APPENDIX Mathematical Review and Expressions Geometry and Trigonometry Review ‘The angles 0 in Fig. A-1 are equal between the transverse and two. parallel lines. For a line and its normal, the angles # in Fig, A-2 are equal Fig. A2 598APPENDIX A MATHEMATICAL REVIEW AND EXPRESSIONS 599 For the circle in Fig. A-3 s = fr, so that when @ = 360° the circumference is s=2nr. Also, since 180° @ (rad) = (m/180°)6°. The area of the circle is A= ar Fig. A Fig. AS a rad then rad, then ‘The sides of a similar triangle can be obtained by proportion as in a_b_e Fig A-4.where 4 = 5 = G For the right triangle in Fig. A-5, the Pythagorean theorem is Anypotemse) n= Voor + (a? (opposite) “The trigonometric functions are sing = 2 1 (adiacent on (adam) Fig. A-S This is easily remembered as “soh, cah, toa”, i¢.,the sine is the opposite over the hypotenuse, ete. The other trigonometric functions follow from this. 1h banat om siné 0 1 h seco =A cond a J ae tan600 Appenpix A Maruewaricat Review AND EXPRESSIONS ‘Trigonometric Identities Power-Series Expansions sin(o + 4) O cos £ cososind sin 20 = 2sin 0 cos 0 cos(ti + d) = cos cond = sin Asin d cos 20 = cos # — sin? Derivatives «f= 4 [ee eg a d a ) = m1 (sin) = cos ut ae age as axial dx tno = eG 1+ tato= sce 14 cote = eset al fat tet ae) ae ae ag Os) = sini, Quadratic Formula oft — ~bs VF — hae a(u\_"dx “ax a >, dw ited thrtenn tine EVER ME AH) TH fay) a ctl : a 2,de ad au Hyperbolic Functions gy) = —eschu e (sinh u) = cosh wa a 7 du py lsee) = tan sec u® sce ds cosh x = SE sinh x a du tanh x = 4 (eseu) = ~exe cot ut tanh x = Cosh x axe") MaeAPPENDIX A MATHEMATICAL REVIEW AND EXPRESSIONS Integrals pH [rae enea dx ats alae ta +c ax 1, fat sab Be eut ] +c. a+b 2V=ba ba xV~a ab <0 xdx 1 | XBox fnor sage Sur 2, ee peer’ oe Woe a +Cab>o px TE Beg VEY Ash 1056° [ Vea Bax = jf evita + asiv2] +c, a>o [ VE=Bax-VER=FF +e [ Ver Fa = iV +E (Vee + sin) + Cao 0 [ verear- if PFs au(e+ VET)]+€ 601 / we Edda Veal te aVEE Fan VET Seer Cale + VE Ea) +c = 2Va tbe , b 1c =VPridtc ae 1 : | Se alee wir ste] ecero )eceee J snxae~-cosx ve fiseiammate Eeos(as) + Ssin(aa) + € Jf scosas) a ae: #3 J Petes) as = Soosfas) + © 1 / dealer se fw dx = S(ax-1) +€ J sabxae= cone +6 foswedeniaste