onto a vehicle) 67

5.1. Solid preparations from fresh plants 67

Part III Dosage forms 84

I Lists of Starting Materials 87

Reference List for the Appendices to chapters 2.1. to 2.6. 87

Appendix 2.1. List of minerals, rocks and natural waters 89

Appendix 2.2. List of starting materials of botanical origin 92

Appendix 2.3. List of starting materials of zoological origin 117

Appendix 2.4. Starting materials that can be described chemically 128

Appendix 2.6. Compositions 136